AMERICA (NORTH).
Reading edition
ON THE LANGUAGES OF THE OREGON TERRITORY.
READ BEFORE THE ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY ON THE 11TH DECEMBER 1844.
The languages dealt with are those that lie between Russian America and New California. It is only, however, such as are spoken on the sea-coast and on the American frontier that are fairly known to us. Concerning some of the latter, such as the Blackfoot, the notices are deferred. Little, in the present state of our knowledge, can be attempted beyond the mere verification of vocabularies. In his list, however, of these, the writer has attempted to be exhaustive.
It is convenient to enumerate these vocabularies separately and to proceed from North to South.
Queen Charlotte's Island.—The two chief vocabularies are Mr Tolmie's and Messrs Sturgin and Bryant's, in the Journal of the Geographical Society and the Archæologia Americana respectively. They represent different dialects.
English.Sturgin & Bryant.Haidahof, Tolmie.
Mankeesetkleilhatsta
Womankna, anatsata
Canoeclookloo
Tobaccoqullquil
Waterhuntlehuntle
Suntzueshandlain
Moonkuhnkhough
Raintulltull
Snowtull hatterdhanw
Doghahhootch
Beartunntann
T.cagenteea
Thoutinkyahtungha
With these, the few words in the Mithridates coincide
Mithridates.Tolmie.
Onesounchousquansung
Twostonkstung
Threesloonisklughunnil
Chimmesyan.—Mr Tolmie's vocabulary—Journal of Geographical Society. Spoken between 53° 30´ and 55° 30´ N. L.
Billechoola.—Mr Tolmies vocabulary; ibid. Spoken on the Salmon River.
Friendly Village.—In Mackenzie's Travels, we find a few words from a tribe on the Salmon River. Their locality is called by Mackenzie the Friendly Village. By the aid of Mr Tolmie's vocabularies, we can now place this hitherto unfixed dialect. It belongs to the Billechoola tongue.
English.Friendly Village.Billechoola.
Salmonzimilkshimilk
Dogwattswatz
Housezlaachleshmool'
Bark-matzemnez
Cedar-bark-blanket tzummi
Beavercoulouncouloun
Stonedichtsquilstolomick
Waterulkankullah
Matgistcomstuchom
Bonnetilcaettekayeete
Fitz-Hugh Sound.—For these parts we possess only the numerals. They coincide most with the Haeltzuk, a language that will next be noticed. The termination in skum is common to the Fitz-Hugh Sound and the Blackfoot numerals.
English,two.
F. Sound,malscum.
Haeltzuk,malook.
English,three.
F. Sound,utascum.
Haeltzuk,yootook.
English,four.
F. Sound,moozcum.
Haeltzuk,moak.
Billechoola,moash.
English,five.
F. Sound,thekaescum.
Haeltzuk,skeowk.
Billechoola,tzeiuch.
English,six.
F. Sound,kitliscum.
Haeltzuk,katlowk.
English,seven.
F. Sound,atloopooskum.
Haeltzuk,malthlowsk.
English,ten.
F. Sound,highioo.
Haeltzuk,aikas.
Haeltzuk.—Mr Tolmie's vocabulary. Spoken from 50° 30´ to 53° 30´ N. L.—Journal of Geograph. Soc.
Quadra and Vancouver's Island—Nootka Sound.—For these parts we have several vocabularies.
1. The Numerals.—From Dixon—Mithridates, iii., 2, 115.
2. King George's Sound.—The Numerals, Mith., iii., 2; 115.
3. Mozino's MS. Vocabulary.—See Mith., iii., 2.
4. Captain Cook's Vocabulary.—This is comparatively copious. It represents the same language with the three preceding.
5. The Tlaoquatch vocabulary of Mr Tolmie. Journ. of Geog. Soc.—This certainly represents, as is truly stated by Dr. Scouler, the same language as the Nootka-Sound vocabulary of Cook.
English.Cook's Nootka.Tolmie's Tlaoquatch.
Skynaasnaase
Mountainnoohchainotcheh
Housemahtaimaas
Paddleoowhabbieoowhapie
Canoeshapatstshappits
Waterchauktchaak
Gochotcha-alche
Runkummiitchchutkumitkok
Bowmoostattemoastatit
Arrowtseehattetzehatite
Knifekotyoktzokquaeek
Mantanasstanais
6. Straits of Fuca.—A short vocabulary taken during the voyage of the Sutil y Mexicana—Archæol. Amer., ii., 306. Is not this Mozino's?
7. The Wakash vocabulary of Jewitt.—Archæol. Amer., ii. 306.
English.Fuca.Tlaoquatch.Wakash.
Waterihaactchaakchahak
Skytacuihamachnaasesieyah
Starsuliusactaastasstartoose
Moonilajudshashitlehopulhoophelth
Sundaginatlopiloophetlh
Earpipiparpee
Kawitchen.—Spoken at the entrance of Trading River opposite Vancouver's Island. Mr Tolmie's vocabulary.—See Journal of Geograph. Societ.
Noosdalum.—Spoken in Hood's Channel.—Ibid.
The Atna of Mackenzie.—This we may now place. It resembles the Noosdalum, with dialectal differences.
English.Atnah.Noosdalum.
Manscuynlouchsohwieken
Womansmosledgensksheeakatso
Beaverschughskyauw
Dogscacahskacha
Watershaweliquoihkah
Plainsspilelaspilchun
Herethlaelychlilkaa
Ironsoucoumanghalaitan
Bowisquoinahschomotun
Arrowsquailiytsh tzimaan
In Baer's Statistische und Ethnographische Nachrichten über die Russischen Besitzungen an der Nordwestküste von Amerika, we find a second vocabulary named Atna. This is spoken on the Copper River in Russian America, and represents a different language from the Atna of Mackenzie. Both, however, belong to the same[30] group. The plausible mode of accounting for this coincidence, is to suppose that two tribes named themselves men, which throughout the Athabascar languages is expressed by the root t-n, as dinnie, tenni, tnain, &c.
Squallyamish.—Spoken at Puget's Sound. Mr Tolmie in T. G. S.
Chenook.—For the important languages of the Chenook or Flathead Indians on the river Columbia, we have the following data:
1. Franchere's vocabulary; Archæol. Americana, ii., 379.
2. Parker's vocabulary; communicated in M. S., by A. Gallatin to Dr Prichard.
3. Cathlascou of Tolmie, J. G. S.
4. Chenook of Tolmie, ibid.
Of these vocabularies the Chenook of Parker and Franchere coincide closely. Parker's Chenook, compared with the two vocabularies of Tolmie, agrees most with the Cathlascou.
Kalapooiah.—This tribe is placed by Parker on the Multomah river. According to Tolmie, their language is spoken on the Wallamat Plains.
1. Tolmie's vocabulary. J. G. S.
2. Parker's vocabulary. M. S. from Gallatin to Dr Prichard.
The two vocabularies represent one and the same language.
Okanagan.—Spoken on Fraser's River. Mr Tolmie's vocabulary. The Okanagan vocabulary enables us to fix the following one:
The Salish.—This is an anonymous vocabulary from Duponceau's collection. Archæolog. Americ., ii, 306. It is evidently closely akin to the Okanagan.
English.Salish.Okanagan.
Manekeltamaiuh
Woman tukulthlimeilooch
Canoe'tleaghslalthleim
Starsko'kusmhhohooos
Rainsteepaistepais
Snowamaikutsmakoot
Watersaioolkhsauwulh
Mountainaitzumkummokatzimmok
Deeratsooleea
Roebuck klatzeenim
Bearc'summaitshuiskummachist
Wolfn'tsseetsannutzetzim
Oneneonuchs
Twoesseluskul
Threetsailhiskaalthleis
Fourmosmoas
Fivetseelkoheil
Sevenseespilsheespil
Tenopanopuniet
Kliketat. Spoken between Fort Nez Perce's, Mount Rainier, and the Columbia Falls.
1. Mr Tolmie's vocabulary.
2. Mr Parker's vocabulary M. S. from Gallatin to Dr Prichard.
These represent allied dialects of the same language.
Shahaptan, Nez Perce's.—It is truly stated by Gallatin that the Shahaptan and Kliketat languages are allied.
1. Mr Tolmie's vocabulary.
2. Mr Parker's vocabulary M. S. from Gallatin to Dr Prichard.
Jamkallie. Spoken near the sources of the Wallamat, Mr Tolmie's vocabulary.
Umpqua.—On the river so called. Mr Tolmie's vocabulary.
This is the most southern point for which we possess Oregon vocabularies.
Four more vocabularies complete the enumeration of our data for the parts in question.
1. Shoshonie or Snake Indians.—The first is a southern or central one, the Shoshonie or Snake vocabulary, collected by Say, and representing a language south of that of the Nez Perces. Archæol. Americ., ii. 306.
2. Sussee.—The Sussee of Umfreville, is either spoken within the Oregon Territory, or within the districts immediately to the north of it.
3. The Nagail—See Mackenzie's Travels.
4. The Taculli—See Archæol. Americ., ii. 305.
Such are the vocabularies for the Oregon Territory of North America. In number they amount to forty-one. Dealing with speech as the instrument of intercourse, it is highly probable that these vocabularies may represent as many as nineteen different languages, that is, modes of speech, mutually unintelligible. Dealt with, however, ethnologically, their number is evidently capable of being reduced.
In the present state of our knowledge, it is convenient to leave the Shoshonie language[31] unplaced. All that we possess of it is the vocabulary noticed above. It consists of only twenty-four words. Their affinities (such as they are) are miscellaneous
English,beaver.
Shoshonie,hanish.
Chenook,eena.
Haidah,tzing.
Cathlascou,kanook.
English,salmon.
Shoshonie,augi.
Haidah,swaggan.
English,horse.
Shoshonie,bunko.
Blackfoot,pinnechometar.
pennakomet.
English,woman.
Shoshonie,wepee.
Souriquois,meboujou.
Penobscot,m'phenim.
Micmac,epit.
Echemin,apet.
Pima,uba.
Calapooiah,apomeik.
English,friend.
Shoshonie,hauts.
Chetimacha,keta.
Onondago,ottie.
English,water.
Shoshonie,pa.
New Sweden,bij.
Algonkin,ne-pi, passim.
English,good.
Shoshonie,saut.
Shahaptan,tautz.
Pima,tiuot.
Chocta,chito = great.
Crow,esah = great.
bassats = many.
English,go.
Shoshonie,numeraro.
Kawitchen,namilthla.
English,come.
Shoshonie,keemak.
Nez Perces,come.
English,awl.
Shoshonie,weeu.
Ahnenin,bay.
English,no.
Shoshonie,kayhee.
Ahnenin,chieu.
Potowotami,cho.
Ojibbeway,kaw.
Ottawa,kaween.
Old Algonkin,kah.
Chetimacha,kahie.
It is also advisable to deal cautiously with the Sussee language. Umfreville's vocabulary is short, and consisting almost exclusively of the names of articles of commerce. Lists of this sort are of little value in ethnography. Still, upon the whole, it confirms the current opinion as to the place of the Sussee language, viz. that it is[32] Athabascan. At any rate, it has certain miscellaneous affinities.
English,eye.
Sussee,senouwoh.
Kenay,snaga.
Taculli,onow.
Chipewyan,nackhay.
English,five.
Sussee,coo.
Chipewyan,coun.
English,kettle.
Sussee,usaw.
Taculli,osa.
English,axe.
Sussee,chilthe.
Taculli,chachil.
English,knife.
Sussee,marsh.
Illinois,mariesa.
Minitari,matse.
English,shoes.
Sussee,siscau.
Taculli,kiscot.
English,one.
Sussee,uttegar.
Eskimo,attowseak.
adaitsuk.
adoajak.
atamek.
English,three.
Sussee,tauky.
Kenai,tohchke.
Taculli,toy.
Chipewyan,taghy.
English,four.
Sussee,tachey.
Kenai,tenki.
Taculli,tingkay.
Chipewyan,dengky.
English,seven.
Sussee,checheta.
Mohawk,chahtahk.
Onondago,tschoatak.
Seneca,jawdock.
Oneida,tziadak.
Nottoway,ohatay.
English,ten.
Sussee,cuneesenunnee.
Chipewyan,canothna.
Laying these two languages aside, and reserving the Blackfoot for future inquiries, the other vocabularies are referrible to two recognized groups. The Nagail and Taculli are what Gallatin calls Athabascan. All the[33] rest are what Prichard calls Nootka-Columbian. Respecting the former class, the evidence is unequivocal, and the fact generally admitted. Respecting the latter, the statement requires consideration.
At first glance, Mr Tolmie's vocabularies differ materially from each other; and only a few seem less unlike each other than the rest. Such are the Kliketat and Shahaptan, the Calapooiah and Yamkallie, the Kawitchen and Tlaoquatch, the Chenook and Cathlascou. Besides this, the general difference between even the allied vocabularies is far more visible than the general resemblance. Finally, the numerals and the fundamental terms vary in a degree beyond what we are prepared for, by the study of the Indo-European tongues.
Recollecting, however, the compound character of the most fundamental words, characteristic of all the American language; recognising, also, as a rule of criticism, that in the same class of tongues the evidence of the numerals is unimportant in the determination of differences, and comparing the sixteen Oregon vocabularies of Mr Tolmie with each other, we may satisfy ourselves as to the radical unity of the group. To these lists, and to the accompanying paper of Dr. Scouler, reference is accordingly made. The value of these groups (the Athabascan and the Nootka-Columbian) is a different and a more difficult question. The maximum difference between any two known languages of the Athabascan group is that between English and German. The maximum difference between the most unlike languages of the Nootka-Columbian group is that between the modern Greek and Portuguese, i. e. the most distant tongues of the classical stock of the Indo-European tribe. Hence, the terms in question are equivalent to the more familiar terms, Gothic, Celtic, Slavonic, &c. All this, however, is illustration, rather than absolute arrangement; yet it serves to give definitude to the current opinions upon the subject.
To the current views, however, the writer takes exception. He considers that the groups in question have too high a value; and that they are only equivalent to the primary subdivisions of stocks like the Gothic, Celtic, and Classical, rather than to the stocks themselves. Still less can they have a higher and more exaggerated value, and be dealt with as equivalent to groups like the Indo-European.
Hence, the differences between the Athabascan languages of the Oregon and the Nootka-Columbian languages of the Oregon, are the differences between the Latin and Greek, the Welsh and Gaelic, the German and Icelandic, rather than those between the German and Russian, the Latin and Persian, the Greek and Lithuanic, &c.
In determining the higher and more comprehensive class, we must take in a third group of languages. These are those of Russian America. They have generally been referred to two groups of uncertain value, viz. the Kolooch and the Eskimo; the former, for the part about Sitca, or Norfolk Sound, the latter for the parts about the Island of Cadiack, and the Peninsula of Aliaska.
Now, the Athabascan languages are undoubtedly Eskimo; a fact stated by the writer, at the meeting of the British Association at York, and founded upon the comparison of the Athabascan vocabularies of Mackenzie and Dobbs, on the one side, with the Western Eskimo ones, on the other.
And the Kolooch languages are equally Eskimo with the Athabascan. This may be seen by reference to Lisiansky's vocabularies, and a comparison between the Sitca and Cadiack.
English.Sitca.Cadiack.
Crykaáhkeyya
Drinkitannatanha
Hailkatelstkoudat
Kneekakeekchiskoohka
Lakeaakananoak
Lipskahakahlukha
Manchakleyhshook
Sparkheeklyachatalahi
Windkeelhchakyaeek
Now, by taking in the Eskimo of the Aleutian Islands, this list might be doubled; and by dealing with the Kenay as Eskimo, it might be trebled.
Again, by attempting to fix the points whereat the Eskimo language ceases, and the Kolooch tongue begins, we may get further evidence that the difference between them is exaggerated; since the languages passed by gradual transitions into each other.
What follows, moreover, is cumulative evidence towards the same conclusion.
Over and above the vocabularies collected by Mr Tolmie that have already been dealt with, there is a seventeenth, viz. the Tunghaas. This is stated in Dr Scouler's accompanying paper to be the most northern dialect with which the Hudson's Bay traders come in contact. It is also stated to be Sitcan; and that truly.
English.Tunghaas.Sitca.
Sea-otteryouchtzyoutch
River-ottercoostahkooshta
Bearhooctchhoots
Whaleyioaghyaaga
Womanshewatshavvot
Summerkootaankootaan
Heyoutyouta
Goodahkehtooake
On the other hand, the Tonghaas has affinities with the Haidah of Queen Charlotte's Island, and through it with the so-called Nootka-Columbian languages in general.
Cumulative, in the way of evidence to this, is the statement, with the verification of which we shall conclude, viz., that, besides the Athabascan, the other languages of the Oregon Territory have affinities with the Eskimo. With the Oonalashkan and Cadiack on the one side, and with Mr Tolmie's vocabularies (with Cook's occasionally) en masse on the other, we have at least the following words common to the two groups.
English,sky.
Cook's Nootka,eenaeel nas.
Tlaoquatch,naase.
Oonalashka,anneliak = day.
English,sky.
Haidah,shing.
Billechoola,skoonook = day.
Haidah,yen = clouds.
Haeeltzuk,unnowie.
Oonalashka,youyan = sky.
innyak = sky.
English,moon.
Billechoola,tlooki.
Cadiack,yaalock.
English,snow.
Haeeltz,naie.
Calapooah,anoopeik.
Yamkallie,kanopeik.
Cadiack,annue.
Oonalashka,kannue.
English,hail.
Haidah,dhanw = snow.
Oonalashka,tahenem dahskeeto.
English,water.
Cook's Nootka,chauk.
Tlaoquatch,tchaak.
Cadiack,kooyk = river.
English,river.
Tloaquatch,aook.
Cadiack,alaook = sea.
English,rain.
Calapooiah,tochtocha.
Cadiack,kedoh.
Oonalashka,chetak.
English,sand.
Haidah,il kaik.
Oonalashka,choohok.
English,mountain.
Kliketat,pannateet
Cadiack,poonhokanlie.
English,house.
Kliketat,needh.
Shahaptan,eneedh.
Cadiack,naa.
English,song.
Cook's Nootka,oonook.
Oonalashka,oonoohada=sing.
English,go.
Cook's Nootka,cho.
Oonalashka,icha.
English,cleave, cut.
Cook's Nootka,tsook.
Cadiack,chaggidzu.
Oonalashka,toohoda.
English,crow.
Cook's Nootka,kaenne.
Cadiack,kalnhak.
English,fire.
Cook's Nootka,eeneek.
Cadiack,knok.
Oonalashka,keynak.
English,skull.
Cook's Nootka,koometz.
Oonalashka,kamhek.
English,teeth.
Cook's Nootka,cheecheetsh.
Cadiack,hoodeit.
English,middle finger.
Cook's Nootka,taeeai.
Cadiack,teekha.
English,how much.
Haeeltzuck,kinshook.
Kawitchen,quien.
Noosdalum,quien.
Oonalashka,kannahen.
Cadiack,kouhcheen.
English,mat.
Chenook,swussak.
Shahaptan,tooko.
Oonalashka,sootok.
English,bow.
Okanagan,tsukquenuk.
Oonalashka,saeheek.
English,house.
Squallyamish,aalall.
Oonalashka,oolon.
English,iron.
Squallyamish,kumnuttin.
Cadiack,komlyahook.
English,sea-otter.
Billechoola,qunnee.
Oonalashka,cheenatok.
English,bear.
Haidah,tan.
Oonalashka,tanhak.
To this list a previous statement applies more especially. By treating the Sitca and Kenay vocabularies as Eskimo, the number of coincidences might have been doubled.
Besides this, it must be remembered that, in Tolmie's vocabularies, no terms expressive of the different parts of human body are given; and that several names of the commonest objects are wanting, e. g. fire, &c.
Neither have the vocabularies of Wrangell for the varied dialects of Russian America been made use of.
As the lists, however, stand, the author considers that he has shewn reason for believing that the Athabascan, the Kolooch, the Nootka-Columbian, and the Cadiack groups are subordinate members of one large and important class—the Eskimo; a fact which, coinciding with all his other inquiries in American Ethnology, breaks down, further than has hitherto been done, the broad and trenchant line of demarcation between the circumpolar and the other Indians of the Western Continent.
NOTES.
Note 1.
In a valuable paper On the Tribes inhabiting the N. W. Coast of America read a few weeks afterwards by Dr. J. Scouler the following-tables shewed—
1. The fact that the Nutka forms of speech were to be found on the Continent;
2. That the Wallawalla was Sahaptin.
a.
English.Tlaoq. & Nootka.Columbia.
PlentyAya,Haya
NoWik,Wake
WaterTehaak,Chuck
GoodHooleish,Closh
BadPeishakeis,Peshak
ManTehuckoop,Tillieham
WomanTlootsemin,Clootchamen
ChildTanassis,Tanass
NowTlahowieh,Clahowiah
ComeTchooqua,Sacko
SlaveMischemas,Mischemas
What are you doing?Akoots-ka-mamok,Ekta-mammok
What are you saying?Au-kaak-wawa,Ekta-wawa?
Let me seeNannanitch,Nannanitch
SunOpeth,Ootlach
SkySieya,Saya
FruitChamas,Camas
To sellMakok,Makok
UnderstandCommatax,Commatax
b.
English.Shahaptan.Wallawalla.Kliketat.
ManNamaWinshWins
BoyNaswaeTahnutshintAswan
WomanAiatTilahiAiat
GirlPitenTohauatPitiniks
WifeSwapnaAshamAsham
ChildMiahsIshtMianash
FatherPishdPshitPshit
MotherPikaPtshaPtsha
FriendLikstiwaHhaiHhai
FireAlaSlukshSluks
WaterTkushTshushTshaush
WoodHatsinSlukasSlukuas
StonePishwaPshwaPshwa
GroundWatsashTitshamTitsham
SunWishamtukshAuAn
Moon——AilhaiAilhai
StarsWitseinHasluHaslo
CloudsSpaliktPashst——
RainWakitSshhauitTohtoha
SnowMakaPoiMaka
IceTahaskTahaukToh
HorseShikamKusiKusi
DogShikamkanKusi KusiKusi Kusi
BuffaloKokulliMusmussinMusmussin
Male ElkWawakiaWawakiaWinat
Female ElkTashipTashipkaWinat
Grey BearPahasWapantle——
Black BearJakaSakaAnalmi
HouseSnitSnitSnit
GunTimuniTainpasTuilpas
BodySilaksWaunokshash——
HeadHushusTilpiPalka
ArmAtimKamkas——
EyesShilhuAtshashAtshash
NoseNathnuNathnuNosnu
EarsMatsaiaMatsiu——
MouthHimEmAm
TeethTitTit——
HandsSpshusSpapAlla
FeetAhwaWahaWaha
LegsWainshTama——
MocassensIleapkatShkamShkam
GoodTahrSkehShoeah
BadKapshishMillaTshailwit
HotSakasSahwaihSahweah
ColdKenisKasatTewisha Kasat
FarWaiatWiatWiat
NearKeintamTsiwasTsa
HighTashtiHwaiamHweami
LowAhatSmiteNiti
WhiteNaihaihKoikOlash
BlackSunuhsimuhTshimukTsimuk
RedSepilpSutshaSutsa
HereKinaTshnaStshiuak
ThereKunaKunaSkone
Where?Minu?Mina?Mam
When?Mana?Mun?Mun?
What?Mish?Mish?Mish?
Why?Manama?Maui?——
Who?Ishi?Skiu?Skiu?
Which?Ma?Mam?——
How much?Mas?Milh?Milh?
So muchKalaKulkSkulk
How far?Miwail?Maal?——
So farKewailKwal——
How long?Mahae?Maalh——
To longKohaeKwalk——
ThisKiTshiTshi
ThatJohKwaSkwa
ISuSuSuk
YouSuiSuiSuik
He, she, itIpiIpinPink
WeNunNamaNemak
YeImaEnaImak
TheyEmaEmaPamak
To goKushaWinashaWinasha
To seeHakeshaHoksha——
To sayHeishaNuNu
To talkTseksaSiniwasaSinawasa
To walkWenasaWinashash——
To readWasashaWasashaWasasha
To eatWipishaKwatashak——
To drinkMakoshaMatshushask——
To sleepPinimikshaPinusha——
To wakeWaksaTahshisaskTahshasha
To loveWatanishaTkeshaskTkehsha
To takePaalsaApalashask——
To knowLukuasaAshakuashashShukuasha
To forgetTitolashaSlakshash——
To giveInishaNishamash——
To seizeInpishaShutshashWanapsha
To be coldIswaisaSweashashIswaiska
To be sickKomaisaPainshashPainsha
To huntTukuliksaSalaitisasNistewasa
To lieMishamishaTshishkshashTshiska
To stealPakwashaPakwashashPakwasha
Note 2.
This, along with the paper on the Ethnology of Russian America, was the development of a communication laid before the Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science at York in the previous September, to the effect that the "line of demarcation drawn between the Eskimo and the Indian races of America was far too broad and trenchant"; wherein it was stated.—
1. That the true affinities of the Chipewyan were with the Kadiak, Unalashka, Kenay and Sitka forms of speech.—
2. That the Ugalents (Ugyalyachmutsi of Resanoff), although separated from the neigbouring Eskimo tongues so as to cause the appearance of a discontinuity in the Eskimo area could, when we dealt with the Kadiak, Unalashka, Kenay, and Sitka vocabularies as the representatives of a single language be shown to be Eskimo.—
3. That affinities of a more general kind were to be found even further southward.
4. 5. That the Atna of Mackenzie was the Noosdalum, and the Friendly Village vocabulary the Billechoola, of Mr Tolmie.
(Transactions of the Sections p. 78.—On the Southern Limits of the Eskimo race in America.)
ON THE ETHNOGRAPHY OF RUSSIAN AMERICA.
READ BEFORE THE ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY
19TH FEBRUARY 1845.
The paper submitted to the Society is upon the Ethnography of Russian America. For a variety of reasons, the tribes in these parts are of paramount importance. Inhabiting the most north-western extremity of America on the coast of Behring's Straits, they are divided from Asia only by that channel, so that of all the nations of the New World they are most in contact with those of the Old. This circumstance alone puts them prominently forward in ethnology; since the primâ facie theory, as to the population of America, must certainly be in favour of the passage having taken place through Behring's Straits.
The limits of the Russian possessions in America, or of the geographical area which we are considering, are not very definitely determined: at least, the line of demarcation is, in a great degree, a political rather than a natural one. From Mount St Elias to the southernmost extremity of Prince of Wales Island, the territory in question consists of a strip of sea-coast, and islands, with the British possessions of New Norfolk and New Hanover at the back; whilst from Mount St Elias northward, as far as the Arctic Sea, the line of division is imaginary, coinciding with the 141° W. long. It can scarcely be expected, that a frontier so determined can coincide with any important divisions, either in physical or ethnographical geography. Still the area in question is a convenient one.
Considering the remote situation of these extensive and inhospitable tracts, the knowledge we possess of them is creditable to the government of Russia. From the time of Behring downward, the coasts have been accurately described; whilst the communications of the officials of the Russian American Company exhibit far more than an average amount of intelligence. For such portions of the present paper as are not purely philological, the author has drawn upon Baer's Statistische und Ethnographische Nachrichten, &c. Of a Russian settlement in New California, although American, no notice is taken. On the other hand, a nation inhabiting the extreme promontory of Asia (the Tshuktshi) are, for reasons that will make themselves apparent, dealt with as American. On the southern extremity of Russian America, the native tribes are known to their neighbours of New Caledonia, the Oregon country, and to the Hudson's Bay Company, under the names of Colooches, Tunghaases, Atnas, Coltshanies, Ugalentses, Konagis, Cadiacks, Tchugatches, and Kenays. For the north, and the shores of the Arctic Sea, they are dealt with (and that truly) as members of the great Esquimaux family. Further investigation multiplies the names of these tribes, so that we hear of Inkalites, Inkulukhlaites, Kiyataigmutis, Agolegmutes, Pashtolegmutis, Magmutis, &c. &c. To these divisions may be added the different varieties of the natives of the Aleutian islands. In the classification of these numerous tribes, it is considered that much remains to be done.
For the tribes on the shore of the Northern Ocean, and for the parts immediately south of Behring's Straits, the general character, both physical and moral, seems to be Esquimaux. The enormous line of coast over which this nation is extended has long been known. The language and manners of Greenland have been known to us since the times of the earliest Danish missionaries; so that details, both physical and moral, of no savages are better understood than those of the Greenlanders. With this knowledge, it is easy to trace the extension of the race. The shores of Hudson's Bay are inhabited by the same stock. So also is the coast of Labrador. The three forms of speech are but dialects of one language: a fact that has long been known. Hence the Esquimaux and Greenlanders have long been recognised as identical. From Hudson's Bay, northward and westward, the whole line of seacoast, as far as Mackenzie's River, is Esquimaux; and that with but little variety of type; either in physical conformation, manners, or language. The interpreter to Captain Franklin was an Esquimaux from Hudson's Bay, yet he had no difficulty in understanding the dialects west of Mackenzie's River, 137° W. Long. (See Archæologica Americana, ii. 11.) Three degrees westward, however, a change in the Esquimaux characteristics takes place; although the inhabitants of the quarters in question by no means cease to be Esquimaux. The tribes already noticed may be called the Eastern, those about to be mentioned the Western Esquimaux. The dividing line is fixed by Captain Franklin at 140° W. long. The tribes on each side of this line have at first a great difficulty in understanding each other. Now the line between the subdivisions of the Esquimaux language coincides very nearly with the boundary line of Russian America. Hence the ethnography of that territory begins with the Western Esquimaux.
It is no refinement to state, that, with the Western Esquimaux, we find a change in the social and moral type, exhibiting itself in a greater appreciation of the articles of civilized life, both as means of home use, and as instruments of commercial barter. They resort annually to the eastern boundary, and exchange articles of Russian manufacture of seals-skins, oil, and furs. This intercourse is of late date.—Archæologia Americana, ii., 11.
To Kotzebue's Sound and Behring's Straits the same race, with similar characters, is continued. Of Behring's Straits it occupies both sides, the Asiatic as well as the American. From Behring's Straits to the Peninsula of Aliaska, and from thence to Cook's Inlet (or Kenay Bay), every thing is unequivocally Esquimaux, and has long been recognized as such.
That a statement lately made was no refinement, may be proved from the third chapter of Baer's work, where he determines the character of the Esquimaux trade, and gives it as a measure of the intercourse between Asia and America. It seems referable to two centres, viz., the parts about Behring's Straits, and the parts about Cook's Inlet. For the first, the market extends from Icy Cape to the Promontory of Aliaska, and has for its stations the islands of Behring's Straits. The second district comprises the Aleutian islands, Cadiack, and the line of the sea-coast as far south as Queen Charlotte's Island. Now, whatever may be the amount of Russian civilization, in determining some of the characteristics of the Western Esquimaux, it is certain that the tribes of that race now inhabiting Asia, were occupants of their present localities, anterior to the Russian Conquest of Kamshatka.
A second deviation from the Esquimaux type, we find in the island Cadiack, and the coast of the continent opposite. The early Russian discoverers speak of a continual warfare between opposing tribes of the same stock; whilst another tribe, the Inkalite, is said to uphold itself bravely against the more numerous nation of the Kuskokwims. As a general rule, warfare, except as a defence against tribes of a different race, is as foreign to the typical Esquimaux of Greenland as to the Laplander of Europe.
Measured by another test, and that of the psychological sort (viz., the capacity for religious instruction), the Western Esquimaux coincides with the Esquimaux of Greenland. With the exception, perhaps, of the Negro, the race, in general, is the most docile in respect to the influences of Christianity. The religious history of extreme points of the Aleutian Islands and Greenland verifies this statement.
The extent to which a mixed breed has been propagated under the government of Russia, may be collected from the following tables. In New Archangel the population is as follows:—
Europeans,406
Creoles or half-breeds,307
Aleutians,134
In the remaining part of the territory it is as follows:—
Europeans,246
Half-breeds,684
Natives,8882
Of places of trust in New Archangel, a very large proportion is held by Half-breeds. We find them as overseers, police-officers, clerks, watchmakers, medical students.
Such seem the most remarkable points connected with the Russian Esquimaux in general. They are few in number, because it is the plan of the writer not so much to exhibit the whole details of the race to which they belong, as to put forward prominently such characteristics as are differential to them and the Esquimaux of Greenland and Labrador.
It is now proper to give a brief notice of the more important tribes, these being mentioned separately.
1. The Tshuktshi.—This is the name of the Esquimaux of Asia. It is generally accompanied by the epithet sedentary, so that we speak of these people as the sedentary or settled Tshuktshi. This distinguishes them from the so-called Reindeer Tshuktshi, a tribe of the Koriak family. For either one or the other of these tribes the name of Tshuktshi should be abolished. It is my impression that the differences between the Esquimo of Asia and America do not represent more than a few centuries of separation.
2. The Kuskokwim.—This tribe, which occupies the banks of the river from which it takes its name, may stand as the representative for the tribes between Cape Rodney and the Peninsula of Aliaska. Its numbers are estimated at upwards of 7000. Transitional in character to the tribes of the coast and interior, its manners coincide with its geographical position. In the use of certain so-called ornaments, it agrees with the other Esquimaux tribes; as it agrees with the Esquimaux and Finn tribes in the use of the sweating-bath. The Kuskoquimers count distance by the number of nights requisite for the journey. Of the constellation they have a detailed knowledge, founded upon observations. The most prominent of their institutions is the Kahim; a building found in every village; erected like an amphitheatre, capable of containing all the males of the place, and which, over and above many peculiar domestic purposes connected with its erection, serves as a council-hall for the males of the population.
3. The Tshugatsh.—Natives of Prince William's Sound, and closely allied to the islanders of Cadiack, with whom they agree in language. Their historical traditions are, that they came from the coast, and from the north; their mythological ones, that they are descended from the Dog.
These three divisions are not only indubitably Esquimaux, but have also been recognised as such.
Those that follow are generally referred to another ethnological group. In the parts about Cook's Inlet (Bay of Kenay) and Mount St Elias, a second race is said to make its appearance, and this is generally separated from the Esquimaux by a broad line of demarcation. It is called the Kolooch race or family, and is generally placed in contrast with the Esquimaux. Isolated tribes akin to the Kolooches, and worthy of special notice, are the following:—
1. The Ugalyachmusti or Ugalentses, consisting of about 38 families.—They change their localities with the season, and are Kolooch in manners and conformation. Living around Mount St. Elias they are frontier tribes to the Tshugatshes.
2. The Kenays, inhabiting the coast of Cook's Inlet, 460 families strong.—Historically, they assert that their origin is from the hills of the interior, from whence they descended coastward. Their mythological and ultimate origin is from the raven, connected with which they have a complex cosmogony. Descent from the raven, or descent from the dog, is considered, for these tribes we are speaking of, as an instrument in ethnological criticism. Like the Ugalentses, they are in contact with Tshugatsh Esquimaux.
3. The Atnahs, dwelling on the Copper River, 60 families strong, hunters of rein-deer, and workers in iron as well as copper.—They coincide with the typical Kolooches in burning their dead, in ascribing the origin of their race to the raven, and in most other particulars.
These three tribes are unequivocally connected closely with each other, and with the other members of the Kolooch group. The position of the following is less definite:—
1. The Kolshani.—These represent the natives of the interior. They fall into two divisions, whereof the nearer can make itself intelligible to the Atnas and Kenays. The more distant one is savage, inhospitable, unintelligible. Cannibalism is one of their real or accredited characteristics.
2. The Inchulukhlaites, dwelling on the Chulitna River.—They are stated to be akin to the Magimuts, who are allied with,
3. The Inkalites.—In one village alone they are 700 strong. Their language is said to be a mixture of the Kenay, Unalashkan, and Atna.
It is hoped that the true character of the ethnological difficulty involved in the classifications of the tribes enumerated, along with several others in the same territory, has suggested itself to the mind of the reader: viz. the position of the undetermined tribes, and the relations of the Esquimaux and the Kolooch groups to each other. These problems seem capable of being solved by means of the evidence of languages. Previous, however, to the enumeration of our data upon this point, it must be observed, that members of a third ethnographical division, in all probability, form part of the native population of Russian America. From the Lake Athabasca, as a centre, to the Atlantic on one hand, and to the Pacific on the other, languages of this group are spoken; so that the Athabascan area in its extension from east to west, is second only to the Esquimaux. Now both the Kolooch and Esquimaux languages have fundamental affinities with the Athabascan, and vice versa; whilst it is generally the case in Ethnology, that two languages radically connected with a third, are also radically connected with each other. With this premise, we may enumerate in detail, our data in the way of philology. This method will introduce new names and new localities, since we have often vocabularies where we have nothing else besides.
1. Beechey's Esquimaux.—The most northern specimen of the western Esquimaux. Spoken in Kotzebue's Sound.
2. The Aglimut vocabulary of the Altas Ethnographique.
3. The Esquimaux of the Island of St Lawrence.—Ibid.
4. The Asiatic Esquimaux of the Tshuktshi of Tshuktshi-Noss. Klaproth's Asia Polyglotta.
5. The Asiatic Esquimaux of the Tshuktshi of the mouth of the river Anadyr.—Ibid.
6. The Esquimo of Norton Sound.—Cook's Voyages.
7. The Kuskokwimer vocabulary of Baer's Beiträge.
8. A vocabulary of the Island of Nuniwock in the Atlas Ethnographique, is unequivocally Esquimo. So also are the dialects of the Peninsula of Aliaska. Having seen, however, no vocabulary, I am unable to state whether they most resemble those of the Aleutian Islands, (a prolongation of its western extremity), or of those of the Island Cadiack on its south-eastern side. At any rate, the languages akin to the Cadiack, and the languages of the Aleutian group, form separate divisions of sub-dialects. Beginning with the Aleutian class, we have the following materials:—
9. Unalashkan vocabularies by Lisiansky, Wrangell, Resanoff, and others.
10. The Andreanowsky Isles.—Robeck's vocabulary.—See Mithridates.
There is external evidence that the language for the whole Aleutian group is radically one, the differences, however, being, as dialectal differences, remarkable. The natives of Atchu and Unalashka have difficulty in understanding each other.—Mithridates.
11. Cadiack vocabularies by Resanoff, Lisiansky, and Wrangell.
12. Tshugatshi vocabularies by Resanoff and Wrangell.
13. The Lord's Prayer in Jakutat, by Baranoff.—Mithridates.
Notwithstanding the statement that only 19 words out of 1100 are common to the Unalashkan and Cadjak, the affinity of these languages to each other, and their undoubted place in the Esquimaux class, has long been recognised.
14. The Inkuluklaities.—This tribe is akin to the Magimut and the Inkalaite. We possess a few words of the language, which are sufficient to prove that although its definite place is undetermined, it has miscellaneous affinities to the Atna, Kenay, and Esquimaux.
15. The Ugalyachmutsi of the Mithridates.
16. The Ugalents of Wrangell.—See Baer's Beiträge. These two vocabularies represent the same language. The Ugalyachmutsi, although left by Resanoff as an isolated language, is unequivocally stated by Baer to be Kolooch. Its contrast with the Esquimaux of the Tshugatshes, has always been insisted on.
17. Kenay vocabularies by Davidoff, Resanoff, Lisiansky, and Wrangell; also an anonymous one from a native. Gallatin, in the Archæologia Americana, goes so far as to separate the Kenay even from the Kolooch language.
18. The Atna of Wrangell.—See Baer's Beiträge. Now, another American language, spoken some hundred miles south of the Copper River, of which we find a vocabulary in Sir Alexander Mackenzie's Travels, is called Atna. It has no direct affinity with the present tongue. A hypothetical solution of this coincidence lies in the fact, that in the Athabascan languages the root d-n, or t-n = man. That the Kenay call themselves Tnai, or Tnaina = men, is specially stated by Baer, p. 103.
19. The Koltshany vocabulary of Wrangell.—See Baer's Beiträge. The tables of the work in question shew the language to be undoubted Kolooch.
20. The Sitca vocabularies—numerous. Cook's Norfolk Sound; the Sitca of Lisiansky; the Sitca of Davidoff (see Archæologia Americana); the Sitca of Wrangell. According to Captain Bryant, it is spoken from N. lat. 59° to 5° S. by twenty tribes. The number of individuals who speak it reckoned by Mr Green, an American missionary, at 6500—see Archæologia Americana. The standard Kolooch is that of Sitca or Norfolk Sound.
21. The Tunghaase of Mr Tolmie. Of this, the most southern dialect of Russian America, we find a short vocabulary in the Transactions of the Royal Geographical Society. It is truly stated to be closely allied to the Sitca.
That there are no more than two groups required for the classification of the above-mentioned languages, and that these are the Esquimaux and the Kolooch, seems evident. That these groups are of no high value may be shewn. It is undoubtedly true, that if we only compare isolated vocabularies with each other we shall find little but points of contrast. And we find less than might be expected even when we compare groups of vocabularies.
1. The tables of Baer, exhibiting three languages for the Esquimaux and five for the Kolooch group, give scarcely half a dozen words common to the two.
2. The table of Lisiansky, with the Unalashkan and Cadiack on the one side, and the Kenay and Sitca on the other, presents but little more.
3. The earliest language with which the Ugalyatmutsi was compared were Esquimaux, and the contrast was insisted upon from the first.
It is only when we apply what may be called the indirect method that the true value of the Esquimaux group becomes recognised.
1. Each has affinities with the Athabascan tongues, and perhaps equal affinities.
2. Each has affinities with the Oregon languages, and each perhaps equally.
3. Each has definite affinities with the languages of New California, and each perhaps equal ones.
4. Each has miscellaneous affinities with all the other tongues both of North and South America.
These facts that connect the Esquimaux languages with those spoken to the south of them involve, as may be easily seen, a theory of much higher importance than the position of groups like the Kolooch. They are taken along with the geographical position of the Esquimaux race in respect to Asia, and point to the parts in question as the starting-points for the population of the New World. Upon this latter I can only say at present, that I find Esquimaux words in the following languages:—
1. The Koriack.
2. The Kamskadale.
3. The Aino of the Curulian Isles. In respect to this last group, it is remarkable that whilst I only find two words (the names for house and eye) common to the Western Esquimaux vocabularies of Lisiansky and the Aino ones of Langgsdorf, I find between the latter and the Eastern Esquimaux of Parry a considerable number.
4. The Corean.
5. The Japanese.
This is in the way of direct evidence. The Oregon and Kolooch languages have similar and equal affinities; whilst the Asiatic languages enumerated have themselves affinities in the Old World known and recognised.
From what has been laid before the Society, it may be seen of how great importance it is to determine, whether the languages of Russian America pass into each other gradually, or are divided by trenchant lines of demarcation.
MISCELLANEOUS CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ETHNOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICA.
READ BEFORE THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
JANUARY 24, 1845.
The present state of American Ethnography is the excuse for the miscellaneous character of the following notices. What remains just now to be done consists chiefly in the addition of details to an outline already made out. Such communications, however, are mainly intended to serve as isolated points of evidence towards the two following statements:—
1. That no American language has an isolated position when compared with the other tongues en masse, rather than with the languages of any particular class.
2. That the affinity between the languages of the New World, as determined by their vocabularies, is not less real than that inferred from the analogies of their grammatical structure.
Modifications of the current doctrines, as to the value of certain philological groups and classifications, are involved in the positions given above.
The Sitca and Kenay Languages.—That these languages are Esquimaux may be seen by reference to the comparative vocabularies in Lisiansky's Voyages and Baer's Statistische und Ethnographische Nachrichten, &c.
The Ugalyachmutsi.—In the work last quoted this language is shown to be akin to the Kenay. It is termed Ugalenz, and is spoken in Russian America, near Mount St. Elias. It has hitherto been too much disconnected from the Esquimaux group.
The Chipewyan and Nagail.—That these were Esquimaux was stated by the author in the Ethnological subsection of the British Association at York. The Taculli is also Esquimaux. The Sussee, in the present state of our knowledge, is best left without any absolute place. It has several miscellaneous affinities.
The bearing of these notices is to merge the groups called Athabascan and Kolooch in the Esquimaux.
It has been communicated to the Ethnological Society, that a majority of the languages of Oregon and New Caledonia are akin to each other and to the Esquimaux; a statement applying to about forty-five vocabularies, amongst which are the three following, hitherto considered as isolated:—
1. The Friendly Village vocabulary of Mackenzie. See Travels.—This is a dialect of the Billechoola.
2. The Atna of Mackenzie.—This is a dialect of the Noosdalum.
3. The Salish of Duponceau. See Archæologia Americana.—This is the Okanagan of Mr Tolmie. See Journal of Geographical Society.
The Ahnenin.—In this language, as well as in two others hereafter to be noticed (the Blackfoot and Crow), I have had, through the courtesy of Dr. Prichard, an opportunity of using valuable vocabularies of Gallatin's, collected by Mr Mackenzie, an agent for the American fur-company on the Yellow-stone river; by whom also were drawn up the shorter vocabularies, in Mr. Catlin's work on the American Indians, of the Mandan, Riccaree and other languages. The table also of the Natchez language is chiefly drawn from the comparative catalogues of Mr. Gallatin. That the MS. vocabulary of the Ahnenin represents the language of the Fall Indians of Umfreville, and one different from that of the true Minetares (with which it has been confounded), may be seen from the following comparison.
English.Fall-Indian of Umfreville.Ahnenin.Minetare.
eyenunnecsoonaraythyaishtah.
knifewarthwahatamatzee.
pipepechouoneinpssaheekeepee.
tobaccocheesouonkitchtawanowpai.
doghudtherahttahmatshuga.
fireusitter——beerais.
bowbart——beerahhah.
arrowutcee——eetan.
onekarci——lemoisso.
twoneecenethiyaunoopah.
threenarce——namee.
fourneanyahnayautopah.
fiveyautune——cheehoh.
sixneteartuce——acamai.
sevennesartuce——chappo.
eightnarswartuce——nopuppee.
nineanharbetwartuce——nowassappai.
tenmettartucenetassapeeraga.
The Ahnenin language, without being at present referable to any recognized group, has numerous miscellaneous affinities.
EnglishGod.
Ahneninesis—sun.
Sheshatapooshshayshoursh.
Passamaquoddysaisos.
Englishhair.
Ahneninbetamnita.
Caddobaat.
Tacullipitsa—head.
Uchepseotan—head.
Englishear.
Ahneninetah.
Esquimauxheutinga.
——tsheeutik.
——shudik.
Knistenauxotowegu.
Ojibbewayottowug.
Micmachadowugan.
Massachusettswehtoughh.
Narragansetswuttowwog.
Delawarewittauk.
Miamitawakeh.
Shawnoetowakah.
Omohawneetah.
Osagenaughta.
Quappanottah.
Englishnose.
Ahneninhusi.
Old Algonkinyash.
Massachusettswutch.
Englishmouth.
Ahneninockya.
Osageehaugh.
Natchezheche.
Englishfingers.
Ahneninnaha.
Onondagoseniage.
Englishblood.
Ahneninbarts.
Caddobaaho.
Englishhand.
Ahneninikickan.
Pawneeiksheeree.
Muskogeinnkke.
Catawbaeeksapeeah.
Mohawkoochsoochta.
English.leg.
Ahneninnunaha.
Sack and Foxnenanah.
Caddodanuna—foot.
Englishman.
Ahneninneehato—white man
——watamahat—black? man
Tuscaroraaineehau.
Nottowayeniha.
Senecaungouh.
Wyandotaingahon.
Mohawkoonguich.
Dacotaweetschahskta.
Englishgirl.
Ahneninwahtah.
Dacotaweetsheeahnah.
Yanctonweetchinchano.
Yanctonweetachnong—daughter.
Osagewetongah—sister.
Englishwife.
Ahneninetha.
Kenayssióo.
Englishwater.
Ahneninnitsa.
Quappanih.
Uchetsach.
Englishsun.
Ahneninesis.
Algonkinkesis.
Choctawhashe.
Ohikkasawhusha.
Muskogehahsie.
Englishrock.
Ahneninhannike.
Winebagoeenee.
Dacotaeeang.
Yanctoneeyong.
Mohawkoonoyah.
Onondagoonaja.
Englishwood.
Ahneninbess.
Passamaquoddyapass—tree.
Abenakiabassi—tree.
Englishbear.
Ahneninwussa.
Quappawassah.
Osagewasauba.
Omahawwassabai.
Englishdog.
Ahneninahttah.
——hudther.
Sheshatapooshattung.
Abenakiattie.
Tuscaroratcheer.
Nottowaycheer.
Englishelk.
Ahneninwussea.
Miamimusuoh—deer.
Illinoismousoah—deer.
Englishbad.
Ahneninwahnatta.
Mohawkwahpateku.
Onondagoswahethe.
Oneidawahetka.
Englishgood.
Ahneninetah.
Caddohahut—handsome.
Englishme, mine.
Ahneninnistow.
Blackfootniste—I.
Englishyou.
Ahneninahnan.
Kenaynan.
Englishto-day.
Ahneninwananaki.
Mohawkkuhhwanteh.
Onondagosneucke.
Englishto-morrow.
Ahneninnacah.
Tchuktchiunako.
——unniok.
Choctawonaha.
Englishmany.
Ahneninukaka.
Mohawkawquayakoo.
Senecakawkuago.
Englishdrink.
Ahneninnahbin.
Osagenebnatoh.
Englishsleep.
Ahneninnuckcoots.
Abenakinekasi.
Mohawkyihkootos.
Onondagosagotawi.
Senecawanuhgoteh.
Englishtwo.
Ahneninneece.
Passamaquoddynes.
Abenakiniss.
Massachusettsneese.
Narragansetsneesse.
Mohicanneesoh.
Montaugnees.
——neeze.
Adaizenass.
Englishthree.
Ahneninnarce.
Abenakinash.
Narragansetsnish.
Englishfour.
Ahneninnean.
——yahnayau.
Ojibbewaynewin.
Ottawaniwin.
Knistenauxnayo.
Old Algonkinneyoo.
Sheshatapooshnaou.
Massachusettsyaw.
Narragansetsyoh.
Englishsix.
Ahneninnekitukujan.
Knistenauxnegotoahsik.
Ojibbewaygotoasso.
——nigouta waswois.
Ottawaningotowaswi.
Abenakinegudaus.
Montaugnacuttah.
The Blackfoot.—Of this language we have three vocabularies; a short one by Umfreville, a short one in Mr. Catlin's work, and the longer and more important one in Mr. Gallatin's manuscripts. The three vocabularies represent the same language. Its affinities are miscellaneous; more however with the Algonkin tongues than with those of the other recognized groups.
Englishwoman.
Blackfootahkeya.
Old Algonkinickweh.
Ottawauque.
Delawareokhqueh.
——khqeu.
Nanticokeacquahique.
Illinoisickoe.
Shawnoeequiwa.
Saukikwoyikih.
Cherokeeageyung.
Woccoonyecauau.
Englishboy.
Blackfootsacoomahpa.
Upsarokaskakkatte.
English.girl.
Blackfootahkaquoin.
Catawbayahwachahu.
Englishchild.
Blackfootpokah.
Upsarokabakkatte.
Englishfather.
Blackfootonwa.
Senecahanee.
Englishhusband.
Blackfootohmah.
Esquimauxoemah.
Englishdaughter.
Blackfootnetan.
Knistenauxnetannis.
Ojibbewaynindanis.
——nedannis.
Ottawatanis.
Massachusettsnutannis.
Narragansetsnittannis.
Illinoistahana.
Sack and Foxtanes.
Ucheteyunung.
Englishbrother.
Blackfootnausah.
Passamaquoddynesiwas.
Abenakinitsie.
Englishhead.
Blackfoototoquoin.
Old Algonkinoostiquan.
Sheshatapooshstoukoan.
Ojibbewayoostegwon.
Knistenauxistegwen.
——ustequoin.
Englishnose.
Blackfootokissis.
Menomenioocheeush.
Englishneck.
Blackfootohkokin.
Miamikwaikaneh.
Sack and Foxnekwaikaneh.
Englishhand.
Blackfootokittakis.
Esquimauxiyuteeka.
——tikkiek—fingers.
Englishleg.
Blackfootohcat.
Ojibbewayokat.
Knistenauxmiskate.
Sheshatapooshneescatch.
Massachusettsmuhkout.
Menomenioakauut.
Englishfeet.
Blackfootoaksakah.
Wyandotochsheetau.
Mohawkoochsheeta.
Onondagoochsita.
Senecaoochsheeta.
Oneydaochsheecht.
Nottowayseeke—toes.
Englishbone.
Blackfootohkinnah.
Knistenauxoskann.
Ojibbewayokun.
Ottawaokunnum.
Miamikanih.
Massachusettsuskon.
Narragansetswuskan.
Shawnoeochcunne.
Sack and Foxokaneh.
Menomeniokunum.
Englishkettle.
Blackfooteske.
Knistenauxaskick.
Ojibbewayakkeek.
Englishshoes.
Blackfootatsakin.
Mohawkohtaquah.
Senecaauhtoyuawohya.
Nottowayotawgwag.
Englishbread.
Blackfootksaquonats.
Mohicantauquauh.
Shawnoetaquanah.
Englishspring.
Blackfootmotoe.
Osagepaton.
Englishsummer.
Blackfootnapoos.
Knistenauxnepin.
Ojibbewayneebin.
——nipin.
Ottawanipin.
Sheshatapooshneepun.
Micmacnipk.
Abenakinipéné.
Massachusettsnepun.
Narragansetsneepun.
Mohicannepoon.
Delawarenipen.
Miaminipeenueh.
Shawnoenepeneh.
Sack and Foxneepenweh.
Menomenineeaypeenaywaywah.
Englishhail.
Blackfootsahco.
Knistenauxsasagun.
Ojibbewaysasaigan.
Sheshatapooshshashaygan.
Englishfire.
Blackfootesteu.
Mohicanstauw.
Englishwater.
Blackfootohhkeah.
Chikkasawuckah.
Attacapaak.
Englishice.
Blackfootsacoocootah.
Esquimauxsikkoo.
Tchuktchitshikuta.
Englishearth.
Blackfootksahcoom.
Knistenauxaskee.
Ojibbewayahkee.
Ottawaaki.
Old Algonkinackey.
——ackwin.
Englishlake.
Blackfootomah sekame.
Knistenauxsakiegun.
Ojibbewaysahgiegun.
Shawnoemskaque.
Englishisland.
Blackfootmane.
Upsarokaminne—water.
——minneteekah—lake.
——minnepeshu—island.
Knistenauxministick.
Ojibbewayminnis.
Old Algonkinminis.
Passamaquoddymuniqu.
Abenakimenahan.
Mohicanmnauhan.
Delawaremenokhtey.
——menatey.
Miamimenahanweh.
Menomenimeenayish.
Englishrock, stone.
Blackfootohcootoke.
Nottowayohhoutahk.
Englishtree.
Blackfootmasetis.
Ojibbewaymetik.
Old Algonkinmetiih.
Sheshatapooshmistookooah.
Massachusettsmehtug.
Englishgrass.
Blackfootmahtooyaase.
Miamimetahkotuck.
Quappamontih.
Englishleaf.
Blackfootsoyapoko.
Massachusettswunnepog.
Narragansetswunnepog.
Mohicanwunnepok.
Miamimetshipakwa.
Sack and Foxtatapacoan.
Menomeniahneepeeoakunah.
Englishbeaver.
Blackfootkakestake.
Esquimauxkeeyeeak.
Englishwolf.
Blackfootmahcooya.
Esquimauxamaok.
Knistenauxmyegun.
Ojibbewaymieengun.
——maygan.
Old Algonkinmahingan.
Massachusettsmuckquoshin.
Narragansetsmuckquashin.
Miamimuhkwaiauch.
Englishbird.
Blackfootpakesa.
Massachusettspsukses.
Narragansetspeasis.
Englishegg.
Blackfootohwas.
Taculliogaze.
Kenaykquasa.
Cherokeeoowatse.
Salishooseh.
Englishgoose.
Blackfootemahkiya.
Menomenimckawk.
Englishpartridge.
Blackfootkatokin.
Nanticokekitteawndipqua.
Englishred.
Blackfootmohisenum.
Massachusettsmisqueh.
Englishyellow.
Blackfootohtahko.
Esquimauxtoongook.
——tshongak.
Knistenauxasawwow.
Ojibbewayozawa.
——ojawa.
Old Algonkinoozao.
Sack and Foxossawah.
Menomenioashahweeyah.
Englishgreat.
Blackfootohmohcoo.
Micmacmechkilk.
Mohicanmakauk.
Englishsmall.
Blackfootenahcootse.
Upsarokaecat.
Englishstrong.
Blackfootmiskappe.
Knistenauxmascawa.
Ojibbewaymachecawa.
Old Algonkinmasshkawa.
Nanticokemiskiu.
Englishwarm.
Blackfootkazetotzu.
Knistenauxkichatai.
——kisopayo.
Ojibbewaykezhoyah.
Ottawakeshautta.
Old Algonkinakishattey.
Passamaquoddykesipetai.
Massachusettskussutan.
Narragansetskssetauwou.
EnglishI.
Blackfootnisto.
Chipewyanne.
Knistenauxnitha.
——neya.
Ojibbewayneen, nin.
Old Algonkinnir.
Sheshatapooshneele.
Micmacnil.
Illinoisnira.
Ahneninnistow.
Englishthou.
Blackfootchristo.
Knistenauxkitha.
Ojibbewaykeen, kin.
Old Algonkinkir.
Micmackil.
Illinoiskira.
Englishthis, that.
Blackfootkanakha.
Upsarokakinna.
Nanticokeyoukanna.
Englishto-day.
Blackfootanookchusiquoix.
Knistenauxanoutch.
Onondagoneuchke.
Englishyesterday.
Blackfootmahtone.
Dacotatanneehah.
Englishdrink.
Blackfootsemate.
Upsarokasmimmik.
Englishspeak.
Blackfootapooyatz.
Upsarokabidow.
Englishsing.
Blackfootanihkit.
Knistenauxnecummoon.
Ojibbewaynugamoo.
Sheshatapooshnekahmoo.
Illinoisnacamohok.
Menomenineekaumeenoon.
Englishsleep.
Blackfootokat.
Mohawkyihkootos.
Onondagoagotawi.
Senecawanuhgoteh.
Englishkill.
Blackfootenikke.
Abenakinenirke.
The Blackfoot numerals, as given by Mackenzie and Umfreville, slightly differ. The termination in-um runs through the numerals of Fitz-Hugh Sound, an Oregon language.
English.Blackfoot of Umfreville.Blackfoot of Mackenzie.Fitz-Hugh Sound.
onetokescumsanimscum.
twonartokescumnahtokamalscum
threenohokescumnahhokautascum.
fournesweumnasowemoozcum.
fivenesittwinesittothikaescum.
sixnaynowwekitliscum.
sevenkitsicakitsecumatloopooscum.
eightnarnesweumnahnissowemalknaskum.
ninepickseepakesonanooskim.
tenkeepeykepohighio.
2. nekty, Tuscarora; tiknee, Seneca; teghia, Oneida; dekanee, Nottoway; tekini, Otto.
3. noghoh, Mohican; nakha, Delaware.
5. nthsysta, Mohawk; sattou, Quappa; satta, Osage, Omahaw; sata, Otto; sahtsha, Minetare.
7. tzauks, Kawitchen, Noosdalum.
10. kippio, Chimmesyan.
The Crow and Mandan Languages.—Of the important language of the Upsarokas or Crows the Archæologia Americana contains only thirty words. Of the Mandan we have, in the same work, nothing beyond the names of ten chiefs. In Gallatin's classification these tribes are dealt with as subdivisions of the Minetare nation. Now the Minetare are of the Sioux or Dacota family.
Between the Mandan vocabulary of Mr. Catlin and the Crow vocabulary of Gallatin's MSS. there are the following words in common. The affinity seems less close than it is generally stated to be: still the two languages appear to be Sioux. This latter point may be seen in the second table.
English.Mandan.Crow.
Godmahhopenetasakahbooatta.
sunmenakhaa'hhhiza.
moonesto menakhaminnatatche.
starsh'kakaekieu.
rainh'kahoosthannah.
snowcopcazemakkoupah—hail.
riverpassahahahesu.
dayhampahmaupah.
nightestogroche.
darkhampaheriskahchippusheka.
lightedayhushthieshe.
womanmehameyakatte.
wifemoorsemoah.
childsookhomahabakkatte.
girlsookmehameyakatte.
boysooknumohkshakkatte.
headpanmarshaa.
legsdokabuchoope.
eyesestumemeishta.
moutheaea.
nosepahoobuppa.
faceestahesa.
earsnakohauppa.
handonkabuschie.
fingersonkahabuschie.
footsheebusche.
hairhahheemasbeah.
canoemenankomaheshe.
fishpohbooah.
bearmahtoduhpitsa.
wolfharattachata.
dogmones warootabiska.
buffaloptemdaybisha.
elkomepaheitchericazzse.
deermahmanacooohha.
beaverwarrappabiruppe.
shoehoompahhoompe.
bowwarraenoopahbistuheeah.
arrowmahhaahnailz.
pipeehudkaompsa.
tobaccomannashahopa.
goodshushuitsicka.
badk'hecushkubbeek.
hotdsasoshahre.
coldshincehushhootshere.
Imebe.
thounede.
heena.
wenoobero.
theyeonahmihah.
1mahhannahamutcat.
2nompahnoomcat.
3namarynamenacat.
4tohhashopecat.
5kakhoochihhocat.
6kemahahcamacat.
7koopahsappoah.
8tatuckanoompape.
9mahpaahmuttappe.
10perugperakuk.
EnglishGod.
Mandanmahhoppeneta.
Winebagomahahnah.
Minetaremanhopa.
Algonkinmarutoo.
Englishsun.
Mandanmenahka.
Omahawmeencajai.
Caddomanoh—light.
Englishstar.
Mandanh'kaka.
Quappamihcacheh.
Ottopeekahhai.
Omahawmeecaai.
Minetareeekah.
Englishday.
Mandanhampah eriskah.
Winebagohaunip.
——haumpeehah.
Dacotaanipa.
Yanctonaungpa.
Osagehompaye.
Ottohangwai.
Omahawombah.
Minetaremahpaih.
Englishwoman.
Mandanmeha.
Yanctonweeah.
Omahawwaoo.
Minetaremeeyai.
Iowaymega.
Englishchild.
Mandansookhomaha.
Quappaschehjinka.
Ottocheechingai.
Omahawshingashinga.
Englishhead.
Mandanpan.
Dacotapah.
Yanctonpah.
Quappapahhih.
Omahawpah.
Englisharms.
Mandanarda.
Minetarearrough.
Pawneeheeeeru.
Englishleg.
Mandandoka.
Quappajaccah.
Osagesagaugh.
Englisheyes.
Mandanestume.
Dacotaishta.
Yanctonishtah.
Quappainschta.
Otto &c.ishta.
Englishmouth.
Mandanea.
Sioux passimea.
Englishnose.
Mandanpahoo.
Sioux passimpah.
Englishface.
Mandanestah.
Dacotaeetai.
Yanctoneetai.
Minetareetah.
Englishears.
Mandannakoha.
Winebagonahchahwahhah.
Yanctonnougkopa.
Osagenaughta.
Englishhands.
Mandanonka.
Nottowaynunke.
Tuscaroraohehneh.
Menomenioanah.
Miamienahkee.
Englishfingers.
Mandanonkahah.
Onondagoeniage.
Wyandoteyingia.
Tchuktchiainhanka.
Englishfoot.
Mandanshee.
Siouxsih.
Pawneeashoo.
Tuscarorauhseh.
Englishhair.
Mandanpahhee.
Siouxpahee.
Englishfish.
Mandanpoh.
Minetareboa.
Siouxho, hough.
Englishbeaver.
Mandanwarappah.
Minetaremeerapa.
Ottorawaiy.
Englishdeer.
Mandanmahmanaco.
Yanctontamindoca.
Englishhouse.
Mandanote.
Iowaytshe.
Englishbow.
Mandanwarraenoopah.
Minetarebeerahhah.
Tuscaroraawraw.
Englisharrow.
Mandanmahha.
Siouxmong, ma.
Englishshoe.
Mandanhoompah.
Dacotahanipa.
Quappahonpeh.
Minetareopah.
Englishbad.
Mandank'hecush.
Dacotasheecha.
Englishcold.
Mandanshineekush.
Winebagoseeneehee.
Siouxsnee.
Englishno.
Mandanmegosh.
Tuscaroragwush.
EnglishI.
Mandanme.
Dacotameeah.
Minetaremeeee.
Quappavieh.
Osageveca.
Englishthou.
Mandanne.
Winebagoney.
Dacotaneeah.
Minetarenehe.
Englishhe.
Mandane.
Dacotaeeah.
Englishwe.
Mandannoo.
Winebago.neehwahkiaweeno.
Onondagoni.
Knistenauxneou.
Englishone.
Mandanmahhannah.
Osageminche.
Omahawmeeachchee.
Englishtwo.
Mandannompah.
Siouxnompa, noopa.
Uchenowah.
Englishthree.
Mandannamary.
Minetarenamee.
Englishfour.
Mandantohha.
Siouxtopah, tuah.
Englishfive.
Mandankakhoo.
Minetarecheehoh.
Muskogechahgkie.
Englishsix.
Mandankemah.
Minetareacamai.
Englishseven.
Mandankoopah.
Minetarechappo.
Englisheight.
Mandantatucka.
Senecatikkeugh.
Mohawksohtayhhko.
Englishten.
Mandanperug.
Minetareperagas.
The Riccaree Language.—In Balbi and in the Mithridates, the Riccaree is stated to be a dialect of the Pawnee; but no words are given of it: hence the evidence is inconclusive. Again, the term Pawnee is equivocal. There are tribes called Pawnees on the river Platte, and tribes called Pawnees on the Red river of Texas. Of the last nation we have no vocabulary; they appear however to be different from the first, and are Pawnees falsely so called.
Of the Riccaree we have but one vocabulary (Catlin's North American Indians, vol. ii.); it has the following words common with the true Pawnee list of Say in the Archæologia Americana, vol. ii.
English.Pawnee.Ricaree.
Godthouwahattewaroohteh.
deviltsaheekshkakooraiwahkakewaroohteh.
sunshakorooshakoona.
firetateetootekieeht.
moonpawetah.
starsopeereetsaca.
raintatsoorootassou.
snowtooshatahhau.
dayshakoorooeeshairetshacona.
nightceraishnaiteeeenahgt.
lightshusheegatshakoonah.
darkeeraishuaitetekatistat.
hottoueetstootowarist.
coldtaipeecheeteepse.
yesnawaneecoola.
nokakeekaka.
bearkoorookshkeahya.
dogashakishhohtch.
bowteeragishnache.
arrowleekshooneeche.
hutakkarooacare.
womantsapatsapat.
boypeeshkeeweenatch.
girltchorakshsoonahtch.
childpeeronpera.
headpakshupahgh.
earsatkarootickokite.
eyeskeereekoocheereecoo.
hairoshupahi.
handiksheereetehonare.
fingershaspeetparick.
footashooahgh.
canoelakohoroolahkeehoon.
riverkattooshsahonnee.
Itananto.
1askooasco.
2peetkoopitco.
3touweettowwit.
4shkeetishtcheetish.
5sheeookshtcheetishoo.
6sheekshabishtcheetishpis.
7peetkoosheeshabishtotchapis.
8touweetshabishtochapiswon.
9looksheereewatotchapisnahhenewon.
10looksheereenahen.
20petouoowetah.
30luksheereewetouoosahwee.
100sheekookshtarooshontan.
The special affinities of the Riccaree are not very decided. It is anything rather than an isolated language; and will, probably, be definitely placed when we obtain vocabularies of the Indian languages of Texas.
Englishevil spirit.
Riccareekakewaroohteh.
Catawbayahwerejeh.
Englishsun.
Riccareeshakoona.
Caddosako.
Salishskokoleel.
Delawaregishukh.
Mohicankesogh.
Esquimauxsukkenuk.
Tchuktchishekenak.
Englishstars.
Riccareeaca.
Caddotsokas.
Englishnight.
Riccareeenaght.
Esquimauxoonooak.
——unjuk.
Massachusettsnukon.
Englishdark.
Riccareetekatistat.
Attacapategg—night.
Natcheztoowa—night.
Mohawktewhgarlars.
Oneidatetincalas.
Englishsnow.
Riccareetahhau.
Adaizetowat.
Natchezkowa.
Uchestahae.
Englishfire.
Riccareetekieeht.
Onondagosyotecka.
Iowaytako.
Ugalenztakgak.
Kenaytaze.
Englishcold.
Riccareeteepse.
Attacapatsamps.
Englishbad.
Riccareekah.
Mandank'hecush.
Siouxsheecha.
Englishboy.
Riccareeweenatch.
Nottowayaqueianha.
Esquimauxeinyook.
Winebagoeeneek—son.
Oneidayungh.
Englishhead, hair.
Riccareepahgh, pahi.
Siouxpah, pan.
Massachusettspuhkuk.
Choctaweebuk.
Chiccasawskoboch.
Englisheye.
Riccareecheereeco.
Tuscaroraookawreh.
Esquimauxeerruka.
Englishfoot.
Riccareeahgh.
Choctawiya.
Chiccasaweaya.
Englisharms.
Riccareearrai.
Mandanarda.
Tuscaroraorungjai.
Englishbear.
Riccareekeahya.
Senecayucwy.
Tchuktchikainga.
Englishshoes.
Riccareehooche.
Siouxhongha.
Englisharrow.
Riccareeneeche.
Choctawoski noki.
Chiccasawnucka.
Englishhut.
Riccareeacane.
Mohawkcanuchsha.
Onondagoganschsaje.
Oneidakaunoughsau.
Tuscarorayaukuhnugh.
Englishcanoe.
Riccareelahkeehoon.
Taculliallachee.
Salish'tlea'yh.
Englishyes.
Riccareeneecoola.
Adaizecola.
Englishno.
Riccareekaka.
Chetimachakahie.
Algonkinkah.
Kenaykukol.
EnglishI.
Riccareenanto.
Algonkinneen.
Englishyou.
Riccareekaghon.
Algonkinkeen.
Englishone.
Riccareeasco.
Wyandotscat.
Mohawkhuskat.
Onondayoskata.
Senecaskaut.
Englishtwo.
Riccareepitco.
Caddobehit.
Englishfour.
Riccareetcheetish.
Attacapatsets.
Englishthirty.
Riccareesahwee.
Cherokeetsawaskaw.
The Creek and Choctaw Languages.—That the question as to the affinity between the Creek and the Choctaw languages is a question of classification rather than of fact, may be seen from the Archæologia Americana, vol. ii. p. 405; where it is shown that out of six hundred words, ninety-seven are common to the two languages.
The Caddo.—That this language has affinities with the Mohawk, Seneca, and the Iroquois tongues in general, and that it has words common to the Muskoge, the Catawba, the Pawnee, and the Cherokee languages may be seen from the tables of the Archæologia Americana. The illustrations however of these languages are to be drawn from a knowledge of the dialects of Texas and the Oregon districts, tracts of country whereon our information is preeminently insufficient.
The Natchez.—This language has the following miscellaneous affinities, insufficient to give it a place in any definite group, but sufficient to show that it is anything rather than an isolated language.
Englishman.
Natcheztomkuhpena.
Cochimitamma.
St. Xaviertamma.
Lorettotamma.
St. Borgiatama.
Othomidame.
Shahaptanhama.
Englishwoman.
Natcheztamahl.
Huastecatomol.
Englishgirl.
Natchezhohlenoo.
Noosdalumislanie.
Squallyamishislanie.
Kawitchenislanie.
Englishhead.
Natcheztomme apoo.
Dacotapah.
Yanctonpah.
Quappapahih.
Omahawpah.
Englishhair.
Natchezetene.
Mixtecadzini.
Englisheye.
Natchezoktool.
Mexicanikhtelolotli.
Englishnose.
Natchezshamats.
Huastecazam.
Englishmouth.
Natchezheche.
Poconchichi.
Mayachi.
Englishtooth.
Natchezint.
Calapooiahtinti.
Mexicantentli—lip.
Coratenita.
Englishmoon.
Natchezkwasip.
St. Antoniotatsoopai.
Kawitchenquassin—stars.
Noosdalumquassin—stars.
Englishstar.
Natcheztookul.
St. Antoniotatchhuanilh.
Cathlascoutukycha napucha.
Caddotsokas.
Englishriver.
Natchezwol.
Pimavo—lake.
Cathlascouemalh.
Englishhill.
Natchezkweyakoopsel.
St. Juan Capistranokahui.
Kliketatkeh.
Dacotakhyaykah.
Yanctonhaiaca.
Englishmaize.
Natchezhokko.
Adaizeocasuck.
Englishtree.
Natcheztshoo.
Choctawitte.
Chikkasawitta.
Muskogeittah.
Englishflesh.
Natchezwintse.
Algonkinwioss.
Englishdeer.
Natcheztza.
Winebagotcha.
Quappatah.
Muskogeitzo.
Caddodah.
Englishbuffalo.
Natchezwastanem.
Uchewetenenvuenekah.
Englishfish.
Natchezhenn.
Chimmesyanhone kustamoane—salmon.
Kliketattkinnat.
Shahaptantkinnat.
Mohawkkeyunk.
Senecakenyuck.
Oneidakunjoon.
Nottowaykaintu.
Yanctonhohung.
Englishwhite.
Natchezhahap.
Shahaptanhipi.
Attacapacobb.
Old Algonkinwabi.
Delawarewape.
Shawnoeopee.
Englishblack.
Natcheztsokokop.
Narragansetssuckesu.
Long Islandshickayo.
Englishbad.
Natchezwattaks.
Mohawkwahhatekuh.
Onondagowahethe.
Oneidawahetka.
Englishcold.
Natcheztzitakopana.
Kliketattsoisah.
Shahaptantsoisah.
Englishhot.
Natchezwahiloohie.
Muskogehahiye.
Attacapaalliu.
EnglishI.
Natcheztukehah.
Adaizehicatuck.
Chetimachauticheca.
Englishthou.
Natchezukkehah.
Kliketatyuke.
Englisharm.
Natchezish.
Dacotaishto.
Yanctonisto.
Englishblood.
Natchezitsh.
Choctawissish.
Chikkasawissish.
Englishtown.
Natchezwalt.
Pawneekwat.
Englishhouse.
Natchezhahit.
Dacotatea.
Yanctonteepee.
Quappatih.
Osagetiah.
Omahawtee.
Minetareattee.
Englishfriend.
Natchezketanesuh—my.
Chetimachaketa.
Englishboat.
Natchezkwagtolt.
Chimmesyanwaigh—paddle.
Caddohaugh.
Englishsky.
Natcheznasookta.
Chimmesyansuchah.
Tlaoquatchnaase.
Muskogesootah.
Choctawshutik.
Englishsun.
Natchezwah.
Noosdalumkokweh.
Squallyamishthlokwahl.
Poconchiquih.
Yanctonoouee.
Englishnight.
Natcheztoowa.
Chetimachatiman.
Attacapategg.
Englishsummer.
Natchezamehika.
Billechoolaawmilk.
Englishwinter.
Natchezkwishitshetakop.
Mohawkkoosilkhuhhuggheh.
Oneidakoashlakke.
Tuscarora.koosehhea.
Nottowaygoshera.
Englishthunder.
Natchezpooloopooloolunluh.
Chimmesyankillapilleip.
Englishsnow.
Natchezkowa.
Billechoolakai.
Englishsea.
Natchezkootshel.
St. Diegokhasilk.
Choctawokhuttah.
Englishbear.
Natcheztsokohp.
Ucheptsaka.
Englishsnake.
Natchezwollah.
Esquimauxmalligooak.
Englishbird.
Natchezshankolt.
Ucheepsenna.
Tascaroratshenu.
Englisheat.
Natchezkimposko.
Muskogehumbiischa.
Englishrun.
Natchezkwalneskook.
Shahaptanwillnikit.
Englishkill.
Natchezappawe.
Choctawuhbe.
Englishwalk.
Natcheznaktik.
Adaizeenacoot.
The Uche, Adaize, &c.—See Archæologia Americana, vol. ii. p. 306. For these languages, tables similar to those of the Natchez have been drawn up, which indicate similar affinities. The same can be done for the Chetimacha and Attacapa.
New Californian Languages.—The dialects of this district form no exception to the statements as to the unity of the American languages. In the Journal of the Geographical Society (part 2. vol. ii.) we find seven vocabularies for these parts. Between the language of the diocese of San Juan Capistrano and that of San Gabriel, the affinity is palpable, and traces of a regular letter change are exhibited, viz. from l to r:
English.San Juan Capistrano.San Gabriel.
moonmioilmuarr.
waterpalpaara.
saltengelungurr.
Between the remaining vocabularies, the resemblance by no means lies on the surface; still it is unquestionable. To these data for New California may be added the Severnow and Bodega vocabularies in Baer's Beiträge &c. These two last, to carry our comparison no further, have, amongst others, the following terms in common with the Esquimaux tongues:
Englishwhite.
Severnowkalle.
Esquimauxkowdlook, kowlook.
Englishhand.
Bodegatalu.
Esquimauxtadleek, dallek—arm.
Englishbeard.
Bodegaymmy.
Esquimauxoomich.
Englishsky.
Severnowkalu.
Cadeackkilik.
Englishmoon.
Severnowkalazha.
Kenaygolshagi.
Englishwater.
Severnowaka.
Bodegaduka.
Ugalyachmutsckai.
Englishice.
Severnowtnlash.
Ugalyachmutscthlesh.
Bodegakulla.
Fox Islandklakh.
Englishday.
Severnowmadzhu.
Cadeackmatsiak—sun.
Englishnight.
Bodegakayl.
Ugalyachmutsckhatl.
Englishstar.
Severnowkarnau.
Greenlandkaumeh—moon.
Englishhead.
St. Barbaranucchu.
Greenlandniackoa.
Englishwinter.
Severnowkomua.
Tchuktchiukiumi.
The concluding notices are upon languages which have already been placed, but concerning which fresh evidence is neither superfluous nor misplaced.
Sacks and Foxes.—Cumulative to evidence already current as to the tribes of the Sacks and Foxes belonging to the Algonkin stock, it may be stated that a few words collected by the author from the Sack chief lately in London were Algonkin.
The Ojibbeways.—A fuller vocabulary, taken from the mouth of the interpreters of the Ojibbeway Indians lately exhibited, identifies their language with that represented by the vocabularies of Long, Carver, and Mackenzie.
The Ioway.—Of the Ioway Indians, Mr. Gallatin, in 1836, writes as follows:—"They are said, though the fact is not fully ascertained, to speak the same dialect," i. e. with the Ottoes. Again, he writes, "We have not that [the vocabulary] of the Ioways, but nineteen words supplied by Governor Cass seem to leave no doubt of its identity with the Ottoes."—Archæolog. Amer. ii. 127, 128. Cass's vocabulary is printed in p. 377.
In 1843, however, a book was published in the Ioway language, bearing the following title page, "An Elementary Book of the Ioway Language, with an English Translation, by Wm. Hamilton and S. M. Irvine, under the direction of the B. F. Miss; of the Presbyterian Church: J. B Roy, Interpreter; Ioway and Sac Mission Press, Indian Territory, 1843." In this book the orthographical principles are by no means unexceptionable; they have the merit however of expressing simple single sounds by simple single letters; thus v = the a in fall; x = the u in tub; c = the ch in chest; f = th; g = ng; j = sh. Q however is preserved as a double sound = qu. From this alphabet it is inferred that the Ioway language possesses the rare sound of the English th. With the work in question I was favoured by Mr. Catlin.
Now it is only necessary to pick out from this little work the words selected by Balbi in his Atlas Ethnographique, and to compare them with the corresponding terms as given by the same author for the Sioux, the Winebago, the Otto, the Konza, the Omahaw, the Minetare, and the Osage languages, to be convinced the Ioway language belongs to the same class, coinciding more especially with the Otto.
Englishhead.
Iowaynanthu.
Winebagonahsso.
Ottonaso.
Minetareantu.
Englishnose.
Iowaypa.
Siouxpaso.
Winebagopah.
Ottopeso.
Konzapah.
Omahawpah.
Minetareapah.
Siouxpah—head.
Omahawpah—head.
Englishmouth.
Iowaye.
Siouxei.
Winebagoi.
Ottoi.
Konzayih, ih.
Minetareiiiptshappah.
Omahawihah.
Osageehaugh.
Englishhand.
Iowaynawæ.
Siouxnape.
Winebagonahpön.
Ottonaue.
Omahawnombe.
Osagenomba.
Englishfeet.
Iowaythe.
Siouxsiha.
Winebagosi.
Ottosi.
Konzasih.
Omahawsi.
Minetareitsi.
Osagesee.
Englishtongue.
Iowayræthæ.
Ottoreze.
Siouxtshedzhi.
Konzayeezah.
Minetaretheysi.
Englishteeth.
Iowayhe.
Siouxhi.
Winebagohi.
Ottohi.
Konzahih.
Omahawei.
Minetareii.
Englishfire.
Iowaypæchæ.
Siouxpeta.
Winebagopytshi.
Ottopede.
Omahawpede.
Osagepajah.
Englishwater.
Iowayne.
Siouxmini.
Winebagoninah, nih.
Ottoni.
Omahawni.
Minetaremini.
Osageneah.
Englishone.
Iowayeyungkæ.
Ottoyonke.
Siouxwonchaw,
——ouonnchaou.
Englishtwo.
Iowaynowæ.
Siouxnopa.
——nonpa.
Winebagonopi.
Ottonoue.
Konzanompah.
Minetarenoopah.
Osagenombaugh.
Englishthree.
Iowaytanye.
Winebagotahni.
Ottotana.
Englishfour.
Iowaytowæ.
Siouxtopah.
Winebagotshopi.
Ottotoua.
Konzatohpah.
Omahawtoba.
Minetaretopah.
Osagetobah.
Englishfive.
Iowaythata.
Siouxzapta.
Winebagosatsch.
Ottosata.
Konzasahtah.
Omahawsatta.
Osagesattah.
Englishsix.
Iowayshaqæ.
Siouxshakpe.
Winebagokohui.
Ottoshaque.
Konzashappeh.
Omahawshappe.
Osageshappah.
Englishseven.
Iowayshahma.
Ottoshahemo.
Minetaretshappo.
Englisheight.
Iowaykrærapane.
Ottokrærabene.
Omahawperabini.
Englishnine.
Iowayksangkæ.
Ottoshanke.
Konzashankkoh.
Omahawshonka.
Osageshankah.
Englishten.
Iowaykræpana.
Winebagokherapon.
Ottokrebenoh.
Konzakerebrah.
Omahawkrebera.
Osagekrabrah.
With the book in question Cass's vocabulary coincides.
Hamilton and Irvine.Cass.
firepæchæpedge.
waterneni.
oneeyungkæiengki.
twonowænoe.
threetanyetahni.
fourtowætoe.
fivethatasatahng.
sixshagæshangwe.
sevenshahmashahmong.
eightkræræpanekrehebni.
nineksangkæshange.
tenkræpanækrebnah.
ON A SHORT VOCABULARY OF THE LOUCHEUX LANGUAGE.
BY J. A. ISBISTER.
READ BEFORE THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY, JANUARY 25TH 1850.
This notice, being communicated by myself, and making part of the subject illustrated by both the papers that precede and the papers that follow, is here inserted.
The Digothe, or Loucheux, is the language of the North American Indians of the lower part of the river Mackenzie, a locality round which languages belonging to three different classes are spoken—the Eskimo, the Athabaskan, and the Koluch (Kolosh) of Russian America.
To which of these classes the Loucheux belongs, has hitherto been unascertained. It is learned with equal ease by both the Eskimo and Athabascan interpreters; at the same time an interpreter is necessary.
The following short vocabulary, however, shows that its more probable affinities are in another direction, i. e. with the languages of Russian America, especially with the Kenay of Cook's Inlet; with which, whilst the pronouns agree, the remaining words differ no more than is usual with lists equally imperfect, even in languages where the connexion is undoubted.
English.Loucheux.Kenay.
white manmanah-gool-ait.
Indiantenghie[34]teena = man.
Eskimonak-high.
windetsee.
head windnewatsee.
fair windjeatsee.
watertchon[35]thun-agalgus.
sunshethiechannoo.
moonshet-silltlakannoo.
starskumshaetssin.
meatbehkutskonna.
deeret-han.
headumitzaissagge.
armtchiegenskona.
legtsethan.
coatchiegee.
blankettsthee.
knifetlaykissaki.
fortjetz.
yeseh.
noilluck-wha.
farnee-jah.
nearneak-wha.
strongnehaintah.
coldkateitleektckchuz.
longkawa.
enoughekcho, ekatarainyo.
eatbeha.
drinkchidet-leh.
comechatchoo.
go awayeenio.
Iseesu.
thouninnan.
(my) father(se) tsaystukta.
(my) son(se) jayssi-ja.
NOTES.
The notices upon the American languages at the British Association between the date of the last paper but one and the next were:
That the Bethuk of Newfoundland was American rather than Eskimo—Report for 1847. Transactions of the Section p. 115.
That the Shyenne numerals were Algonkin—Report for 1847. Transactions of Sections p. 123.
That neither The Moskito, nor The Botocudo language were isolated.—Ibid.
ON THE LANGUAGES OF NEW CALIFORNIA.
READ BEFORE THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY, MAY 13TH 1853.
The languages of the south-western districts of the Oregon territory are conveniently studied in the admirable volume upon the Philology of the United States Exploring Expedition, by Mr Hale. Herein we find that the frontier between that territory and California is most probably formed by the Saintskla, Umkwa, and Lutuami languages, the Saintskla being spoken on the sea-coast, the Umkwa lying to the east of it, and the Lutuami east of the Umkwa. All three, in the present state of our knowledge, belong to different philological divisions. It is unnecessary to add, that each tongue covers but a small geographical area.
The Paduca area extends in a south-eastern direction in such a manner as to lap round the greater part of California and New Mexico, to enclose both of those areas, and to prolong itself into Texas; and that so far southwards as almost to reach the Gulf of Mexico. Hence, except at the south and the north-west, the Californian languages (and indeed the New Mexican as well) are cut off and isolated from the other tongues of America by means of this remarkable extension of the Paducas. The Paduca tongues dip into each of these countries as well as lap round them. It is convenient to begin with a Paduca language.
The Wihinast is, perhaps, an Oregon rather than a Californian language; though at the same time it is probably common to the two countries. It can be shown to be Paduca by its vocabulary in Mr. Hale's work, the Shoshoni being the language to which it comes nearest; indeed Mr. Gallatin calls the Wihinast the Western Shoshoni. Due east of the Wihinast come the Bonak Indians, currently believed to be Paduca, but still requiring the evidence of a vocabulary to prove them so.
The true Shoshoni succeed; and these are, probably, Oregon rather than Californian. At any rate, their language falls within the study of the former country. But the Uta Lake is truly a part of the great Californian basin, and the Uta language is known to us from a vocabulary, and known to be Paduca:
suntaptaharp.
moonmahtotsmush.
starquahlantztáarch.
mantooonpayahtooavishchee.
womannaijahwyapee.
boyahpatstooanickpee.
girlmahmatswyapeechee.
headtutspáaph.
foreheadmuttock——
facekooelpkoveh.
eyeputtyshoenachich.
nosemahvetahmoopee.
mouthtimpteppa.
teethtongtahnee.
tongueahohahako.
chinhannockquell——
earninknahark.
hairsuoohparpee.
neckkolphtoyock.
armpooirmowa.
handmasseermowa.
breastpaytoko.
footnampnahap.
horsekahvahteheyar.
serpenttoeweroenoheer.
dogsahreetsshardee.
catmoosah——
firecoonkoona.
foodoof——
waterpahpahar.
The Uta being thus shown to be Paduca, the evidence in favour of other tribes in their neighbourhood being Paduca also is improved. Thus—
The Diggers are generally placed in the same category with the Bonaks, and sometimes considered as Bonaks under another name.
The Sampiches, lying south of the Uta, are similarly considered Uta. Special vocabularies, however, are wanting.
The Uta carry us from the circumference of the great basin to an angle formed by the western watershed of the Rio Grande and the rivers Colorado and Gila; and the language that comes next is that of the Navahos. Of these, the Jecorillas of New Mexico are a branch. We have vocabularies of each of these dialects tabulated with that of the Uta and collected by the same inquirer.
Mr. Hale, in the "Philology" of the United States Exploring Expedition, showed that the Tlatskanai and Umkwa were outlying languages of the great Athabaskan family.
It has since been shown by Professor Turner that certain Apatch languages are in the same interesting and important class, of which Apatch languages the Navaho and Jecorilla are two.
Now follows a population which has stimulated the attention and excited the wonder of ethnologists—the Moqui. The Moqui are they who, occupants of some of the more favoured parts of the country between the Gila and Colorado, have so often been contrasted with the ruder tribes around them—the Navaho and Uta in particular. The Moqui, too, are they whose ethnological relations have been looked for in the direction of Mexico and the semi-civilized Indians of Central America. Large towns, regular streets, stone buildings, white skins, and European beards have all been attributed to these mysterious Moqui. They seem, however, to be simply Indians whose civilization is that of the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. The same table that gives us the Uta and Navaho vocabularies, gives us a Moqui one also. In this, about eight words in twenty-one are Uta.
Languages allied to the Uta, the Navaho, and the Moqui, may or may not fill up nine-tenths of what an Indian would call the Doab, or a Portuguese the Entre Rios, i. e. the parts between the two rivers Gila and Colorado. Great as has been the activity of the American surveyors, the exploration is still incomplete. This makes it convenient to pass at once to the head of the Gulf of California. A fresh language now presents itself, spoken at the head of the peninsula (or Acte) of Old California. The vocabulary that has longest represented this tongue is that of the Mission of Saint Diego on the Pacific; but the language itself, extended across the head of the Acte, reaches the mouth of the Colorado, and is prolonged, to some distance at least, beyond the junction of the Gila.
Of the Dieguno language—for such seems to be the Spanish name for it—Dr. Coulter has given one vocabulary, and Lieut. Whipple (U. S. A.) another. The first is to be found in the Journal of the Geographical Society, the second is the second part of Schoolcraft's "History, &c. of Indian Tribes." A short but unique vocabulary of Lieutenant Emory, of the language of the Cocomaricopas Indians, was known to Gallatin. This is closely allied to the Dieguno.
A Paternoster in Mofras belongs to the Mission of San Diego. It has not been collated with the vocabularies, which are, probably, too scanty to give definite results; there is no reason, however, to doubt its accuracy:—
Nagua anall amai tacaguach naguanetuuxp mamamulpo cayuca amaibo, mamatam meyayam canaao amat amaibo quexuic echasau naguagui ñañacachon ñaguin ñipil meñeque pachís echeyuchap oñagua quexuíc ñaguaich ñacaquaihpo ñamechamec anipuchuch-guelichcuíapo. Nacuíuch-pambo-cuchlich-cuíatpo-ñamat. Napuija.
A third branch, however, of this division, constituted by a language called the Cuchañ, of which a specimen is given by Lieut. Whipple (vide supra), is still nearer to the latter of those two forms of speech.
There can be but little doubt that a combination of sounds expressed by the letters t'hl in the Dieguno tongue, represents the sound of the Mexican tl; a sound of which the distribution has long drawn the attention of investigators. Common in the languages of Mexican, common in the languages of the northern parts of Oregon, sought for amongst the languages of Siberia, it here appears—whatever may be its value as a characteristic—as Californian. The names of the Indians whose language is represented by the specimens just given are not ascertained with absolute exactitude. Mofras mentions the Yumas and Amaquaquas.
The Mission of San Luis Rey de Francia (to be distinguished from that of San Luis Obispo) comes next as we proceed northwards.
Between 33-1/2° and 34°, a new language makes its appearance. This is represented by four vocabularies, two of which take the designation from the name of the tribe, and two from the Mission in which it is spoken. Thus, the Netela language of the United States Exploring Expedition is the same as the San Juan Capistrano of Dr. Coulter, and the San Gabriel of Dr. Coulter the same as the Kij of the United States Exploring Expedition.
The exact relation of these two languages to each other is somewhat uncertain. They are certainly languages of the same group, if not dialects of the same language. In the case of r and l, a regular letter-change exists between them. Thus Dr. Coulter's tables give us
English.San Gabriel.San Juan Capistrano.
moonmuarrmioil.
waterpaarapal.
earthungkhurekhel.
saltungurrengel.
hotorokhalek.
whilst in the United States Exploring Expedition we find—
English.Kij.Netela.
moonmoarmoil.
starsuotsuol.
waterbarpal.
bearhumarhunot.
Of these forms of speech the San Gabriel or Kij is the more northern; the San Juan Capistrano or Netela being the nearest to the Dieguno localities. The difference between the two groups is pretty palpable. The San Gabriel and San Juan numerals of Mofras represent the Netela-Kij language.
It is remarked in Gallatin's paper that there were certain coincidences between the Netela and the Shoshoni. There is no doubt as to the existence of a certain amount of likeness between the two languages.
Jujubit, Caqullas, and Sibapot are the names of San Gabriel tribes mentioned by Mofras. The Paternoster of the three last-named missions are as follows:—
Langue de la Mission de San Gabriel.—Y Yonac y yogin tucu pugnaisa sujucoy motuanian masarmí magin tucupra maīmanó muísme milléosar y ya tucupar jiman bxi y yoné masaxmí mitema coy aboxmi y yo mamaínatar momojaích milli y yakma abonac y yo no y yo ocaihuc coy jaxmea main itan momosaích coy jama juexme huememes aích. Amen. Jesus.
Langue de la Mission de San Juan Capistrano.—Chana ech tupana ave onench, otune a cuachin, chame om reino, libi yb chosonec esna tupana cham nechetepe, micate tom cha chaom, pepsum yg cai caychame y i julugcalme cai ech. Depupnn opco chame chum oyote. Amen. Jesus.
Langue de la Mission de San Luiz Rey de Francia.—Cham na cham meg tu panga auc onan mo quiz cham to qai ha cua che nag omreina h vi hiche ca noc ybá heg gá y vi an qui gá topanga. Cham na cholane mim cha pan pitu mag ma jan pohi cala cai qui cha me holloto gai tom chama o gui chag cay ne che cal me tus so lli olo calme alla linoc chame cham cho sivo. Amen. Jésus.
The following is the Paternoster of the Mission of San Fernando. It is taken from Mofras:—
Y yorac yona taray tucúpuma sagoucó motoanian majarmi moin main monó muismi miojor y iactucupar. Pan yyogin gimiarnerin majarmi mi fema coyó ogorná yio mamarimy mii, yiarmá ogonug y yoná, y yo ocaynen coijarmea main ytomo mojay coiyamá huermí. Parima.
The Mission of San Fernando lies between that of San Gabriel and Santa Barbara. Santa Barbara's channel (between 34° and 34-1/2° N. L.) runs between the mainland and some small islands. From these parts we have two vocabularies, Revely's and Dr. Coulter's. The former is known to me only through the Mithridates, and has only three words that can be compared with the other:—
English.Revely's.Coulter's.
onepacàpaka.
twoexcòshkoho.
threemapjamasekh.
The Mission of Santa Ines lies between that of Santa Barbara and that of San Luis Obispo, in 35-2/3 N. L.; which last supplies a vocabulary, one of Dr. Coulter's:—
English.San Luis Obispo.Santa Barbara.
watertooh.
stonetkeupkheup.
threemishamasekh.
bowtakhaakha.
saltteputipi.
This is the amount of likeness between the two forms of speech—greater than that between the Netela and Dieguno, but less than that between the Netela and Kij.
Dr. Coulter gives us a vocabulary for the Mission of San Antonio, and the United States Exploring Expedition one from San Miguel, the latter being very short:
English.San Miguel.
manluai, loai, logua.
womantlene.
fathertata.
motherapai.
sonpaser, pasel.
daughterpaser, pasel.
headto-buko.
hairte-asakho.
earste-n-tkhito.
nosete-n-ento.
eyest-r-ugento.
moutht-r-eliko (lak-um, St. Raph.)
With the San Antonio it has six words in common, of which two coincide: e. g. in San Antonio man = luah, mother = epjo. Besides which, the combination tr, and the preponderance of initials in t, are common to the two vocabularies. San Antonio is spoken about 36-1/2° N. L. The numerals, too, are very similar, since the ki-and ka-in the San Antonio numeration for one, two, seems non-radical:—
English.San Miguel.San Antonio.
onetohiki-tol.
twokugsuka-kishe.
threetlubahiklap'hai.
fourkesakisha.
fiveoldratoultraoh.
sixpaiatepainel.
seventepate'h.
eightsratelshaanel.
ninetedi-trupteta-tsoi.
tentrupatsoeh.
It is safe to say that these two vocabularies represent one and the same language.
About fifty miles to the north-west of St. Miguel lies La Soledad, for which we have a short vocabulary of Mr. Hale's:—
English.La Soledad.
manmue.
womanshurishme.
fatherni-ka-pa.
motherni-ka-na.
sonni-ki-nish.
daughterni-ka
headtsop.
hairworokh.
earsotsho.
noseus (oos, Castano).
eyeshiin (hin, Talatui).
mouthhai.
The word nika, which alone denotes daughter, makes the power of the syllabic ka doubtful. Nevertheless, it is probably non-radical. In ni-ki-nish, as opposed to ni-ka-na, we have an apparent accommodation (umlaut); a phenomenon not wholly strange to the American form of speech.
Is this the only language of these parts? Probably not. The numerals of language from this Mission are given by Mofras, and the difference between them and those of Mr. Hale is as follows:—
English.Mofras Sol.Hale's Sol.
oneenkalahimitna.
twooultesutshe.
threekappeskap-kha.
fouroultezimutjit.
fivehaliizonparuash.
sixhali-skakemiminuksha.
sevenkapka-maiuduksha.
eightoulton-maitaitemi.
ninepakkewatso.
tentam-chaktmatsoso.
There is some affinity, but it is not so close as one in another quarter; i. e. one with the Achastli and Ruslen.
Between 36° and 37° N. L. lies the town of Monterey. For this neighbourhood we have the Ruslen east, and the Eslen west, the latter being called also Ecclemachs. Bourgoing and De La Manon are the authorities for the scanty vocabularies of these two forms of speech, to which is added one of the Achastli. The Achastli, the Ruslen, and the Soledad of Mofras seem to represent one and the same language. The converse, however, does not hold good, i. e. the Soledad of Hale is not the Eslenes of Bourgoing and the Ecclemachs of De La Manon. This gives us four languages for these parts:—
1. The one represented by the San Miguel and San Antonio vocabulary.
2. The one represented by the Soledad of Hale.
3. The one represented by the Soledad of Mofras, the Achastli of De La Manon, and the Ruslen of Bourgoing.
4. The one represented by the Eslen of Bourgoing and the Ecclemachs of De La Manon, and also by a vocabulary yet to be noticed, viz. that of the Mission of Carmel of Mofras.
English.Carmel.Eslen.Soledad (of Mofras).Ruslen.
onepekpekenkalaenjala.
twooulhajulhajoultesultis.
threekoulepjulepkappeskappes.
fourkamakousjamajusoultizimultizim.
fivepemakalapemajalahaliizonhali-izu.
sixpegualanaipeguatanoihalishakemhali-shakem.
sevenkulukulanaijulajualaneikapkamaikapkamai-shakem.
eightkounaileplajulep jualaneioultonmaiultumai-shakem.
ninekakouslanaijamajas jualaneipakkepacke.
tentomoilatomoilatamchakttamchait.
We now approach the parts of California which are best known—the Bay of San Francisco in 38° N. L. For these parts the Mission of Dolores gives us the names of the following populations:—1. Ahwastes. 2. Olhones (Costanos or Coastmen). 3. Altahmos. 4. Romonans. 5. Tulomos.
For the same parts we have vocabularies of four languages which are almost certainly mutually unintelligible. Two are from Baer's Beiträge; they were collected during the time of the Russian settlement at Ross. One represents the language of certain Indians called Olamentke, the other that of certain Indians called Khwakhlamayu. The other two are from the second part of Schoolcraft. One is headed Costano = the language of the Indians of the coast; the other Cushna. The language represented by the Cushna vocabulary can be traced as far inland as the Lower Sacramiento. Here we find the Bushumni (or Pujuni), the Secumni, the Yasumni, the Yalesumni, the Nemshaw, the Kiski, the Huk, and the Yukae tribes, whose languages, or dialects, are represented by three short vocabularies, collected by Mr. Dana, viz. the Pujuni, the Sekumne, and the Tsamak.
The following extract shows the extent to which these three forms of speech agree and differ:—
English.Pujuni.Sekumne.Tsamak.
mançunemailikmailik.
womankelekelekule.
child——maidumonai——
daughter——eti——
headtçutçúltsoltçultçul.
hairoionooi.
earonóbonoorro.
eyewatçailhil.
nosehenkasuma——
mouthmolósim——
necktokotókkuikulut.
armmawahkalut.
handtçapaimatamsult or tamtçut.
fingerstçikikupbititcikikup.
legpaipodobimpi.
footkatuppaipai.
toetapbiti——
househĕhĕ——
bowōlumni————
arrowhuiā————
shoes——solum——
beads——hawūt——
skyhibi————
sunokooko——
dayokoeki——
night——po——
fireçasaça.
watermomi, mopmopmomi.
riverlókolókmumdimunti.
stoneoo——
treetçatsa——
grapes——muti——
deerwilkutkut.
bird——tsit——
fish——pala——
salmonmaimai——
name——ianó——
goodhukwennehuk.
bad——tçoçmaidik.
old——hawil——
new——be——
sweet——sudúk——
sour——oho——
hasten——iewa——
runtshelgewa——
walkiyewiye——
swimpi————
talkwiwinaenun——
sing——tsol——
dance——paio——
onetiwikte——
twoteenepen——
threeshupuisapui——
fourpeheltsi——
fivemusticmauk——
sixtini, o (sic)tini, a (sic)——
seventapuipensi (?) sic.——
eightpetsheitapau (?) sic.——
ninematshummutsum——
tentshapanakaaduk——
On the Kassima River, a tributary of the Sacramiento, about eighty miles from its mouth lives a tribe whose language is called the Talatui, and is represented by a vocabulary of Mr. Dana's. It belongs, as Gallatin has suggested, to the same class with the language of San Raphael, as given in a vocabulary of Mr. Hale's:—
English.Talatui.San Raphael.
mansawelamantiya.
womanesuukulaish.
fathertataapi.
daughterteleai.
headtikitmolu.
earalokalokh.
eyewilaishuta.
noseukhuke.
mouthhubelakum.
handikuakue.
footsubeikoio.
sunhihi.
dayhi umuhi.
nightka-wilwalay uta.
firewikewaik.
waterkikkiik.
stonesawalupoii.
birdlune, tikakalis.
housekodjakoitaya.
onekenatekenai.
twooyo-kooza.
threeteli-kotula-ka.
fouroiçu-kowiag.
fivekassa-kokenekus.
sixtemebopatirak.
sevenkanikuk (?) sicsemlawi.
eightkauindawusuya.
nineooiumarask.
tenekuyekitshish.
North of San Francisco, at least along the coast, we have no vocabularies of any language undoubtedly and exclusively Californian. Thus, the Lutuami, the Shasti and Palaik are, in all probability, common to California and Oregon. Of each of these languages Mr. Hale has given us a vocabulary. The Lutuami live on the headwaters of the river and lake Tlamatl, or Clamet, conterminous on the south-east with the Palaiks, and on the south-west with the Shasti. The affinity between the Palaik and Lutuami seems to be somewhat greater than that between the Lutuami and Shasti.
And now we have gone round California; for, conterminous, on the east, with the Lutuami and Shasti are the Wihinast and Paduca with whom we began, and it is only by the comparatively narrow strip of country occupied by the three tribes just enumerated that the great Paduca area is separated from the Pacific. How far the Shasti and Palaik areas extend in the direction of the head-waters of the Sacramiento is uncertain. A separate language, however, seems to be represented by a vocabulary, collected by Mr. Dana from the Indians who lie about 250 miles from its mouth. From the Lutuami, the Shasti, the Palaik, and Jakon, northwards, and from the Pujuni, Talatui and other dialects lower down the river, it seems distinct. It is just more like the Jakon than any other form of speech equally distant. Neither is it Shoshoni:—
Engl.U. Sacr.
sunsas.
firepo.
watermeim. momi Puj. Tsam. mop Sek.
hairto-moi.
eyetu-mut.
armkeole.
fingertsemut. tamtçut = hand Tsam.
legtole. kolo Talat.
footktamoso.
kneehuiuk.
deernop.
salmonmonok.
nosetsono. tusina Jakon. suma Sek.
mouthkal. khai Jakon. hai Soledad.
chinkentikut.
foreheadtei.
knifekelekele.
ironkelekele.
grapeuyulu.
rushtso.
eatba, bas.
seewila.
gohara.
Slight as is this preponderance of affinity with the Jakon, it is not to be ignored altogether. The displacements between the two areas have been considerable and though the names of as many as five intermediate tribes are known, we have no specimens of their languages. These tribes are—
1. The Kaus, between the rivers Umkwa and Clamet, and consequently not far from the head-waters of the Sacramiento.
2. 3. The Tsalel and Killiwashat, on the Umkwa.
4. The Saintskla between these and the Jakon, the Jakon being between the Tlatskanai and Umkwa.
Now as these last are Athabaskan, there must have been displacement. But there are further proofs. North of the isolated and apparently intrusive Tlatskanai lie the Nsietshawus—isolated and apparently intrusive also; since they belong to the great Atna stock of Frazer's River.
The Jakon, then, and the Indians of the Upper Sacramiento may belong to the same stock—a stock which will be continuous in its area in case intermediate tribes prove referable to it, and interrupted in its area if they do not. At any rate, the direction of the Jakons is important.
The following Paternosters from Mofras, referable to the parts about San Francisco, require fixing. They can probably be distributed among the languages ascribed to that district—not, however, by the present writer:—
Langue de la Mission de Santa Clara.—Appa macréne mé saura saraahtiga elecpuhmem imragat, sacan macréne mensaraah assuevy nouman ourun macari pireca numa ban saraahiga poluma macréne souhaii naltis anat macréne neéna, ia annanet macréne meena, ia annanet macréne macrec équetr maccari noumbasi macro annan, non maroté jessember macréne in eckoué tamouniri innam tattahné, icatrarca oniet macréne equets naccaritkoun och á Jésus.
Langue de la Mission de Santa Ines.—Dios caquicoco upalequen alapa, quiaenicho opte; paquininigug quique eccuet upalacs huatahuc itimisshup caneche alapa. Ulamuhu ilahulalisahue. Picsiyug equepe ginsucutaniyug uquiyagmagin, canechequique quisagin sucutanagun utiyagmayiyug peux hoyug quie utie lex ulechop santequiyung ilautechop. Amen. Jesus.
Langue de la Vallée de Los Tulares.—Appa macquen erignimo, tasunimac emracat, jinnin eccey macquen unisínmac macquen quitti éné soteyma erinigmo: sumimac macquen hamjamú jinnan guara ayei; sunnun maquen quit ti enesunumac ayacma; aquectsem unisimtac nininti equetmini: junná macquen equetmini em men.
Langue Giuluco de la Mission de San Francisco.—Allá-igamé mutryocusé mi zahuá on mi yahuatail cha usqui etra shon mur tzecali Ziam pac onjinta mul zhaiíge Nasoyate chelegua mul znatzoitze tzecali zicmatan zchütülaa chalehua mesqui pihuatzite yteima omahuá. Emqui. Jesus.
Langue Chocouyem du Rio del Sacramento.—Api maco su lileco ma nénas mi aués omai mácono mi taucuchs oyópa mi tauco chaquenit opú neyatto chequenit opu liletto. Tu maco muye genum ji naya macono sucuji sulia mácono mácocte, chaue mat opu ma suli mayaco. Macoi yangia ume omutto, ulémi mácono omu incapo. Nette esa Jesus.
Langue Joukiousmé de la Mission de San Raphael.—Api maco sa líleto manénas mi dues onía mácono michauka oiopa mitauka chakenit opu negata chàkenit opu lilèto, tumako muye quenunje naya macono sucuji snlia macóno masojte chake mat opu ma suli mayaco maco yangìa ume omut ulemi macono omu in capo. Netenti Jesus.
The numerals given by Mofras are as follows:—
Engl.(San Luis Obispo).San Juan Capistrano.San Gabriel.
onetchoumousoupouhepoukou.
twoeschiouhouahguèpé.
threemichapaaipagi.
fourpaksihouasahquatcha.
fivetizeouimahamakai.
sixksoukouiapomkalilopabai.
sevenksouamichechouchouiquachacabia.
eightscomoouasa-kabiaquequacha.
ninescoumo-tchiouasa-mahamajai-cayia.
tentouymileouikinmahaquejemajai.
ADDENDUM.—(Oct. 14, 1853.)
Since the previous paper was read, "Observations on some of the Indian dialects of Northern California, by G. Gibbs," have appeared in the 3rd Part of Schoolcraft (published 1853) (vide pp. 420-445).
The vocabularies, which are given in a tabulated form, are for the following twelve languages:—
1. Tchokoyem. 2. Copeh. 3. Kulanapo. 4. Yukai. 5. Choweshak. 6. Batemdakaiee. 7. Weeyot. 8. Wishok. 9. Weitspek. 10. Hoopah. 11. Tahlewah. 12. Ehnek.
Besides which three others have been collected, but do not appear in print, viz.:—
1. The Watsa-he-wa,—spoken by one of the bands of the Shasti family.
2. The Howteteoh.
3. The Nabittse.
Of these the Tchokoyem = the Chocouyem of the Sacramiento, and the Joukiousme or San Raphael of Mofras; also Gallatin's San Raphael, and (more or less) the Talatui.
The Copeh is something (though less) like the short Upper Sacramiento specimen of the preceding paper.
The Yukai is, perhaps, less like the Pujuni, Sekume, and Tsamak vocabularies than the Copeh is to the Upper Sacramiento. Still, it probably belongs to the same class, since it will be seen that the Huk and Yukai languages are members of the group that Mr. Dana's lists represent. The Kulanapo has a clear preponderance of affinities with the Yukae.
The Choweshak and Batemdakaiee are allied. So are—
The Weeyot and the Wishok; in each of which the sound expressed by tl' occurs. These along with the Weitspek take m as the possessive prefix to the parts of the human body, and have other points of similarity.
English.Weeyot.Wishok.
hairpah'tlpaht'l.
footwelhh'tlwehlihl.
The Hoopah is more interesting than any. The names of the parts of the human body, when compared with the Navaho and Jecorilla, are as follows:—
English.Hoopah.Navaho.Jecorilla.
headokhehhut-seit-se.
foreheadhotsintahhut-tahpin-nay.
facehaunithhun-ne——
eyehuanahhunnahpindah.
nosehuntchuhutchinwitchess.
teethhowwahowgoegho.
tonguesasthahotsoezahte.
earhotchewehhutchahwickyah.
hairtsewokhotseitse.
neckhosewatlhuckquosswickcost.
armhoithlanihutconwitse.
handhollahhullahwislah.
Here the initial combination of h and some other letter is (after the manner of so many American tongues) the possessive pronoun—alike in both the Navaho and Hoopah; many of the roots being also alike. Now the Navaho and Jecorilla are Athabaskan, and the Hoopah is probably Athabaskan also.
The Tahlewah and Ehnek are but little like each other, and little like any other language.
Although not connected with the languages of California, there is a specimen in the volume before us of a form of speech which has been already noticed in these Transactions, and which is by no means clearly defined. In the 28th Number, a vocabulary of the Ahnenin language is shown to be the same as that of the Fall-Indians of Umfreville. In Gallatin this Ahnenin vocabulary is quoted as Arapaho, or Atsina. Now it is specially stated that these Arapaho or Atsina Indians are those who are also (though inconveniently or erroneously) called the Gros Ventres, the Big Bellies and the Minitares of the Prairie—all names for the Indians about the Falls of the Saskachewan, and consequently of Indians far north.
But this was only one of the populations named Arapaho. Other Arapahos are found on the head-waters of the Platte and Arkansas. Who were these? Gallatin connected them at once with those of the Saskachewan—but it is doubtful whether he went on better grounds than the name. A vocabulary was wanted.
The volume in question supplies one—collected by Mr. J. S. Smith. It shows that the two Arapahos are really members of one and the same class—in language as well as in name.
Upon the name itself more light requires to be thrown. In an alphabetical list of Indian populations in the same volume with the vocabulary, from which we learn that the new specimen is one of the southern (and not the northern) Arapaho, it is stated that the word means "pricked" or "tattooed." In what language? Perhaps in that of the Arapaho themselves; perhaps in that of the Sioux—since it is a population of the Sioux class which is in contact with both the Arapahos.
Again—if the name be native, which of the two divisions uses it? the northern or the southern? or both? If both use it, how comes the synonym Ahnenin? How, too, comes the form Atsina? Is it a typographical error? The present writer used the same MS. with Gallatin and found the name to be Ahnenin.
To throw the two Arapahos into one and the same class is only one step in our classification. Can they be referred to any wider and more general division? A Shyenne vocabulary is to be found in the same table; and Schoolcraft remarks that the two languages are allied. So they are. Now reasons have been given for placing the Shyenne in the great Algonkin class (Philolog. Trans., and Transactions of the American Ethnological Society, vol. ii. p. cxi.).
There are similar affinities with the Blackfoot. Now, in the paper of these Transactions already referred to, it is stated that the affinities of the Blackfoot "are miscellaneous; more, however, with the Algonkin tongues than with those of any recognized group[38]." Gallatin takes the same view (Transactions of American Ethnol. Soc. vol. ii. p. cxiii.).
This gives as recent additions to the class in question, the Blackfoot—the Shyenne—the Arapaho.
The southern Arapaho are immigrants, rather than indigenæ, in their present localities. So are the Shyennes, with whom they are conterminous.
The original locality of the southern Arapahos was on the Saskachewan; that of the Shyennes on the Red River. Hence, the affinity between their tongues represents an affinity arising out of their relations anterior to their migration southward.
ON CERTAIN ADDITIONS TO THE ETHNOGRAPHICAL PHILOLOGY OF CENTRAL AMERICA, WITH REMARKS UPON THE SO-CALLED ASTEK CONQUEST OF MEXICO.
READ BEFORE THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
May 12, 1854.
In Central America we have two points for which our philological data have lately received additions, viz. the parts about the Lake Nicaragua and the Isthmus of Darien.
For the parts about the Lake of Nicaragua, the chief authority is Mr. Squier; a writer with whom we differ in certain points, but, nevertheless, a writer who has given us both materials and results of great value. The languages represented, for the first time, by his vocabularies are four in number, of which three are wholly new, whilst one gives us a phenomenon scarcely less important than an absolutely fresh form of speech; viz. the proof of the occurrence of a known language in a new, though not unsuspected, locality.
To these four a fifth may be added; but; as that is one already illustrated by the researches of Henderson, Cotheal and others, it does not come under the category of new material. This language is that of the
Indians of the Mosquito coast.—Respecting these Mr. Squier commits himself to the doctrine that they are more or less Carib. They may be this in physiognomy. They may also be so in respect to their civilization, or want of civilization; and perhaps this is all that is meant, the words of our author being, that "upon the low alluvions, and amongst the dense dank forests of the Atlantic coast, there exist a few scanty, wandering tribes, maintaining a precarious existence by hunting and fishing, with little or no agriculture, destitute of civil organization, with a debased religion, and generally corresponding with the Caribs of the islands, to whom they sustain close affinities. A portion of their descendants, still further debased by the introduction of negro blood, may still be found in the wretched Moscos or Mosquitos. The few and scattered Melchoras, on the river St. Juan, are certainly of Carib stock, and it is more than probable that the same is true of the Woolwas, Ramas, Toacas, and Poyas, and also of the other tribes on the Atlantic coast, further to the southward, towards Chiriqui Lagoon, and collectively denominated Bravos."—Central America and Nicaragua, ii. pp. 308-309.
Nevertheless, as has been already stated, the language is other than Carib. It is other than Carib, whether we look to the Moskito or the Woolwa vocabularies. It is other than Carib, and admitted by Mr. Squier to be so. The previous extract has given us his opinion; what follows supports it by his reasons. "I have said that the Indians of the Atlantic coast of Nicaragua, the Moscos and others, were probably of Carib stock. This opinion is founded not only upon the express statements of Herrara, who says that 'the Carib tongue was much spoken in Nicaragua,' but also upon their general appearance, habits and modes of life. Their language does not appear to have any direct relationship with that of the Southern Caribs, but is, probably, the same, or a dialect of the same with that spoken around what is now called Chiriqui Lagoon, near the Isthmus of Panama, and which was originally called Chiribiri or Chraibici, from which comes Gomera's Caribici, or Carib." In a note we learn that "thirteen leagues from the Gulf of Nicoya, Oviedo speaks of a village called Carabizi, where the same language was spoken as at Chiriqui," &c.
Of the Melchora we have no specimens. For each and every tribe, extant or extinct, of the Indians about the Chiriqui Lagoon we want them also. The known vocabularies, however, for the parts nearest that locality are other than Carib.
Let us, however, look further, and we shall find good reasons for believing that certain populations of the parts in question are called, by the Spaniards of their neighbourhood, Caribs, much in the same way that they, along with nine-tenths of the other aborigines of America, are called Indians by us. "The region of Chantales," writes Mr. Squier, "was visited by my friend Mr. Julius Froebel, in the summer of this year (1851). He penetrated to the head-waters of the Rio Mico, Escondido, or Blue-fields, where he found the Indians to be agriculturalists, partially civilized, and generally speaking the Spanish language. They are called Caribs by their Spanish neighbours," &c. But their language, of which Mr. Froebel collected a vocabulary, published by Mr. Squier, is, like the rest, other than Carib.
It may, then, safely be said, that the Carib character of the Moskito Indians, &c. wants confirmation.
Nicaragua. A real addition to our knowledge is supplied by M. Squier concerning the Nicaraguans. The statement of Oviedo as to the tribes between the Lake of Nicaragua and the Pacific, along with the occupants of the islands in the lake itself, being Mexican rather than indigenous, he confirms. He may be said to prove it; since he brings specimens of the language (Niquiran, as he calls it), which is as truly Mexican as the language of Sydney or New York is English.
The Mexican character of the Nicaraguan language is a definite addition to ethnographical philology. It may now be considered as settled, that one of the languages of the parts under notice is intrusive, and foreign to its present locality.
The remaining vocabularies represent four indigenous forms of speech; these (three of them of Mr. Squier's own earliest publication, and one known before) being—
1. The Chorotegan or Dirian of Squier—This was collected by the author from the Indians of Masaya, on the northern frontier of the Niquiran, Nicaraguan, Mexican or Astek area.
2. The Nagrandan of Squier—This was collected by the author from the Indians of Subtiaba, in the plain of Leon, to the north of the Niquiran or Mexican area.
3. The Chontales, or Woolwa, of Froebel; Chontal being the name of the district, Woolwa, of the tribe.
4. The Mosquito (or Waikna) of the coast.
To these four indigenous tongues (the Mexican of Nicaragua being dealt with as a foreign tongue), what have we to say in the way of classification?
It is safe to say that the Nagrandan, Dirian, and Woolwa, are more like each other than they are to the Mosca, Mosquito, or Waikna. And this is important, since, when Froebel collected the Woolwa vocabulary, he found a tradition of their having come originally from the shores of Lake Managua; this being a portion of the Dirian and Nagrandan area. If so; the classification would be,—
a. Dirian, Nagrandan, and Chontal, or Woolwa (Wúlwa)
b. Mosquito, or Waikna.
The value of these two divisions is, of course, uncertain; and, in the present state of our knowledge, it would be premature to define it. Equally uncertain is the value of the subdivisions of the first class. All that can be said is, that out of four mutually unintelligible tongues, three seem rather more allied to each other than the fourth.
Besides the vocabulary of the Nagrandan of Mr. Squier, there is a grammatical sketch by Col. Francesco Diaz Zapata.
Veragua—We pass now from the researches of Mr. Squier in Nicaragua to those of Mr. B. Seemann, Naturalist to the Herald, for the Isthmus of Panama. The statement of Colonel Galindo, in the Journal of the Geographical Society, that the native Indian languages of Honduras, Nicaragua, San Salvador, and Costarica, had been replaced by the Spanish, has too implicitly been adopted; by no one, however, more so than the present writer. The same applies to Veragua.
Here, Dr. Seemann has supplied:—
1. The Savaneric, from the northernmost part of Veragua.
2. The Bayano, from the river Chepo.
3. The Cholo, widely spread in New Grenada. This is the same as Dr. Cullen's Yule.
Specimens of the San Blas, or Manzanillo Indians, are still desiderated, it being specially stated that the number of tribes is not less than four, and the four languages belonging to them as different.
All that can at present be said of the specimens before us is, that they have miscellaneous, but no exact and definite affinities.
Mexicans of Nicaragua. From the notice of these additions to our data for Central America in the way of raw material, we proceed to certain speculations suggested by the presence of the Mexicans of Nicaragua in a locality so far south of the city of Mexico as the banks and islands of the lake of that name.
First as to their designation. It is not Astek (or Asteca), as was that of the allied tribes of Mexico. Was it native, or was it only the name which their neighbours gave them? Was it a word like Deutsch (applied to the population of Westphalia, Oldenburg, the Rhine districts, &c.), or a word like German and Allemand? Upon this point no opinion is hazarded.
Respecting, however, the word Astek (Asteca) itself, the present writer commits himself to the doctrine that it was no native name at all, and that it was a word belonging to the Maya, and foreign to the Mexican, class of languages. It was as foreign to the latter as Welsh is to the language of the British Principality; as German or Allemagne to the High and Low Dutch forms of speech; as barbarus to the languages in contact with the Latin and Greek, but not themselves either one or the other.
On the other hand, it was a Maya word, in the way that Welsh and German are English, and in the way that Allemand is a French one.
It was a word belonging to the country into which the Mexicans intruded, and to the populations upon which they encroached. These called their invaders Asteca, just as the Scotch Gael calls an Englishman, a Saxon.
a. The form is Maya, the termination-eca being common whereever any form of the Maya speech is to be found.
b. It is too like the word Huasteca to be accidental. Now, Huasteca is the name of a language spoken in the parts about Tampico; a language separated in respect to its geographical position from the other branches of the Maya family, (for which Guatemala and Yucatan are the chief localities) but not separated (as is indicated in the Mithridates) from these same Maya tongues philologically. Hence Huasteca is a Maya word; and what Huasteca is, Asteca is likely to be.
The isolation of the Huasteca branch of the Maya family indicates invasion, encroachment, conquest, displacement; the invaders, &c. being the Mexicans, called by themselves by some name hitherto undetermined, but by the older occupants of the country, Astek.
It is believed, too, though this is more or less of an obiter dictum, that nine-tenths of the so-called Mexican civilization, as indicated by its architecture, &c., was Maya, i. e. was referable to the old occupants rather than to the new invaders; standing in the same relation to that of the Mexicans, strictly speaking, as that of Italy did to that of the Goths and Lombards.
Whence came these invaders? The evidence of the phonetic part of the language points to the parts about Quadra and Vancouver's Island, and to the populations of the Upper Oregon—populations like the Chinuk, the Salish, the Atna, &c. Here, for the first time, we meet with languages where the peculiar phonesis of the Mexican language, the preponderance of the sound expressed by tl, reappears. For all the intermediate parts, with one or two exceptions, the character of the phonesis is Maya, i. e. soft, vocalic, and marked by the absence of those harsh elements that characterize the Mexican, the Chinuk, and the Atna equally. The extent to which the glossarial evidence agrees with the phonetic has yet to be investigated, the doctrine here indicated being a suggestion rather than aught else.
So is the doctrine that both the Nicaraguan and Mexican invasions were maritime. Strange as this may sound in the case of an ordinary American population, it should not do so in the case of a population deduced from the Chinuk and Salish areas and from the archipelago to the north of Quadra's and Vancouver's Island. However, it is not the fact itself that is of so much value. The principle involved in its investigation is weightier. This is, that the distribution of an allied population, along a coast, and at intervals, is primâ facie evidence of the ocean having been the path along which they moved.
NOTE (1859).
For exceptions to the doctrine here suggested see Notes on the last paper.
NOTE UPON A PAPER OF THE HONOURABLE CAPTAIN FITZROY'S ON THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA,
PUBLISHED IN THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
NOVEMBER 25. 1850.
On the Language of Central America.
In Yucatan the structure and details of the language are sufficiently known, and so are the ethnological affinities of the tribes who speak it. This language is the Maya tongue, and its immediate relations are with the dialects of Guatemala. It is also allied to the Huasteca spoken so far N. as the Texian frontier, and separated from the other Maya tongues by dialects of the Totonaca and Mexican. This remarkable relationship was known to the writers of the Mithridates.
In South America the language begins to be known when we reach the equator; e. g. at Quito the Inca language of the Peruvian begins, and extends as far south as the frontier of Chili.
So much for the extreme points; between which the whole, intermediate space is very nearly a terra incognita.
In Honduras, according to Colonel Galindo, the Indians are extinct; and as no specimen of their language has been preserved from the time of their existence as a people, that state is a blank in philology.