Our Knowledge of the External World as a Field for Scientific Method in Philosophy

INDEX

Reading edition

Absolute, 6, 39.

Abstraction, principle of, 42, 124 ff.

Achilles, Zeno's argument of, 173.

Acquaintance, 25, 144.

Activity, 224 ff.

Allman, 161 n.

Analysis, 185, 204, 211, 241. legitimacy of, 150.

Anaximander, 3.

Antinomies, Kant's, 155 ff.

Aquinas, 10.

Aristotle, 40, 160 n., 161 ff., 240.

Arrow, Zeno's argument of, 173.

Assertion, 52.

Atomism, logical, 4.

Atomists, 160.

Belief, 58. primitive and derivative, 69 ff.

Bergson, 4, 11, 13, 20 ff., 137, 138, 150, 158, 165, 174, 178, 229 ff.

Berkeley, 63, 64, 102.

Bolzano, 165.

Boole, 40.

Bradley, 6, 39, 165.

Broad, 172 n.

Brochard, 169 n.

Burnet, 19 n., 160 n., 161 n., 170 n., 171 ff.

Calderon, 95.

Cantor, vi, vii, 155, 165, 190, 194, 199.

Categories, 38.

Causal laws, 109, 212 ff. evidence for, 216 ff. in psychology, 219.

Causation, 34 ff., 79, 212 ff. law of, 221. not a priori, 223, 232.

Cause, 220, 223.

Certainty, degrees of, 67, 68, 212.

Change, demands analysis, 151.

Cinematograph, 148, 174.

Classes, 202. non-existence of, 205 ff.

Classical tradition, 3 ff., 58.

Complexity, 145, 157 ff.

Compulsion, 229, 233 ff.

Congruence, 195.

Consecutiveness, 134.

Conservation, 105.

Constituents of facts, 51, 145.

Construction v. inference, iv.

Contemporaries, initial, 119, 120 n.

Continuity, 64, 129 ff., 141 ff., 155 ff. of change, 106, 108, 130 ff.

Correlation of mental and physical, 233.

Counting, 164, 181, 187 ff., 203.

Couturat, 40 n.

Dante, 10.

Darwin, 4, 11, 23, 30.

Data, 65 ff., 211. “hard” and “soft,” 70 ff.

Dates, 117.

Definition, 204.

Descartes, 5, 73, 238.

Descriptions, 201, 214.

Desire, 227, 235.

Determinism, 233.

Doubt, 237.

Dreams, 85, 93.

Duration, 146, 149.

Earlier and later, 116.

Effect, 220.

Eleatics, 19.

Empiricism, 37, 222.

Enclosure, 114 ff., 120.

Enumeration, 202.

Euclid, 160, 164.

Evellin, 169.

Evolutionism, 4, 11 ff.

Extension, 146, 149.

External world, knowledge of, 63 ff.

Fact, 51. atomic, 52.

Finalism, 13.

Form, logical, 42 ff., 185, 208.

Fractions, 132, 179.

Free will, 213, 227 ff.

Frege, 5, 40, 199 ff.

Galileo, 4, 59, 192, 194, 239, 240.

Gaye, 169 n., 175, 177.

Geometry, 5.

Giles, 206 n.

Greater and less, 195.

Harvard, 4.

Hegel, 3, 37 ff., 46, 166.

“Here,” 73, 92.

Hereditary properties, 195.

Hippasos, 163, 237.

Hui Tzŭ, 206.

Hume, 217, 221.

Hypotheses in philosophy, 239.

Illusions, 85.

Incommensurables, 162 ff., 237.

Independence, 73, 74. causal and logical, 74, 75.

Indiscernibility, 141, 148.

Indivisibles, 160.

Induction, 34, 222. mathematical, 195 ff.

Inductiveness, 190, 195 ff.

Inference, 44, 54.

Infinite, vi, 64, 133, 149. historically considered, 155 ff. “true,” 179, 180. positive theory of, 185 ff.

Infinitesimals, 135.

Instants, 116 ff., 129, 151, 216. defined, 118.

Instinct v. Reason, 20 ff.

Intellect, 22 ff.

Intelligence, how displayed by friends, 93. inadequacy of display, 96.

Interpretation, 144.

James, 4, 10, 13.

Jourdain, 165 n.

Jowett, 167.

Judgment, 58.

Kant, 3, 112, 116, 155 ff., 200.

Knowledge about, 144.

Language, bad, 82, 135.

Laplace, 12.

Laws of nature, 218 ff.

Leibniz, 13, 40, 87, 186, 191.

Logic, 201. analytic not constructive, 8. Aristotelian, 5. and fact, 53. inductive, 34, 222. mathematical, vi, 40 ff. mystical, 46. and philosophy, 8, 33 ff., 239.

Logical constants, 208, 213.

Mach, 123, 224.

Macran, 39 n.

Mathematics, 40, 57.

Matter, 75, 101 ff. permanence of, 102 ff.

Measurement, 164.

Memory, 230, 234, 236.

Method, deductive, 5. logical-analytic, v, 65, 211, 236 ff.

Milhaud, 168 n., 169 n.

Mill, 34, 200.

Montaigne, 28.

Motion, 130, 216. continuous, 133, 136. mathematical theory of, 133. perception of, 137 ff. Zeno's arguments on, 168 ff.

Mysticism, 19, 46, 63, 95.

Newton, 30, 146.

Nietzsche, 10, 11.

Noël, 169.

Number, cardinal, 131, 186 ff. defined, 199 ff. finite, 160, 190 ff. inductive, 197. infinite, 178, 180, 188 ff., 197. reflexive, 190 ff.

Occam, 107, 146.

One and many, 167, 170.

Order, 131.

Parmenides, 63, 165 ff., 178.

Past and future, 224, 234 ff.

Peano, 40.

Perspectives, 88 ff., 111.

Philoponus, 171 n.

Philosophy and ethics, 26 ff. and mathematics, 185 ff. province of, 17, 26, 185, 236. scientific, 11, 16, 18, 29, 236 ff.

Physics, 101 ff., 147, 239, 242. descriptive, 224. verifiability of, 81, 110.

Place, 86, 90. at and from, 92.

Plato, 4, 19, 27, 46, 63, 165 n., 166, 167.

Poincaré, 123, 141.

Points, 113 ff., 129, 158. definition of, vi, 115.

Pragmatism, 11.

Prantl, 174.

Predictability, 229 ff.

Premisses, 211.

Probability, 36.

Propositions, 52. atomic, 52. general, 55. molecular, 54.

Pythagoras, 19, 160 ff., 237.

Race-course, Zeno's argument of, 171 ff.

Realism, new, 6.

Reflexiveness, 190 ff.

Relations, 45. asymmetrical, 47. Bradley's reasons against, 6. external, 150. intransitive, 48. multiple, 50. one-one, 203. reality of, 49. symmetrical, 47, 124. transitive, 48, 124.

Relativity, 103, 242.

Repetitions, 230 ff.

Rest, 136.

Ritter and Preller, 161 n.

Robertson, D. S., 160 n.

Rousseau, 20.

Royce, 50.

Santayana, 46.

Scepticism, 66, 67.

Seeing double, 86.

Self, 73.

Sensation, 25, 75, 123. and stimulus, 139.

Sense-data, 56, 63, 67, 75, 110, 141, 143, 213. and physics, v, 64, 81, 97, 101 ff., 140. infinitely numerous? 149, 159.

Sense-perception, 53.

Series, 49. compact, 132, 142, 178. continuous, 131, 132.

Sigwart, 187.

Simplicius, 170 n.

Simultaneity, 116.

Space, 73, 88, 103, 112 ff., 130. absolute and relative, 146, 159. antinomies of, 155 ff. perception of, 68. of perspectives, 88 ff. private, 89, 90. of touch and sight, 78, 113.

Spencer, 4, 12, 236.

Spinoza, 46, 166.

Stadium, Zeno's argument of, 134 n., 175 ff.

Subject-predicate, 45.

Synthesis, 157, 185.

Tannery, Paul, 169 n.

Teleology, 223.

Testimony, 67, 72, 82, 87, 96, 212.

Thales, 3.

Thing-in-itself, 75, 84.

Things, 89 ff., 104 ff., 213.

Time, 103, 116 ff., 130, 155 ff., 166, 215. absolute or relative, 146. local, 103. private, 121.

Uniformities, 217.

Unity, organic, 9.

Universal and particular, 39 n.

Volition, 223 ff.

Whitehead, vi, 207.

Wittgenstein, vii, 208 n.

Worlds, actual and ideal, 111. possible, 186. private, 88.

Zeller, 173.

Zeno, 129, 134, 136, 165 ff.

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Transcriber's Note:

The following is a list of corrections made to the original. The first passage is the original passage, the second the corrected one.

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Page 8: impossibility of alternatives which seemed prima facie impossibility of alternatives which seemed primâ facie

Page 119: with it. We will call these the “initial contemporaries with it. We will call these the “initial contemporaries”

Page 197: of infinite number. Many of the most of infinite numbers. Many of the most

Page 200: pscyhical processes as the North Sea…. The botanist psychical processes as the North Sea…. The botanist

Page 215: something which existed a quarter of a hour ago, the something which existed a quarter of an hour ago, the

Page 244: Intelligence, how displayed by friends, 93 Intelligence, how displayed by friends, 93.

Page 244: Number, cardinal, 131 186 ff. Number, cardinal, 131, 186 ff.

Notes in this chapter

Note 3 · Cf. Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy, pp. 85 ff.Note 5 · See the translation by H. S. Macran, Hegel's Doctrine of Formal Logic, Oxford, 1912. Hegel's argument in this portion of his “Logic” depends Note 6 · Cf. Couturat, La Logique de Leibniz, pp. 361, 386.Note 1 · The assumptions made concerning time-relations in the above are as follows:— I. In order to secure that instants form a series, we assume: (Note 1 · The above paradox is essentially the same as Zeno's argument of the stadium which will be considered in our next lecture.Note 1 · In what concerns the early Greek philosophers, my knowledge is largely derived from Burnet's valuable work, Early Greek Philosophy (2nd ed.,Note 2 · Cf. Aristotle, Metaphysics, M. 6, 1080b, 18 sqq., and 1083b, 8 sqq.Note 3 · There is some reason to think that the Pythagoreans distinguished between discrete and continuous quantity. G. J. Allman, in his Greek Geome Note 4 · Referred to by Burnet, op. cit., p. 120.Note 5 · iv., 6. 213b, 22; H. Ritter and L. Preller, Historia Philosophiæ Græcæ, 8th ed., Gotha, 1898, p. 75 (this work will be referred to in future Note 7 · In regard to Zeno and the Pythagoreans, I have derived much valuable information and criticism from Mr P. E. B. Jourdain.Note 8 · So Plato makes Zeno say in the Parmenides, apropos of his philosophy as a whole; and all internal and external evidence supports this view.Note 11 · This interpretation is combated by Milhaud, Les philosophes-géomètres de la Grèce, p. 140 n., but his reasons do not seem to me convincing. Note 13 · Cf. Gaston Milhaud, Les philosophes-géomètres de la Grèce, p. 140 n.; Paul Tannery, Pour l'histoire de la science hellène, p. 249; Burnet, o Note 14 · Cf. R. K. Gaye, “On Aristotle, Physics, Z ix.” Journal of Philology, vol. xxxi., esp. p. 111. Also Moritz Cantor, Vorlesungen über Geschicht Note 17 · Cf. M. Brochard, “Les prétendus sophismes de Zénon d'Élée,” Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale, vol. i. pp. 209–215.Note 18 · Simplicius, Phys., 140, 28 D (R.P. 133); Burnet, op. cit., pp. 364–365.Note 20 · Aristotle's words are: “The first is the one on the non-existence of motion on the ground that what is moved must always attain the middle p Note 21 · Cf. Mr C. D. Broad, “Note on Achilles and the Tortoise,” Mind, N.S., vol. xxii. pp. 318–9.Note 5 · Giles, The Civilisation of China (Home University Library), p. 147.Note 7 · In the above remarks I am making use of unpublished work by my friend Ludwig Wittgenstein.