Part 3 — INDEX. (continued 2)
Reading edition
Soda, silicate of, i. 110 Prof. Graham’s dialysis of, i. 110
Soda, former and present mode of procuring, i. 128 yellow coloured light produced by the combustion of, i. 132 abundance in the Algæ, i. 414
Sodium, i. 3 atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100 spectrum analysis of the rarefied vapour of, i. 141 chloride of, spectrum of, i. 146 reversion of the coloured lines of sodium burning in air, i. 150
Solar spectrum, i. 58 myriads of ethereal waves constituting the seven colours of the, i. 58 rayless spaces crossing the, at right angles, i. 59 length of the undulations of the ether producing the impression of the colours of the solar spectrum, i. 59 mode of bringing the invisible rays of the chemical spectrum before the human eye, i. 59 fluorescence and calorescence, i. 60-62 experiments producing the long spectrum, i. 63 spectra of volatilized metals, i. 64 absorption of invisible rays, i. 65 discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton of the solar spectrum and the laws of coloured rings, i. 129 Fraunhofer’s lines, i. 129, 148 MM. Bunsen and Kirchhoff’s experiments, i. 130, 148 Mr. Glaisher’s experiments, i. 130 absorption bands, i. 131 Sir D. Brewster’s discovery, i. 131 coincident dark and coloured lines, i. 148 reversion of the coloured lines, i. 149 Prof. J. P. Cook’s discoveries, i. 149 M. Foucault’s discoveries, i. 149 M. Kirchhoff’s discovery of the law of exchanges, i. 150 metals shown by MM. Kirchhoff and Angström to exist in the sun, i. 151-153 and those proved to have no existence in the sun, i. 154
Solferino, production of, i. 127
310Solids, the specific heat of compound, generally greater than that of their component elements, i. 101
Solorina, structure of the genus, i. 305
Solorina crocea, structure of, i. 306
Solorina saccata, structure of, i. 305
Space, matter wandering in, i. 28
Spearmint, absorption of radiant heat by the perfume of, i. 44
Specific gravity, i. 26 unit of, i. 26
Spectra, continuous, from glowing solids and liquids, i. 132 spectrum analysis, i. 133 experiments of Sir David Brewster and Mr. Fox Talbot, i. 133 spectrum of rubidium and cæsium, i. 136 of thallium, i. 136, 137 of indium, i. 137 of the flame of the iron in the manufacture of the Bessemer steel, i. 137, 138 of gases, i. 139, et seq. effect of high temperature on various spectra, i. 142-144 effects of pressure on a variety of gases and vapours, i. 145 of metals not always the same, i. 145 of the halogens, i. 146 of the vaporized mixture of five chlorides, i. 147 of lightning, 147 of the sun. See Solar spectrum of the fixed stars, i. 155, 162, 163 of temporary and periodic stars, i. 156, 157 of the planets, i. 157, 158, 161 of various nebulæ, i. 158-160
Spermatozoids of confervaceæ, i. 210
Sphæria aquila, structure and habitat of, i. 295
Sphæria bombarda, structure of, i. 295
Sphæria, candle-snuff, habitat of, i. 295
Sphæria Desmazierii, development of, i. 294
Sphæria miliaris, characters of, i. 283
Sphæriacei, characters and habitat of the order, i. 293 development of, i. 294
Sphærobolus, force with which its sporangium is ejected, i. 273
Sphærococcoideæ, characters of the, i. 238
Sphærococcus coronopifolius, mode of reproduction of, i. 236, 238
311Sphærococcus, habitat of the genus, i. 239
Sphærophorei, characters of the, i. 310
Sphæroplea annulina, structure and reproduction of, i. 208, 209
Sphagnei, characters of, i. 331
Sphagnum latifolium, leaves of, i. 330
Sphagnum, or common bog-moss, structure, fructification, and habitat of, i. 332 uses of, in Lapland, i. 334
Spikenard, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
Spinal cord, structure and functions of the, ii. 8
Spines of plants, structure and formation of, i. 411
Spirogyra, mode of reproduction of, i. 218
Spirulina tenuissima, motions of, i. 213
Splachnei, characters of the tribe, i. 330
Splachnum ampullaceum, structure and habitat of, i. 331
Splachnum vasculosum, structure and colour of, i. 330
Spondylus gædaropus, eyes of the, ii. 235
Sponges, iodine found in, i. 19
Sponges, the Carpenteria, a link between the foraminifera and the, ii. 57 structure and development of, ii. 57 varieties in size, structure, and habits of the marine sponges, ii. 60 propagation of, ii. 60, 61 structure of fresh-water sponges, ii. 61 fossil sponges, ii. 62
Spongilla fluviatilis, structure and development, and propagation of, ii. 61
Spongiocarpeæ, structure and mode of propagation of, i. 237, 238
Spores of Cryptogamia, i. 177, 178
Sporidia, or spore-bearing cells, of Ascomycetes, i. 290
Sporidiiferi, structure and fructification of, i. 260 orders of, i. 260, 261
Sporiferi, structure and fructification of, i. 260 orders of, i. 260
Sporopodium Leprieurii, ascus of, i. 300
Spurgeworts, poisons and food supplied by the, i. 425, 426
Squamariæ, structure and modes of propagation of, i. 237
Squid, structure of the, ii. 245, 246
Squilla Desmarestii, structure of, ii. 198
Squilla mantis, structure of, ii. 198
Stamens of flowering plants, i. 379
Starch, production of, by plants, i. 420
Star-fishes, structure of, ii. 169
312Stars, absorption of the heat radiated by the, by the earth’s atmosphere, i. 55 chemical power of the light of the, i. 55
Stars, falling, i. 28
Stars, fixed, constitution and spectra of the, i. 154, 155, 162, 163 spectra of periodic stars, i. 156
Staurastrum, structure and development of various species of, i. 192
Steam-engine, equivalence between the mechanical work and heat of the, as between cause and effect, i. 29 causes of the motive force in the, i. 29
Steel, effect of magnetism on, i. 77 importance of the spectrum analysis in the manufacture of, by Bessemer’s process, i. 137, 138
Stegobolus Berkeleianus, structure and organs of development of, i. 299
Stelleridæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 169-172, 174
Stems of plants, structure of, i. 384, 405
Stenochlæna, stem of, i. 339
Stephanosphæra pluvialis, structure and development of, i. 187-189
Stickleback, entozoön of the, ii. 145
Sticta, structure of the genus, i. 304
Sticta pulmonacea, structure and habitat of, i. 304
Stilbacei, structure and habitat of, i. 283
Stomach, human, fungus in the, i. 275
Stomapoda, characters of the, ii. 198
Stomata of plants, structure of the, i. 405, 406
Stone-lilies, structure of, ii. 174, 175
Strawberry, fructification of the, i. 381
Strombus gigas, or queen conch, shell of, ii. 234
Strontium, i. 3 one of an isomeric triad with calcium and barium, i. 105 red-coloured light obtained by the combustion of, i. 133 spectrum analysis of, i. 133 spectrum analysis of the rarefied vapour of, i. 142 effect of high temperature, i. 142, 143
Strychnos nux vomica, fruit of, food for birds, i. 426
Substitution, direct or indirect, the basis of the modern doctrine of equivalents, i. 104
Succinic acid, chemical combination forming, i. 97
Sugar, production of, in plants, i. 421
Sugar-cane, size and structure of, i. 386
Sulphur, i. 16 extensive range of affinities of, i. 16
313Sulphur: dimorphism and allotropism of, i. 16 combination of chlorine with sulphur, i. 20 atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100, 105 its analogous properties with selenium and tellurium, i. 105 spectrum analysis of, in different temperatures, i. 144
Sulphuretted hydrogen gas, i. 16
Sulphurous acid, amount of absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41
Sun, probable cause of the light and heat of the, i. 28 probability of the periodic connection of the solar spots with magnetic phenomena, i. 30, 31 amount of force exerted by the sun’s light within the limits of the terrestrial atmosphere, i. 34 chemical action of the light of the sun, i. 56 effect of the opalescence of the atmosphere on the chemical power of the sun’s light, i. 57
Sun, spectrum of the, i. 58 thirteen terrestrial substances in the sun’s atmosphere, i. 59 metals shown by M. Kirchhoff to exist in the sun, i. 151-153 and those proved not to exist in it, i. 154 the structure of the sun in some respects still a mystery, i. 164 the luminous gaseous atmosphere of the, i. 164 mottled appearance of the photosphere of the sun, i. 164, 165 the faculæ, i. 165 the red flames or protuberances round the edge during a total eclipse, i. 165 the solar spots, i. 166 their periodicity, i. 166 appear to be influenced by the planet Venus, i. 166
Sun-rise and sun-set, causes of the bright tints at, i. 58
Surirella, mode of development of, i. 202
Synapta, structure of the genus, ii. 185
Synapta digitata, structure and habitat of the, ii. 185
Syncladei, structure of the branches of, i. 328
Syncoryna Sarsii, structure and development of zooids of, ii. 90
Synthesis, in the animal and vegetable creation, i. 96
T
Tænia, or tape-worm, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 145 transformation of the young of, ii. 146.
Tænioïdæ, characters of, ii. 144
314Talitrus, or sand-hopper, structure of, ii. 201, 202
Tar, coal. See Coal tar
Tardigrada, characters of the, ii. 161
Tartaric acid, chemical combination forming, i. 97
Tea, active principle of, i. 428
Tellurium, atomic weight of, i. 105 its properties analogous to those of sulphur and selenium, i. 105
Terebella conchilega, structure of, ii. 153-155
Textularia, structure and habitat of the genus, ii. 41 fossils of, ii. 42
Textularia Mayeriana, form of, ii. 28
Thalassicolla morum, structure of, ii. 21
Thalassicollæ, structure of, ii. 21
Thalassiophyllum Clathrus, habitat and structure of, i. 250
Thallium, i. 3, 4 effect of the spectrum from an electric spark between points of, i. 64 atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100 Mr. W. Crookes’s discovery of the metal so called, i. 136 spectrum analysis of, i. 137 properties of, i. 137 where found, i. 137 changes in the spectrum of, by high temperature, i. 144
Thallus or frond, of lichens, i. 301
Thaumantia pilosella, form and structure of, ii. 92 otolites of, ii. 93 mode of reproduction of, ii. 94
Thorinum, i. 4
Thunder-dirt of the New Zealanders, i. 268
Thyme, absorption of radiant heat by the perfume of, i. 44
Timmia, leaves of, i. 330
Tobacco, spectrum analysis of, i. 136
Tobacco, narcotic effect of, and as a relief from hunger, i. 428
Toluidine, property of, in producing the aniline colours, i. 122
Toluol, constituents of, i. 121
Topaz, oriental, i. 4
Torula cerevisiæ, structure, development, and cell-multiplication of, i. 287
Transparency in liquids and solids synonymous with discord, i. 36 causes of transparency, i. 37
Transpiration of gases, i. 110, 114
Tree ferns, structure of, i. 341
Trees, constitution of the stems of, i. 174
315Tremellini, structure, habitat, and fructification of, i. 266
Trepang, used as food, ii. 184
Triceratium favus, structure and habitat of, i. 199
Triceratium genus, structure and habitat of, i. 199
Trichodesmium erythræum, structure, habitat, and reproduction of, i. 215, 216
Trichogastres, characters of the group, i. 267
Trichomanes radicans, or bristle fern, structure and habitat of, i. 361
Trichomanineæ, characters of the group, i. 345 characters and habitat of, i. 360, 361
Trilobites, structure of, ii. 203
Tripe de Roche, structure of, i. 308
Triphragmium dubens, spores of, i. 276
Tripoli stone on the Rhine, of what it consists, i. 206
Trochus granulatus, structure of, ii. 237, 238
Trochus zizyphinus, palate of, ii. 237
Truffle, structure and habitat of the, i. 292, 293 modes of tracing them, i. 293 the red, of Bath, i. 268
Trypethelium Sprengelii, pustules and sporidia of, i. 299
Tuberacei, characters and habitat of the order, i. 292
Tubicola, structure of, ii. 153 found in all seas, ii. 161
Tubipora, characters of the family of, ii. 129
Tubipora musica, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 130
Tubipora purpurea, habitat of, ii. 130
Tubularia, form and structure of the family, ii. 91 mode of propagation of, ii. 91
Tulip, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 388
Tunicata, or Ascidians, characters of, ii. 222 groups of, ii. 222, et seq.
Turbellariæ, structure of the, ii. 148
Turkey red, from what obtained, i. 124
Turpentine, oil of, takes fire in chlorine gas, i. 19
Turritopsis nutricula, larvæ of the Cunina octonaria, parasites of, ii. 100
U
Ulva, structure and reproduction of, i. 171, 225
Ulva bullosa, reproduction of, i. 227
Ulva lactuca, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 226
316Ulva latissima, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 225-227
Ulva Linza, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 226
Umbilicaria, structure and habitat of, i. 308
Upas-tree of Java, causes of the virulence of, i. 426 fruit of, innocuous, i. 426
Uranium, i. 4, 5 nitrate of, phosphorescence of, i. 67
Uranite, yellow, fluorescent property of, i. 66
Uredines, structure and habitat of the, i. 277
Uredo, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 277
Uredo candida, or Cystopus candidus, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, i. 278
Uredo linearis, the rust on the leaves and chaff scales of wheat, i. 281
Uromyces appendiculatus, or fungus of the common bean, i. 280
Usnea, structure of, i. 302
Usnea melaxantha, splendour of, i. 304
Usnea Taylori, splendour of, i. 304
Usneæ, brilliancy and wide diffusion of the, i. 304
Usnic acid, produced by lichens, i. 303
Uva di mare, fruit of, i. 257
V
Vacuum tubes, i. 78, note electric discharges in, i. 78, 79
Valvulina, structure of, ii. 37
Vanilla, reproduction of, i. 402
Vapours, absorption of radiant heat by gases and vapours, i. 38 radiation of, equal to absorption, i. 46
Variolaria dealbata, litmus or orchil obtained from, i. 124
Vaucheria, character of the genus, i. 218, 224 structure, habitat, and modes of reproduction of, i. 218
Vaucheria marina, structure and habitat of, i. 224
Vaucheria sessilis, mode of reproduction of, i. 219
Vaucheria velutina, habitat of, i. 224
Vegetable world, microscopic structure of the, i. 167
Vegetation, i. 167 effects of light and heat on, i. 168, 169 the primordial cell, the universal framework or skeleton of the vegetable world, i. 170, 172 formation of cellular tissue, i. 171, 173 317fibro-vascular bundles constituting the wood of trees, i. 173 the vascular ducts, i. 73 the pitted tissue, i. 174 the woody fibre, i. 174 sclerogen, i. 175 the laticiferous vessels, or vasa propria, i. 176, 177 seeds and spores, i. 177 cycles of existence in the vegetable world, i. 178, 186 variation of marine vegetation, horizontally and vertically with the depth, i. 258 instance of mechanical power exerted by vegetable matter, i. 269 seeds brought to Europe by the great Atlantic currents, i. 355 gradual changes of structure from the lowest to the highest cryptogamic forms, i. 375 reproduction and fructification, i. 376, 377 general structure of flowering plants, i. 378 calyx and corolla, i. 378 stamens and pollen, i. 379 pistil, ovary, and style, i. 380 fructification, i. 381 monocotyledonous, or endogenous plants, their structure, growth, and reproduction, i. 383 the earliest dawn of plant life, as shown in the colourless protoplasm of the grasses, i. 387 bulbous plants, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 388 orchids, their structure and fructification, i. 389 dicotyledonous, or exogenous plants, i. 404-428 seeds, i. 404 stems, i. 405 stomata, i. 405, 406 bark, i. 406, 407 cambium, i. 407 wood, i. 408 roots, i. 409 leaves, i. 410 buds, spines, and hairs, i. 411 protoplasm, i. 412 chemical elements of vegetable matter, i. 413 sap and sap motion, i. 415-417 inhalation and exhalation of oxygen, i. 416, 417 latex, i. 417 milk vessels, i. 418 318chemical functions, i. 419 cellulose, i. 419, 420 starch, i. 420 diastase and dextrine, i. 420, 421 sclerogen, or colouring matter of wood, i. 421 sugar, i. 421 oils, resins, and wax, i. 422, 423 albumen, fibrin, and casein, i. 423 raphides, i. 424 milk sap, i. 425 poisons, i. 425, 426 food and other purposes, i. 426 alkaloids, chemical structure of, i. 427 colouring matter of flowers, chemical nature of, i. 428, 429 water secreted by plants night and morning, i. 429 electricity developed by plants and flowers, i. 430 irritability of the tissues of plants, i. 430 light the most universal and important exciting cause in the vegetable world, i. 431
Velella spirans, structure and modes of locomotion and reproduction of, ii. 114-116 food of, ii. 116 habitat of, ii. 117
Velellidæ, characters of the order, ii. 111, 114
Venus, the planet, spectrum of, i. 158, 162
Veratrum album, or white hellebore, poisonous alkaloid of, i. 427
Verrucariei, structure of, i. 310
Verrucaria muralis, structure and habitat of, i. 310
Verrucaria variolosa, structure and development of, i. 299, 300
Vibrissea, motions of the sporidia in, i. 292
Vibrios found in dust from Egypt, ii. 65 agents in the decomposition of organic matter, ii. 66, 67 difference between vibrios and mycoderms, ii. 66 extreme tenacity of life of the vibrios, ii. 67
Vine, fungus constituting the mildew of the, i. 295, 297
Vinegar plant, fungus producing the, i. 288
Virgularia juncea, ii. 129
Virgularia mirabilis, mode of reproduction of, ii. 129
Virgulariæ, structure and mode of reproduction of the, ii. 129
Vis viva, or impetus, i. 26, 27 heat generated by, i. 27 combustion, a case of, i. 30
319Vittarieæ, characters of the group, i. 356
Volatility of a compound, law of, i. 22
Voltaic battery, i. 31
Voltaic electricity. See Electricity
Volvocineæ, structure and reproduction of, i. 187, 189
Volvox globator, structure and development of, i. 189
Vorticella nebulifera, diversity of their reproductive powers, ii. 75, 76
Vorticellæ, structure of the, ii. 76 food of, and mode of taking it, ii. 76, 77 mode of reproduction of, ii. 77
Vulpinic acid, whence obtained, i. 303
W
Walking fern, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 352
Walnut, cause of blistered leaves of the, i. 291
Wasp, a West Indian, killed by fungi, i. 293, 294
Water almost impervious to heat, i. 36 proportions of oxygen and hydrogen in, i. 94 combination and decomposition of, i. 94 force of the chemical combination requisite to form a gallon of, from the combustion of the two gases, i. 97, 98 force required to freeze water, i. 98 amount of voltaic electricity required to separate a given quantity of water into hydrogen and oxygen, i. 101 the most common radicle in the inorganic and organic world, i. 107 the water of crystallization, and the effect of heat upon it, i. 108 production of aqueous solutions of organic and inorganic matter, i. 111 water secreted night and morning by plants, i. 429
Water-flea, arborescent, structure of the, ii. 208
Waterproofing, India rubber prepared for, i. 120
Wax, vegetable, formation of, i. 422, 423 functions of, i. 423
Wheat, probable causes of the rust and smut of, i. 281 Cordyceps on the ergot of, i. 293
Whelks, tongues of, ii. 239, 240
Wood-louse, or slater, structure of, ii. 202
Wood of trees, fibro-vascular bundles constituting the wood of, i. 173, 174 structure of, i. 408
Woodsia, structure of, i. 349
Woodsia ilvensis, structure and fructification of, i. 350
320Woodsieæ, or Peranemeæ, characters of the group, i. 350
Worms, or annulosa, characters of, ii. 144
Wormskioldia sanguinea, structure and habitat of, i. 239, 240
Wormwood, absorption of radiant heat by the perfume of, i. 44
Wrangelia penicillata, spores of, i. 237
Wrangeliaceæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 237
X
Xenodochus parodoxus, spores of, i. 276
Y
Yeast plant, i. 286, 288 yeast of beer, i. 287, 288 German yeast, i. 288
Yellow dye, obtained from aniline, i. 124
Yttrium, i. 4
Z
Zinc, i. 4 spectrum of volatilized zinc, i. 64 atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100 peroxide of, combination forming, i. 104 seleniate of, different forms assumed by, according to the temperature of the water united with, i. 107, 108
Zirconium, i. 4
Zonaria, structure of, i. 247
Zooids of Hydrozoa, ii. 88-90
Zoophytes, characters of, ii. 81 hydrozoa, ii. 81, 86 actinozoa, ii. 130 anthozoa, ii. 119 alcyon, ii. 119
Zoospores of Confervaceæ, i. 208
Zostera marina, or sea wrack, crimson fringe of the, i. 231 characters of the flowers of, i. 387
Zygnema quininum, mode of reproduction of, i. 217
Zygodesmus fuscus, spores of, i. 286
THE END.
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