Volume 2 — CHAPTER 2.3. (continued 4)

Friday, May 11th, 1849.

All night fresh breeze and squally, at daylight rather more moderate, at half-past six despatched the whaleboat, fully manned and armed and provisioned for two days, and Jackey and his two companions. I gave charge of the boat to Macnate, my chief officer. I did not think there was any necessity to go myself, as Jackey said they were not likely to fall in with any natives. Captain Elliot volunteered his services and accompanied the party. Employed watering ship, found water very abundant all over Albany Island.

Saturday, May 12th, 1849.

At half-past one P.M. the whaleboat returned, having got the papers, etc., secreted by Jackey in a hollow tree. A rat or some animal had pulled them out of the tree, and they were saturated with water, and I fear nearly destroyed; they consisted of a roll of charts and some memorandum books. The charts with care may be deciphered. The following is Mr. Macnate's statement:

May 11.

At eight A.M. we rounded Fly Point, set sail and steered South by West, the boat going about five knots, just laying along the shore. At ten A.M. crossed a bank with only nine feet of water on it, passed a reef about three miles from Fly Point, and half a mile from the shore; from former shoal had three and four fathoms to the entrance of the river. At half-past eleven A.M. entered the mouth of a river, near the centre of Newcastle Bay; here we lost sight of Albany Island, making the distance from it about fourteen miles; the entrance of this river is about one mile and a half wide; on the northern half of the entrance the water is deep, three fathoms; on the southern side there is a sandbank, nearly dry at low-water.

From the entrance we went South-South-West five miles, when the river narrowed to about the third of a mile, we had from six to two and a half fathoms all the way in. From here we went into the branch of the river that ran about south, the main river going west. The entrance to the branch is about two cables' lengths wide, we went in a southerly direction about six miles, when the river narrowed to forty feet; here we landed at half-past three P.M. Leaving two hands in charge of the boat, walked about two and a half miles, where Jackey found the papers, they had been pulled out of the hollow trunk where he had placed them, and were much damaged, being saturated with water. We then went half a mile to where Jackey had camped, to look for a pair of compasses he had left; could not find them, but found a notebook that Jackey had been drawing sketches in; from here we went to another camp to look for the compasses, but did not find them. At half-past five came back to the boat and camped for the night, none of us could sleep on account of the mosquitoes and flies, etc.

At six A.M. started down the river; at eight calm, got into the main river, had breakfast. At half-past eight, a light breeze from the eastward. At eleven passed within half a mile of two native canoes with seven men in each, stood towards them, they immediately paddled away. At one rounded Fly Point, and at half-past one got alongside the brig.

Sunday, May 13, 1849.

Fresh breeze from South-East and fine all day. At eight A.M. both vessels hoisted the ensign half-mast. At three P.M. having put the remains of Messrs. Wall and Niblet in a coffin, left the ship in the two boats with nearly all the ship's crew cleaned, and pulled to the southern end of Albany Island, landed and went up to the highest hill on that part of the island, and on the top, a clear open place, we dug a grave and interred the remains of the unfortunate individuals Thomas Wall and Charles Niblet, reading the funeral service over them; about ten or twelve of the natives were present, and we fully explained to them what we were doing, they conducted themselves with propriety when the funeral service was being read. Poor Jackey was much affected, and could not refrain from tears.

The spot I selected is the most conspicuous on the island, and would be an excellent site for the erection of a monument to the memory of the unfortunate men who perished on the late ill-fated expedition.* At each end of the grave I planted two large bushes, and on the top were placed several large stones. A bottle was suspended over the grave, with a paper in it, stating who was interred, with the date, etc.; and at sunset we returned on board.

(*Footnote. A tombstone with suitable inscription was afterwards erected by Captain Stanley, and two young coconut trees were planted near the grave.)

I cannot close my extracts without mentioning the exemplary conduct of Jackey-Jackey. Since he came on board I have always found him quiet, obliging, and very respectful; when on shore he was very attentive, nothing could abstract him from his object; the sagacity and knowledge he displayed in traversing the trackless wilderness were astonishing; when he found the places he went in search of, he was never flushed with success, but invariably maintained his quiet, unobtrusive behaviour; he was much concerned at not being able to find the remains of his late unfortunate master, to whom he was sincerely attached; his two companions* also conducted themselves well, and were very useful on shore.

(*Footnote. Aboriginal blacks of his own tribe.)

APPENDIX 1. COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF TWO OF THE LANGUAGES OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF CAPE YORK.

A few words procured at Cape York and Port Lihou are given in the Voyage of the Fly, and most of those which I have been able to identify belong to the language spoken by the Kowrarega tribe, inhabiting the Prince of Wales Islands, and frequently visiting Cape York.

For the materials composing the present Kowrarega Vocabulary, I am almost entirely indebted to Mrs. Thomson. Unfortunately, however, her total want of education prevented her from acquiring any idea of the construction of the language; nor could she always be made to understand the meaning of a question--however simple in its form--framed to elicit information on this point. Even by carefully sifting at leisure hours the mass of crude materials obtained from her and written down at each interview, day by day, I did not make sufficient progress in the grammar of the language to enable me to pursue the subject further, until her value as an authority had so far declined that it was prudent to reject it altogether. Nearly all the words originally procured from Mrs. Thomson were subsequently verified either by herself or by our Kowrarega visitors.

The Gudang Vocabulary was formed at Cape York, and the chief contributor to it was the black named Paida, mentioned above, to whom I latterly was able to make myself tolerably well understood upon most subjects, through the medium of the Kowrarega language, which he knew thoroughly. As several dialects are spoken at this place,* I took care to reject all such words as were not given me expressly as Gudang.

(*Footnote. Two examples will suffice to show the differences in the five languages which I have heard spoken at Cape York.

Dog = ing-godinya (Gudang and Yagulle), ngyomo (Kachialaiga), Inyomo (Induyamo), umai (Kowrarega).

Smoke = ekura (Gudang and Induyamo), rong-gura (Yagulle and Kachialaiga), tuo (Kowrarega).)

The following rules have been adopted in the Vocabularies:

[The vowels are sounded as follows:

a as in hard. a as in hat. e as in there. e as in bet. e as in French meme. i as in eel. i as in bit. o as in hole. o as in not. u as in cool. u as in cut. ai as in eye. ei not represented in English.]

G is always hard, as in get; ch soft, as in church.

The letters in italics are sometimes omitted.

The numbers appended to some words point out similarities and derivations.

1. NATURAL OBJECTS.*

(*Footnote. To form the plural of a noun or adjective, the rule appears to be to add le as a postfix, sometimes previously supplying a terminal vowel if required: Example: geta = hand becomes getale in the plural: kuku = foot, kukule: kutai = yam, kutaile: ipi = wife, ipile: kerne = lad undergoing a certain ceremony, kernele: makaow = mat, makaowle: bom = fruit of pandanus, bomale. There are exceptions however; mari = shell ornament, makes marurre in the plural: gul = canoe, gulai: tawpei = short, tawpeingh: all nouns ending in ra have the plural in re, as kowra = ear, kowrare and all ending in kai gain jille in the plural, as ipikai = woman, ipikaijille.

Regarding the allusion to a terminal vowel, it may be mentioned here that as most Kowrarega words end in a vowel, its absence when a vowel commences the following word is commonly owing to elision. Example: udzu umai = my dog becomes udz'umai. When the last consonant in a word is the same as the first in the following word, one of the letters is omitted. Example: apa pirung = soft ground becomes ap'irung. There are numerous other contractions, as ai for aidu = food: aiye for aiyewel = come here: mue utsem = the fire has gone out, for mue utsimem etc.)

COLUMN 1: ITEM NUMBER. COLUMN 2: ENGLISH. COLUMN 3: KOWRAREGA. COLUMN 4: GUDANG.

1 : Sky : je : -. 2 : Sun : gariga : inga. 3 : Cloud : dapar : otera. 4 : Cloud, heavy, cumulus : markei : -. 5 : Cloud, driving, scud : ras : -. 6 : Moon : kissuri : aikana. 7 : Moon, new : kainidung (634) : kichia. 8 : Moon, full : mullpal : ichara. 9 : Moonlight : kapi kissurri (612.6) : -. 10 : Star : titure : onbi, unbi. 11 : Star, falling : titure udzarizhe (10.745) : -. 12 : Star, morning : gariga titure (2.10) : -. 13 : Jupiter ? : dogei : -. 14 : Pleiades : kusali* : -.

(*Footnote. The frequency of words having different meanings may perhaps lead some to suppose that they may have originated in error on my part. Some have a figurative connexion as upu = a series of waterholes, also a blister; kusali = the constellation of the Pleiades, also a plant with bunches of seeds which become white and glittering by exposure to the sun: others have no obvious community of meaning, as ari = rain, also a louse; gi = laughter, also ripe, etc.)

15 : Darkness, night : inur : yulpalga. 16 : Shadow, shade : yirada : moda. 17 : Wind : guba : alba. 18 : Rain : ari : apura. 19 : Rainbow : oripara : ung-gebanya. 20 : Dew : urma : -. 21 : Fog : wunu : -. 22 : Thunder : duyuma : wagel (526). 23 : Lightning : baguma : omba. 24 : Heat, steam : kaman : -. 25 : Sea : wur : -. 26 : Salt water : adabu : ung-onya. 27 : Saltwater creek : kassur : -. 28 : Saltwater swamp : gowada : gawata. 29 : Deep water : mal : -. 30 : Shoal water : gata : -. 31 : Wave : baow : -. 32 : Foam : tsika : -. 33 : High-water : wur pusakuradun (746) : -. 34 : Low-water : wur nuremizinghi : -. 35 : Tide, flood : wur kamizinghi : -. 36 : Tide, ebb : wur nurezinghi : -. 37 : Salt : - : ? bawa. 38 : Fresh water : nuki : epi. 39 : Spring : dana nuki (443) : -. 40 : Well, hole dug in ground : marama : akanya. 41 : Stream of fresh water : bubbu : epitaba (38). 42 : Stream, bed of : kassa : artaba. 43 : Chain of ponds : upu (529) : -. 44 : Land : laga (370) : -. 45 : Sand, sandy beach : butu : aigi. 46 : Island : kowra (455) : unbonya. 47 : Reef : madji : -. 48 : Flat, plain : bowa : -. 49 : Hill, wooded : pada : pada. 50 : Hill, stony : baradi (56) : -. 51 : Ground, soil : apa : ampa. 52 : Mud : barrudder : -. 53 : Mangrove swamp : tugga : -. 54 : Stone, rock : kula, kola : olpa. 55 : Cave, hole in rock : sakai : -. 56 : Any remarkable rock : adi : -. 57 : Cliff : thi : -. 58 : Sandstone : iba-eba : -. 59 : Quartz : us : elpowa. 60 : Pumice : maat : meta. 61 : Ochre, red : parma : anto. 62 : Ochre, yellow : daoma : -. 63 : Fire, wood : mue : yoko. 64 : Flame : buyeli : -. 65 : Smoke : tuo : ekora, ekura. 66 : Ashes : kunur : buro-buro. 67 : Charcoal : burker : onta. 68 : Path : yabu : alka. 69 : Summer, dry season : aibow : -. 70 : Winter, rainy season : kuki* : adara.

(*Footnote. Also applied to north-west wind then prevailing.)

71 : Spring and Autumn : malgui : -. 72 : Turtling season : sulangi : -.

a. MAMMALIA.

73 : Tail of quadruped : koba : opo. 74 : Bat, large : sapur : -. 75 : Bat, young of : kugi : -. 76 : Bat, harpy : - : tumidumi. 77 : Bat, small : ararapa : mali. 78 : Native cat : - : kute. 79 : Dog : umai : ing-godinya. 80 : Bandicoot : - : walkundunya. 81 : Kangaroo : usur* : epama.

(*Footnote. The sounds of s and z are wanting in Gudang, and when occurring in a foreign language are represented by ch or ty. Example: The Kowrarega words usur = kangaroo, makutz = mouse, surka = megapodius, susu = breasts, if pronounced by a Gudang black are rendered by uchur, makutcha, tyurka, tyu-tyu.)

82 : Opossum : barit : -. 83 : Mouse : makutz : makutcha. 84 : Whale : bidu : -. 85 : Dugong : dung-ula : wattei. 86 : Dugong, tail of : sun-na (149) : -.

b. BIRDS.

87 : Bird, insect, shell, etc. : ure : wuroi. 88 : Wing : buta : ngaga. 89 : Tail : kupa-luba (478) : kopagoba. 90 : Quill : kai-kai : aikunya, eikunya. 91 : Down : palissa : -. 92 : Nest : padama : untinya (242). 93 : Egg (or of reptile) : kakuru (499) : achina (499). 94 : Eagle : agaleg : -. 95 : Eagle, quill of : baba* (418) : -.

(*Footnote. Literally the father (of feathers); it is much prized as an ornament both for the persan and to deck graves with.)

96 : Hawk : - : kartam. 97 : Owl : - : tuitru. 98 : Goatsucker : biya : ngoko. 99 : Laughing jackass : kowru : unbunya. 100 : Kingfisher, long-tailed : - : quatawur. 101 : Kingfisher, yellow-billed : - : poditti. 102 : Swamp pheasant : - : pura-pura. 103 : Swift : - : ebundyara. 104 : Parson-bird, thrush : - : weya. 105 : Bower-bird : - : yewinya. 106 : Dragoon-bird : - : eipura. 107 : Fork-tailed flycatcher : - : trokaru. 108 : Small thrush : - : chechurri. 109 : Rifle-bird : - : yagunya. 110 : Starling : - : muter. 111 : Wood swallow : - : kartaquiko. 112 : Small flycatcher : - : kopota. 113 : Sun-bird : - : teredirri. 114 : Many small birds : - : inchanya. 115 : Leather-head : quako : kakua. 116 : Black macaw : - : peuntu. 117 : Cockatoo : weama : aira. 118 : Cockatoo, crest of : yelai (493) : -. 119 : Parrot, blue mountain : kerissa : inbere. 120 : Parrot, rosella : - : wong-inya. 121 : Pigeon, white : gainowa : gainowa. 122 : Pigeon, green : waranis : belbucku. 123 : Dove, ground : ku-u-rug : kudrogo. 124 : Dove, green : - : waraba (257). 125 : Cassowary of New Guinea : sam (597) : -. 126 : Emu : - : nichulka. 127 : Brush turkey : raon : araunya. 128 : Megapodius : surka : utema. 129 : Megapodius, mound of : surka pada (49) : -. 130 : Quail : - : gururu. 131 : Native companion : aporega : aporega. 132 : Heron, night : - : wang-go. 133 : Heron, blue : karbai : -. 134 : Heron, white : krem : -. 135 : Godwit : - : ku-urri. 136 : Sandpiper : - : tyuri. 137 : Frigate-bird : - : owmer. 138 : Gull : keki : keake. 139 : Tern : - : chara. 140 : Teal : - : ropagama. 141 : White duck : diggi-diggi : -.

c. REPTILES.

142 : Turtle (general) : waru : waru. 143 : Turtle, soft eggs : oebada : -. 144 : Turtle, hawksbill : unao : -. 145 : Turtle, green : sulur : -. 146 : Turtle, logger-head : urza : -. 147 : Turtle, small kind : kidu : waru. 148 : Turtle, fore fin : puye : -. 149 : Turtle, hind fin : suna suro (86). 150 : Turtle, : belly atta : -. 151 : Turtle, back : agu : -. 152 : Tortoiseshell : todi : wanawa. 153 : Frog : kang-gu : kartakutta. 154 : Crocodile : ibara : -. 155 : Lizard, large : gang-ura : murunya. 156 : Lizard, middle-sized : - : rauntinya. 157 : Lizard, small : indyura : dudyuroko. 158 : Snake, brown : karomat : kanurra. 159 : Snake, black : piroan : -. 160 : Snake, green : - : wachi.

d. FISHES.

161 : Fish : wawpi : wawpi. 162 : Fin : - : merta. 163 : Tail : mabi : chana. 164 : Breast : pel : -. 165 : Gills : - : ananaji. 166 : Shark : beidum : wandi. 167 : Sting-ray : aona : waki. 168 : Pelates : dzaram : -. 169 : Diacope 8 lineata : tanigi : -. 170 : Scatophagus multifasciatus : karmoi : tora. 171 : Lethrinus : djaga, dyaga : -. 172 : Parrot-fish : bila : uburu. 173 : Mullet : piwer : -. 174 : Whiting (Silago) : kopuru (475 ?) : -. 175 : Flathead : - : tobu. 176 : Freshwater herring : wila : anburo. 177 : Toad-fish : badar (530): -. 178 : Sucking-fish : gapu : -.

e. INSECTS, ETC.

179 : Crab, blue : kowturri : paka. 180 : Crab, small : gurba : -. 181 : Crab, large : getalli : getalla. 182 : Crayfish : kayer : lang-gunya. 183 : Beetle, small : - : orona. 184 : Beetle, water : - : neke. 185 : Humble bee : - : boro. 186 : Honey* : utu : untere.

(*Footnote. This and the next are made by a small stingless bee which builds its nest in hollow trees.)

187 : Wax : yerka : alpanya. 188 : Small wasp : garur : elpiri. 189 : Ant-hill and ant : mugu : mong-go. 190 : Ant, bronzed : dupu (532) : -. 191 : Ant, small black : tumi : -. 192 : Ant, green : musu : eipunya. 193 : Ant, large red : kaguda. 194 : Ant, small, white, wood : - : benje. 195 : Cicada : edyena : intere. 196 : Fly : buli : wampa. 197 : Fly, horse (Haematopoda) : burugo : burogo. 198 : Mosquito : iwi : uma, oma. 199 : Butterfly : - : tewinya, tawinya. 200 : Grub in dead wood : oka : etimunya. 201 : Grub in living wood : tolo. 202 : Louse : ari (18) : ako. 203 : Scorpion : idi-idi, diwi : -. 204 : Spider : enti : tamburra. 205 : Worm : kurtur : -.>

f. SHELLS, ETC.

206 : Cuttlefish : sug-gu : -. 207 : Barnacle on turtle : yetu : yetu. 208 : Clamshell (Tridacna) : miya : miya. 209 : Cyrena : akula : onti. 210 : Oyster : ita : umpeda. 211 : Sanguinolaria : tiki : teki. 212 : Fusus proboscidiferus : boa : mabur. 213 : Melon-shell : alopa : ang-kowa. 214 : Murex : - : weloro. 215 : Egg-cowrie : buboam : -. 216 : Olive : - : waraji. 217 : Ear-shell : - : tepur. 218 : Periwinkle, small : budi : budi. 219 : Periwinkle, large : - : yarawura. 220 : Natica : - : modul. 221 : Auricula judae : - : ngaanbamedi. 222 : Snail, large : - : tetuka. 223 : Snail, small : - : keno. 224 : Coral : yammar (branched) : wardyo-orge (massive).

g. VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONS.

225 : Tree (general term) : prue : pure. 226 : Log : watur : -. 227 : Driftwood : bete : -. 228 : Touchwood* and its charcoal : kubi : -.

(*Footnote. The charcoal used for painting the body is made from this.)

229 : Small stick : saragi : cheragi. 230 : Bark : purur : rang-a. 231 : Branch : mang : -. 232 : Leaf : nissa : etrara. 233 : Flower : kowsur : erora. 234 : Seed : kawp : -. 235 : Root : quiku (433) : -. 236 : Root, of grass : - : nontya. 237 : Root, of a tree : - : yalida (493 ?). 238 : Seaweed : - : tawar. 239 : Seaweed (food of dugong) : - : purada. 240 : Mushroom : - : achari. 241 : Fern : - : ganda. 242 : Grass : burda : untinya (92). 243 : Grass, coarse : - : bagudda. 244 : Sugarcane : garu : -. 245 : Bamboo : marapi ? : marapi. 246 : Calladium esculentum : bua : -. 247 : Pandanus spiralis : gara : burwa. 248 : Pandanus, cluster of fruit : bom : -. 249 : Pandanus, fruit, singly : abul, abal : -. 250 : Pandanus, kernel : abul dan' (443) : -. 251 : Pandanus pedunculata : kowsar : quatyerra. 252 : Seaforthia palm, large : lulko : akarinya. 253 : Seaforthia palm, small : utu : -. 254 : Caryota palm : - : damaraba. 255 : Rattan : kuchi : -. 256 : Cabbage palm (Corypha) : muru, moro : watu (251 ?). 257 : Coconut : uraba : waraba. 258 : Sago palm of New Guinea : bisi : -. 259 : White lily (Crinum) : ? gurabi : korobo. 260 : Banana : - : katamurra. 261 : Hellenia coerulea* : - : kera-kera.

(*Footnote. The root of this is eaten raw.)

262 : Flag (Philydrum) : tagur : dyaimura. 263 : Rush : - : akomba. 264 : Rush, ? (with edible roots) : - : rewino. 265 : Sedge : - : opolga. 266 : Sedge : - : gwanda. 267 : Yam, wild (Dioscorea) : derabu : worng-ura. 268 : Yam, fibrous, (Dioscorea) : kutai : perut. 269 : Yam, (do.) : dawb : -. 270 : Yam, (do.) : sowar : -. 271 : Yam, purple (Convolvulus ?) : bizar : -. 272 : Yam, : sagu : -. 273 : Yam, (Convolvulus ?) : tapan : -. 274 : Sweet-potato : rugabu : -. 275 : Cane (Flagellaria) : buji : budya, bodya. 276 : Dracontium : - : epuanoma. 277 : Fig : - : atara. 278 : Fig, (with large edible fruit) : uguru. 279 : Fig : - : awida. 280 : She-oak (Casuarina) : gaibur : burbura. 281 : Cotton-tree (Cochlospermum) : - : paotu. 282 : Cotton-tree (Bombax) : wapada, goguta : wapada. 283 : Cotton-tree, cotton of : - : maye. 284 : Waterlily (Nymphaea) : ? rumbadi : rumbadi, rombadi. 285 : Wormia alata : - : maartitta. 286 : Cashew nut : dua : leara, liara. 287 : Grevillea : - : yuwurra. 288 : Parinarium : wibu : elari. 289 : Acacia : - : garragurra. 290 : Large bean* : kalapi, kulapi : umpira, umbera.

(*Footnote. Eaten with Biyu--the produce of a vine-like climber with legumes a foot in length.)

291 : Coral-tree (Erythrina) : - : pinura, penura. 292 : Abrus precatorius : timikapul : -. 293 : Blue pea-flower : - : waalkuda. 294 : Mimusops kaukii : ubur : wobar. 295 : Convolvulus (with edible roots) : chawur : atiar. 296 : Vitex macrophylla : - : oroida. 297 : Avicennia tomentosa ? : - : dyang-a. 298 : Scaevola koenigii : dela : dyara. 299 : Mangrove : taga : teang-gunya. 300 : Mangrove : - : korad-da. 301 : Mangrove : kuiyur : inchencheiya. 302 : Mangrove : biyu : biyu. 303 : Tea-tree (Melaleuca) : - : agura. 304 : Tea-tree (Melaleuca) : ubu, wobu : unera. 305 : Tea-tree (Melaleuca) : - : elembi. 306 : Tea-tree (Melaleuca) : - : adoya, aduya. 307 : Gumtree (Eucalyptus) : - : keru. 308 : Apple, red (Eugenia) : kuai : apiga, apega. 309 : Apple, white (Eugenia) : kupa : bang-gadi. 310 : Cherry (Eugenia) : - : arondyi. 311 : Sciadophyllum : - : lang-gula. 312 : Cedar (Cedrela) : - : kerum. 313 : Vine (Cissus) : - : mangko. 314 : Creeper* : wali : -.

(*Footnote. Used in making one kind of fishing line.)

315 : Heritiera* : meker : -.

(*Footnote. The leaf of this rolled up into a cylinder is used to distend the hole in the lobe of the ear.)

316 : Tree : passei* : -.

(*Footnote. Large tree with very light wood used for making outrigger floats and paddles.)

317 : Tree : - : ung-kunya. 318 : Tree : sira-sira* : -.

(*Footnote. The bark of this is made into large fishing lines.)

319 : Tree : koper : baguntinya. 320 : Resin : yirka* : -.

(*Footnote. Used in fixing the heads and joints of spears and throwing-sticks.)

321 : Bark of which daje is made : mae : -. 322 : Xerotes banksii : walchi : noyo, noyu. 323 : Tobacco : suguba : choka. 324 : Wood, hard, used for spears : - : era. 325 : Wood, soft, used for spears : - : mang-ga.

2. ARTICLES OF FOREIGN ORIGIN.

326 : Iron : turika : gere. 327 : Glass, bottle : talpura : talpura. 328 : Gun : tarika : tida. 329 : Axe : aga : aga. 330 : Clothes : dumawk : dumawk. 331 : Hat : - : walapa. 332 : Knife : gi, gi-turik : -.

3. UTENSILS, ORNAMENTS, WEAPONS, etc.

333 : Canoe : gul : ang-ganya. 334 : Bow : bua, buai : oimpa. 335 : Stern : menir : kona. 336 : Stern, ornaments of* : - : koikochupa.

(*Footnote. One central and two lateral poles ornamented with streamers and feathers.)

337 : Raised gunwale : bada (530) : bada. 338 : Platform : tamu : tamo. 339 : Netting : sari : chari. 340 : Outrigger poles : togo : togo. 341 : Outrigger float : sarima : charima. 342 : Outrigger float, pegs of : sarim' pati : -. 343 : Paddle : karaba : karaba. 344 : Mast : raba : mulgoburra. 345 : Poles of sails, etc. : suru : malela. 346 : Backstays : buzu : -. 347 : Backstays, grommets on : queada : -. 348 : Sail, mat of any kind : rab'waku (344) waku : abara. 349 : Rope, cable : uro : chichaluro. 350 : Stone for anchor : yadi : -. 351 : Women's covering : awash : -. 352 : Petticoat : daje : -. 353 : Petticoat, band of : wakaow : -. 354 : Petticoat, small : mue-daje : -. 355 : Petticoat, long : urge-daje, tabom : -. 356 : Nose-stick : guba : taiko. 357 : Round shell ornament* : mari : meri.

(*Footnote. Of the mother-of-pearl shell--worn by a string round the neck.)

358 : Small* : dibi-dibi : -.

(*Footnote. The top of a cone ground flat.)

359 : Necklace of cordage : soger : -. 360 : Necklace of reeds : - : anchi. 361 : Fillet (general term) : quik'uro (438, 349) : -. 362 : Fillet of mother-of-pearl : - : karakopo. 363 : Armlet, bracelet (general) : musuri : petu. 364 : Armlet, narrow : - : ungkinya. 365 : Armlet, broad : - : maiagu. 366 : Leg ornaments* : maka : puara.

(*Footnote. Circular, narrow and twisted--worn round the leg above the calf, from 5 to 30 together.

367 : Anklet : dana-kuk'uro (443, 438, 349) : -. 368 : Any painting on the body : menara : -. 369 : Camp, camping-place : mudu : -. 370 : Hut : laga (44) : eikuwa. 371 : Windbreak of bushes, etc. : maak : baalkulka. 372 : Basket : li, le : akomi. 373 : Basket, water : lulko (252) : rolko. 374 : Sticks for producing fire : salgai : -. 375 : Oven : ammai : yarte. 376 : Needle (of bone) : saka : -. 377 : Thread : ketal : -. 378 : Tobacco-pipe : suguba-marapi (323, 245) : marapi (245). 379 : Fishing line : ariga : -. 380 : Fish-hook : tudi, todi (152) : neang-gunya. 381 : Stick for digging : pottur : -. 382 : Spear (general) : kalaka : alka (68). 383 : Spear, plain (for fishing) : rada : ainti. 384 : Spear, large, barbed : tuna : tona. 385 : Spear, 3 or 4-headed : taku : tako. 386 : Throwing-stick : kobai : ekara. 387 : Shell handle : - : atara. 388 : Peg at top : kobai piti (386, 446) : ekar' eye (386, 446). 389 : Dugong peg : kuyur : -. 390 : Dugong shaft : wapu : -. 391 : Dugong line : amu : -. 392 : Bow : gugure : -. 393 : Arrow : terig : -. 394 : Gauntlet : kadik : kadik. 395 : Bamboo knife, large : upi : -. 396 : Bamboo knife, small : hupi : -. 397 : Cane loop : sringi : -. 398 : Stone-headed club : bagabogub : -. 399 : Drum : warup : warupa. 400 : Grave : kaga : -. 401 : Cairn of stones : agu : -.

4. MAN, RELATIONSHIP, ETC.

402 : Man, white, ghost : markai : umboypu. 403 : Man, black : garkai* : amma.

(*Footnote. From this is derived garkaije = a tribe, or collection of men, women, and children.)

404 : Man, a : turkekai : unbamo. 405 : Man, old : ke'turkekai (625, 405) : -. 406 : Man, young (until married) : kaowquiku (438) : -. 407 : Boy, male child : turkekai kaje (405, 412) : -. 408 : Woman : ipikai (431) : undamo. : - 409 : Woman, old : ke'ipikai (625, 408) : -. 410 : Woman, young (until married) : nerawkai : -. 411 : Girl, female child : ipikai kaje (408, 412) : -. 412 : Child : kaje : ang-gora, ung-kura. 413 : Infant : muggi' kaje (647, 412) : -. 414 : Son : netur kaje (412) : -. 415 : Grandchild : nep : -. 416 : Grandfather : bobata : bobata. 417 : Grandmother : kaieda : kaieda. 418 : Father (or his brother) : baba (addressing him) : epada. 419 : Father : tati* (speaking of him) : -.

(*Footnote. A father and his brothers are equally represented by this word: distinctive appellations according to age are indicated by prefixing the adjectives ke' = great and muggi' = small to tati.)

420 : Father's sister : rebata : -. 421 : Mother (or her sister) : amma (addressing her) : atinya. 422 : Mother (or her sister) : apu (speaking of her) : -. 423 : Mother brother : adoama : -. 424 : Brother, sister : barabata (if of one sex) : aigodinya elpowa, intyara. 425 : Brother, sister, addressing them : tukeap (if of different sexes) : -. 426 : Brother, sister, eldest : kukule. 427 : Brother, sister, second : quiquig. 428 : Brother, sister, third : dadaig. 429 : Brother, sister, fourth, or youngest : kutaig* : -.

(*Footnote. There may be several of this name at one time, distinguished by ke' and muggi.)

430 : Husband : allai : anba. 431 : Wife : ipi : onda. 432 : Father- or mother-in-law : ira : -. 433 : Namesake : nattam : -. 434 : Sweetheart : rugeiga : -. 435 : Friend, associate : keimagi : -. 436 : Term expressing affection : kawki (if male to female) : -. 437 : Term expressing affection : kami (if female to male) : -.

5. PARTS OF HUMAN BODY, etc.

438 : Head : quiku : pada. 439 : Head, fore : paru : epunya. 440 : Head, top of : ? quai : -. 441 : Head, back of : quateya : -. 442 : Temples : daka : aintra. 443 : Eye : dana : dana. 444 : Eyelashes : samudana : chamudana. 445 : Eyebrow : beibassam : emeri. 446 : Nose, bill of bird : piti : eye. 447 : Nostrils : ngursaka, karabu (55) : eye'pandya (446, 817). 448 : Hole in septum : piti-tarte (446, 817) : -. 449 : Mouth : guda : angka. 450 : Lips : ira-guda : angka. 451 : Tongue : nai, nei : untara. 452 : Teeth : danga : ampo, ampu. 453 : Cheek : baga : baga. 454 : Chin, lower jaws : ibu : ebu. 455 : Ear : kowra (46) : ewunya, ewonya. 456 : Ear, holes in margin* : kowra tarte (46, 817) : ewunya' pandya (455, 817).

(*Footnote. Minute holes all round the margin of the ear, into which short pieces of stick, grass, etc. are stuck.)

457 : Ear, pendulous portion : muti : -. 458 : Throat : karta : nanu. 459 : Neck : mudul : yuro. 460 : Shoulder : dzogo : wondo, wontu. 461 : Armpit : narang-i : amunya, amonya. 462 : Upper arm : ? udu : enta, enda. 463 : Elbow : kudulo : yurtu. 464 : Forearm, wrist : udu : terapi. 465 : Hand, finger : geta : arta. 466 : Hand, back : kal : art'onto (465, 476). 467 : Hand, palm : wier : art'apa (465, 477). 468 : Thumb : kaba-geta : -. 469 : Nails (of fingers or toes) and claws of bird : tara : tetur. 470 : Chest : - : rondura. 471 : Breasts : susu : yong-o. 472 : Nipple : susu nur (471) : yong' ampo (471, 452). 473 : Milk : ikai : -. 474 : Belly : maita : -. 475 : Navel : kupar : kopurra. 476 : Back, upper part : kibu : onto. 477 : Back, lower part : kibu : apa. 478 : Hip : kupa : openya. 479 : Thigh : kapi : etena. 480 : Popliteal space : - : ilkanya. 481 : Knee : kulu, kolu : eng-go. 482 : Leg, ankle : tirra, ngar : utronya. 483 : Leg, calf : bru-madu (508) : -. 484 : Shinbone : bru-rida (507) : -. 485 : Foot, toes : kuku : oquarra. 486 : Foot, upper part : - : oquar' onto (485, 476). 487 : Foot, sole : saan : oquar' apa (485, 477). 488 : Heel : pokoko : omo. 489 : Toes : - : dyuro. 490 : Great toe : kei' kuku (625, 485) : -. 491 : Beard : yeta : yeta. 492 : Moustache : guda mageda (449) : yeta. 493 : Hair of head : yal : odye. 494 : Hair of body : - : ang-a. 495 : Hair of groin : mageda : nadula. 496 : Anus : - : opinya. 497 : Penis : ini : achanya. 498 : Scrotum : - : untonya, ngtonya. 499 : Testicles : kakuru : achina. 500 : Pudendum : mada : mon-na. 501 : Skin : purra : equora. 502 : Cicatrices : us : guri. 503 : Cicatrices on shoulder : - : kaimai. 504 : Cicatrices, horned, on breast : sadeo : chedow. 505 : Cicatrices, straight, on breast : - : rondro guri (470, 502). 506 : Cicatrices on belly : - : kopur guri (475, 502). 507 : Bone : rida : atira. 508 : Flesh : madu : egondi. 509 : Fat : idi-idi : bujer. 510 : Vein : kerer : kerur. 511 : Blood : kulka : etyunya. 512 : Heart : nganakapo : epa. 513 : Liver : sibu : -. 514 : Stomach : wera : -. 515 : Intestines : akur : elpe. 516 : Brain : - : urua. 517 : Skull : - : pad' atira (438, 507). 518 : Spine : garu rida (244, 507) : -. 519 : Collarbone : kalum rida (507) : kanulu. 520 : Lungs : saaka (55) : chaka. 521 : Saliva : mawcha : agai. 522 : Tears : nudi : -. 523 : Perspiration : murrag : -. 524 : Dung : - : on-na. 525 : Urine : - : ombo. 526 : Abscess, boil : gaima : oro. 527 : Pus : bagur : -. 528 : Snot, white of an egg : nurse : -. 529 : Blister : upu (43) : kodje. 530 : Sore : bada (337) : unti, anti. 531 : Bunions in old people : kowruta : -. 532 : Ague : dupu (190) : -. 533 : Toothache : dangakikire (452, 635) : -.

6. PRONOUNS.

534 : I, me : ngatu* ngai : eipana, yoba.

(*Footnote. These two sets of personal pronouns are not used indiscriminately, but the examples of their use which I collected are too few to generalize upon. However, ngatu and the three next under it, appear to be used only with a certain class of verbs of which an example is afforded by the sentence ngatu nudu matumina = I struck him; and the use of the second set of these pronouns is illustrated by ngai nue (not ngatu nudu) mulem', etc. = I told him, etc.)

535 : Thou, thee : ngidu ngi : untoba, doba. 536 : He, him : nudu nue : -. 537 : She, her : nadu na : -. 538 : We two, us two : albei : -. 539 : We, us : arri : aku. 540 : You two : ngipel (593) : -. 541 : You : ngi-tana : -. 542 : They two : pale : -. 543 : They : tana : inyaba. 544 : Me, my : ana* : -.

(*Footnote. I do not understand the EXACT meaning of this and the two next, so give an example of each; ana gamu lupeipa = my body is shaking (or I have the ague): aikeka mule = tell me: nu'abepa chena wir = give that to him.)

545 : For myself : ngai-aikeka : -. 546 : For himself : nu'abepa : -. 547 : For ourselves : albi nipa, arri nipa : -. 548 : For themselves : pale nipa, tane nipa : -. 549 : Who? : ngadu, nga : -. 550 : Whose? : nganu : -. 551 : What? : eimi : -. 552 : What? which? : mida : -. 553 : This : ina : -. 554 : This, these : nabing : -. 555 : That, those : chena : noba. 556 : Let us two, shall we two? : aba* : -.

(*Footnote. Example: aba nudu gasumeipa = let us two seize him.)

557 : Let us, shall we? : alpa* : -.

(*Footnote. Example: alpa pongeipa? = shall we sail?)

558 : Mine : ngow (if a male) udzu (if a female) : -. 559 : Thine : yinu : -. 560 : His : nunue : -. 561 : Her : nanue : -. 562 : Our (dual) : abane (566)* : -.

(*Footnote. Includes the person addressed: the mother speaking to the father of their child would say abane kaje = our child.)

563 : Our (dual) : albeine (538)* : -.

(*Footnote. Excludes the person addressed: in answer to kaje chena ngipeine? = is that your child? the father or mother, BOTH BEING PRESENT, and one pointing to the other, would say to a third person, albeine kaje = the child is ours. These forms are Polynesian also as I have since found recorded.)

564 : Our (plural) : arrien : -. 565 : Your (dual) : ngipeine (540) : -. 566 : Your (plural) : ngitanaman (541) (568) : -. 567 : Their (dual) : palaman (542) : -. 568 : Their (plural) : tanaman (543) : -.

7. NUMERALS.

569 : One : warapune (580) : epiamana. 570 : Two : quassur : elabaiu. 571 : Three : uquassur-warapune : dama*.

(*Footnote. After careful investigation I am inclined to think that the Gudang blacks have no words to express definite numbers beyond three. Dama is generally used for higher numbers, and occasionally unora.)

572 : Four : uquassur-uquassur : -. 573 : Five : uquassur-uquassur-warapune : -. 574 : Six : uquassur-warapune-uquassur-warapune : -. 575 : Seven : uquassur-warapune-uquassur-warapune-warapune : -. 576 : Eight : uquassur or ipel uquassur repeated 4 times : -.

8. ADJECTIVES.*

(*Footnote. The formation of many adjectives can be clearly traced: in fact, one of the most obvious features of the language--imperfectly as it is understood--is the facility with which many nouns may be converted into either adjectives or verbs. Thus, mapei = a bite, becomes mapeile = capable of biting, and is the root of the verb mapeipa = to bite. The positive adjunct leg, and its negative aige (802, 803), are also used to convert nouns into adjectives: the former follows the same rules as those before given for forming the plural: gizu = sharpness, becomes either gizule = sharp, or gizuge = blunt, literally: sharpness-possessing, or, possessing not : from nuki = water, we get the form nukile maram = the well contains water, or, nukegi maram = the well is dry: danagi = blind, literally means, eye-possessing not : as a further example, I may give, ipikai ajirge wap' ina badale mapeip = the shameless woman eats this sore-producing fish.)

577 : Afraid : akan : -. 578 : Alive : danaleg (443, 804) : anading. 579 : All, the whole : muro : -. 580 : Another : wara (569) : inyana. 581 : Ashamed : ajiran (823) : -. 582 : Bad, ugly : wate : -. 583 : Bad-smelling : wate ganule(826) : -. 584 : Bad-tasted : wate mitale (827) : -. 585 : Bald : guele : -. 586 : Bent : balbai : -. 587 : Bitter : tera : -. 588 : Black : kubi-kubi thung (228, 629) : -. 589 : Blind : danagi (443, 804) beagi (when addressing one blind) : -. 590 : Bloody : kulkale (511) : -. 591 : Blunt : dugung, gizuge (824) : -. 592 : Boiling : zurana : -. 593 : Both : ipal, ipel : -. 594 : Blue : mal-tha gamule (29) : -. 595 : Cold : sumai : -. 596 : Cooked : giung (641, 629) : -. 597 : Cylindrical : sam (125) : -. 598 : Dead : uma : etora, etolma. 599 : Deaf : wate kowrare (582, 455) : -. 600 : Dirty : tumitalle (812) : -. 601 : Drowned : sarupa : -. 602 : Dry, dried up : watang : -. 603 : Dumb : keigalein : -. 604 : Faced, pretty : kape parure (612, 439) : -. 605 : Faced, ugly : wate parure (582, 439) : -. 606 : Female : madale (500) : -. 607 : First : kul : -. 608 : Flat : attang : -. 609 : Flooded : budaman : ankgera. 610 : Forbidden, as food : adzar : -. 611 : Forious, vindictive : kerketale (806) : -. 612 : Good, pretty : kape : -. 613 : Good, perfect : min-na : -. 614 : Gorged : kekedi : murko. 615 : Greedy : ubile (816) : -. 616 : Green* : nis-thung (232, 629) : -.

(*Footnote. There are two forms of each adjective denoting colour, except grey and white. Thus, black is rendered either kubi-kubi thung, or, kubi-kubi tha gamule, both meaning like, or, the colour of the charcoal procured from kubi-kubi = touchwood. Blue, green, and red, are denoted by compounds signifying resemblance to deep water, a leaf, and blood, respectively.)

617 : Grey, any light tint : miakula : -. 618 : Half, part of : tapi : -. 619 : Heavy : mapule (828) : -. 620 : Hollow : muile (685) : -. 621 : How many? : mida kubi (694) : -. 622 : Hungry : weragi (514) : awora, awura. 623 : Itchy : gamuji (807 ?) : -. 624 : Lame : wate ngarare (582, 482) : -. 625 : Large, very : keinga* : intonya.

(*Footnote. Generally used in its contracted form, as ke or kei : it is also employed as a prefix to denote the superlative degree: thus, ke' kamanale = very warm.)

626 : Last : wagel (22) : -. 627 : Left : kida : etamuna. 628 : Light : turong : -. 629 : Like, the same as : thung* : -.

(*Footnote. As an example of one of the modes of using this, I find, gariga thung = like the sun, or, as bright as if daylight.

630 : Long, high, tall : kulalle, kotalle : -. 631 : Male : inile (497) : -. 632 : Many, plenty : putage, kubi : -. 633 : Noisy : nurile (822) : -. 634 : New, little used : kaining : -. 635 : Painful : kikire : -. 636 : Pregnant : maitaleg (474) : netari. 637 : Putrid : utzai : -. 638 : Quiet : nurage (822, 804) : -. 639 : Red : kulk-thung (511, 629) : -. 640 : Right : mina : metagoma. 641 : Ripe : gi : -. 642 : Rotten, full of holes : - : opera. 643 : Sharp : gizule (824, 802) : ung-garung-gare. 644 : Short, low : tawpei : -. 645 : Sick : soka, sali* : -.

(*Footnote. These two words appear to have the same meaning, but are used differently: sok' atchin = sali mizzi, and both express having been sick.)

646 : Silent : arage* : -.

(*Footnote. Arage atzir = become silent, hold your tongue.)

647 : Small, a few, a portion of : muggingh : embowa. 648 : Soft, spongy, swampy : pirung : -. 649 : Sore-producing : badalle (530, 802) : -. 650 : Sorry : watekum : -. 651 : Sour : terari : -. 652 : Stony : kulalle (54, 802) : -. 653 : Sweet-smelling : kape ganule (612, 826) : -. 654 : Sweet-tasted : g'ru tha mitalle (244, 827) : -. 655 : Thirsty : nuk' enei (38) : -. 656 : Unable : karaweg : -. 657 : Unripe, uncooked : kobaris : -. 658 : Wanton : danule : -. 659 : Warm : kamanalle : imandinya. 660 : Wet : uleig, urge : -. 661 : White : uru : -. 662 : Withered : raji : -. 663 : Worn, old from use : kulbang : -.

9. ADVERBS, ETC.

664 : Now, immediately : kaibu : -. 665 : Presently, by-and-bye : tuma-tuma : -. 666 : To-morrow : batteingh : achunya. 667 : Two or three days hence : bang-al : ayere. 668 : A week (or so) hence : mata bang-al (675) : -. 669 : Yesterday : ngul : -. 670 : Two or three days ago : kul : narama. 671 : A week (or so) ago : mata kul (675) : -. 672 : A long time ago : korrekida* : -.

(*Footnote. Also denotes duration of time, and is = for a long time; it may also be used as an adjective, as, korrekida gul ina = this is a very old canoe.)

673 : Quickly : tari : -. 674 : Slowly : taregi (674, 804) : -. 675 : Constantly, always, only, still : mata* : -

(*Footnote. Expresses a continuance of the action: gul mata pongeipa = the canoe is still under sail.)

676 : Morning : muggi' batteingh : -. 677 : About noon : kei gariga (625, 2) : -. 678 : Afternoon : kut : -. 679 : Hereabouts : kareki : -. 680 : Here : ina* : -. 681 : There : chena* : -.

(*Footnote. Both are also pronouns: perhaps, when translated as adverbs, the term equivalent to place is omitted, rendering ina = (in) this (place) and chena = (in) that (place.))

682 : Above, upwards : nakareipa : -. 683 : Below, downwards : malupa (29) : -. 684 : Below, (a very long way) : kara malupa : -. 685 : Inside : muye : -. 686 : Thus, in this manner : keda : keda. 687 : A long way off : kapi taig : -. 688 : Near, close to : logi : -. 689 : Again : laka : -. 690 : Completely, into pieces, etc. : palge : -. 691 : Well, much, etc. : purke : -. 692 : Where? : anaga : -. 693 : Why? : mipa : -. 694 : How, in what manner? : mida : -. 695 : Yes : wa, ua : ia. 696 : No : long-a, giure : untamo. 697 : Don't : wan-nur,* maige (804) : -.

(*Footnote. I suspect, from the termination, that this is the present tense of the imperative mood of some verb = to do, to perform, etc.)

698 : Stop! enough! : china : -. 699 : Exclamation of surprise : ka! ka! ka! : -. 700 : Exclamation to arrest attention : qualli! qualli! (= I say!) : -. 701 : Exclamation of pity : igur (= poor thing!) : -. 702 : And* : ia.

(*Footnote. Example: uleip' Aburdia, Salallaia, Wagelia, Mania = Aburde and Salalle and Wagel and Manu are approaching.)

10. VERBS.*

(*Footnote. After tabulating 100 Kowrarega verbs in all the different forms in which they had occurred to me, I yet failed in arriving at a knowledge of their mode of formation, owing to the deficiency of data on one hand, and the presence of some apparently defective and irregular verbs on the other. Still some of the results are worth recording. Leaving out the consideration of the irregular verbs, I can speak with certainty of only two Moods, the Indicative and the Subjunctive, of the Present and the Past (probably really further divisible) Tenses of the former, and the Present of the latter. As an example I may give the verb to strike, of which the root is assumed to be matum = a stroke.

Indicative Present : nudu ngatu : matumeipa = I am striking him. Indicative Perfect : nudu ngatu : matnmina = I struck him. Indicative Future : nudu ngatu : matumeipakai = I shall strike him. Imperative Present : nudu ngidu : matumur = strike him.

Assuming a root to each, I find 94 of the verbs under examination to agree in having the present tense of the indicative terminating in pa: of these 70 end in aipa, 14 in ipa, 6 in epa, and 1 in aipa.

The perfect tense (setting aside some inexplicable irregularities) exhibits a great variety of terminations for the formation of which no rule can yet be given: these are an, ana, ani; in, ina, ima: em, ema; eima, eiun; and un.

The future tense alone is perfectly regular; it is simply formed by adding kai to the present.

The present tense of the imperative mood in those verbs having the present of the indicative ending in ipa terminates (with one exception in i) in ir: in the others the terminations of this tense are ur (the most frequent); ar (the next in order of frequency), ara, ari; ada, eada; e, eio, eir, erur; and o.

After all I am inclined to suppose that the Kowrarega verb, although apparently complicated, is of simple construction; and that its various modifications are caused by the mere addition to its root of various particles, the exact meaning of which (with one exception) is yet unknown. That exception is the particle aige or ge (804) the mode of employment of which is shown by the following examples :

Wawp' yinu ngai purteipaige = I am not eating your fish. Wawp' yinu ngai purteiunaige = I did not eat your fish. Wawp' yinu ngai purteipakaige = I shall not eat your fish. Wawp' nanu ngi purtaige = Don't eat his fish.

A few examples may be given in illustration of the preceding remarks.

COLUMN 1: ENGLISH. COLUMN 2: PRESENT. COLUMN 3: PAST. COLUMN 4: FUTURE. COLUMN 5: IMPERATIVE.

Eat : purteipa : purteiun : purteipakai : purtar. Bite : mapeipa : mapana : mapeipakai : mapur. Take away : meipa : mani : meipakai : mari. Tell : mulepa : mulem : mulepakai : muleada. Lie down : yuneipa : yunum : yuneipakai : yunur. Leave behind : yuneipa : yunem : yuneipakai : yunur. Shoot : uteipa : utun : uteipakai : utur. Enter : uteipa : utema : uteipakai : uterur.)

703 : Word implying motion : ngapa* : -.

(*Footnote. This is a word which from the variety of its modes of application long puzzled me. Careful examination of sentences in which it occurred led to the following results. 1. It may be used as an independent word to denote motion towards the speaker, the pronoun which would otherwise be required being omitted. Example: adur = go out, but ngap' adur = come out (towards the speaker), lak' ngapa = to come again, to return. 2. It is also used as a postfix to denote motion towards the object to which it is joined. Example: laga' p'(ngapa) aiyewel = come to the hut, mue' pa teir = throw it into the fire. 3. It is used in a third sense. Example: wawpi 'pa = to go fishing, kaba 'pa = to go to a dance. 4. It is often used as an equivalent to give me, the hand being held out at the same time, Example: ngapa = let it come to me.)

704 : Bail : salpumeipa : -. 705 : Be affected with : ameipa* : -.

(*Footnote. Apparently a contraction of ana and meipa. Example: ana kobaki ameipa = (literally) me cough affects, or I have a cough. The word mizzi, the exact meaning of which is unknown to me, is also used to express the same thing. Example: quiku kikire ana mizzi = I have a sick head, or a headache.)

706 : Become : atzipa : -. 707 : Bite : mapeipa : -. 708 : Bore a hole : tartepaleipa (817, 722) : -. 709 : Break (as a stick) : tideipa aterumbanya. 710 : Break wind backwards : - : penyaka. 711 : Build (as a hut) : mideipa (369 ?) : -. 712 : Bury, plant, sow : maramateipa (40, 791) : -. 713 : Call for : tureipa : untandurra. 714 : Carry, hold : ang-eipa : -. 715 : Choose, select : yapepa : -. 716 : Climb : waleipa : oquagamurra. 717 : Come here : pateipa, aiyewel : -. 718 : Come, approach : uleipa : impebino. 719 : Cook : gia paleipa (641 ?) : -. 720 : Copulate : lameipa : erorunya. 721 : Cover over : abeipa : -. 722 : Crush, pound with a stone : paleipa : akelgurra. 723 : Cry, howl like a dog : maierchipa : rong-gung-ga-murra. 724 : Cut : labaipa : utedung-gurra. 725 : Dance : kaba mineipa (811) : unchigulkamurra. 726 : Die : dadeipa : -. 727 : Dig : pideipa : -. 728 : Dive : penneipa : -. 729 : Dream : piki lalkeipa* (813, 755) : -.

(*Footnote. The pronoun ana is always used with this. Example: ana piki lalkar = I had a dream.)

730 : Drink : wanipa : ung-gen-ga. 731 : Drown : delupeipa : -. 732 : Dry up : wata' pateipa (602) : -. 733 : Eat : purteipa, pratipa : atedurra. 734 : Enter (going out of sight) : uteipa : -. 735 : Fall down : pudeipa : -. 736 : Fill (with solids) : wangepa : -. 737 : Fill (with fluids) : maleipa (29) : -. 738 : Find : imeipa : angkanya. 739 : Finish (men's work) : min' atzipa (613, 706) : -. 740 : Finish (women's work) : palpagipa : -. 741 : Feces, to void : - : anabichung-ar. 742 : Forget : kekochipa : -. 743 : Get up : winipa : amamung-i. 744 : Give : pibeipa, wiepa* : utera.

(*Footnote. Ana is used with pibeipa only; the exact meaning of both is to bestow, or cause the transfer of ownership; the actual HANDING OVER of anything would be asked for by ngapa = let it come here, holding out the hand at the same time, but this last may presume merely inspection or temporary use of the article.)

745 : Go away : udzaripa : einpira. 746 : Go out, perforate : adeipa : -. 747 : Go out (as a fire) : utsimeipa : -. 748 : Hear, understand : krangipa : -. 749 : Hide, conceal : muye teipa (685, 791) : -. 750 : Jump, leap : katapulgipa : ralkagamurra. 751 : Kick : kukuna mapeipa (485, 707) : -. 752 : Kill : dadeima matameipa (598, 786) : -. 753 : Laugh : gi waleipa (819) : ung-garung-gari. 754 : Leave behind : yuneipa : -. 755 : Lie : lalkeipa (820) : -. 756 : Lie down : yuneipa : -. 757 : Make (men's work) : tatureipa : -. 758 : Make (women's work) : umeipa : -. 759 : Make a fire : muekemeipa : -. 760 : Paddle : karaba tapeipa (343, 787) : untyendyurra : -. 761 : Pull, drag : yuteipa : -. 762 : Rain : ari pudeipa (18, 735) : -. 763 : Return : mang-epa : -. 764 : Rise (as the sun) daneipa : -. 765 : Run* : - : ringa.

(*Footnote. In Kowrarega, the action of running is expressed by the adverb tari = quickly, and the verb uleipa = to approach: Example: ngapa tari uleipa expresses quick motion TOWARDS the speaker, and tari uleipa quick motion FROM the speaker.)

766 : Sail : pong-eipa : reng-gamurra. 767 : Scold : ideipa : inyamung-urra. 768 : Scrape hands* : getapudeipa (465, 735) : -.

(*Footnote. A mode of salutation practised throughout Torres Strait, and occasionally at Cape York.)

769 : Scratch, pinch : musiteipa : -. 770 : See, look after, watch : yaweipa : -. 771 : Sew : tarpeipa : belkagur. 772 : Shake : lupeipa : -. 773 : Sharpen : gizu paleipa (824, 722) : -. 774 : Shave : piniteipa : angkarung-gurra (449, 450). 775 : Shoot (with gun or bow) : uteipa : -. 776 : Seize, press, squeeze : gasumeipa : gipaburra. 777 : Sing : sagul piyepa (818) : -. 778 : Sleep : ute-ipa (825) : eremadin. 779 : Smoke : suguba wanipa (323, 730) : -. 780 : Sit down : tanureipa : engka. 781 : Speak, tell : mulepa : ekalkamurra. 782 : Spear, sting : pageipa : -. 783 : Stand : kadi (irregular) : -. 784 : Stand up : kadi tanure (783) : -. 785 : Steal : krameipa : -. 786 : Strike : matumeipa : untondunya. 787 : Swim : tapeipa : rolma, rulma. 788 : Take away : meipa : -. 789 : Tear : ladeipa : -. 790 : Thirst : nukineipa (655) : -. 791 : Throw into : teipa : umpanya. 792 : Tie : kunumeipa : -. 793 : Touch : tareipa : abeang-gang-urra. 794 : Turn over : tarteipa : -. 795 : Unloose, untie : ideipa : -. 796 : Waken : welmeipa : -. 797 : Wash : garwulgeipa : -. 798 : Water, make : ing-uje (irregular) : -. 799 : Wound : umaliza matumeipa (598, 786) : -. 800 : Wrap round, coil, twist : nureipa : -.

11. MISCELLANEOUS.

801 : Affix expressing article spoken of : dza* : -.

(*Footnote. Example: Nabi'dza = this thing.)

802 : Affix expressing possession : leg* : -.

(*Footnote. Leg or le, is to be possessed of, and, when used independently, is placed after the noun which it refers to: ngai 'quassur daje leg = I have two petticoats; ngi kutai leg? = have you (any) yams?)

803 : ---- : ki* : -.

(*Footnote. The meaning of this is to a certain extent doubtful; however it enforces an affirmation: Example: ina muggi' ki = this is VERY little : it is frequently used after pronouns: Example: arri ki kabspakai = we SHALL go to the dance.)

804 : Affix of negation : aige* : -.

(*Footnote. Being the negative of leg, or le, as formerly stated, aige, or ge = to have not: Example: ngai kalak' aige = I have no spears; nga ajir'ge = she has no shame.)

805 : Any small article : zapu (fish-hook, etc.) : -. 806 : Anger, rage : kerket : -. 807 : Body of any creature : gamu : -. 808 : Cold : sumein : ekanba (? to shiver). 809 : Cough : kobaki : ulgene. 810 : Crack : pis : -. 811 : Dance : kaba : -. 812 : Dirt : tumit : -. 813 : Dream : piki : -. 814 : Dust in the eye : - : lopicha. 815 : Food : aidu* : -.

(*Footnote. As examples of various forms of this word, I may give, ana pibur aidu = give me (some) food: ina aio? = is this eatable? ai = it is eatable.)

816 : Greediness : ubi : -. 817 : Hole : tarte : apandya. 818 : Joke : sagul : -. 819 : Laughter : gi (641) : -. 820 : Lie : lalkai : -. 821 : Name : nel : -. 822 : Noise : nur : -. 823 : Shame : ajir : -. 824 : Sharpness : gizu : -. 825 : Sleep : ute : -. 826 : Smell : ganu : -. 827 : Taste : mita : -. 828 : Weight : mapu : -.

12. NAMES OF PERSONS.

Males, Number 1 : Piaquai : Paida. Males, Number 2 : Manu : Tumagugu. Males, Number 3 : Wagel (626) : Waga. Males, Number 4 : Salalle : Kuri. Males, Number 5 : Boruto : Chamida (444). Males, Number 6 : Gabua : Puroma. Females, Number 1 : Aburde : Mamulla. Females, Number 2 : Seibai : Ganulle. Females, Number 3 : Yeza : Baki.

NATIVE NAMES OF PLACES IN TORRES STRAIT AND NEIGHBOURHOOD OF CAPE YORK.

Mount Adolphus Island : Morilaga. Mount Adolphus Hill : Begunkutche. Small island to northward : Quiquichaga. Island North-West from Mount Adolphus, larger : Wagilwane. Island North-West from Mount Adolphus, smaller : Budye. Rock South-East from ditto : Akoine. Rock a : Kolapitchum. The Brothers : Kurobi. North Brother : Tarakar. Albany Island : Pabaju. Albany Island, north point : Tarung-i. Bush Island : Marte. Tree Island : Moebamunne. North-East Point of Albany Island : Tolodinya. Albany Rock : Manurre. Albany Rock, islet East by South : Takunya. Albany Rock, South-East : Eikoa. York Island (Cape York) : Wamilag. Eborac Island : Dyara. Mount Bremer : Charua. Evans Point : Maodinya. Sextant Rock : Delua. Beach at Evans Bay : Podaga. Bramble Hill : Duyemil-pada. South-East point of Evans Bay : Chechuri. Ida Island : Robumo. Beach East from Mew River : Paiera. Beach East from Mew River, hill behind : Pochinya. Bishop Point : Qualulga. Osnaburg Point : Kalalurri. Beach West from Cape York : Eintrang-o. Islet West by South : Purang-i. Peak Point : Karubowra. Possession Island : Bedanug. Woody Island, larger : Kei' Yellubi. Woody Island, smaller : Muggi' Yellubi. Entrance Island : Juna. Entrance Island, islet to North-West : Cheruko. Entrance Island, islet to West-South-West : Pipa. Islet on East side of Port Lihou : Tarilug. Islet off Port Lihou : Dumaralug. West Prince of Wales Island : Muralug. Cape Cornwall and neighbourhood : Morurpure. Beach on West side of Port Lihou : Daaka. Creek opposite Pipa and vicinity : Yet. Beach on North-East side of Muralug : Marin. Thursday Island : Gealug. Black Rock : Gi'omanalug. Green Island : Piwer. Goode Island : Peilalug. Goode Island, rocks on reef near this : Ipile. Hammond Island : Keiriri. Hammond Island, Rock : Adi. Friday Island : Weibene. East Prince of Wales Island : Narupai. Horned Hill : Dyugubai. Wednesday Island : Mowrurra. Strait Island, larger : Kei Kudulug. Strait Island, smaller : Muggi Kudulug. Travers Island : Mukunaba. Double Island : Nellgi. Mount Ernest : Nagir. Mount Ernest, islet next this : Pinakar. Pole Island : Getullai. Burke Island : Suaraji. Banks Island, high portion : Mua. Banks Island, low : Ita. Mulgrave Island : Badu. Hawkesbury Island : Warara. Tobin, or North Possession Island : Kulbi. Sue Island : Waraber. Murray Island, largest : Mer. Murray Island, middle : Dowar. Murray Island, smallest : Wayer. Darnley Island : Errub. Nepean Island : Eddugor. Stephens Island : Ugar. Campbell Island : Zapker. Dalrymple Island : Dzamud. Keats Island : Umagur. York Island, larger : Massid. York Island, smaller : Kudala. Bourke Isles, westernmost : Owrid. Bourke Isles, northernmost : Purem.

APPENDIX 2. COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF THREE OF THE LANGUAGES OF THE SOUTH-EAST COAST OF NEW GUINEA AND THE LOUISIADE ARCHIPELAGO.

The materials composing the following Vocabulary are arranged in three columns, according to the localities where they were obtained.

1. Redscar Bay (on the South-East coast of New Guinea, in latitude 9 degrees 17 minutes South and longitude 146 degrees 53 minutes East) and its neighbourhood.

2. Brumer Island (on the South-East coast of New Guinea, in latitude 10 degrees 45 minutes South and longitude 150 degrees 22 minutes East) and its neighbourhood; also Dufaure Island (about 40 miles to the westward). When the same word was given at both these places, I have indicated this circumstance by the letter b placed after the word; those procured at Dufaure Island only are marked by the letter D.

3. Brierly Island (Louisiade Archipelago, in latitude 11 degrees 20 minutes South and longitude 153 degrees 9 minutes East); also a few words, distinguished by the letter D, procured at the Duchateau Isles from natives of some neighbouring islands of the Calvados Group.

COLUMN 1: ENGLISH. COLUMN 2: REDSCAR BAY. COLUMN 3: BRUMER ISLANDS. COLUMN 4: LOUISIADE.

1. NATURAL OBJECTS.

Sky : - : garewa : buru-buru. Sun : diina* : mahana (b) : parai, parei.

(*Footnote. Since reading Dr. Latham's remarks, I am inclined to suppose that in this vocabulary the common termination na is often no part of the word, but merely a contraction of the relative pronoun = this (is).)

Cloud : - : budi-budi : -. Moon : - : nowarai : -. Wind : - : - : wiego. Salt water : dawara, davara : arita (b) : soga. Surf : - : bagodu : -. Fresh water : ranu : goila (b) : wawei (D). Sand : - : gera-gera : kera-kera. Earth : - : batan : -. Stone, rock : nati : weu, veu (b) : pak. Cliff : - : padi-padi : -. Quartz : - : karitao : -. Obsidian : - : nabuka (b) : -. Fire : lahi, rahi : kaiwa (b) : hiwo.

a. Mammalia.

Tail (of a dog) : - : derena : -. Dog : sisia : wanuhe, daiasi : geiwo. Pig : buroma : tuana, bawa (D) : bobo. Opossum (Cuscus) : mowra, bowra : - : -.

b. Birds.

Bird : - : - : maan. Wing : - : mabena, pepena : -. Bill : - : esuna, kawana : -. Feather : iduar : daguri : sao-sa. Hornbill : pawporo : - : -. White cockatoo : karai : rorowa : -. Nicobar pigeon : - : korauto : -. Cassowary : - : tyuaburo : -. Noddy : - : maga : -.

c. Reptiles.

Green turtle : matabudi : wawnu : -. Eggs : momo : - : -. Shell : nakeme : - : -. Hind flipper : ai : - : -. Tortoise-shell : kipore, gebore : koma-koma : -. Large lizard : - : makara : -. Water-snake : - : mata : -.

d. Fishes.

Fish : - : yama : yeimai. Bone : - : - : bebai. Fry of a Caranx : - : - : muwota. Mailed-perch : - : beirawa : -.

e. Insects, etc.

Sand-crab (Ocypoda) : - : gagaruki : -. Small crab (Grapsus etc.) : - : karagi : wallo-quallo. Fly : - : wuro-uro : -. Butterfly : - : bebi : bebi (= moth).

f. Shells, etc.

Cuttle-fish bone : - : - : weinaga. Nautilus : - : were-werigwa : -. Ear-shell : - : woka-woka : -. Snail : - : nin-nu : -. Scarabus : - : wadiwa : -. Small cowrie : - : - : dinga-dinga. Small cowrie, white : - : mawto : -. Egg-cowrie : lokol : dunari (b), dunai : du-ong-a. Cypraea mauritiana : - : guna : -. Arca : - : - : emoyamo. Cyrena : keva : kiwai : -. Cockle : - : kasepin. Donax : - : bogadob (D) : -. Pearl-oyster : meili : kepo, immaro : kepo. Barnacle : - : - : tuwaraga. Coral : - : puduri, buduri : sangoken = branched.

g. Vegetable Productions.

Wood : au : kaiwa : hiwo. Charcoal, black paint : uma : dum : -. Leaf : - : - : taiyu = yam leaf. Grass : - : yawa-yawada : wirmwir. Sea-weed : - : - : baan. Tree : - : madyu : -. Scented-herb : mura-mura : mura (b), kamura : -. Yellow-flowered plant : - : - : tao-ta. Erythrina indica : - : yowra : -. Casuarina : - : - : dai. Mangrove : - : - : tu-onga. Coconut and tree : niu : niu (b) : pogia, niu (D). Pandanus : - : duya : elegeli. Areca-nut : - : beda (b) : ereka. Banana : ani : kassaig, betu and beta (D) : pai-pai (D). Bread-fruit : kunune : -. Calladium esculentum ? : - : abaiya : piya = plant, poya = tuber, pihia (D). Yam : - : quateya : daha. Nodulated tuber : - : - : saiwe. Small yam-like tuber : - : nare : -. Betel pepper : - : gugu, rugu = fruit, peipai = leaf (D) : -. Mango : waiwai : gishoa : -. Yellow plum : - : baowyobi : -. Fig : - : baware : -. Sugar-cane : - : garu : mon-mon (D). Ginger : - : monewa : -. Amaranth : - : popori : -. Flax : - : yimone, taoc (D).

2. ARTICLES OF FOREIGN ORIGIN.

Iron : - : ropo-ropo (b) : kellumai. Clothing : - : quama : -.

3. UTENSILs, ORNAMENTS, WEAPONS, ETC.

Catamaran : - : daow, raow : -. Catamaran, lashing : - : owisu : -. Canoe : wanagi : waga (b) : waga. Bow : kura-kuro : - : hebagi. Figure-head : - : - : tabura. End-board : - : - : baragai, baragaiwi (D). Stern : tareiya : - : waga-pakena. Sides : - : - : badai, badaha (D). Outrigger float : darima : sarima (D) : sama. Diagonal supports : - : tuturi (D) : patuma. Outrigger poles : ilava : sai-ira, and saeya (D) : maga, hemaga (D). Lashing of poles : - : mamadi (D) (twisted) : wari (plain). Pole along gunwale : eiwara : - : -. Platform : - : - : piri-piritele. Mast : aiwar (= masts) : - : mamarang. Poles supporting mast : - : - : tuowo, towa (D). Sticks across sail : - : - : pokiwi. Sail : geda : doro : badiara, tun (D). Rope (of bark) : panaow : barrai, barawara (D) : baiawa. Streamers of pandanus leaf : - : - : kevara. Paddle : hawte, hawta : wosi, reha (D) : patoma and lewa (D). Bailer, wooden : dihu : aruma : -. Bailer, shell : - : heko = ? melon shell (D) : -. Hut : mahuta : maia : yuma. Posts : - : - : kawkola. Shelves on posts : - : - : gaga-gila. Wooden pillow : - : unua (D) : -. Earthen pot : uro : gudawa : uya. Earthen saucer : nau : - : -. Netted bag : vaina : hiwa : -. Basket, round : - : kira-kira (b) : -. Basket, small : - : - : nabo. Petticoat : erua : noge (b) : -. Breech-cloth, mat : - : daam : -. Cloth of bark : - : - : watu : -. Girdle, common : siehi (of tapa cloth) : turi-turi, toru. Girdle, rattan : barikue, ue (D) : -. Comb : tuari : suari (b) : sugo. Nose-stick : mukora : wanipa : bubusi-yana. Earring : - : kuratana (b) : puritana. Plug in lobe of ear : - : beya : batiwan. Queue : - : doyo : -. Armlet, woven : kaana : sia-sia, harimani (b) : -. Armlet, shell, solid : - : akassi : hiwe = Trochus niloticus. Armlet, shell, of 3 pieces : popo (b) : -. Armlet, rattan : - : wewessi : -. Breast ornament Number 1 : kawko : - : -. Breast ornament Number 2 : koiyu : - : -. Necklace of small seeds : - : digo-digota : -. Necklace of black seeds : - : ganogar, gudu-gudu (b) : -. Necklace of dog's teeth : - : gugadoi : -. Necklace of teeth and seeds : - : moka-moka : -. Paint, black : - : garoka, garoa : -. Paint, red : pai-ira : sabe : -. Lime for betel-chewing : - : harigyu (b) : hawi. Spatula : - : gahi : giang. Bamboo knife : katiwa : - : -. Stone-headed axe : kiram (also kelam* green jade) : -.

(*Footnote. Also the stone which heads it--probably the origin of kelumai, understood to mean iron, or any iron implement, as an axe.)

Fish-hook : - : aowri (b) : - : -. Seine : - : nine, tine : puakan. Floats : - : uyawa : kuoto. Wooden sword : - : kerepa (b) : kirapa. Snout of saw-fish : - : gari-gari : -. Shield : - : rigoane : -. Club, wooden : - : putu-putu : -. Club, stone-headed : kahi : - : -. Spear of any kind : iyu : - : -. Spear, fishing : - : kari : -. Spear, plain : - : - : hemera. Spear, polished : - : wawmerri : wama, manutu. Spear, sword-pointed : arahia : -. Spear, bamboo : - : - : didib (? = bamboo). Bow : pewa : - : -. Arrow : diba : - : -. Drum : - : baiatu, boyatu (D) : -. Conch : - : wage (Cassis or Triton) : -. Pandean pipes : - : wererri : -. Musical reed : - : bogigi : -.

4. MAN, RELATIONSHIP, ETC.

Man : tau : tau : -. Woman : ahine : sinadaow : daina, winakao. Father : ? tama : sibawa : -. Mother : - : ? bode : -. Brother : - : boe, ? nigerra : -. Sister : - : wadaiya : -. Son : ? natu : ? yowboe : -. Child, boy : mero : - : -. Friend, adopted brother : - : damagai : -.

5. PARTS OF HUMAN BODY, ETC.

Head : quara : - : -. Forehead : bagu : debada (b) : debada. Top of head : tubua : - : -. Back of head : ketu : - : -. Temples : abati : - : -. Eye : mata : matada : matara. Eyelashes : auna, mata-una : matasinowa : matara pulupulura. Eyebrow : bunimata : baia : -. Nose : udu : ishuda (b) : bubusi, bushuda (D). Nostril : - : - : bushuda-goina. Mouth : mao : - : -. Lips : pipina : sopada (b) : sepada. Tongue : mata : mimenada, manada (D) : mimiada. Teeth : isi : makada, mokada (b) : yingeda, yingida, nenin and nini (D). Cheek : meta : paparida : yamada. Chin : ate : laiagaiada : sewelida. Ear : taiya : beadawa, teinada (D) : batida. Throat : kato : garagaroda : dumuada. Back of neck : - : omda : -. Shoulder : paga : debearuda, daharada (D) : nemada. Armpit : - : - : chigirida. Upper arm : howow : - : nemada. Elbow : diu : mimassiuda, nimasiuda (D) : nemurrapupli, paokona. Fore-arm : ima : monaga = arm : nemada. Hand : ima : nimada : nemada. Hand, back of : - : murina : -. Hand, palm of : - : karokarona : -. Finger : dodori, wakiri : nimada gigida : nemadagigina. Finger : dodori, wakiri: nima garada (D) : nima gigina (D). Finger, little : pakeriga : - : -. Thumb : chinapata, sinabadu : - : -. Nails : kau : gibuda, nima gibuda (D) : kapuruna. Sides : - : - : diyuda = ? ribs. Breasts : rata : - : pididida (in man). Nipple : rata : susuga, tyutyuda : -. Belly : - : bogada : kineida. Navel : hudu : poasida : pusuana. Back : - : dagearada : muida, muina. Hip : piya : pampada, uripunana. Thigh : mamu : gotuda : -. Knee : tui : turida : paoko. Leg and ankle : dok : - : -. Leg, calf of : - : kaibira, haibira : -. Foot : - : kaida, goguda (D) : gegeda. Heel : - : - : ujuna. Beard : - : garagarada (b), gagaeda : baas. Hair of head : hui : kuruda (b) : huluda. Penis : usi: - : -. Scrotum : abu : - : -. Pudendum : konu : - : -. Tattooing : kerawera, kevareva : yatuya, kurikuri, and kurimani (D) : -. Blood : - : - : madibana. Collarbone : - : - : bongida. Jawbone : - : - : sewe. Saliva : kanudi : - : walahai. Dung : nian : - : tai. Boil : - : bonu : -. Leprosy : - : warilya (D) : -.

6. PRONOUN.

This : ena : aena, aina : -.

7. NUMERALS.

One : owtamona, ta : teya (b) : paihetia*.

(*Footnote. The numerals procured at the Duchateau Isles in January, 1850, are very different: One = etega, Two = erua, Three = eton, Four = epate, Five = nemara-panu, Ten = erute.)

Two : owrua, rua : labui (b) : pahiwo. Three : owtoi, toi : haiyona (b) : paihetuan. Four : owhani, hani : haasi (b) : paihepak. Five : owima, ima : harigigi (b) : paihelima. Six : owtaratoi, towratoi : harigigi-karimoga : paihewona. Seven : owkuta, hitu : harigigi-labui : paikepik. Eight : owtarahani, towrahani : harigigi-haiyona : paihewan. Nine : owsa, taa : harigigi-haasi : paihesiwo. Ten : adarata, wauta : saorudoi (b) : paiheawata. Eleven : - : - : paiheawata-paihetia. Twelve : - : - : paiheawata-pahiwo. Fifteen : - : saorudoi-harigigi : -. Nineteen : - : saorudoi-harigigi-haasi : paiheawata-paihesiwo. Twenty : ---- ruahui : taoi-mate : -. Twenty-five : - : talabushi-mate : -. Thirty : ---- toyahui : towkarimoga-mate : -. Thirty-one : - : towkarimoga-mate-karimoga : -.

8. ADJECTIVES.

Another : - : nessao (b) : -. More : patana : sagu : -.

9. ADVERBS, ETC.

Yes : - : ewa : -. No, I have not, will not : - : nige : -. No, I won't, don't! : laasi : besi (b) : -. Presently, by and bye : - : tabu (h) : tabu. Exclamations of surprise and astonishment : - : ao-o-o : -. Exclamations of surprise and astonishment : - : dim-dim : -.

10. VERBS.

Break (a stick) : udumuan : - : -. Come away : - : kurhama (D) : -. Cough : huwa : oso (D) : keli-keli. Cry : tai : - : -. Dive : hetai : - : -. Eat, eat it : - : oquai : -. Give, give me : mahi : ureama (b) : -. Go away, go back : - : - : tadubi. Laugh : kiri : tanuwaraha : -. Paddle : oawde : ow-wassi (b) : -. Rise up : - : kotoro : -. Sing : - : pediri (D) : -. Sit down : - : kumturi : -. Sleep : mahuta : - : -. Sneeze : - : tatino (D) : -. Strike (with fist) : hela : - : -. Swim : nahu : - : -. Whistle : - : ino : -.

11. MlSCELLANEOUS.

Expressing friendship : - : magasugo (b) : -. This is called : - : taina esana : -.

12. NAMES OF PERSONS.

Males, Number 1 : Woro : Ihara : Wadai. Males, Number 2 : Iripa : Nubaida : Maho. Males, Number 3 : Kari (father and son) : Tubuda : Hewawo. Males, Number 4 : Baguya : Eratao : Mao. Females, Number 1 : - : Lataoma, Konaia (D) : -. Females, Number 2 : - : Narumai, Tatarai (D) : -. Females, Number 3 : - : Haraobi, Bonarua (D) : -. Females, Number 4 : - : Perodi : -. Females, Number 5 : - : Gubetta : -.

APPENDIX 3. REMARKS ON THE VOCABULARIES OF THE VOYAGE OF THE RATTLESNAKE, BY R.G. LATHAM, M.D.

In the way of comparative philology the most important part of the Grammar of the Australian languages is, generally, the Pronoun. That of the Kowrarega language will, therefore, be the first point investigated.

In the tongues of the Indo-European class the personal pronouns are pre-eminently constant, i.e., they agree in languages which, in many other points, differ. How thoroughly the sound of m runs through the Gothic, Slavonic, and Iranian tongues as the sign of the pronoun of the first person singular, in the oblique cases; how regularly a modification of t, s, or th, appears in such words as tu, su, thou, etc! Now this constancy of the Pronoun exists in most languages; but not in an equally palpable and manifest form. It is disguised in several ways. Sometimes, as in the Indo-European tongues, there is one root for the nominative and one for the oblique cases; sometimes the same form, as in the Finlandic, runs through the whole declension; sometimes, as when we say you for thou in English, one number is substituted for another; and sometimes, as when the German says sie for thou, a change of the person is made as well. When languages are known in detail, these complications can be guarded against; but where the tongue is but imperfectly exhibited a special analysis becomes requisite.

Generally, the first person is more constant than the second, and the second than the third; indeed, the third is frequently no true personal pronoun at all, but a demonstrative employed to express the person or thing spoken of as the agent or object to a verb. Now, as there are frequently more demonstratives than one which can be used in a personal sense, two languages may be, in reality, very closely allied, though their personal pronouns of the third person differ. Thus the Latin ego = Greek ego; but the Latin hic and ille by no means correspond in form with os, auto, and ekeinos. This must prepare us for not expecting a greater amount of resemblance between the Australian personal pronouns than really exists.

Beginning with the most inconstant of the three pronouns, namely, that of the third person, we find in the Kowrarega the following forms:

3.

Singular, masculine : nu-du = he, him. Singular, feminine : na-du = she, her. Dual, common : pale = they two, them two. Plural, common : tana = they, them.

In the two first of these forms the du is no part of the root, but an affix, since the Gudang gives us the simpler forms nue and na. Pale, the dual form, occurs in the Western Australian, the New South Wales, the South Australian, and the Parnkalla as foIlows: boola, bulo-ara, purl-a, pudlanbi = they two.

2.

Singular : ngi-du = thou, thee. Dual : ngi-pel = ye two, you two. Plural : ngi-tana = ye, you.

Here the root is limited to the syllable ngi, as shown not less by the forms ngi-pel, and ngi-tana, than by the simple Gudang ngi = thou.

Ngi, expressive of the second person, is common in Australia: ngi-nnee, ngi-ntoa, ni-nna, ngi-nte = thou, thee, in the Western Australian, New South Wales, Parnkalla, and Encounter Bay dialects.

Ngi-pel is probably thou + pair; a priori this is a likely way of forming a dual. As to the reasons a posteriori they are not to be drawn wholly from the Kowrarega tongue itself. Here the word for two is not pel but quassur. But let us look further. The root p-l, or a modification of it, = two in the following dialects; as well as in the Parnkalla and others: pur-laitye, poolette, par-koolo, bull-a, in the Adelaide, Boraipar, Yak-kumban, and Murrumbidge. That it may stand too for the dual personal pronoun is shown in the first of these tongues; since in the Adelaide language purla = ye two. Finally, its appearance amongst the pronouns, and its absence amongst the numerals, occurs in the Western Australian. The numeral two is kardura; but the dual pronoun is boala. The same phenomenon would occur in the present English if two circumstances had taken place, namely, if the Anglo-Saxon dual wi-t = we two had been retained up to the present time amongst the pronouns, and the word pair, brace, or couple, had superseded two amongst the numerals.

Lastly, the Western Australian and the Kowrarega so closely agree in the use of the numeral two for the dual pronoun, that each applies it in the same manner. In the third person it stands alone, so that in Western Australian boala, and in Kowrarega pale = they two, just as if in English we said pair or both, instead of they both (he pair); whilst in the second person, the pronoun precedes it, and a compound is formed; just as if, in English, we translated the Greek sphoi by thou pair or thou both.

1. Singular : nga-tu = I, me. Dual : albei = we two, us two. Plural : arri = we, us.

Here the plural and dual are represented not by a modification of the singular but by a new word; as different from nga as nos is from ego. The tu, of course, is non-radical, the Gudang form being ngai.

Nga, expressive of the first person, is as common as ngi, equivalent to the second. Thus, nga-nya, nga-toa, nga-i, nga-pe = I, me, in the Western Australian, New South Wales, Parnkalla, and Encounter Bay dialects.

Now, the difference between the first and second persons being expressed by different modifications (nga, ngi) of the same root (ng), rather than by separate words, suggests the inquiry as to the original power of that root. It has already been said that, in many languages, the pronoun of the third person is, in origin, a demonstrative. In the Kowrarega it seems as if even the basis of the first and second was the root of the demonstrative also; since, by looking lower down in the list, we find that i-na = this, che-na = that, and nga-du (nga in Gudang) = who. Ina and chena also means here and there, respectively.

The dual form albei reappears in the Yak-kumban dialect of the River Darling where allewa = we two. Arri = us, is also the first syllable in the Western Australian form ar-lingul = we; or, rather it is ar-lingul in a simpler and less compounded form. In a short specimen of Mr. Eyre's from the head of the Great Australian Bight, the form in a appears in the singular number, ajjo = I and me. The root tana = they, is not illustrated without going as far as the Western Australian of Mr. Eyre. Here, however, we find it in the compound word par-tanna = many. Its original power is probably others; and it is most likely a widely diffused Australian root.

The pronouns in question are compound rather than simple; i.e. instead of nga = me, and ngi = thee, we have nga-tu and ngi-du. What is the import and explanation of this? It may safely be said, that the termination in the Australian is NOT a termination like the Latin met in ego- met, inasmuch as this last is constant throughout the three persons (ego-met, tute-met, se-met), whereas, the former varies with the pronoun to which it is appended (nga-tu, and ngi-du). I hazard the conjecture that the two forms correspond with the adverbs here and there; so that nga-tu = I here, and ngi-du = thou there, and nu-du = he there. In respect to the juxtaposition of the simple forms (ngai, ngi, and nue) of the Gudang with the compound ones (nga-tu, ngi-du, and nu-du) of the Kowrarega, it can be shown that the same occurs in the Parnkalla of Port Lincoln; where Mr. Eyre gives the double form ngai and nga-ppo each = I or me.

Now, this analysis of the Kowrarega personals has exhibited the evolution of one sort of pronoun out of another, with the addition of certain words expressive of number, the result being no true inflexion but an agglutination or combination of separate words. It has also shown how the separate elements of such combinations may appear in different forms and with different powers in different dialects of the same language, and different languages of the same class, even where, in the primary and normal signification, they may be wanting in others. The first of these facts is a contribution to the laws of language in general; the second shows that a great amount of apparent difference may be exhibited on the surface of a language which disappears as the analysis proceeds.

In rude languages the Numerals vary with the dialect more than most other words. We can understand this by imagining what the case would be in English if one of our dialects counted things by the brace, another by the pair, and a third by the couple. Nevertheless, if we bear in mind the Greek forms Thalassa and Thalatta, we may fairly suppose that the Kowrarega word for two, or quassur, is the same word with the Head of Australian Bight kootera, the Parnkalla kuttara, and the Western Australian kardura, having the same meaning.

The difference, then, between the numerals of the Australian languages--and it is undoubtedly great--is no proof of any fundamental difference of structure or origin. It is just what occurs in the languages of Africa, and, in a still greater degree, in those of America.

The extent to which the numeration is carried, is a matter of more importance. Possibly a numeration limited to the first three, four, or five numbers is the effect of intellectual inferiority. It is certainly a cause that continues it. As a measure of ethnological affinity it is unimportant. In America we have, within a limited range of languages, vigesimal systems like the Mexican, and systems limited to the three first units like the Caribb. The difference between a vigesimal and decimal system arises simply from the practice of counting by the fingers and toes collectively, or the fingers alone, being prevalent; whereas the decimal system as opposed to the quinary is referrible to the numeration being extended to both hands, instead of limited to one. Numerations not extending as far as five are generally independent of the fingers in toto. Then as to the names of particular numbers. Two nations may each take the name of the number two from some natural dualism; but they may not take it from the name. For instance, one American Indian may take it from a pair of skates, another from a pair of shoes. If so, the word for two will differ in the two languages, even when the names for skate and shoe agree. All this is supported by real facts, and is no hypothetical illustration; so that the inference from it is, that, in languages where a numeral system is in the process of formation, difference in the names of the numbers is comparatively unimportant.

The extent to which the numerals vary, the extent to which they agree, and the extent to which this variation and agreement are anything but coincident with geographical proximity or distance, may be seen in the following table:

English : one two three. Moreton Bay : kamarah bulla mudyan. Moreton Island : karawo poonlah madan. Bijenelumbo : warat ngargark 2 + 1. Limbakarajia : erat ngargark 2 + 1. Terrutong : roka oryalk 2 + 1. Limbapyu : immuta lawidperra 2 + 1. Kowrarega : warapune quassur 2 + 1. Gudang : epiamana elabaio 2 + 1. Darnley Island : netat nes 2 + 1. Raffles Bay : loca orica orongarie. Lake Macquarie : wakol buloara ngoro. Peel River : peer pular purla. Wellington : ngungbai bula bula-ngungbai. Corio : koimoil. Jhongworong : kap. Pinegorine : youa. Gnurellean : lua. King George Sound : keyen cuetrel murben. Karaula : mal bular culeba. Lachlan, Regent Lake : nyoonbi bulia bulongonbi. Wollondilly River : medung pulla colluerr.