SIOUAN ALPHABET.
Reading edition
[This is given to explain the pronunciation of the Indian words in the following paper]
a, as in father.
`a, an initially exploded a.
ă, as in what.
`ă, an initially exploded ă.
ä, as in hat.
c, as sh in she. See ś.
ᴐ, a medial sh, a sonant-surd.
ć (Dakota letter), as ch in church.
ç, as th in thin.
[ç], a medial ç, sonant-surd.
¢, as th in the.
e, as in they.
`e, an initially exploded e.
ě, as in get.
`ě, an initially exploded ě.
g, as in go.
ġ (in Dakota), gh. See x.
ḣ (in Dakota), kh, etc. See q.
i, as in machine.
`i, an initially exploded i.
ĭ, as in pin.
j, as z in azure, or as j in French Jacques.
ʞ, a medial k, a sonant-surd.
k', an exploded k.
ñ, as ng in sing.
hn, its initial sound is expelled from the nostrils, and is scarcely heard.
o, as in no.
`o, an initially exploded o.
[p], a medial b (or p), a sonant-surd.
p', an exploded p.
q, as German ch in ach. See ḣ.
[s], a medial s (or z), a sonant-surd.
ś (in Dakota), as sh in she. See c.
ʇ, a medial t, a sonant-surd.
t', an exploded t.
u, as oo in tool.
`u, an initially exploded u.
ŭ, as oo in foot.
ṵ, a sound between o and u.
ü, as in German kühl.
x, gh, or nearly the Arabic ghain. See ġ.
dj, as j in judge.
tc, as ch in church. See ć.
tc', an exploded tc.
ʇᴐ, a medial tᴐ, a sonant-surd.
ʇ[s], a medial ts, a sonant-surd.
ts', an exploded ts.
ź (in Dakota), as z in azure, etc. See j.
ai, as in aisle.
au, as ow in cow.
yu, as u in tune.
The following have the ordinary English sounds: b, d, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, w, y, and z. A superior n (n) after a vowel nasalizes it. A plus sign (+) after any letter prolongs it.
With the exception of the five letters taken from Riggs' Dakota Dictionary, and used only in the Dakota words in this paper, the above letters belong to the alphabet adopted by the Bureau of Ethnology.
CONTENTS.
Page.
Chapter I. 211
Early migrations of the ₵egiha tribes 211
Subsequent migrations of the Omahas 213
Present state of the Omahas 214
Chapter II.—The State 215
Differentiation of organs in the State 216
State classes 216
Servants 217
Corporations 218
Chapter III.—The Gentile System 219
Tribal circles 219
The Omaha tribal circle 219
Rules for pitching the tents 220
The sacred tents 221
The sacred pipes 221
Gahige's account of the tradition of the pipes 222
An-ba-hebe's account of the same 222
Law of membership 225
The Wejin cte or Elk gens 225
The Iñke-sabe or Black shoulder gens 228
The Hañga gens 233
The ₵atada gens 236
The Wasabe-hit`ajĭ subgens 236
The Wajiñga-¢atajĭ subgens 238
The [T]e[p]a-it`ajĭ subgens 239
The [K]eïn subgens 240
The Kanze gens 241
The Man¢iñka-gaxe gens 242
The [T]e-sinde gens 244
The [T]a-[p]a or Deer-head gens 245
The Iñg¢e-jide gens 247
The Ictasanda gens 248
Chapter IV.—The Kinship System and Marriage Laws 252
Classes of kinship 252
Consanguineous kinship 253
Affinities 255
Marriage laws 255
Whom a man or woman cannot marry 256
Whom a man or woman can marry 257
Importance of the subgentes 258
Remarriage 258
Chapter V.—Domestic Life 259
Courtship and marriage customs 259
Domestic etiquette—bashfulness 262
Pregnancy 263
Children 265
Standing of women in society 266
Catamenia 267
Widows and widowers 267
Rights of parents and others 268
Personal habits, politeness, etc. 269
Meals, etc. 271
Chapter VI.—Visiting Customs 276
The_calumet_dance 276
Chapter VII.—Industrial Occupations 283
Hunting customs 283
Fishing customs 301
Cultivation of the ground 302
Chapter VIII.—Industrial Occupations (continued) 303
Food and its preparation 303
Clothing and its preparation 310
Chapter IX.—Protective Industries 312
War customs 312
Defensive warfare 312
Offensive warfare 315
Chapter X.—Amusements and Corporations 334
Games 334
Corporations 342
Feasting societies 342
Dancing societies 342
Chapter XI.—Regulative Industries 356
The government 356
Religion 363
Chapter XII.—The Law 364
Personal law 364
Property law 366
Corporation law 367
Government law 367
International law 368
Military law 368
Religious law 368
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page.
Plate XXX.— Map showing the migrations of the Omahas and cognate tribes 212
XXXI.— Tent of Agaha-wacuce 237
XXXII.— Omaha system of consanguinities 253
XXXIII.— Omaha system of affinities 255
Fig. 12.— The Omaha tribal circle 220
13.— Places of the chiefs, &c., in the tribal assembly 224
14.— Iñke-sabe tent 230
15.— Iñke-sabe style of wearing the hair 230
16.— Iñke-sabe Gentile assembly 231
17.— The sacred pole 234
18.— Wasabe-hit`ajĭ style of wearing the hair 237
19.— [T]e-sinde style of wearing the hair 244
20.— The weawan or calumet pipe 277
21.— Rattles used in the pipe dance 278
22.— The Dakota style of tobacco pouch used by the Omahas in the pipe dance 278
23.— The position of the pipes, the ear of corn, &c. 279
24.— Decoration of child's face 280
25.— Showing positions of the long tent, the pole, and rows of "ʇa" within the tribal circle 295
26.— Figures of pumpkins 306
27.— The Webajab 310
28.— The Weubajan 311
29.— Front view of the iron 311
30.— Old Ponka fort 314
31.— Diagram showing places of the guests, messengers, etc. 315
32.— The banañge 336
33.— The sticks 336
34.— Nanan au hă 336
35.— ₵ab¢in au hă 337
36.— Diagram of the play-ground 337
37.— The stick used in playing [P]a¢in-jahe 338
38.— The wa¢igije 338
39.— The stick used in playing Intin-buʇa 341
40.— The waq¢eq¢e `ansa 352
41.— The Ponka style of hañga-ʞi`anze 359
42.— The Omaha style of hañga-ʞi`anze 361
OMAHA SOCIOLOGY. By J. Owen Dorsey.