Volume 5 — Replies.

MORAVIAN HYMNS. (Vol. v., pp. 30. 113.)

As no reply has been given to your various correspondents on the above subject by one of the Brethren's church, permit a friend to give a few particulars with which he has become acquainted.

The first authorised English edition of the Moravian hymn-book is that of 1754, in the preface to which it is stated, that though there had been some English Collections of Hymns, partly original, and partly translations from the German, in use among the societies in union with the Brethren's church, "these were never regularly authorised, nor always passably reviewed." This book is a bulky 8vo.: it is in two parts; the first consisting of 380 pages, and the second of upwards of 400; together containing about 1200 hymns and Scripture anthems. The next edition appeared in 1769; and a third twenty years later. There have been several editions during the present century, in 8vo., 12mo., and 18mo., the last of which was published in 1819; and the preface states that the whole of the hymns had been revised by "Brother James Montgomery" of Sheffield.

To the inquiry of C. B. as to the honesty of Rimius, I would refer him to an excellent essay by the Rev. P. Latrobe, appended to Jackson's translation of the Life of Count Zinzendorf, by Spangenberg. (London, 1838.)

The memory of your Thurles correspondent is at fault, as may be supposed, from a twenty-five years' recollection. Bishop Gambold could not have published a Moravian hymn-book in 1738, for he did not join the Brethren's church till November, 1742; nor was he consecrated a bishop till 1754.—See his Life, appended to his Works, printed by S. Hazard, of Bath, 1789.

When Southey's animadversions appeared, they were replied to by "William Okely, M.D., Presbyter of the Brethren's Church, and Minister of their Congregation at Bristol," in a letter written in a good-humoured style, yet caustic withal. Unfortunately, as long as Southey's work lasts the poison will remain, while the antidote will be forgotten. The Doctor observes:

"What could possibly induce you, with such ill-judged eagerness, to rake into the kennels of oblivion? Why do you exhibit among your authorities the publications of such a vile fellow as Rimius? Was you not informed that he wrote with all the rancour of a renegado, and all the spite of an enemy? Is such a man proper to be publicly called forth as a witness against a church which he had deserted from no excess of virtue; against a church which, yourself being judge, has, by its silent but honorable exertions, first glorified God among the heathen, and then stimulated the rest of the Christian world to engage in similar attempts; against a church which, according to your own representations, possesses in herself the rare principle of gradual melioration, and, by a constant course of good living, has, in the face of watchful enemies, been able to rise superior to the consequences of former acknowledged indiscretions in language? Did you know that those writings were sinking fast into deserved neglect? That the copies had become so rare, that it was scarcely possible to obtain one? What merit, I ask you, is there in such publications, that you should thus studiously fish them out of the mud which was already closing over them, and after carefully scraping off the filth and mould which they had contracted, spread over them a coating of your own poetical varnish?

— — —

"What motive shall we assign for your conduct? You could not have intended to warn the Christian world against indulging in similar imprudences; for you well know that in the present day, society has not the smallest tendency that way. You could not mean to warn the Brethren against the recurrence of the same absurdities; for you acknowledge yourself that they have already for a long period risen superior to them; and instead of the least tendency to relapse, they have repeatedly and publicly confessed their mistake, and have suffered so much, and such often unmerited obloquy, on account of their long-exploded phraseology, that they are more likely in future to keep too far within bounds from over caution, than once more wildly to overleap them.

— — —

"The only way to account for your conduct in this respect, is to suppose it owing entirely to inadvertence. You were merely amusing yourself, like the boys in the fable, unmindful that your sport might perhaps prove death to a set of poor frogs. But ought you not to have remembered the golden rule of Christ, never to do unto others what you would not choose to have done to yourself? Are you not still smarting under the blows you so lately received from the battle-axe of Wat Tyler? Believe me, sir, communities have feeling as well as individuals. In the days of your ignorance, as you will now call them, you wrote what you are at present ashamed of. To have composed Wat Tyler, you feel to be little congenial with the spirit that ought to dwell in a poet-laureate. When that unfortunate effusion of your pen was officiously dragged into light, did it not touch you to the quick? And why? Because you repented that you had ever written it. We repent of having written and said those things which occasioned Rimius' trumpet to sound. We have repeatedly declared that we do repent, and our conduct has proved the truth of our declaration. Must we not, therefore, feel pain at seeing our old delinquencies, long forgiven and forgotten, once more coupled with our name by a man of your respectable character and abilities? Is not the pain we feel the very impress of what you have felt, and still feel, on the score of Wat Tyler?"

From a Pamphlet printed at Bristol, 1820.

SIGMA.

ARCHAIC AND PROVINCIAL WORDS. (Vol. v., p. 173.)

In pursuance of my recommendation I now send to "N. & Q." the following provincial and technical words, as taken from the published evidence given before the coroner at the inquest on the Holmefirth catastrophe. Technical names have been there used, which are either strange or unknown even to many engineers, and which no dictionary that I am acquainted with contains. The inquiry is, however, one of such general interest at this time, as connected with the recent fearful loss of life, and enormous destruction of property, that I also give some words, the meaning of which is not so obscure. The names of the reservoir which was bursted, and of the village which suffered most damage, may be taken first.

Bilberry Reservoir: Bilberry is the local name of a berry growing on a heath shrub; a species of Vacci'nium: the genus consists of about fifty species. This berry, in England, is known as wimberry, blueberry, blaeberry, blae, whortleberry, whort and huckleberry; Saxon—heort-berg, hartberry; German—heidel-beere, heathberry; Dutch—blaauwbes, blueberry. The reservoir, no doubt, covered a site on which Vacci'nium Myrtillus, the common bilberries, grew.

Holmefirth: this name may be from holm, the Ilex, the evergreen oak; or holm, a tract of flat rich land on the bank of a brook or river. Frith, a passage or narrow channel; or frith, a kind of "weir" for catching fish.

Greenhowlers: the name of a place where one of the witnesses resides. Howler, or Owler, Alnus glutinosa, the common alder, a tree or shrub growing in damp places, in plantations and hedges, mistaken by the ignorant for the hazel. To send a boy "nutting amongst the howlers," is to put him upon a fool's task. This word is common in Lancashire and Yorkshire.

Fall is applied to a number of trees cut down.

Fresh: a flood of water from heavy rain.

Drift: a small tunnel made for mining or engineering purposes.

Drift, in mechanics, a piece of steel or iron used to back a bolt, or to widen a bolt-hole.

Dyke: a small water-course or river.

Dyke, in geology, a protruded wall of basalt or whin rock.

Goit: a small artificial water-course leading to a mill or reservoir.

Runs: small dykes.

Bye-wash: an artificial water-course, to allow of the escape of flood waters from a reservoir.

Rag: a term for shale. In geology, thin-bedded, slaty strata.

Sludge or Sludgy: mud or muddy.

Puddle: prepared clay, tempered to form a wall in a reservoir bank, or a lining to resist water.

Puddle-bank, Puddle-wall, and Puddle-dyke mean the same.

Culvert, Sewer, and Sough mean almost the same; an arched channel of stone or brick for water or refuse to pass through. The first belongs more properly to water-works; the two latter are synonyms applied to town drainage, "Sough" being Lancashire.

Shuttle, Sluice, Valve, Clough, Paddle: these five names are synonyms; they mean that portion of the apparatus which slides, or is drawn up and let down, to inclose or let out the water of an artificial stream or reservoir.

Swallow: the inner portion of the culvert, or the throat which leads from the inner side of the reservoir to the "shuttle," the outer portion being the supply-culvert.

Valve: an apparatus to retain or let out water, steam, &c. A valve may slide as the shuttle, paddle, or sluice must do; or it may rise with a spindle, vertically, as in the safety-valve of a steam boiler; or may move on spindles or a hinge, as in some large pumps; or be in the form of a ball, and play loose in a case, as in a fire-engine pump: there are other forms of valves. Throttle-valve, a valve fixed in the steam-pipe of an engine, to which the governor is attached, to throttle or reduce the supply of steam to the cylinder. In some engines, as the locomotive, there is no governor motion, and the throttle-valve is consequently used by hand.

Waste-pit: a vertical pit or well, leading from the "overflow" on the embankment into the supply; or, in this case, the "waste culvert."

Drawer: the man employed to draw water from the reservoir by raising the "shuttle."

Such is a brief explanation of some of the provincial and technical words used in the Holmefirth inquiry; and I think some of the readers of "N. & Q." will have a right to say that a process of desynonymising is required. So many names for the same thing, unless they are all understood, generally lead to confusion.

ROBERT RAWLINSON.

In the neighbourhood of Canterbury we have the following.

Nail-bourn is the name given to an intermittent land-spring, showing itself at uncertain intervals. There is one in the parish of Petham, another near Sir John Honywood's at Evington, and a third at Barham.

To chastise is commonly used in the sense of to tax, or to charge, a man; and is probably a mere corruption of to catechise.

Gazel is the Kentish word for the black currant.

To get lucker means to get loose or flabby.

To terrify is used almost universally for to tease, to irritate.

Φ.

I beg to forward for "N. & Q.," according to the suggestion of MR. RAWLINSON, a few provincialisms. I know not whether my orthography is correct, as I have never seen the words written, and therefore only spell them according to the sound.

Critch (Hants): any earthenware vessel; a jar.

Dillijon: a heavy two-wheeled cart. This word's similarity to the French diligence is apparent. I have only heard it at Fullerton, a secluded spot in Hampshire.

Rattlemice:[3] bats.

Scug[4] (Hants): a squirrel. "Let's go scug-hunting" is a common phrase.

Yesses (Dorsetshire): earth-worms.

UNICORN.

MACARONIC POETRY. (Vol. v., p. 166.)

In the "Notes on Books" references are made to Mr. Sandys' Specimens of Macaronic Poetry, and to M. Octave Delepierre's Macaronéana. This latter work I have not yet seen, but if it does not contain the following specimen which I recollect reading many years ago in a costly work, Wild Sports of the East, but which I have not since seen, I think its insertion may amuse the readers of "N. & Q.":

These verses I have dictated from memory after forty years, and there may be some verbal inaccuracies. The name of "Tippoo" seems to point out their Eastern origin, but I am not certain of the exact title of the work from which I quote them, and I am indebted to "N. & Q." for the name of Mr. Sandys as the author of Specimens of Macaronic Poems. In my copy there is no indication of the author. Was there a second edition?

JAMES CORNISH.

YOUNG'S "NARCISSA." (Vol. iii., p. 422.)

The inquiry by J. M. relative to the authority possessed by the letter quoted from the Evangelical Magazine for Nov. 1797, may be fairly answered by a reference to the letter in the magazine alluded to.

It is appended as a note to a "Memoir of the late Mr. Mouncher of Southampton, written by the Rev. Mr. Kingsbury." The letter itself was written from Montpellier in 1789, by Mr. Walter Taylor to his sister Mrs. Mouncher; and, from the position of all those parties, would appear to be deserving of credit as far as it goes.

It shows that Mr. W. Taylor, and others, conversed with the gardener of the "King's Garden;" and from him (son of the former gardener) heard that about forty-five years before Dr. Young had bribed the then under-gardener to allow him to bury "Narcissa," and would thus prove that the tradition existed at that time at Montpellier.

There is also in a retired part of the Botanic Garden (established by Henry IV.) a stone bearing an inscription to "Narcissa," as mentioned in Murray's Hand-Book, placed there probably in consequence of that tradition. Moreover, it is believed, in the family of a gentleman of Montpellier, that his maternal grandfather saw Dr. Young and his step-daughter at Montpellier about the year 1741; that the lady died there, and was buried, as is stated, in the garden; that however it was not Mrs. Temple, but a younger sister of hers.

It appears from records in this country, that Lady Elizabeth Lee, by her first marriage, had one son and two daughters. The son was buried at St. Mary's-le-Strand in 1743; the elder daughter married Henry Temple, son of Viscount Palmerston, and it appears died in France (perhaps at Lyons) in 1736; the younger, Caroline, married Captain, afterwards General Haviland, and died without issue. The General died at Penn in Buckinghamshire in 1784; but no record relating to his first wife, Miss Caroline Lee, is to be found there.

Such record, if found in any parish in England, would greatly tend to decide the question. Possibly some correspondent may be in a position to ascertain whether such record exists.

Lady Elizabeth had by her marriage with Dr. Young, a son only; it could not, therefore, be a daughter of Young's who died at Montpellier.

D. S.

DULCARNON. (Vol. i., p. 254.; Vol. v., p. 180.)

Why this word should have "set all editors of Chaucer at defiance" is not very apparent, for he himself sufficiently explains its meaning by the context. The passage in which it occurs is in Troylus and Creseyde, b. iii. 931. seq. thus:

Now Speght, in his Glossary to the edition of 1602, says:

"Dulcarnon is a proposition in Euclide, lib. i. theorem 33. propos. 47., which was found out by Pythagoras after an whole yeeres study, and much beating of his brayne. In thankfulnes whereof he sacrificed an oxe to the gods; which sacrifice he called Dulcarnon. Alexander Neckham, an ancient writer, in his booke De Naturis rerum, compoundeth this word of Dulia and Caro, and will have Dulcarnon to be quasi sacrificium carnis. Chaucer aptly applieth it to Creseide in this place: showing that she was as much amazed how to answer Troilus, as Pythagoras was wearied to bring his desire to effect."

Master Speght is somewhat in error in his solution: let us hear another expositor. I have mentioned in your pages the existence of a translation into rhymed Latin verse of the whole of Chaucer's Troilus, with a copious commentary by Sir Francis Kynaston; and I may now add, for Mr. Lang's satisfaction, that it is penes me. The following note there occurs on this word:

"Dulcarnon, &c. By this exposition, which Pandarus makes of the word Dulcarnon, it is plaine that Chaucer sets it downe here as a worde in use in his time, and such a one as the logicians do call (being a word of no significant sense) vox significans ad placitum, as in English twittle twattle, fiddle faddle, quibling and conundrums, and the like. So Dulcarnon in those times was a word of the same signification as we at this day do use nonplus; as we say by a scholler that is apposed and cannot answer any further, that he is put to a nonplus, a phrase derived from Hercules' motto written upon the two great Gaditane pillars set on either side the Straights of Gibraltar: which Hercules constituted as the end of the world with these words, NON PLUS ULTRA: meaning that no man ever did or could go further than those pillars. For Neckham's far-fetch'd criticisme in deriving the etymologie of the word Dulcarnon from the Greeke word Doulia, and the Latine word Carnium, that is, the service of flesh, which Euclide sacrificed for joy of the invention of a probleme which he demonstrated, [and] on which he had long studied, [it] is in my minde quite from the purpose."

The usual explanation, with a reference to Chaucer, will be found in Blount's Glossographia, and in Philips's World of Words, as well as in the folio edition of Bailey's Dictionary, where it is well defined "to be nonplussed, to be at one's wit's end."

Mr. Inglis's note to his translation of Richard de Bury's Philobiblion, which is taken from Billingsley, points out the connexion between the words Ellefuga and Dulcarnon, which, as he says, "have been a pons asinorum to some good Grecians." The reason will appear to have been that the words were derived from the Arabic, and not from the Greek, according to Dr. Adam Littleton:

"Dulcarnon, i.e. bicorne, cornutum, à figura sic dicta. A hard proposition in Euclid, l. 1. prop. 47. So called in Arabic, and used by old English writers for any hard question or point. DILEMMA, PROBLEMA."

So that to be at Dulcarnon may be said to be on the horns of a dilemma.

S. W. SINGER.

I cannot see the great difficulty which Mr. Halliwell and your correspondents perceive in the use of this word. Of course they are aware, that Iscander Dulcarnein (Alexander Bicornis) is Alexander the Great, the same name being also fabulously ascribed to a far more ancient and imaginary king; and that the æra of Dulcarnein (or Macedonian æra) is well known in Eastern chronology. There is therefore no doubt about the word, only about its application. Why did the name of this king stand for our Coventry or Jericho, a place to which the people are flemed or banished?

Because Dulcarnein built the famous iron walls of Jajuge and Majuge, within which Gog and Magog are confined until the latter days of the world; when God shall reduce the wall to dust, and set free the captive nations (Koran, cap. xviii.). Sending to Dulcarnein is merely an ellipsis of the person for his place, i.e. for the rampart of Dulcarnein. Certainly no men can be more effectually flemed than Gog and Magog were.

But as to the point of being "at one's wits end," no one can be so little conversant with human affairs as the inmates of the iron wall. Knowledge depends much on place. So sailors say, "he has been before."

I have only an uncommented text of Chaucer. But I cannot understand his editors allowing this word to "set them at defiance."

A. N.

ST. GEORGE HERALDICAL MSS. (Vol. v., pp. 59. 135.)

It seems to be of so much importance to ascertain the safety of these manuscripts, that M—N. trusts he need not apologise for stating in "N. & Q." the result thus far of his inquiry after their present ownership. In consequence of the recommendation of E. A. G. (Vol. v., p. 135.), Sir Edward Tierney has been applied to, but he unfortunately knows nothing of their fate, suggesting, however, a reference to Mr. Woodgate, who was concerned as solicitor at the time of the sale. Mr. Woodgate has been written to, and states that the manuscripts were sold with the other effects of Lord Egmont, but he knows not to whom; he mentions Mr. Braithwaite as the auctioneer. To apply to Mr. Braithwaite would be only carrying the inquiry round in a circle, for twenty years ago, as was stated at page 59, no satisfactory information could be gained there. All, therefore, that remains is to place on record in this useful journal the fact of the disappearance of these manuscripts, in the hopes that some one of its numerous readers may be able now or hereafter to give some account of their existence. When it is recollected that the only copies of many of the latest visitations were among these collections, and that the latter portion of the seventeenth century, to which these visitations refer, is exactly that period in which genealogists, from many causes, find the connexion of pedigrees the most difficult, the discovery of their fate is not without its interest.

M—N.

Noble's account of the sale of these MSS., after the death of Garter in 1715, is as follows:

"Mr. Bridges of Herefordshire, his executor, obtaining possession of the heraldic books which Garter had in his house, never returned them to the College; they were very numerous and valuable, being some of the original visitations, taken by or under the authority of the St. Georges. With these also were many of Camden's books. These original documents were scandalously sold by Messrs. Wynne and Gregory [sons-in-law of Sir Henry St. George] to Thomas Percival, Earl of Egmont, a great lover of genealogical studies, who gave for them 500l.: they are now possessed by that nobleman's grandson, John-James, the present Earl of Egmont."—Hist. Coll. Arms, p. 353. 4to. 1804.

This statement has led to the inference, that the whole of St. George's MSS. were disposed of to Lord Egmont; but the fact is otherwise, for by far the most valuable portion of them was subsequently in the hands of Thomas Osborne, the well-known bookseller of Gray's Inn; who printed a list of them, with an index of the pedigrees, in his catalogue entitled:

"A Catalogue of several valuable Libraries of Books and MSS. &c. To which is prefixed a Genealogical Library in above Two hundred Manuscript Volumes in folio, &c. Collected and augmented by the late Sir Henry St. George, Knt., Garter King of Arms, and his ancestors, in the office of Arms, for above these hundred years past. To begin to be sold, 27 November, 1738."

These MSS. are 216 in number, and many of them are at present in the British Museum, in the Lansdowne Collection of MSS. Osborne reprinted this list in his next catalogue for February 1738/9, entitled:

"An Extensive and Curious Catalogue of valuable Books and MSS. in all Languages, &c., including a very large Collection of Curious Genealogical Tracts," &c.

After the MSS., which occupy pp. 68-92., is an "Appendix," consisting of thirty-three pedigree rolls, chiefly on vellum, which also belonged to St. George.

To conclude with a Query, may I ask, if any complete list of Osborne's Catalogues can be obtained previous to 1756, when the list in Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, vol. iii., begins?

μ.

STERNE IN PARIS. (Vol. v., p. 105.)

I inclose a copy of an autograph letter of Sterne's written when at Paris. It is very interesting, and is not contained among his published letters. Some few words are illegible, and several of the proper names may be inaccurately copied.

"Paris, March 15, 1762.

"My Dear,—Having an opportunity of writing by a physician, who is posting off for London to-day, I would not omit doing it, though you will possibly receive a letter (which is gone from hence last post) at the very same time. I send to Mr. Foley's every mail-day, to inquire for a letter from you; and if I do not get one in a post or two, I shall be greatly surprised and disappointed. A terrible fire happened here last night, the whole fair of St. Germain's burned to the ground in a few hours; and hundreds of unhappy people are now going crying along the streets, ruined totally by it. This fair of St. Germain's is built upon a spot of ground covered and tiled, as large as the Minster Yard, entirely of wood, divided into shops, and formed into little streets, like a town in miniature. All the artizans in the kingdom come with their wares—jewellers, silversmiths,—and have free leave from all parts of the world to profit by general licence from the Carnival to Easter. They compute the loss at six millions of livres, which these poor creatures have sustained, not one of which have saved a single shilling, and many fled out in their shirts, and have not only lost their goods and merchandize, but all the money they have been taking these six weeks. Oh! ces moments de malheur sont terribles, said my barber to me, as he was shaving me this morning; and the good-natured fellow uttered it with so moving an accent, that I could have found in my heart to have cried over the perishable and uncertain tenure of every good in this life.

"I have been three mornings together to hear a celebrated pulpit orator near me, one Père Clement, who delights me much; the parish pays him 600 livres for a dozen sermons this Lent; he is K. Stanislas's preacher—most excellent indeed! his matter solid, and to the purpose; his manner, more than theatrical, and greater, both in his action and delivery, than Madame Clairon, who, you must know, is the Garrick of the stage here; he has infinite variety, and keeps up the attention by it wonderfully; his pulpit, oblong, with three seats in it, into which he occasionally casts himself; goes on, then rises, by a gradation of four steps, each of which he profits by, as his discourse inclines him: in short, 'tis a stage, and the variety of his tones would make you imagine there were no less than five or six actors on it together.

"I was last night at Baron de Bagg's concert; it was very fine, both music and company; and to-night I go to the Prince of Conti's. There is a Monsieur Popignière, who lives here like sovereign prince; keeps a company of musicians always in his house, and a full set of players; and gives concerts and plays alternately to the grandees of this metropolis; he is the richest of all the farmer...; he did me the honour last night to send me an invitation to his house, while I stayed here—that is, to his music and table.

"I suppose you had terrible snows in Yorkshire, from the accounts I read in the London papers. There has been no snow here, but the weather has been sharp; and was I to be all the day in my room, I could not keep myself warm for a shilling a day. This is an expensive article to great houses here—'tis most pleasant and most healthy firing; I shall never bear coals I fear again; and if I can get wood at Coswold, I will always have a little. I hope Lydia is better, and not worse, and that I shall hear the same account of you. I hope my Lydia goes on with her French; I speak it fast and fluent, but incorrect both in accent and phrase; but the French tell me I speak it most surprisingly well for the time. In six weeks I shall get over all difficulties, having got over one of the worst, which is to understand whatever is said by others, which I own I found much trouble in at first.

"My love to my Lyd——. I have got a colour into my face now, though I came with no more than there is in a dishclout.

"I am your affectionate

"L. STERNE.

"For Mrs. Sterne at York."

H. A. B.

A letter from Sterne, dated Paris, May 19, 1764, giving an account of his mode of life there, and other notices of him in France, are to be found in a small tract, Seven Letters written by Sterne and his Friends, hitherto unpublished, edited by William Durrant Cooper, 1844.

M. T. R.

Though not cotemporary, there are some lively notices of Sterne's journey to France in the London Magazine for 1825, pp. 38. 387.

COWGILL.

Replies to Minor Queries.

Collar of Esses.

—As an original subscriber, and the first Querist who opened the vexata questio of Collar of Esses, I shall perhaps be doing you a kind service, Mr. Editor, if I may be allowed to step forward once more as moderator between the disputants, as I did (Vol. ii., p. 394.) between ARMIGER and a much respected correspondent.

There may be some excuse for H. B. as he confesses (Vol. v., p. 182.) himself to be freshman in the pages of "N. & Q.;" and therefore he is a stranger to the tone of courtesy and good humour which are so essential to the prosperity, maintenance, and extension of your very useful periodical. A little more experience in his readings, and less of self-opiniatedness, would have spared him the severe but merited remarks of MR. L. EVANS (Vol. v., p. 207.).

As of old all writers were wont to consider their readers most courteous, so let those who write for your pages reverse this rule—and then there will be nothing contrary to such a tone, to the injury of "N. & Q."

S. S.

Quid est Episcopus (Vol. v., p. 177.).

—This passage does not, as X. G. X. thinks, come from Irenæus, but from St. Austin. I find the reference to it in Bingham's Antiquities (vol. i. p. 72. ed. 1843), where the whole passage is thus quoted at the foot of the page:

"Quid est episcopus, nisi primus presbyter, id est, summus sacerdos?"—Aug. Quæst. Vet. et N. Test. c. ci.

F. A.

Paper-making in England (Vol. v., p. 83.).

—I do not pretend to know anything of the history of paper-making; but it may be well to send you a passage from Fuller's Worthies (Vol. i. p. 224., ed. Nuttall), which lately fell in my way:

"Paper is entered as a manufacture of this county [Cambridgeshire], because there are mills nigh Sturbridge fair, where paper was made in the memory of our fathers. Pity the making thereof is disused: considering the vast sums yearly expended in our land for paper out of Italy, France, and Germany, which might be lessened, were it made in our nation."

J. C. R.

"Mother Damnable" (Vol. v., p. 151.).

—The real name of this shrew does not appear to have reached posterity, but she gave rise to the sign of Mother Red-cap on the Hampstead Road, A.D. 1676, and was probably the person represented on that sign; to her portrait, which may be found in a book published by "Arnett, Westminster, 1819," entitled Portraits and Lives of Remarkable and Eccentric Characters, are annexed the following lines:

JAMES CORNISH.

Miniature of Cromwell (Vol. v., p. 189.).

—At the last meeting of the Society of Scottish Antiquaries, a curious jewel, belonging to the Earl of Leven, and entailed in his lordship's family, was exhibited by the Hon. Leslie Melville. It is believed to have been transmitted by the Speaker of the House of Commons to the Earl of Leven on the occasion of the surrender of Charles I., when the earl was in command of the army at Newark. The jewel encloses a beautiful little miniature of Oliver Cromwell.

E. N.

Etymology of Church (Vol. v., p. 79.).

—Gieseler, in his Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte, vol. i., p. 1. ed. 4., says that the word kirche (and consequently church) is most probably derived from τὸ κυριακόν. In support of this opinion, he quotes Walafrid Strabo, who wrote about A.D. 840:

"Si autem quæritur qua occasione ad vos vestigia hæc Græcitatis advenerint, dicendum—præcipue a Gothis, cum eo tempore quo ad fidem Christianam, licet non recto itinere [i.e. by means of Arianism], perducti sunt, in Græcorum provinciis commorantes, nostrum, i.e. theotiscum, sermonem habuerint."

He adds that Ulphilas is evidence for the general adoption of Greek ecclesiastical terms by the Goths; and he confirms the idea of a Greek derivation by the remark that derivatives of κυριακόν occur, not only in the Teutonic languages, but in those of the Sclavonic nations, whose conversion proceeded from Greece. Thus, the Bohemian word is cyrkew, the Russian zerkow, the Polish cerkiew. The use of derivatives of ecclesia (which I would remind MR. STEPHENS is also originally Greek) in the Roman languages, no doubt arises from the circumstance that that word had been adopted into Latin, whereas the other had not.

J. C. R.

The Königsmarks (Vol. v., pp. 78. 115. 183.).

—It is certain from the State Trials, ix. 31., that Count Charles John Königsmark, the murderer of Mr. Thynn, was the elder of the two brothers; for it appeared on the trial that the younger, Philip Christopher (a dozen years later the gallant of the young Princess of Hanover), was at that time a youth still under the care of a travelling tutor, who was examined on the trial. This is stated in the Quarterly Review, art. "Lexington Papers," to which inquirers had been already referred (Vol. v., p. 115.). I am a little at a loss to account for J. R. J.'s distribution of his epithets; he calls the case of the elder brother "mysterious," and that of the second "well-known," when in truth the former case is, and has been well-known these hundred and fifty years. Whereas the second case was so long a mystery that it was nowhere told but in a corner of Horace Walpole's Reminiscences, and he was mistaken as to the identity of the victim,—a mistake but recently cleared up. I believe, too, that until the discovery of the Lexington Papers, no one altogether believed the story; and the minuter details of the case, such as by whose order, and how, and when and where the deed was done, and how and where the body was disposed of, are still so far mysterious that Walpole's Reminiscences and the Princess's own notes differ essentially on all those points.

C.

L'Homme de 1400 Ans (Vol. v., p 175.).

—I have not immediate means of access to the French work referred to in No. 121. of "N. & Q.," and therefore do not know how far the personage there alluded to is described as "imaginary;" but it appears to me that Cagliostro may have intended reference to his great friend and predecessor in Rosicrucian philosophy, the Count de St. Germain. This arch-impostor, who attained no small celebrity at the court of Louis XV., pretended to be possessed of the elixir of life, by means of which he had prolonged his existence from a period which he varied according to the supposed credulity of his audience; at one time carrying back the date of his birth to the commencement of the Christian Era, at others being content to assume an antiquity of a few centuries, being assisted in his imposture by a most accurate memory of the history of the times, the events of which he related, and also by an able accomplice who attended him as a servant. On one occasion, when describing at a dinner table a circumstance which had occurred at the court of "his friend Richard I. of England," he appealed to his attendant valet for the confirmation of his story, who, with the greatest coolness replied: "You forget, Sir, I have only been 500 years in your service." "True," said his master, "it was a little before your time." The origin of this able charlatan, of whom many other amusing stories are related, is not known. He was sometimes thought, from the Jewish cast of his features, to be the "wandering Jew;" while others reported that he was the son of an Arabian princess, and that his father was a Salamander.

E. H. Y.

Close of the Wady Mokatteb Question (Vol. iv., p. 481.; Vol. v., pp. 31. 87. 159., &c.).

—I should not have said another word on the above question, had not DR. TODD seen fit to give a somewhat different turn to the criticism on Num. xi. 26. As it is, I must beg space to say, that it is the learned whose attention I solicit to examine the value of our respective criticisms, and not that of the unlearned, as DR. TODD intimates. I do not think that there are many regular readers of the "N. & Q." who can be classed amongst the unlearned. To the judgment of the learned, therefore, I now resign this protracted disquisition.

MOSES MARGOLIOUTH.

Was Queen Elizabeth dark or fair? (Vol. v., p. 201.).

—Paul Hentzner, who was presented to Queen Elizabeth at the palace of Greenwich, describes her majesty, who was then in her sixty-fifth year, as "very majestic; her face oblong, fair, but wrinkled; her eyes small, yet black and pleasant. She wore false hair, and that red." Delaroche, however, in his well-known picture at the Luxembourg, has given her a very swarthy complexion.

Query: What was the celebrated Lunebourg table, of some of the gold of which, according to Hentzner, a small crown which she wore was reported to be made?

H. C.

Workington.

Meaning of Knarres (Vol. v., p. 200.).

—A knare is a knot or lump, "knarry, stubby, knotty" (Coles's Dictionary, 1717). It was, no doubt, as J. BR. says, sometimes written gnare; and in that form is the root of Shakspeare's "gnarled (or knotty) oak." In Norfolk and Suffolk, small plantations—not "scrubby woods"—are called carrs, as J. BR. states, but certainly not from knare, but, as I rather think, from their square shape, carré. Those that I am acquainted with in those counties are generally of that form, and look like plantations made on purpose for game. When you hear a carr mentioned in those counties, you always think of a pheasants' preserve. I know not whether the same word and meaning extend inland. Nor do I think that knare has any affinity with snare.

C.

In reply to your correspondent's Query, I beg to submit the following, which may prove of utility in tracing out the meaning of the word, viz.:—Forby's Glossary by Turner, vol. i. p. 56., thus has it:

"CAR, s. a wood or grove on a moist soil, generally of alders."

We have them in this country; also the term "osier-cars."

In Kersey's English Dictionary, 1708, we have thus:

"GNAR or GNUR, a hard knot in wood."

In Bailey's Dictionary, 1753, we have it thus:

"GNARR [Knorre, Teutonic], a hard knot in a tree.—Chaucer."

May it not thus mean a knot or clump of trees?

It is also allied to quarry, from the French carré, which signifies a bed, not only for digging stones for building purposes, but also as they are sometimes called, osier-beds, alder-beds.

The towns "Narborough" and "Narford" in Norfolk are so called from their being situated on the river "Nar;" the one a city or town on the river; and the other being, by means of a ford, originally over it. Both were originally written Nere as the prefix.

J. N. C.

Cheap Maps (Vol. v., p. 174.).

—PATERFAMILIÆ is informed that a good and not expensive map of Borneo has been recently published by Augustus Petermann; and a section of the Isthmus of Panama, showing the railway from Chargres to Panama, may be had of the Admiralty agent for a few pence.

NORTHMAN.

English Free Towns (Vol. v., pp. 150. 206.).

—A short ride from Oxford will take your correspondent J. H. PARKER to one or two market towns in Berks, answering to the description given of the French Villes Anglaises. Wokingham will afford an illustration somewhat resembling Winchelsea; the town is of triangular form, the streets meeting in a central area, which contains a quaint old market-house: it is within the prescribed limits of Windsor Forest, and the Forest Courts were formerly held there—the charter of incorporation has existed from time immemorial.

KT.

Sir Alexander Cumming and the Cherokees.

—There is a Query by S. S. (Vol. iii., p. 39.) about Sir Alexander Cumming and the Cherokees, which I do not think has yet had any reply. Vol. iii., p. 152., a replyist refers to a work in which is an autobiography of the baronet. I have not had an opportunity to refer to that, but I suspect it would not meet the question, as Sir Alexander Cumming of Coulter, who was created a Nova Scotia baronet 1695, and Alexander Cumming, the King of the Cherokees, were diverse persons. The last died in 1775, and according to Lysons was buried at East Barnet. At vol. iv. p. 20., under Barnet, Lysons gives the following account bearing on the Cherokees:

"In 1729 he (Cumming) was induced, by a dream of Lady Cumming's, to undertake a voyage to America, for the purpose of visiting the Cherokee nations. He left England on the 13th of September, and arrived at Charlestown on the 5th of December. On the 11th of March following he set out for the Indians' country; on the 3rd of April, 1730, he was crowned commander and chief ruler of the Cherokee nations, in a general meeting of chiefs at Nequisee among the mountains; he returned to Charlestown the 13th of April with six Indian chiefs, and on the 5th of June arrived at Dover; on the 18th he presented the chiefs to George II. at Windsor, where he laid his crown at his Majesty's feet; the chiefs also did homage, laying four scalps at the king's feet, to show that they were an overmatch for their enemies, and five eagles' tails as emblems of victory. These circumstances are confirmed by the newspapers of that time, which are full of the proceedings of the Cherokees whilst in England, and speak of them as brought over by Sir Alexander Cumming. Their portraits were engraved on a single sheet. In 1766 Archbishop Secker appointed him one of the pensioners in the Charter-House, where he died at a very advanced age."

His son, who succeeded him in the title, became deranged in his intellects, and died about three years ago, in a state of indigence, in the neighbourhood of Red Lion Street, Whitechapel. He had been a captain in the army: the title became extinct at his death.

C. G.

Junius (Vol. iii., p. 411.; Vol. v., p. 159.).

—As in No. 120. J. R. assumes the acrimonious bearing of M. J. in No. 82., I am induced to refer to the stale, flat, and unprofitable question of the authenticity of the Letters of Junius. If those gentlemen will refer to No. 82., p. 412., fifth line from the bottom, and read "who once" for "and once," they will find any acrimony unnecessary; and that the use of the word "and" was an accidental error. This useless riddle has occupied too much of the time of able and of idle men, on what is, moreover, a worthless subject. Dr. Johnson, in his paper on the "Falkland Islands," has given a severe but just criticism on Junius, and truly says, that most readers mistake the "venom of the shaft for the vigour of the bow." Junius has laid down no great principle, illustrated no political truth, nor given any clear and irrefutable proof of contemporaneous history. To attribute reprehensible motives always shows lowness and vulgarity of mind. Junius gives one the idea of a democratic ruff mounted on stilts going, from natural predilection, through the mud and dirt, and splashing it wantonly, so as to bespatter and annoy a few, and to excite the attention and surprise of many; but never to produce a conviction of being just and true on any one.—Requiescat in pace.

ÆGROTUS.

Hell-Rake (Vol. v., p. 162.).

—The explanation given by J. SANSOM of the Devonian use of the term helling or heleing, signifying the roof or covering of a church, corresponds to the Midland meaning of the word hilling, s. bed-clothes or coverlet: "She has got no hilling at all." Ger. Hüllen, to wrap one's self up; Saxon, hilan. In Warwickshire used for the covers of a book: "It is the hilling which makes it so expensive." Hilled, p. hilled up, i.e. covered with bed-clothes. Leicestershire is particularly rich in quaint phrases and proverbs.

In Leicestershire it is common for the wives of farmers to style their husbands "the Master," and husbands to call their wives "Mamy;" and a labourer will often distinguish his wife by the title of "the O'man." There are people now living who remember the time when Goody and Dame, "Gaffer" and "Gammer," were in vogue among the peasantry.

KT.

Ambassadors addressed as Peers (Vol. v., p. 213.).

—I must leave you to judge whether a reference to Howell's Familiar Letters is likely to be new to your correspondent MR. J. G. NICHOLS, or of any service to him in his inquiry on this subject. His note reminded me that Howell had respectfully used the words "My Lord," and "Your Lordship," apparently in the modern sense of "Your Excellency," in his letters to the Right Hon. Sir Peter Wichts, and to the Right Hon. Sir Sackvill Crow, ambassadors at Constantinople. See Howell's Familiar Letters, Part I. Letters 115. 130.; Part II. Letters 18. 27.

C. FORBES.

Temple.

Red Book of the Irish Exchequer (Vol. iii., p. 6.).

—J. F. F. may find some information in Mr. Mason's description of the sketch in the 13th vol. of the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy.

R. H.

Yankee, Derivation of (Vol. iii., pp. 260. 437. 461.).

—I send you a Note on the etymology of this word, which I do not see noticed by any of your correspondents:

"When the New England Colonies were first settled, the inhabitants were obliged to fight their way against many nations of Indians. They found but little difficulty in subduing them all except one tribe, who were known by the name of Yankoos, which signifies invincible. After the waste of much blood and treasure, the Yankoos were at last subdued by the New Englandmen. The remains of this nation (agreeable to the Indian custom) transferred their name to their conquerors. For a while they were called Yankoos; but from a corruption, common to names in all languages, they got through time the name of Yankee."—New York Gazetteer, June 1, 1775.

R. H.

Indian Jugglers; Ballad of Ashwell Thorp (Vol. iv., p. 472.).

—The correspondent who inquires about the Indian jugglers' trick of "growing a mango," is referred to Blomfield's History of Norfork, vol. v. p. 155. (8vo edition), where he will find a curious song, called the "Ballad of Ashwell Thorp," (said to be made in Sir Thomas Knevet's time, who was Sheriff of Norfolk in 1579, and died about 1616), showing that a similar trick was known in England at that time. An account is here given of an acorn being sown in the middle of a hall, growing up in a few minutes to a prodigious tree, bearing acorns, which ripened and fell; and how, after the tree had been with much difficulty cut down by two woodcutters, the trunk and fragments were finally carried away by two goslings. The feat is said to have been performed by a Londoner. The ballad-monger has perhaps improved a little upon the simple facts of the case. He concludes by saying:

C. W. G.

Meaning of Crabis (Vol. v., p. 165.).

—In quoting the note to Lord Lindsay's Christian Art, extracted from MS. Collectanea of Sir David Lindsay of the Mount, and illustrating a story of the Pelican, your correspondent F. W. I. wishes for a translation of the word crabis, which Sir David makes use of in describing the undutiful behaviour of the young pelicans towards their paternal parent.

The old Scotch verb, crab, signified to tease, vex, annoy. As an active verb it is now obsolete, but it is still in use, at least its participles are in a passive sense. I have frequently heard crabbing used to describe the state of mind of one out of humour or sulking. Crabbed has long been an English word, and as such has its place in Johnson's Dictionary. It is not in such common use to the south as it is to the north of the Tweed; but from the Land's End to John-o'-Groat's, it is used to designate a chronic form of the same failing, which, in its temporary form, is described above as "crabbing." It is, moreover, applied to man's works as well as to his temper. A crabbed hand and a crabbed style of writing are expressions of every-day use in Scotland, and are eminently descriptive of the effect of such writing upon the temper of the reader.

W. A. C.

Ormsary.

"'Twas whisper'd in Heaven" (Vol. v., p. 214.).

—In Number 122. you answer an inquiry of DIABOLUS GANDER, by stating your belief that the enigma, "'Twas whisper'd in Heaven," &c., is by Lord Byron.

Although it was for some time attributed to this author, it became subsequently well known to be the work of Miss Catherine Fanshawe, in whose handwriting I have seen it, together with another unpublished enigma of hers, in the album of a lady of my acquaintance.

E. H. Y.