PART TWO
Reading edition
Letters, Sounds, Syllables, Words, Principles of Pronunciation, and Rules of Spelling.
SEVENTH YEAR.
(First Month.) TERMS TO BE DEFINED.
An ELEMENTARY SOUND is the simplest sound of spoken language.
There are forty-four elementary sounds in the English language. As there are only twenty-six letters in the alphabet some letters represent more than one sound. Certain marks or distinguishing characters used with the letters to indicate the various sounds are called DIACRITICAL MARKS.
Phonotypy is a method of representing each of the elementary sounds by a distinct printed character or letter.
The VOCALS or TONICS are those elementary sounds made by an unmodified or uninterrupted tone of the voice; as ā, ĕ.
The SUBVOCALS or SUBTONICS are those elementary sounds made by the tone of the voice modified by the organs of speech, making an undertone; as b, d, g, r.
The ASPIRATES or ATONICS are those elementary sounds made by merely breathing modified by the organs of speech; sometimes called breath sounds; as p, t, s.
TABLE OF ELEMENTARY SOUNDS. [From Swett's Normal Word Book.]
I. Vocals.
a ā-le, āi-m
ä ä-lms, ä-rt
a̤ a̤-ll, b-a̤-ll
ă ă-n, m-ă-n
â c̵-â-re, â-ir
ȧ ȧ-sk, f-ȧ-st
ē ē-ve, b-ē
ě ě-nd, m-ě-n
ẽ h-ẽ-r, ẽ-rr
ī, ȳ ī-ce, b-ȳ
ĭ, y̆ ĭ-t, h-y̆-mn
ō ō-ld, n-ō
ǒ ǒ-n, n-ǒ-t
o̤, o͞o m-o̤-ve, m-o͞o-n
ū ū-se, m-ū-şe
ǔ ǔ-p, b-ǔ-t
û û-rge, b-û-rn
ụ, o͝o f-ụ-ll, w-o͝o-l
oi, oy oi-l, b-oy
ou, ow ou-t, ow-l
II. Subvocals.
b b-i-b, b-a-be
d d-i-d, d-ea-d
ḡ ḡ-i-ḡ, ḡ-a-ḡ
j j-ar, j-et
l l-u-ll, te-ll
m m-ai-m, c̵a-me
n n-u-n, n-o-ne
ng, ṉ ri-ng, i-ṉ-k
r r-oa-r, r-ea-r
th th-ese, wi-th
v val-ue, v-ain
w w-ell, w-eb
y y-es, y-et
z z-one, z-est
zh, z a-z´-ure, sei-z´-ure
III. Aspirates.
ff-i-fe, o-ff
hh-at, h-ome
kk-ite, k-ill
pp-i-pe, to-p
ss-un, s-ame
tt-en-t, t-ar-t
chch-ur-ch, ch-ild
shsh-all, wi-sh
thth-in, th-ree
whwh-ere, wh-y
Note.—The foregoing forty-four sounds are those most employed in the English language. Some of these sounds are represented by other letters, as shown in the following:
IV.—Table of Equivalents. [Dictionary Work—Metcalf & DeGarmo.]
CHAR.EQUIV.CHAR. EQUIV.CHAR. EQUIV.
ē = īĭ = y̆ī = ȳ
ẽ = ĩ = ûŭ = ȯoi = oy
ā = ̱e ou = ow
â = ê ū = ew
ô = ̤a (broad a)ŏ = ạ
o̤ = o͞o = ṳọ = o͝o = ụ
CHAR. EQUIV.CHAR.EQUIV.CHAR. EQUIV.
j = ġ (soft)k = c̵ = ̵chṉ = ng
g = ḡ (hard)f = phx = ks
z = ṣ̱s = ç (cedilla c)x̄ = gz
sh = çh
Cognate sounds are such as are produced by the same organs of speech in a similar position. The cognates are in pairs, as follows: Vowels: ā ĕ, ē ĭ, â ă, ä ȧ, a̤ ŏ, û ŭ, ōō o͝o; consonants: g´ k, b p, d t, j ch, th th, v f, z s.
[Second Month.] LETTERS.
A LETTER is a mark or character used to represent a sound,—usually an elementary sound.
An ALPHABET is an orderly arrangement of all the letters of a language.
The NUMBER OF LETTERS in the different alphabets vary, as follows: English 26, Arabic 28, French 25, German 26, Greek 24, Hebrew 22, Italian 21, Russian 33, Spanish 27, Sanskrit 49. The Chinese have no alphabet, but about 20,000 syllabic characters.
The POWER OF A LETTER is the elementary sound for which it stands.
Letters as to form are either script or print.
There are many different STYLES OF LETTERS; as, Roman, Italic, Old English, and Script.
As to SIZE letters are both capital and lower case.
[Third Month.] VOWELS.
A VOWEL sound is a free and uninterrupted sound of the voice. The vowel sounds are formed by the voice modified, but not interrupted, by the various positions of the tongue and lips.
A CONSONANT sound is an articulate sound made by the obstructed voice, and which in utterance is usually combined with a vowel sound.
There is no absolute division between vowels and consonants. Certain vowels are so open as to be only vowels, certain consonants are so close as to be only consonants; but there are yet others which have the value now of vowels and now of consonants; as, i, u, w, and y.
“Y as a vowel is a substitute for i, and i is a consonant as a substitute for y. W and y are vowels: (1) When they end words or syllables, (2) when they are not followed by a vowel in the same syllable, (3) when they are followed by a silent vowel in the same syllable. W and y are consonants when they begin words or syllables and are immediately followed by a vowel. I is a consonant when it represents the consonant y, as in alien. U is a consonant when it represents the consonant w, as in quick, language.”—Irish's Orthography.
A DIPHTHONG is produced by running together two vowel sounds in the same syllable.
A diphthong is PROPER if both the vowels are sounded; as o and i in boil.
An IMPROPER DIPHTHONG or DIGRAPH is merely a collection of two vowels in the same syllable, of which only one is sounded; as in rain, teach.
The diphthongs in the following words are all that are in common use, viz.: toil, toy, sound, cow, peal, oil, audible, awning, say, seine, people, feud, obey, eschew, believe, loan, hoe, hue, juice. Of these oi, oy, ou, and ow are the only proper diphthongs.
A TRIPHTHONG is produced by running together three vowel sounds in the same syllable.
A triphthong is PROPER if all three of the vowels are sounded. (But there are no proper triphthongs that I know of.)
A triphthong is IMPROPER or is called a TRIGRAPH if one or two of the three vowels is silent; as in adieu, beauty.
[Fourth Month.] CONSONANTS.
Consonants are divided on three different bases; as follows:
I. Mutes and SEMIVOWELS.
The mutes represent an explosive sound, and are so called because the mouth organs are closed just before the sound is uttered and the voice is momentarily mute.
The four subvocals b, d, j, g, and their cognates, p, t, ch, and k, are generally classed as mutes. Pronounce them and see if they do not represent explosive sounds.
All other consonants are semivowels, and are pronounced with a continuous sound. The sound may be continued so long as the breath lasts; but in the case of mutes the sound must stop with the explosive utterance.
II. The SUBVOCALS and ASPIRATES are shown in the vertical columns of the table below. The subvocals are sometimes called voice consonants and the aspirates breath consonants. These are fit terms, for they indicate the basis of classification.
III. Labials, LINGUA-DENTALS, and PALATALS constitute a classification of the consonants with respect to the place of formation. Bead the table from left to right. The lips have most to do with making the labial sounds; the lingua-dentals are formed at the point of the tongue in contact with the teeth, the palatals between the tongue and hard and soft palate.
Consonant Table.
Subvocals. (Voice.) Aspirates. (Breath.)
Labials. (Lips.){b..................... p
v..................... f
w.....................wh
m
Lingua- Dentals. (Point of tongue.){d..................... t
z..................... s
th(sonant)......(non-sonant) th
l
n
r
Palatals. (Between tongue and palate.){zh.....................sh
j.....................ch
g..................... k
y
h
ng
EIGHTH YEAR.
[First Month.] SYLLABLES.
Syllable literally means taken together.
A SPOKEN SYLLABLE is an elementary sound, or a combination of elementary sounds, uttered together, or with a single impulse of the voice. It constitutes a word or a part of a word.
A WRITTEN or printed syllable is a part of a word separated from the rest, and capable of pronunciation by a single impulse of the voice.
As to where a word shall be divided in making it into syllables depends upon the PURPOSE OF SYLLABICATION. When the purpose is to show the derivation the division is made with reference to the component parts (roots, prefixes, and suffixes); but if the purpose is to indicate correct pronunciation, the result may be very different. For illustration, the following words are divided, first, to show derivation: abs-tract, bene-vol-ent, pre-de-cess-or, e-duc-ate, phon-o-typ-y, pro-gress, e-lig-ible; and, second, to indicate correct pronunciation: ab-stract, be-nev-o-lent, pred-e-ces-sor, ed-u-cate, pho-not-y-py, prog-ress, el-i-gi-ble.
While in the illustrations here given the syllables formed for one purpose are very different from those formed for the other, yet in the majority of words the resulting syllables are the same whether divided for one purpose or for the other.
In the United States the prevailing purpose of syllabication is to indicate pronunciation.
The ULTIMATE syllable of a word is the last (ultimus = last); the PENULTIMATE is next to the last (pen = almost); the ANTEPENULTIMATE is the third from the last (literally, before almost the last); the PREANTEPENULTIMATE is the fourth from the last (literally, before the one that is before the one almost last).
[Second Month.] ACCENT.
Accent is stress of voice on a particular syllable in pronouncing a word.
In long words two, and sometimes three, syllables are accented. But one syllable is always accented more strongly than the others are. The stronger accent is called the PRIMARY accent, the weaker is called the SECONDARY. Thus, in am´ mu ni´ tion the primary accent falls on the third syllable and the secondary on the first.
The “PRINCIPLES” which govern the placing of accent are complicated. The International Dictionary says there are no principles by which to determine the accent in English. Another high authority says: “All attempts to assign rules for the place of the accent in English only serve to render the subject hopelessly intricate and confounded.”
There are, however, certain tendencies which mature pupils might profitably consider, but the limited scope of this book will not permit me to attempt to set them forth.
In the words of the following list the accent changes with a change of meaning. When nouns or adjectives these words are accented on the first syllable; when verbs, on the second:
abstractcontrastfermentprefix
accentconverseforecastpresent
compoundconvictfrequentproduce
conflictdesertincenseproject
concertescortinsultrecord
contractexportpermitsurvey
[Third Month.] WORDS.
A WORD is a sign of an idea. It may be either spoken or written.
A PRIMITIVE, OR ROOT, word is one not derived from any other word of the language; as, fix, strike, man.
A DERIVATIVE is a word formed from a primitive by changing it internally, or by adding a prefix or suffix; as, men, suffix, strikers.
A SIMPLE WORD is a single word. It may be either primitive or derivative.
A COMPOUND WORD is a combination of two or more simple words; as, buck-saw, well-behaved, school-room.
A word of one syllable is a monosyllable (mono = one); of two syllables, a dissyllable (dis = two); of three syllables, a trisyllable (tri = three); of three or more syllables, a polysyllable (poly = many).
The ROOT of a word is its fundamental or elementary part which carries the primitive notion or significance with it, without prefix or suffix; as, ge (earth), graph (write), vol (wish).
A PREFIX is a significant syllable joined to the beginning of a word; as, autograph, circumvent, amphitheater.
A SUFFIX is a significant syllable joined to the end of a word; as, man ly, fert ile, ment ion.
AFFIX is a general term for prefixes and suffixes; it may be applied to either or to both together.
SEVENTH YEAR.
[Fifth Month.] SILENT LETTERS.
Silent letters have at least four uses:
1. To modify sounds of other letters in the same syllable.
Drop final silent e from such words as the following and note the effect on the sound of the other vowel in the same syllable: bare, pure, ripe, lame.
2. To indicate pronunciation.
In the four words last given, for illustration, the pronunciation changes when the final silent e is dropped.
Another class of words ending in ce and ge retain the final silent e on adding a suffix beginning with a or o to preserve the soft sound of c and g, and with it the correct pronunciation of the word; as, serviceable, noticeable, changeable, courageous.
3. To show the meaning of words.
Illustrations: clime, climb, plumb, belle, butt, dyeing, singeing, guilt, damn.
4. To show the derivation of words.
Numerous illustrations are found in words derived from the Greek. In chronic, and chronology, the h is silent, but serves to indicate that the root of those words is identical with the Greek root chron, which means time. Similarly the g in gnostic, the e in eulogy, p in pneumonia, the h in chromatic.
In honour and favour u is silent, and therefore a useless letter, so far as sound is concerned. The u signifies that the word came to us through the French, instead of directly from the Latin. The question is, whether we shall go to the trouble of writing the extra letter in a large class of such words for the sake of the historical association. Perhaps one in a thousand would choose to do so, but others of us are more intent on saving time and ink. When the spelling reform idea becomes operative with English speaking people, a great many silent letters will go the way of the u in labour, favour, and the like.
The following are some of the numerous classes of silent letters together with the principle found to be operative through them.
[Sixth Month.]
“E final is silent when preceded by another vowel in the same syllable.”
changesenseadverseChinesecondense
bracequitebadeopposedeceive
forcescribeburlesqueembracemachine
creasemeasurecanineemergeendorse
ceaseabsolvecapriceexamineadvise
[Seventh Month.]
“B is usually silent before t or after m in the same syllable.”
lambtombnumbdebtbomb
combthumbdumbdoubtcrumb
limb climbplumbredoubtjamb
[Eighth Month.]
“C is silent before k in the same syllable. C is silent in czar, victuals, muscle, corpuscle, indict, and Connecticut.”
backdecklackstackPatrick
buckduckhackstickreckon
burdockchicklucksuckthicken
clockclicklickbeckonCossack
EIGHTH YEAR.
[First Month.]
“D is silent before g in the same syllable.”
edgehedgeridgelodgemisjudge
wedgebudgebridgesledgejudgment
pledgedrudgefudgebegrudgelodgment
[Second Month.]
“G is silent before m or n in the same syllable.”
phlegmmaligngnawcampaigngnash
arraignparadigmfeignforeigngnu
benigndiaphragmreigndesignseignior
resigngnatassigngnarlconsign
[Third Month.]
“H is silent when it follows g or r in the same syllable.”
ghostmyrrhrheumatismrhapsodyrhinoceros
aghasthemorrhagerhymerhythmRhine
gherkinrhubarbrhombusrhomboidcatarrh
[Fourth Month.]
“K is silent before n in the same syllable.”
knackkneelknotknap sackknob
knaveknifeknockknowledgeknucks
kneadknightknollknuckleknarl
kneeknitknowknellknout
[Fifth Month.]
“N final after l or m is silent.”
hymncontemnsolemnlimndamn
kilncondemncolumnautumn
[Sixth Month.]
“T is silent before ch in the same syllable.”
hitchpitchmatchnotchcatch
kitchenbotchhatchscratchpatch
latchDutchwatchMitchellsatchel
thatchditchwitchbatchScotch
[Seventh Month.]
“W is silent before r in the same syllable.”
wrestlewrenwristwritingwreak
wrongwrotewreckwrestwrit
wringwraithawrywritewrought
wrathwretchwreathwrinklewrangle
[Eighth Month.]
“Gh is always silent after i and, when not a substitute for f or k, is also silent after au and ou.”
sightplightweighfraughtthrough
lightwrightweightcaughtalthough
fightheightfreightthoughtslaughter
mightwightaughtdaughterlaughter
SEVENTH YEAR. PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.
[Sixth Month.]
“A constituting or ending an unaccented syllable is short Italian a.”
againAmericabananafatalitypapa
alasamusecaninefatigueparasol
algebraapparatusChinalapelpica
alkaliareadatamassacresacrament
amassarenadramaornamentvalise
[Seventh Month.]
“E constituting or ending a syllable is long.”
depotmementoobediencereallysociety
eventmuseumpenalrecesssuperior
felinenauseaprecedenceresourcetheater
frequentnegroprecisesacrilegioustheology
mechanicnotorietypretensesecretaryveto
[Eighth Month.]
“O constituting or ending a syllable is long.”
brokenexplosivemelodeonpoemspoken
chosengondolamelodypolicetobacco
compositionlicoriceopenpotatotrophy
coquetlocationopponentpromotionzodiac
cupolalocustpantomimeprovisozoölogy
EIGHTH YEAR.
[Fourth Month.]
“I constituting or ending an unaccented syllable, not initial, is always short, and is usually short even in initial syllables, if unaccented.”
dividetiradesentinelfidelityresidence
directintimatecontinentdigestlevity
financeindivisibledefensiblehilariousreticent
imitateequidistantpredicatemaritimereticule
piazzanobilityfinanceinvitationdirection
In the initial syllables i, bi, chi, cli, cri, pri, tri, however, i is generally long.
ideabiologyclimaticprimevaltripod
idleChinesecriteriontriangulartriune
isothermalchirographybiennialbinomialpriority
[Fifth Month.]
E before terminal n should always be silent in participles, and also in most other words.
givenstolenriddenbiddenforsaken
takenprovenshakenwovengotten
brokendrivenwrittenshavenrisen
spokenfrozenarisenchiddensmitten
fallenhiddenbeateneatenstricken
also
heavenoakenhappenburdenleaven
oftenleadensevengardenbrazen
widengoldenevenelevenchristen
But in the following words e should be sounded:
hyphenchickenmartenlichensudden
lindenlinenglutenmittenaspen
E should also be sounded in any word (not a participle) in which terminal en is immediately preceded by l, m, n, or r.
womenEllenHelenomenpollen
barrenlinenwoolenAllenWarren
[Sixth Month.]
“E before terminal l should usually be sounded.”
Abelmodelmorselcancelmarvel
leveltravelrebelgravelbarrel
nickelappareltowelchannelkennel
chapelcitaderevelMabellibel
camellaurelbevelfunnelparcel
But in the following words and in their derivatives e before terminal l should not be sounded:
easelweaselravelmantelshekel
navelchattelshriveldrivelsnivel
shovelgrovelmusselhazelteasel
[Seventh Month.]
“In most words i before terminal l or n should be sounded.”
Latinvigilanvilgoblincoffin
cavilcabincouncilrosinorigin
javelinpencilaxilassassintranquil
resin bobbinviolinperilmoccasin
retailsatinutensilpistildaffodil
In the following words i should not be sounded:
devilbasinevilcousinweevilraisin
[Eighth Month.]
“I accented in most words from the French has the sound of long e.”
piquequarantinepolicecritiqueunique
machineroutineravineregimeintrigue
capricesuitevaliseBastile magazine
guillotinefatigueantique
SEVENTH YEAR. RULES OF SPELLING.
Many people think that rules of spelling are of no value, because they are hard to remember and because of numerous exceptions. This is certainly true of a great many such rules (and there are a great many); but three or four of these rules apply to so many words difficult to spell, and they have such a small number of exceptions that they are well worth while. Several hundred words are spelled according to the first rule given below. The rule itself is short, and all of the exceptions could be learned “for keeps” by a pupil in an hour. But pupils must have drill in applying the rules or they may be able to repeat the rules perfectly and glibly and not be able to spell the words coming under them.
Since the rule given for the work of the first month, seventh year, and that given for the second month, are counterparts, each of the other, I prefer to take them together. Knowing that “silent final e is dropped when a suffix beginning with a vowel is added”, we naturally infer its counterpart, viz.: “Silent final e is retained when a suffix beginning with a consonant is added.”
To bring about the necessary drill and insure attention to the application of the rule, I suggest that a class of pupils, reciting by turns, spell at least twenty-five words according to the following model. [The words are on the board in this form: love + able, care + less.]
“The suffix able begins with the vowel a; therefore when it is added to the word love the final silent e is dropped, and the word is spelled lovable.” Or,
“The suffix less begins with the consonant l; therefore, when it is added to the word care the final silent e is not dropped, and the word is spelled careless.”
Words to be spelled according to this model should be mixed,—those in which the suffix to be added begins with a vowel mixed with those in which the suffix begins with a consonant. Exceptions ought to be thrown into the mixture, and when a pupil comes to an exception, he can proceed according to the model, concluding with, “but this word is an exception to the rule”.
Fifty words are here given to illustrate this rule, but pupils who want to do thorough work should spell several such fifties.
[First Month.]
love–ableadventure–ousdecide–ing
care–lesschange–ingice–berg
blame–ableextreme–lyhouse–keeper
achieve–mentfickle–nessidle–ness
brake–manfdore–castexcite–ment
cure–ablecompare–ableconsole–able
discourage–mentcontinue–allyendure–ance
prove–ablecontrive–anceamaze–ment
move–ableguide–ancefierce–ness
acquire–ingforgive–nesspeace–ful
else–wherehate–fuldeface–ment
enlarge–mentbelieve–ingdisgrace–ful
admire–ableconverse–edblue–ish
abide–inghedge–hoglodge–ing
advertise–mentachieve–ingamuse–ment
eye–browhoarse–nessdine–ing
pursue–ingargue–ingrevenge–ful
EXCEPTIONS.
Words ending in ce and ge retain the e when a suffix beginning with a or o is added.
changeablechallengeablepronounceable
exchangeable peaceableadvantageous
chargeableserviceableoutrageous
manageabletraceablecourageous
marriageablenoticeablevengeance
OTHER EXCEPTIONS.
hoeingsingeingseernurslingtruly
shoeingtingeingseeingloathsomeduty
toeingfreeingagreeableawfulwisdom
dyeingfleeingmileagedulywholly
Five other exceptions, to be remembered together: argument, judgment, lodgment, abridgment, acknowledgment.
The exceptions here given, which are practically all of the exceptions to this rule, should be reviewed until they cannot be forgotten. The value of the rule depends much on a thorough committal of the exceptions.
[Third Month.]
Rule II: “When a suffix is added to a word ending in y, preceded by a consonant, the y is changed to i, unless the suffix begins with i.”
Model for drill on this rule (supply + ed, display + ed are written on the board):
“The y in supply is preceded by a consonant, therefore, when the suffix ed is added the y is changed to i and the word is spelled, supplied.” Or,
“The y in display is preceded by a vowel, therefore when the suffix ed is added the y is not changed, and the word is spelled, displayed.”
carry + edstudy + es espy + edjuicy + est
hurry + esdestroy + ed deny + inghomely + est
marry + ingpity + ingsurvey + edpity + ful
decay + edpity + lessemploy + ingrally + es
annoy + sjoy + lessnoisy + estpretty + est
copy + edcity + esmighty + erpity + able
EXCEPTIONS.
y does not change before 's; as in
la´dy's en´e my'sba´by'scoun´try's
Other exceptions to the rule, or to what is inferred from it:
staid (or stayed)slaindry´lyla´dy like
paiddai´lydry nessla dy bug
laidsly ly(but, dri´er,la dy ship
saidsly nessdri´est)ba by hood
saithshy lyshy nessba by house
[Fourth and Fifth Months.]
Rule III: “Monosyllables or words accented on the last syllable, ending in a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant on receiving a suffix beginning with a vowel.” This rule carries with it the inference that the final consonant is not doubled unless these conditions are all complied with.
Model for drill on this rule:
“Refer is not a monosyllable, but it is accented on the last syllable; it ends in a single consonant r, preceded by a single vowel e; therefore, on adding the suffix ed, beginning with the vowel e, the final consonant r is doubled, and the word is spelled, referred.”
refer + edgallop + edsuspend + edsuffer + ing
omit + edabhor + encekidnap + edtravel + ed
cheat + edjoin + ingadmit + ingrebel + ious
flatter + edbenefit + eddiffer + encefertil + izer
prefer + ingpermit + edenamel + edquarrel + ing
remit + ancemap + ingdrug + istbrag + art
heap + ingconnect + ingemit + edunfit + ed
confer + ingoffer + edconceal + edparallel + ed
acquit + ed*commit + eeshelter + edstir + ing
root + edsqueal + ingintermit + entequal + ed
depend + entbegin + ercheer + edvigor + ous
occur + edshovel + edforgot + enregret + ed
submit + edtransmit + eddrum + erspin + ing
* After q, u is a consonant.
EXCEPTIONS.
The final consonant is not doubled when, in the derivative, the accent is thrown from the last syllable of the primitive; as, re fer´, ref´er ence.
ref´er encedef´er enceref er ee´
pref er encein fer enceref´er a ble or
con fer encepref er a blere fer´ri ble
OTHER EXCEPTIONS.
gas es(but gassy)tranquillity
gas eoushumbug gingtrans fer able
crystallize humbug gedex cellence
chagrined
Note.—There is a large class of words ending in l, and accented on some other syllable than the last, in whose derivatives the l is doubled by many writers; but it accords more with the analogy of the language not to double the l. Such words are the following: apparel, cancel, channel, cudgel, dishevel, drivel, duel, enamel, equal, gambol, grovel, jewel, libel, marshal, marvel, metal, model, panel, peril, quarrel.
REFERENCE TABLE OF SUFFIXES.
able, see ble
age, that which, having
ain, see ian
al, pertaining to
an, pertaining to, one who
ant, one who, that which, quality of, condition of
ary, one who, that which, place where, condition of, quality of, pertaining to
ate, act of, state of, shaped like
ble, capable of, fit to be
cle, little, that which
ed, condition of
ee, one who
ence, see ant
ent, see ant
er, one who, that which
es, see er
et, little
ful, full of, having
fy, to make
ial, see al
ian, one who
ible, see ble
ic, pertaining to
il, see ile
ile, capable of, quality of
ion, act of, state of, that which
ious, see ous
ish, act of
is, that which
ise, see ize
ism, state of, doctrine of
ist, one who
ity, that which, state of being, quality of
ive, that which, quality of
ize, act of
lent, full of
less, without
ly, state of being
ment, that which
oid, form
or, one who
ory, see ary
ous, full of, quality of, having
tic, see ic
tude, quality of
ty, see ity
ure, that which, act of
y, that which
INDEX TO ROOTS.
This index is to be used as a cross-reference by means of which, words in different parts of the book having a common root may be associated.
Page. Page. Page.
act11, 61*fort26nov20, 56
ambl15, 18, 82*fract, frang27numer38, 74
anim25, 35*frater27opo, opt29, 44, 64, 76, 80
*ann11fresh20, 40*pater69
aqua74, 80fuse13, 59, 61path25, 29, 30, 45, 63, 76, 81
arch28, 45, 82fy70*ped, pod36
*art12gam21, 28, 45*pel, puls35
*aster12*ge47*pend, pens35
*aud13gnost59, 63*phon83
bi, be9, 64, 65, 74gon26, 83ple, plen20, 40
brev9, 39grad, gress52, 54, 59, 60, 61*polis84
burse13, 20*graph47*pon, pos37
*capt, caput53*grat, grac65*port72
*ced, cess53*greg65preci52, 74
*cent54hale55, 56roy63, 66, 82
cept14, 55hypnot45, 82*rupt72
*chron46itio, it9, 55, 61sal34, 71
cep, cip18, 50*ject66scend52, 61
*civ55journ49, 82*scop84
clam, claim20, 74junct71, 75*scrib, scrip72
clud, clus16juven20, 70secu15, 40
cogn20, 56, 81laps20, 51sect13, 14, 21, 50, 56, 71
*cord, card17lect51, 60, 71soci25, 32
*corpus, corpor17*leg66solv9, 68
*cura, curo18*liber30son25, 68
*curr58*liter31*spec73
cuspid21, 35, 50loc13, 40sta, sist11, 15, 57, 60, 71
cycl21, 50, 64*log, logy48struct20, 57
*dent58loqu51, 57, 59, 76surrect20, 71
*dict58luc39, 61*tang, tact41
*doc, doct59luna60, 80*tempor41
dors26, 56lut, luv9, 50*ten, tain42
dote25, 63*manu31*terr43
*duc22mar61, 71thesis25, 29, 64
dur32, 33*mater32*tors, tort76
*fac, fec, fic23matur19, 56*tract77
femin35, 71*ment68trude56, 57, 59
*fer, lat24meridi50, 57une21, 39
*fest24*meter83use, uti9, 32, 39
fid39, 51, 56, 67mingle14, 51vade15, 56
*fin62*mit69*ven78
*firm62moni19, 49*vers, vert79
fix19, 49, 60mort39, 56, 57via, vi15, 21, 56, 74
*flex, flect62mot40, 51, 59, 71vir21, 70
flor39, 66, 82mut32, 51, 56, 61viv39, 70, 74, 82
*flu63nat40, 56, 66vol10, 67
*foli26nomi21, 28, 50, 66zoo48, 64
form15, 25, 61, 73*norm69
* Given in the Illinois State Course of Study.
INDEX TO PREFIXES.
Page. Page. Page. Page.
a (an)63contra11non15se60
a, ab, abs9de52mono28semi20
ad (ac, etc.)49dia26ob (op)57sub (suc, etc.)60
ambi, amphi9dis13para29super20
ante50en (on)26per15syn (sym)29
anti25epi64peri29tele30
auto64ex (e, ec)55post57trans61
bene10extra14pre18tri21
bi50in (im)56pro59uni25
circum10inter14re20vice63
con (col, etc.)51micro65retro60
INDEX TO SUFFIXES.
Page. Page. Page. Page.
ac44ence67ion71oid82
aceous66ent68ise81ory73
acy33fy70vist82ous74
al66ic38, 80ism45ulent75
an33ics44ite71ure75
ance68id39ity39y45, 75
ary34ile70ive40
CONTENTS.
Seventh Year.
First Month.Page.
Word Analysis9-13
Elementary Sounds85
Rule of Spelling100
Second Month.
Word Analysis13-18
Letters, Alphabet, etc.87
Rule of Spelling100
Third Month.
Word Analysis18-24
Vowels88
Rule of Spelling101
Fourth Month.
Word Analysis25-28
Consonants89
Rule of Spelling102
Fifth Month.
Word Analysis28-32
Silent Letters—Principle93
Rule of Spelling102
Sixth Month.
Word Analysis32-38
Silent Letters—Principle94
Principle of Pronunciation96
Seventh Month.
Word Analysis38-43
Silent Letters—Principle94
Principle of Pronunciation97
Eighth Month.
Word Analysis44-48
Silent Letters—Principle95
Principle of Pronunciation97
Eighth Year.
First Month.
Word Analysis49-55
Syllables90
Silent Letters—Principle95
Second Month.
Word Analysis55-59
Accent91
Silent Letters—Principle95
Third Month.
Word Analysis59-63
Words92
Silent Letters—Principle95
Fourth Month.
Word Analysis63-66
Silent Letters—Principle95
Principle of Pronunciation97
Fifth Month.
Word Analysis66-70
Silent Letters—Principle96
Principle of Pronunciation98
Sixth Month.
Word Analysis70-73
Silent Letters—Principle96
Principle of Pronunciation98
Seventh Month.
Word Analysis73-80
Silent Letters—Principle96
Principle of Pronunciation99
Eighth Month.
Word Analysis80-84
Silent Letters—Principle96
Principle of Pronunciation99
Reference Table of Suffixes105
Index to Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes106-107