Volume 4 — Replies.

PROPHECIES OF NOSTRADAMUS. (Vol. iv., pp. 86. 140.)

Mr. H. C. DE ST. CROIX may be assured that the first edition of the Prophecies of Nostradamus is not only in the National Library, but in several others, both in Paris and elsewhere. It is now, however, very rare, though until lately little valued; for at the Duc de la Vallière's sale, in 1783, it produced no more than seven livres ten sols,—not quite seven shillings. De Bure makes no mention of it: nor was it in the library of M. Gaignat, or various other collectors; so little sought for was it then. Printed at Lyons "chès Macé Bonhomme, M:D:L:V.," it thus closes—"Achevé d'imprimer le iiii iour de Mai, M.D.L.V." It is a small octavo of 46 leaves, as we learn from Brunet, and was republished the following year at Avignon, still limited to four centuries; nor was a complete edition, which extended to ten centuries, with two imperfect ones, published till 1568, at Troyes (en Champagne), in 8vo. Numerous editions succeeded, in which it is well known that every intervenient occurrence of moment was sure to be introduced, always preceded by the date of impression, so as to establish the claim of prophecy. I have before me that of J. Janson, Amsterdam, 1668, 12mo., which is usually associated with the Elzevir collection of works, though not proceeding from the family's press either in Leyden or Amsterdam. Several attempts at elucidating these pretended prophecies have been made, such as Commentaires sur les Centuries de Nostradamus, par Charigny, 1596, 8vo.; La Clef de Nostradamus, 1710, 12mo.; and one so late as 1806, by Théodore Bouys, 8vo. The distich "Nostra damus," &c. was the playful composition, according to La Monnoye, of the celebrated Genevan reformer Théodore de Béze. By others it is attributed to the poet Jodelle: but the author is still uncertain. Nostradamus, born in Provence, died in July, 1566, aged sixty-eight. His second son published the Lives of the Poets of his native province in 1575, 8vo.

Among those impositions on public credulity, one of the most famous is that referred to by Bacon, in his twenty-fifth Essay, and which he, as was then the prevalent belief, attributed to the astronomer John Müller, usually known as Regiomontanus, of the fifteenth century, and so denominated by Bacon. Its first application was to the irruption of the French king, Charles VIII., into Naples, in 1488, when the impetuosity of the invasion was characterised by the epithet, ever since so well sustained, of "La Furia Francese." Again, in 1588 it was interpreted as predictive of the Spanish attack on England by the misnomed "Invincible Armada;" and the English Revolution of 1688 was similarly presumed to have been foretold by it, which always referred to the special year eighty-eight of each succeeding century; while the line expressive of the century was correspondingly adjusted in the text. It was thus made applicable to the great French Revolution, of which the unmistakeable elements were laid in 1788, by the royal edict convoking the States-General for the ensuing year, when it burst forth with dread explosion. Its prediction, with the sole alteration of the century from the original lines, was then thus expressed:—

Though long ascribed to Regiomontanus, whose death preceded its first appearance, and therefore made its application to posterior events appear prophetic, the real author, according to the astronomer Delambre, was a German named Bruschius, of the sixteenth century, who pretended to have discovered it on a tomb (we may suppose that of Regiomontanus) in Bohemia, that learned man's country. Many other similar prophecies have deluded the world, of which the most celebrated were those of the Englishman Merlin. An early edition, printed in 1528, fetched sixteen guineas in 1812 at the Roxburgh sale, though preceded by three or four. It is in French, and at Gaignat's sale, in 1769, brought only thirty-one livres. It was No. 2239. of the Catalogue.

J. R.

Cork, Sept. 17.

BOROUGH-ENGLISH. (Vol. iv., p. 133.)

Since my former communication I have collected the following list of places where this custom prevails:—

In Surrey:

Battersea.—Lysons' Environs, vol. i. p. 30.

Wimbledon (Archbishop of Canterbury's Manor).—Lysons' Environs, vol. i. p. 523.

Streatham (Manor of Leigham Court).—Lysons' Environs, vol. i. p. 481.

Richmond, Ham, Peterham.—Lysons' Environs.

Croydon (Archbishop of Canterbury's Manor).—Clement v. Scudamore, 6 Mod. Rep. 102.; Steinman's Croydon, p. 9.

In Essex:

Maldon.—Blount's Tenures by Beckwith.

In Suffolk:

Lavenham.—Blount's Tenures by Beckwith.

In Gloucestershire:

The county of the city of Gloucester.—1st Report of Real Property Commissioners, 1839, app. 98.

In Middlesex:

Islington (Manor of St. John of Jerusalem).—Nelson's Islington.

Isleworth.—Lysons' Environs, vol. iii. p. 96.

In Cornwall:

Clymesloud.—Blount's Tenures by Beckwith, p. 407.

In Nottinghamshire:

Southwell.—Comp. Cop. 506.; Blount's Tenures by Beckwith.

In Northamptonshire:

Brigstock.—Beauties of England and Wales, vol. ii. p. 201.

In Warwickshire:

Balshall.—Pat. 20 R. 2. m. 2.; Blount's Tenures by Beckwith, p. 629.

In Lincolnshire:

Stamford.—Camd. Brit. tit. Lincolnshire; Blount's Tenures by Beckwith, p. 416.

There are some variances in the custom in these several places; the particulars would be too long for an article in "NOTES AND QUERIES;" but the principle of descent to the youngest son prevails in all.

It would be very desirable to complete this list as far as can be done, and I hope some others of your correspondents will give their aid to do it.

The origin of this custom, so contrary to the general law of descent by the common law, is also a subject worthy of more investigation than it has yet received. What is stated on the subject in the law books is very unsatisfactory. It might tend to throw some light on this point if any of your correspondents would communicate information as to any nations or tribes where the law of descent to the youngest son prevails, or did prevail, according to ancient or still existing custom.

I have also received the following list of places where the custom of Borough-English prevails, from Charles Sandys, Esq., F.S.A., of Canterbury. It is taken from notes to the third edition of Robinson's valuable work on Gavelkind, p. 391. note a., and p. 393. n. c. This list had escaped me, as my edition of Robinson is an old one.

"It appears by communications from the stewards to the late Mr. Sawkins, that in the following manors, lands are descendible after the custom of Borough-English:—

"Middlesex.

St. John of Jerusalem, in Islington

Sutton Court

"Surrey.

Weston Gumshall, in Albury

Colley, in Reigate

Sutton next Woking, in Woking

Little Bookham, in Little Bookham and Effingham

Wotton, Abinger, Paddington, Paddington Pembroke: in the parishes of Wotton, Abinger, Ewhurst, and Cranley

Gumshall Tower Hill, Gumshall Netley; Shere Vachery, and Cranley; Shere Eborum: in the parishes of Shere Ewhurst and Cranley

Dunsford, in the parish of Wandsworth

Compton Westbury

Brockham, in Betchworth

"Essex.

Boxted Hall

"Sussex.

Battell, a small part of the freehold and copyhold lands in Robertsbridge

"Huntingdonshire.

Somersham, with the Soke, the copyhold lands in Alconbury, with Weston

"It appears by the communications from the stewards of the late Mr. Sawkins, that his customary descent is extended to younger brothers in the manors of—

"Surrey.

Dorking, in Dorking and Capel-Milton and Westcott, in the parishes of Dorking Capel and Ockley

"To all collateral males in the manors of—

"Middlesex.

Isleworth Syon

Ealing, otherwise Zealing

Acton

"To females, as well as males, lineal and collateral, in the manors of—

"Middlesex.

Fulham

"Surrey.

Wimbledon, including Putney, Mortlake, Rochampton, and Sheen

Battersea and Wandsworth

Downe

Barnes

Richmond

"Nottinghamshire.

Southwell

"Hertfordshire.

Much Hadham."

G. R. C.

Southwark, Sept. 24, 1851.

The accompanying extract is from the History of the borough of Stafford, in White's Directory and Gazetteer of Staffordshire, which is just published:—

"The ancient custom of Borough-English formerly prevailed here, by which the youngest son succeeded to property, as heir-at-law, in preference to the elder children. The origin of this part of our common law is not very well ascertained, but it is generally supposed to have arisen from the ancient system of vassalage, which gave the lord of the manor certain rights over his vassal's bride, and thus rendered the legitimacy of the eldest born uncertain; or perhaps it may have originated in the natural presumption, that the youngest child was least capable of providing for itself."

F. J. M.

PASSAGE IN VIRGIL. (Vol. iv., pp. 24. 88.)

Permit me to make a few remarks on the passage of Virgil, "Viridesque secant," &c., and its attempted elucidation, Vol. iv., pp. 88, 89.

It is stated that the translation is not correct, and also that Servius was a very illiterate, ignorant, and narrow-minded man, &c.

In the short notice of Servius and his works in the Penny Cyclopædia, we have a very different character of him. Which is to be believed, for both cannot be right?

Harles, in his Introd. in Notitiam Lit. Rom., speaks thus of the Commentaries of Servius:

"Quæ in libris Virgilii sub nomine Servii circumferuntur Scholia, eorum minima pars pertinet ad illum; sed farrago est ex antiquioribus commentariis Cornuti, Donati, &c., et aliorum; immo vero ex recentioris ætatis interpretibus multa adjecta sunt et interpolata."

Thus condemning the interpolations, but leaving intact the matter really belonging to Servius.

For a refutation of the impertinent comparison with a Yorkshire hedge schoolmaster, and the erroneous appreciation of the Commentaries, I must refer to the above-mentioned notice in the Penny Cyclopædia.

In the next place, with respect to the meaning of the passage:—the word seco, when applied to the movements of ships, is usually rendered by "sulco;" e.g.:

See also lib. xi. 479. "Travel along" would be insufficient to express the meaning in these instances; and sulco agrees with the modern phrase, "ploughing the deep," &c.

Moreover, I submit that the interpretation of seco is governed by the context, inasmuch as its application to both land and water travelling demands a different construction in the two cases. If this be allowed, then comparison cannot be made between the line in question and "viam secat ad naves;" for this refers to Æneas's leaving the infernals, after his visit there; or "secuit sub nubibus arcum," which refers to cleaving the air. Heyne's note is "secuit ... arcum; secando aerem fecit arcum; incessit per arcum."

The clearness or muddiness of the river has no connexion with the translation; for the words "placido æquore" clearly and definitely express the state of the surface of the river, and it is such as is required to favour the reflection of the trees, through whose images the ships ploughed their way; and, to make the sense perfect, the words "variis teguntur arboribus" are all that is required as showing the position of the trees with respect to the river.

P.S. I have not alluded to the special meaning of active verbs with accusative (Qy. objective) cases after them, &c.

ת.א.

The Query of your correspondent ERYX has elicited two conflicting opinions as to the meaning of the words "Viridesque secant placido æquore silvas." Perhaps the following suggestion may help to set the matter at rest.

If by these words is meant the cleaving of the shadows on the water, how could they, with any propriety, be applied to a voyage that was prosecuted during the darkness of the night as well as by the light of day?

W. B. R.

Replies to Minor Queries.

Ell-rake (Vol. iv., p. 192.).

—VASHTI inquires the derivation of ell-rake or hell-rake. In this district (the Cotswolds) we generally suppose the derivation to be from the rake being an ell in width. In the vale, however (i.e. about Tewkesbury), they are called heel-rakes, from their being drawn at the heel of the person using them, instead of being used in front, as rakes ordinarily are.

C. H. N.

Cirencester.

Heel-rake, Ell-rake, or Hell-rake, is a large rake, which upon being drawn along the ground the teeth run close to the heels of the person drawing it. This has given it the name of heel-rake, its right name. In Shropshire (and probably in other counties also) this has become contracted into ell-rake.

SALOPIAN.

Freedom from Serpents (Vol. iii., p. 490.).

—Ireland is not the only country supposed to be inimical to reptiles. I may perhaps be allowed to add to the "Note" of your correspondent as to Ireland, that the Maltese declare that St. Paul after his shipwreck cursed all the venomous reptiles of the island, and banished them for ever, just as St. Patrick is said to have afterwards treated those of his favourite isle. Whatever be the cause of it, the fact is alleged by travellers to be certain, that there are no venomous animals in Malta. "They assured us" (says Brydone in his Tour through Sicily and Malta, vol. ii. p. 35.) "that vipers have been brought from Sicily, and died almost immediately on their arrival."

Although perhaps more strictly coming under the head of folk lore, I may here advert to the traditions found in several parts of England, that venomous reptiles were banished by saints who came to live there. I have read that Keynsham—the hermitage of Keynes, a Cambrian lady, A.D. 490—was infested with serpents, which were converted by her prayers into the "Serpent-stones"—the Cornua Ammonis—that now cover the land. A similar story is told at Whitby, where these fine fossils of the Lias are called "St. Hilda's Serpent-stones;" and so, too, St. Godric, the famous hermit of Finchale, near Durham, is said to have destroyed the native race of serpents.

W. S. G.

Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Nao, for Naw, for Ship (Vol. iv., pp. 28. 214.).

—I am obliged to GOMER for his reference to Davies. In the cited passages from Taliesin and Meigant, heb naw means without being able to swim. The word nawv drops its final letter in order to furnish the rhyme. That appears, not only from the rejection of the word by all lexicographers, but from one of the manuscripts of Meigant, which actually writes it nawv. I esteem Davies's translation to be Daviesian.

By way of a gentle pull at the torques, I will observe, that I am not in the habit of proving that people "did not possess" a thing, but of inquiring for the evidence that they did. And when I find that tattooed and nearly naked people used coracles, and do not find that they used anything grander, I am led to suspect they did not.

My answer to the Query, whether it be probable that British warriors went over to Gaul in coracles is, "Yes, highly so." Rude canoes of various sorts convey the expeditions of savage islanders in all seas. And the coracle rendered the Scots of Erin formidable to the Roman shores of Gaul and Britain. I do not see that the Dorsetshire folk being "water-dwellers" (if so be they were such) proved them to have used proper ships, any more than their being "water-drinkers" would prove them to have used glasses or silver tankards.

No doubt the name ναῦς is of the remotest heroic antiquity, and the first osier bark covered with hides, or even the first excavated alder trunk, may have been so termed; in connexion with the verbal form nao, contract. no, nas, pret. navi, to float or swim. But to "advance that opinion" as to Britain, because two revolted Roman subjects in this province used the word in the sixth and seventh centuries after Christ, would be late and tardy proof of the fact; even supposing that the two bards in question had made use of such a noun, which I dispute.

A. N.

[This communication should have preceded that in No. 99., p. 214.]

De Grammont (Vol. iv., p. 233.).

—On the united authority of messieurs Auger and Renouard, editors of the works of le comte Antoine Hamilton, it may be affirmed that there is no edition of the Mémoires du comte de Grammont anterior to that of 1713. M. Renouard thus expresses himself: "En 1713 parurent les Mémoires, sans nom d'auteur, en un vol. in-12, imprimé en Hollande sous la date de Cologne."

BOLTON CORNEY.

The Termination "-ship" (Vol. iv., p. 153.).

—The termination "-ship" is the Anglo-Saxon scipe, scype, from verb scipan, to create, form; and hence as a termination of nouns denotes form, condition, office, dignity.

THOS. LAURENCE.

Ashbey de la Zouch.

The Five Fingers (Vol. iv., pp. 150. 193.).

—With something like compunction for lavishing on Macrobius and his prosy compeers so many precious hours of a life that is waning fast, permit me to refer you to his Saturnalia, vii. 13., ed. Gryph. 1560, p. 722., for the nursery names of the five fingers. They nearly coincide with those still denoting those useful implements in one of the Low-Norman isles, to wit, Gros det, ari det (hari det?), longuedon or mousqueton, Jean des sceas, courtelas. The said Jean des sceas is, of course, "John of the Seals," the "annularis" or ring-finger of Macrobius and the Anglican Office-Book. Among the Hebrews אצבע אלהים, "the finger of God," denoted His power; and it was the forefinger, among the gods of Greece and Italy, which wore the ring, the emblem of divine supremacy.

G. M.

Marriages within ruined Churches (Vol. iv., p. 231.).

—The beautiful old church of St. John in the Wilderness, near Exmouth, is in ruins. Having in 1850 asked the old man who points out its battered beauties, why there were still books in the reading desks, he informed me that marriages and funeral services were still performed there. This, however, is my only authority on the subject.

SELEUCUS.

Death of Cervantes (Vol. iv., p. 116.).

—No doubt now exists that the death of Cervantes occurred on the 23rd of April, 1616, and not the 20th of that month, which Smollett represents as the received date. In the Spanish Academy's edition, the magnificent one of 1780, as well as in that of 1797, it is so affirmed. In the former we read that on the 18th he received the sacrament of extreme unction with great calmness of spirit. It then adds:

"Igual serenidad mantuvo haste el último punto de la vida. Otorgó testamento dexando por albaceas á su muger Doña Catalina de Salazar, y al Licenciado Francisco Nuñez, que vivia en la misma casa: mandó que le sepultasen en las Monjas Trinitarias; y murió á 23 del expresado mes de Abril, de edad de 68 años, 6 meses, y 14 dias."

The coincidence, however, of the renowned Spaniard's death with that of our Shakspeare, who certainly died apparently on the same day, the 23rd of April, 1616, on which, at a singularity, Mr. Frere, with others, dwells, wholly fails; for, in fact, that day in Spain corresponded not with the 23rd, but the 13th, in England. It is forgotten that the Gregorian or Reformed Calendar was then adopted in Spain, and that between it and the unreformed style of England a difference in that century existed of ten days:—thus, the execution of Charles I., in our writers, and in the Book of Common Prayer, is always dated on the 30th of January, while on the continent it is represented as on the 9th of February. The Reformed Calendar was adopted and promulgated by Pope Gregory XIII. in 1582, while rejected by England, though acknowledged to be correct, until 1751, because coming from Rome. This disgraceful submission to prejudice in repudiation of a demonstrated scientific truth, practically sanctioned by a Napier, a Newton, a Halley, &c., is still pursued in the Greek church and Russian empire, where the present day, the 17th of September, is the 5th.

J. R.

Cork, Sept. 17.

Story referred to by Jeremy Taylor (Vol. iv., p. 208.).

—Although unable to point out the source whence Jeremy Taylor derived the story to which A. TR. alludes, I may be excused for referring your correspondent to Don Quixote, Part II. book III. chap. xiii., where the story, somewhat amplified, is given; but with this difference, that the staff is not broken by the injured person, but by Signor Don Sancho Panza, Governor of Barataria, before whom the case is brought for adjudication. That the story was founded on an older one may be well inferred, from its being stated that "Sancho had heard such a story told by the curate of his village; and his memory was so tenacious, in retaining everything he wanted to remember, that there was not such another in the whole island."

C. H. COOPER.

Cambridge, Sept. 20. 1851.

Gray's Obligations to Jeremy Taylor (Vol. iv., p. 204.).

—I perfectly agree with RT. in his admiration for Gray; but, to my shame be it spoken, am not very well read in Jeremy Taylor. RT. would oblige me, as well as other admirers of "the sweet Lyrist of Peter-house," by furnishing an example or two of the latter's obligations to the bishop.

RT. will excuse me if I fail to perceive any great degree of similarity between his two last quoted passages from Gray and those from Cowley, which he adduces as parallel. This refers especially to the last instance, in which I trace scarcely any similarity beyond that of a place of education and a river being commemorated in each. Would RT. supply us with a few more examples of borrowing from Cowley?

With RT.'s wish for a new edition of Gray, "with the parallel passages annexed," I cordially coincide. However, failing this new edition, he will allow me to recommend to his notice (if indeed he has not seen it) the Eton edition of the poet, with introductory stanzas of great elegance and beauty, by another of Eton's bards, the Rev. J. Moultrie, author of that most pathetic little poem "My Brother's Grave."

K. S.

Blessing by the Hand (Vol. iv., p. 74.).

—An impression of the stamp on the bread used in the Eucharist in Greece (mentioned in the above Note) may be seen in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. It was cut off a loaf in the remarkable monastery of Megaspelion in the Morea, by

W. C. TREVELYAN.

Sacre Cheveux (Vol. iv., p. 208.).

—This is a literal translation into heraldic language of the name of the family which uses it for a motto: Halifax = holy-hair, from the Anglo Saxon hali, or halig, and fax or feax. Tradition connects the origin of the Yorkshire town of that name with a head of singular length and beauty of hair, found at or near the place where the Halifax gibbet used to stand.

J. EASTWOOD.

Pope and Flatman (Vol. iv., p. 210.).

—E. V. has entirely overlooked the very material circumstance that Flatman's poem was cited in your periodical (Vol. iv., p. 132.) from a book published in 1688, twenty-four years before the date he assigns to the composition of Pope's ode. Flatman died 8th December, 1688, and Pope was born 22d May, 1688; so that he was little more than six months old at the time of Flatman's death. I have now before me the 4th edition of Flatman's Poems and Songs, London, 8vo., 1686; "A Thought of Death" occurs at p. 55.

C. H. COOPER.

Cambridge, Sept. 20. 1851.

Linteamina and Surplices (Vol. iv., p. 192.).

—In Goar's Rituale Græcorum, the most complete account is given of the ancient vestments of the priesthood, from which, or rather from the same source, those of the Romish and English churches have been derived. The names of these vestments are στοιχάριον, ὡραρίον, ἐπιμανίκια, ἐπιτραχήλιον, ζώνη, ὑπογονάτιον, φελώνιον, and ἐπιγονάτιον.

These were put on and taken off in the presence of the congregation, and a form of prayer appropriate to each vestment was repeated (μυστικῶς) by the priest and deacon. In the notes of Goar and the accompanying plates, ample information is afforded of the symbolic meaning of these garments, both in respect of form and colour.

This meaning, lost to considerable extent by the Romish church, is recoverable by reference to the Greek rituals, which have retained, probably with little alteration, the ancient services of the early Christians. An explanation will therein be found of other matters besides linteamina and surplices by those who are curious in rituology, as of the δίσκον σφραγίδος, λόγχη, ἁστηρίσκον, κάλυμμα, ἀέρα, ἀπόλυσις, ἱερατεῖον, ναὸν, βῆμα, "σοφία, ὀρθοί," εἰλητόν, ῥιπιδίον, ζεόν, ζέσις, &c.

T. J. BUCKTON.

Lichfield.