Index

Vowel Sounds:--ä, as in palm; ā, as in late; ă, almost like u in fur; e, like a in fate; ē, as in he; i, as e in me; ī, as in sigh; ō, as in shore; ü, as in pull; u, as in sun; ȳ, as in dye.

A

Ä, Āä, Äi, Sumerian names of moon, 301; Ea as, 31.

Ää, the goddess, consort of Shamash, 57, 100.

Aäh, Egyptian name of moon, 301.

Abijah (a-bī´jah), King of Judah, 402, 403.

Abraham, 12; the Isaac sacrifice, 50; period of migration from Ur, 131, 245; association of with Amorites, 246; conflict with Amraphel (Hammurabi) and his allies, 246, 247; Babylonian monotheism in age of, 160; Nimrod and in Koran, 166, 167, 349, 350.

Achaeans (a-kē´ans), the Celts and, 377; in Crete and Egypt, 378; Pelasgians and, 393; the Cyprian and Assyria, 484.

Achaemenian (a-ke-men´ian), Cyrus called an, 493; Darius I claims to be an, 496. See Akhamanish.

Adad (äd´äd), deities that link with, 35, 57, 261, 395; in demon war, 76.

Adad-nirari I (äd´äd-ni-rä´ri), of Assyria, 362, 363.

Adad-nirari III, 396.

Adad-nirari IV, King of Assyria, Babylonian influence in court of, 419; as "husband of his mother", 420; innovations of, 421; Kalkhi library, 422; "synchronistic history", 423; Nebo worship, 435,436; as "saviour" of Israel, 438, 439; Urartu problem, 439, 440.

Adad-nirari V, 442.

Adad-shum-utsur (äd´ad-shüm-ü´tsur), King of Babylonia, as overlord of Assyria, 370.

Adam, "first wife" of a demon, 67; the shining jewel of, 185.

Adapa (ä´dä-pä), the Babylonian Thor, 72, 73.

Addu (äd´dü), as form of Merodach, 160.

Adonis (ä-dō´nis), Tammuz and myth of, 83, 84; antiquity of myth of, 84; blood of in river, 85; the boat or chest of, 90, 103; "the Garden of", 171, 172; slain by boar, 294, 304.

Afghans, skull forms of, 8.

Ages, the mythical, Tammuz as ruler of one of the, 83, 84; Greek flood legend and, 195, 196; the Indian and Celtic, 196; in American myths, 198; Babylonian and Indian links, 199; in Persian and Germanic mythologies, 202, 203; various systems compared, 310 et seq..

Agni (ăg´nee), Indian fire and fertility god, 49; Nusku and, 50; links with Tammuz, 94; eagle as, 168, 169; Nergal and, 304; the goat and, 333; Melkarth and, 346.

Agriculture, mother worship and, xxix, xxx; cults of Osiris-Isis and Tammuz-Ishtar, xxxi; early Sumerians and, 2; in Turkestan and Egypt, 6; early civilizations and, 14; Herodotus on Babylonian, 21, 22; irrigation and river floods, 23, 24, 26; deities and water supply, 33; Tammuz-Adonis myth, 85; weeping ceremonies, 82 et seq.; Nimrod myth, 170; demand for harvesters in Babylonia, 256.

Agum (ä´güm), Kassite kings named, 272 et seq.

Agum the Great, Kassite king, recovers from Mitanni Merodach and his spouse, 272.

Ahab, King of Israel, 405-407 , 408, 473.

Ahaz, King of Judah, fire ceremony practised by, 50; sundial of and eclipse record, 323, 450; relations with Assyria, 452, 453, 459.

Ahaziah (a-ha-zī´ah), King of Israel, 408-410 .

Ahür´ă Măz´da, eagle and ring symbol of, 347; Ashur and, 355; Cambyses and, 495; identified with Merodach, 496; reform of cult of, 497.

Air of Life, Breath and spirit as, 48, 49.

Akhamanish (a-khä-măn´ish), the Persian Patriarch, 493; Germanic Mannus and Indian Manu and, 493; eagle and, 493.

Akhenaton (a-khen-ä´ton), foreign correspondence of, 280 et seq.; Assyrian King's relations with, 285; Aton cult of, 338, 422; attitude of to mother worship, 418, 419.

Akkad (ak´kad). Its racial and geographical significance, 1; early name of Uri or Kiuri, 2; early history of, 109 et seq.

Akkad, City of, Sargon of, 125 et seq.; Naram-Sin and, 128, 129; in Hammurabi Age, 256; observatory at, 321. Also rendered Agadé.

Akkadians, characteristics of, 2; culture of Sumerian, 2, 3, 13; the conquerors of Sumerians, 12.

Äku, moon as the "measurer", 301.

Akurgal (ä-kür´gal), King of Lagash, son of Ur-Nina, 118.

Alban, the British ancestral giant, 42.

Aleppo (a-lep´po), Hadad worshipped at, 411.

Alexander the Great, Southern Babylonia in age of, 22, 23; his vision of Tiamat, 151; myths of, 164; the eagle and, 167; Gilgamesh and, 172; water of life, 185, 186; Brahmans and, 207, 208; welcomed in Babylon, 497; Pantheon of, 497; death of, 498.

Algebra, Brahmans formulated, 289.

Allatu (al´lä-tü). See Eresh-ki-gal.

Alu (ä´lü), the, tempest and nightmare demon, 65, 68, 69.

Alyät´tes, King of Lydia, war against Medes, 494; Median marriage alliance, 494.

Ä´mä, the mother goddess, 57, 100.

Amaziah, King of Judah, 448, 449.

Amel-marduk (ä´mel-mär´duk), "Evil Merodach", King of Babylon, 492.

Amenhotep III (ä-men-hō´tep) of Egypt, 280; Tushratta's appeals to, 282.

Amon, wife of, 221; the "world soul" belief and, 329.

Amorites, Land of. See Amurru.

Amorites, Sargon of Akkad and, 125-127 ; in pre-Hammurabi Age, 217; Sun cult favoured by in Babylon, 240; Moon cult of in Kish, 241; blend of in Jerusalem, 246; raids of, 256; as allies of Hittites, 284, 363, 364; Philistines and, 380; "mother right" amongst, 418.

Amphitrite, the sea goddess, 33.

Amraphel (äm´ra-phel), the Biblical, identified with Hammurabi, 131, 246, 247.

Amurru (am´ür-rü), land of Amorites, 127; Sargon and Naram Sin in, 127-129 ; Gudea of Lagash trades with, 130; Elamite overlordship of, 248.

Amurru, the god called, Merodach and Adad-Ramman and, 316.

Anahita (ana-hi´ta), Persian goddess, identified with Nina-Ishtar, 496.

An´akim, "sons of Anak", the Hittites and, 11, 12.

Anatu (an-ä´tü), consort of Anu, 138.

Anau, Turkestan, civilization of and the Sumerian, 5; votive statuettes found at, 5.

Ancestral totems, annual sacrifice of, 294; in Babylonia and China, 295.

Andromeda (an-drom´e-da), legend of, 152.

Angus, the Irish love god, 90, 238.

Animal forms of gods, 134, 135.

Animism, xxxiii; spirit groups and gods, 35, 294 et seq.; fairies and elves relics of, 79, 80; stars and planets as ghosts, 295, 304; star worship, 317; Pelasgian gods as Fates, 317.

"Annie, Gentle", the Scottish wind hag, 73.

Annis, Black, Leicester wind hag, 73, 101.

An´shan, Province of, Sargon of Akkad conquers, 127; Cyrus, King of, 493.

An´shar, the god, in group of elder deities, 37; Anu becomes like, 124; in Creation legend, 138 et seq.; Ashur a form of, 326, 354; as "Assoros", 328; as night sky god, 328; identified with Polar star, 330, 331; as astral Satyr (goat-man), 333; Tammuz and, 333; his six divinities of council, 334.

Anthat (änth´at), goddesses that link with, 268.

Anthropomorphic gods, the Sumerian, 134-136 .

Anu (ä´nü), god of the sky, demons as messengers of, 34, 77; in early triad, 35, 36; among early gods, 37; Brahma and, 38; links with Mithra, 55; other gods and, 53,57; as father of demons, 63; solar and lunar attributes of, 53, 55; wind spirits and, 72, 73, 74; in demon war, 76; as father of Isis, 100; Ur-Nina and, 116; as father of Enlil, 124; as form of Anshar, 125, 328; high priest of and moon god, 130; during Isin Dynasty, 132; in Creation legend, 138 et seq.; Merodach directs decrees of, 149; Etana and eagle in heaven of, 166; in Gilgamesh legend, 173 et seq.; in Deluge legend, 190 et seq.; planetary gods and, 304; zodiacal "field of", 307; the star spirits and, 318; as Anos, 328; as the "high bead", 334; Sargon II and, 463.

An´zan. See Anshan.

Apep (ä´pep), the Egyptian serpent demon, 46, 156.

Aphrodite (af-rō-dī´tē), boar lover of slays Adonis, 87; lovers of, 103; the "bearded" form of, 267, 301; birds and plants sacred to, 427; as a fate, 427, 433; legends attached to, 437.

Apil-Sin (ä´pil-sin), King, grandfather of Hammurabi, 242.

Apis bull (ä-pis), inspiration from breath of, 49; Cambyses sacrifices to Mithra, 495.

Apsu-Rishtu (ap´sü-rish´tü), god of the deep, like Egyptian Nu, 37, 64; as enemy of the gods, 38; Tiamat and, 106; in Creation legend, 138 et seq.; reference to by Damascius, 328.

Apuatu (ä-pü´ä-tü) (Osiris) as the Patriarch, xxxii.

Arabia, moon worship in, 52; owl a mother ghost in, 70; in Zu bird myth, 74, 75; invaded by Naram Sin, 129; Etana myth in, 166, 167; water of life myth, 186; Sargon II and kings of, 458; Sennacherib in, 466.

Arabians, the, of Mediterranean race, 7; Semites of Jewish type and, 7, 10; prehistoric migrations of, 11, 12.

Arad Ea (är-ad-e´ä), "ferryman" of Hades water, 34; Gilgamesh crosses sea of death with, 180 et seq.

Aramaeans, migrations of, 359; called "Suti", "Achlame", "Arimi", "Khabiri", and "Syrians", 360; Assyria and the, 367; as allies of Hittites, 377, 378; state of Damascus founded by, 390; Ashur-natsir-pal III and, 398, 399; "mother worship" and, 434; as opponents of sun worship, 445; settled in Asia Minor, 461.

Archer, the Astral, Ashur, Gilgamesh, and Hercules as, 336, 337; robed with feathers, 344; Ashur and Sandan as, 352.

Ardat Lili (ar´dat li-li), a demon lover, 68.

Ardys, King of Lydia, Assyria helps, 486.

Ares, Greek war god, as boar slayer of Adonis, 87, 304.

Argistis I (ar´gist-is), King of Urartu, campaigns of, 441, 442, or, Argistes.

Argistis II of Urartu, raids of Cimmerians and Scythians, 461.

Arioch (ä´ri-ok), the Biblical, Warad-Sin as, 247, 248.

Arithmetic, finger counting in Babylonia and India, 310; development of, 312.

Ark, in flood legend, 191 et seq.

Arles money, Babylonian farm labourers received, 256.

Armenia, Thunder god of, 261, 395; goddess Anaitis in, 267, See Urartu.

Armenians, the use of cradle board by, 4, 5; ancestors of, 283.

Armenoid Race, the, in Semitic blend, 10; in Asia Minor, Syria, and Europe, 11, 262; traces of in prehistoric Egypt, 11, 263, 264; in Palestine, 12; culture of, 315.

Arnold, Edwin, xxii.

Arpad (är´pad) in reign of Tiglathpileser IV, 446, 447.

Arrow, a symbol of lightning and fertility, 337; Ashur's and the goddess Neith's, 337n. See Archer, the Astral.

Art, magical origin of, 288.

Artaxerxes, 497.

Artemis (är´te-mis), the goddess, lovers slain by, 104; as wind hag, 104; the "Great Bear" myth and, 296.

Artisan gods, Ea, Ptah, Khnumu, and Indra as, 30.

Aruru (ar´ü-rü), the mother goddess, 100, 160, 420; assists Merodach to create mankind, 148; in Gilgamesh legend, 172 et seq.

Aryans (ā´ri-ans), Mitannians as, 269, 270; Kassites and, 270.

Asa, King of Judah, burning at grave of, 350; images destroyed by, 403; appeal for aid to Damascus, 404; death of, 407.

Asari (ä-sä´ri), Merodach as, and Osiris, 159.

Ash´dod, Cyprian King of, 458, 459.

Ashtoreth (äsh-tō´reth), Ishtar and, 100; lovers of, 103; goddesses that link with, 267; worship of at Samaria, 439; also rendered Ash´ta-roth.

Ashur (ä´shur), Asura theory, 278; as Aushar, "water field", the "Holy One", and Anshar, 326; the Biblical patriarch, 327; "Ashir" and Cappadocia, 327; Brahma and, 328; as Creator, 329; bull, eagle, and lion identified with, 330; connected with sun, Regulus, Arcturus, and Orion, 331; King and, 331; Isaiah's parable, 331; as bull of heaven, 334; winged disk or "wheel" of, 334, 335; standard of as "world spine", 335; the archer in "wheel", 335; despiritualization theory, 335, 336; the solar archer as Merodach, Hercules, and Gilgamesh, 336; the arrow of, 337; Babylonian deities and, 337; Babylonian and Persian influences, 338; as god of fertility, &c., 339; Assyrian civilization reflected by, 340; as corn god and war god, 340; the Biblical Nisroch, 341; the eagle and, 343; Ezekiel's references to life wheel, 344 et seq.; fire cult and, 346; Indian wheel symbol, 346, 347; Persian wheel or disk, 347; wheels of Shamash and Ishtar, 347; the Egyptian Ankh, 347; Hittite winged disk, 347, 348; Sandan and, 347, 348; Attis and, 348; son of Ea like Merodach, 348; aided by fires and sacrifices, 351; disk a symbol of life, fertility, &c., 351; the lightning arrow, 352; temples of and worship of, 352; close association of with kings, 352, 353; association of with moon god, 353; astral phase of, 354; Jastrow's view, 354; Pinches on Merodach and Osiris links, 354; as patriarch, corn god, &c, 354, 355; spouse of, 355; a Baal, 355; earthquake destroys temple of, 363; Shalmaneser I obtains treasure for, 366; Esarhaddon builds temple to, 476; Sennacherib murdered in temple of, 470; Ahura Mazda and, 496. See Ässhur, the Biblical Patriarch.

Ashur-bani-pal (ä´shur-bän´i-pal), discovery of library of, xxii, xxiii; doctors and, 231, 232; worship of Ashur and Sin, 353; Merodach restored to Babylon by, 481, 482; Egyptian campaign, 482; sack of Thebes, 483; emissaries from Gyges of Lydia visit, 483; Shamash-shum-ukin's revolt against, 484; suicide of Shamash-shum-ukin, 485; Lydia aided by, 486; Sardanapalus legend, 486; the Biblical "Asnapper", 487; palace of, 487.

A´shur-dan´ I, of Assyria, 370.

Ashur-dan III, reign of, 442.

Ashur-danin-apli(a´shur-dan-in´apli), revolt of in Assyria, 414, 415.

Ashur-elit-ilani (a´shur-e´lit-il-a´ni), King of Assyria, 487, 488.

Ashur-natsir-pal I (a´shur-na´tsir-pal) of Assyria, 369.

Ashur-natsii-pal III, his "reign of terror", 396; conquests and atrocities of, 397, 398; Babylonians overawed by, 399; death of, 401.

Ashur-nirari IV (a´shur-ni-rä´ri), last king of Assyria's "Middle Empire", 442, 443.

Ashur-uballit (a´shur-u-bäl-lit), King of Assyria, Egypt and, 281, 282, 285; conquests of, 284; grandson of as King of Babylon, 284; Arabian desert trade route, 360.

Asia Minor, hill god of, 136; prehistoric alien pottery in, 263.

Ass, the sun god as, 329; in Lagash chariot, 330.

"Ass of the East", horse called in Babylonia, 270.

Äs´shur, City of, Ashur the god of, 277; Mitanni king plunders, 280; imported beliefs in, 327; Biblical reference to, 339; development of god of, 355; Merodach's statue deported to, 469.

Äs´shur, the Biblical Patriarch of Assyria, 276, 277, 327. See Ashur.

Assyria, excavations in, xix et seq.; Amorite migration to, 217; Hammurabi kings as overlords of, 241, 419; Thothmes III corresponds with king of, 276; Biblical reference to rise of, 276, 277; Aryan names of early kings of, 278; Mitanni kings as overlords of, 279, 280; Semitized by Amorites, 279; in Tell-el-Amarna letters, 281, 282; rise of after fall of Mitanni, 284; struggles with Babylonia for Mesopotamia, 284-286 ; 361 et seq.; the national god, Ashur, 326 et seq.; Isaiah's reference to, 340; Egyptians and Hittites allied against, 366, 368; Old Empire Kings, 366 et seq.; Babylonia controls, 370; character of, 372-375 ; periods of history of, 375; at close of Kassite period, 380; end of Old Empire, 386; Second Empire of, 391 et seq.; sculpture of and Sumerian, 401; mother worship in, 420 et seq.; Urartu's struggle with, 440-442 ; end of Second Empire, 443; Third Empire, 444 et seq.; Egypt becomes a province of, 475 et seq.; last king of, 487; fall of Nineveh, 488; Cyaxares rules over, 493.

Astarte (as-tär´te), lovers of, 103; animals of on Lagash vase, 120; goddesses that link with, 267; Semiramis and, 425.

Astrology, basal idea in Babylonian, 317; Babylonian and Grecian, 318 et seq.; literary references to, 325.

Astrology and astronomy, 287 et seq. See Stars, Planets, and Constellations.

Astronomers, eclipses foretold by in late Assyrian period, 321, 322.

Astronomy, Merodach fixes stars, &c., in Creation legend, 147, 148; discovery that moon is lit by sun, 148 n.; Mythical Ages and, 310 et seq.; theory of Greek origin of, 319 et seq.; precession of the equinoxes, 320, 320 n.; Assyro-Babylonian observatories, 320-322 ; Hittites pass Babylonian discoveries to Europe, 316; in late Assyrian and neo-Babylonian period, 479, 480.

Astyages (as-ty´a-jēz), King of the Medes, Cyrus displaces, 493; wife of a Lydian princess, 494.

Asura fire (ă-shoo´ra), in the sea, 50, 51.

Atargatis (ät-är-gä´tis), the goddess, legend of origin of, 28; as a bi-sexual deity, 267; Derecto and, 277, 426, 427; Nina and, 277, 278.

Ate (ä´te), mother goddess of Cilicia, 267.

Athaliah (ath-a-lī´ah), Queen, of Judah, 409; reign of, 413; Joash crowned, 413; soldiers slay, 413, 414.

Athena (äthe´na), indigenous goddess of Athens, 105; goat and, 337.

Athens, imported gods in, 105.

Atmospheric deities, Enlil, Indra, Ramman, &c, as, 35; "air of life" from, 48, 49.

Aton, Akhenaton's god, the goddess Mut and, 419, 422.

Attis (ät´tis), the Phrygian god, Tammuz and, 84; death of, 87; as lover of Cybele, 103, 104; deities that link with, 267; as Jupiter, 305; Ashur and, 354-355 ; symbols of, 348.

Äü-Aä, Jah as Ea, 31.

Australia, star myths in, 296, 300.

Axe, the double, symbol of god, 348.

Azag-Bau (ä´zag bä´ü), legendary queen of Kish, 114; humble origin of, 115.

Azariah (az-a-rī´ah), King of Judah, 449.

B

Baal, the moon god as, 51; shadowy spouse of, 100; Ashur as, 355; worship of the Phoenician in Israel, 406.

Baal-dag´on, the god, symbols of, 32.

Bä´asha, King of Israel, 403; Damascus aids Judah against, 404, 405.

Bä´ä-ü, the Phoenician mother goddess, 150.

Babbar (bäb´bar), sun god, 125; Nin Girsu and, 132; of Sippar, 240. See Shamash.

Babylon, in early Christian literature, xvii; German excavations at, xxiv; Isaiah foretells doom of, 113, 114, 478; sack of by Gutium, 129; political rise of, 217 et seq.; early history of, 218; Greek descriptions of late city of, 219 et seq.; "hanging gardens" of, 220; date of existing ruins of, 222; marriage market of, 224, 225; sun worship in, 240; the London of Western Asia, 253; return of Merodach from Mitanni to, 272; observatory at, 321; destruction of by Sennacherib, 468, 469; restored by Esarhaddon, 471; Ashur-bani-pal restores Merodach to, 481, 482; Shamash-sum-ukin's revolt in, 484, 485; Belshazzar's feast in, 494, 495; under the Persians, 496; Xerxes pillages Merodach's temple in, 497; Alexander the Great in, 497, 498; under empire of Seleucidae, 498; slow death of, 498, 499.

Babylonia, excavations in, xix et seq.; religion of, xxviii, xxxi; debt of modern world to, xxxv; early divisions of, 1 et seq.; harvests of, 21, 22; the two seasons of, 23, 24; rise of empire of, 133; Amorite migration into, 217; Golden Age of, 253; Hittite invasion of, 259; Tell-el-Amarna letters and, 281; early struggles with Assyria, 284-286 ; star myths of, 290 et seq.; ancestor worship in, 295; beginning of arithmetic in, 310 et seq.; Kassites and Mesopotamia, 358,359,361 et seq.; Arabian desert route, 360; influence of Hittites in, 364, 366, 368; Assyria controlled by, 370; Kassite dynasty ends, 370-371 ; compared with Assyria, 371-375 ; Tig-lath-pileser II and, 385; Ashur-natsir-pal III overawes, 399; Shamshi-Adad VII subdues, 414,415; Tiglath-pileser IV, the "Pulu" of, 444-446 ; Esarhaddon and, 471-476 ; Neo-Babylonian Age, 478 et seq.; Alexander the Great and, 497.

Baghdad railway, following ancient trade route, 357, 357 n[407].

Balder, the Germanic god, Gilgamesh and, 184; new age of, 202, 203.

Bä-neb-tet´tu, Egyptian god, 29.

Barley, husks of in Egyptian pre-Dynastic bodies, 6.

Barleycorn, John, Nimrod and Icelandic god Barleycorn and, 170, 171.

Barque of Ra, sun as and the Babylonian "boat", 56, 57.

Basques, the, language of and the Sumerian, 3; shaving customs of, 4.

Bäst, the Egyptian serpent mother, 76.

Bä´ta, the Egyptian tale of, 85.

Bats, ghosts as, 65.

Battle, the Everlasting, 65.

Bau (bä´ü), mother goddess, 100; Gula and Ishtar and, 116; in Kish, 114, 126, 127; associated with Nin-Girsu, 115, 116; Tiamat and, 150; doves and, 428; creatrix and, 437.

Bear, as a clan totem, 164.

Bearded gods, the Sumerian, 135, 136, 137; Egyptian customs, 136.

"Beare, the Old Woman of", as the eternal goddess, 101, 102.

Behistun, rock inscription at, xx.

Bel, the, Merodach as, 34; Enlil as the "elder", 35; demons as "beloved sons" of, 63; Zu bird strives to be, 74; in demon war, 77; as son of Ea, 139; decapitated to create mankind, 148; Etana visits heaven of, 166; in Gilgamesh legend, 172; in flood legend, 190 et seq.; Zodiacal "field" of, 307; Sargon II and the "elder", 463.

Bel´-Kap-Kä´pü, King of Babylonia, as overlord of Assyria, 419.

Bel-nirari (bel´-ni-rä´ri), King of Assyria, 285, 286.

Bel-shum-id´din, last Kassite king, 371.

Beli (bā´le), "the Howler", enemy of Germanic corn god, 95.

Belit-sheri (bel-it-she´ri), sister of Tammuz, in Hades, 98, 117.

Belshaz´zar, King of Babylon, overthrow of, 494, 495.

Beltane Day, fire ceremony of, 50.

Beltu (bāl´tü), the goddess, 36, 100.

Ben-ha´dad I, King of Damascus, as overlord of Judah and Israel, 404.

Ben-hadad II, Ahab defeats twice, 406, 407; murder of by Hazael, 410.

Ben-hadad III, Assyrians overcome, 438, 439.

Beowulf (bā-ō-wülf), brood of Cain in, 80; Scyld myth, 92, 93; sea monsters, 152; mother-monster in like Sumerian and Scottish, 154, 155.

Ber, "lord of the wild boar", Ninip as, 302.

Bero´sus, 27, 30, 83, 148, 164, 170, 198, 466, 470, 492.

Bhima (bhee´ma), the Indian, like Gilgamesh and Hercules, 187.

Birds, as ghosts and fates, 65; owl as mother's ghost, 70; demons enter the, 71; Sumerian Zu bird and Indian Garuda, 74, 75, 168, 169; in Germanic legends, 147 n.; as symbols of fertility, 169; birth eagle, 168, 169, 171; imitation of and musical culture, 238; associated with goddesses, 423 et seq.; fairies as, 429. See Doves, Eagle, Raven, Swan, Vulture, Wryneck.

Birth, magical aid for, 165; strawgirdles, serpent skins, eagle stones, and magical plant, 165.

Bi-sexual deities, Nannar, moon god, Ishtar, Isis, and Hapi as, 161, 162; Nina and Atargatis as, 277, 278; Merodach and Ishtar change forms, 299; Venus both male and female, 299; mother body of moon father, 299; Isis as a male, 299.

Bitumen, Mesopotamian wells of, 25.

Blake, W., double vision, 336.

Blood, as vehicle of life, 45, 47, 48; inspiration from, 48; corn stalks as, 55; sap of trees as, 47.

Boann (bō´än), Irish river and corn goddess, 33.

Boar, offered to sea god, 33; demon Set as, 85; Babylonian Ninshach as, 86; Adonis slayer as, 86, 87; Attis slain by, 87; Diarmid slain by, 87; the Irish "green boar", 87; the Totemic theory, 293, 294; Ninip-Ber as lord of the wild, 302; Nergal as, 304; Ares as, 304; Ninip and Set as, 315; the Gaulish boar god and Mercury, 316, 317.

Boghaz-Köi (bog-häz´-keüi), prehistoric pottery at, 5; Hittite capital, 262; mythological sculptures near, 268; Winckler cuneiform tablets from, 280, 367.

Bones, why taken from graves, 214; Shakespeare's curse, 215.

Borsippa (bor´sip-pa), observatory at, 321.

Botta, P. C, excavations of, xix, xx.

Bracelet, the wedding, Ishtar's, 98; the Hindu, 98 n[123].

Brahmä, the Indian god, like Ea, 27; Anu and, 38; wife of, 101; eagle as, 169; Ashur and, 328.

Brähmans, algebra formulated by, 289; Assyrian teachers and, 352.

Breath of Apis bull, inspiration from, 49.

Britain, the ancestral giant of, 42; Tammuz myth in, 85; birth girdles in, 165; "Island of the Blessed" of, 203; in Egypt and Persia, 357.

Brood of Tiamat, in Creation legend, 141.

Brown, Robert, on Babylonian culture in India, 199, 200, 308, 309, 310, 318, 322.

Brown Race, the. See Mediterranean Race.

Buddha (büd´hă), Babylonian teachers like, 42.

Budge, E. Wallis, on oldest companies of Babylonian and Egyptian gods, 36, 37.

Bull, offered to sea god, 33; Ninip as the, 53, 302, 334; of Mithra, 55; the winged, 41, 65; Osiris as, 85, 89, 99; Tammuz as, 85; Attis and the, 89; Enlil as, 159; of Ishtar in Gilgamesh myth, 176; seers wrapped in skin of, 213; Horus as, 301, 302; as sky god, 329; Ashur as, 334; the lunar, 135, 334.

Burial customs, cremation ceremony, 49, 50, 350; "house of clay", 56; "houses" and charms for dead, 206, 207, 212; Palaeolithic and Neolithic, 207; the Egyptian, 209; religious need for ceremonies, 268, 209; Sumerian like early Egyptian, 211, 214; priestly fees, 210, 211; food, fishhooks and weapons in graves, 212; why dead were clothed, 213; honey in coffins, 214; disturbance of bones, 214, 215; burnings at Hebrew graves, 350, 351.

Buriats, the, "calling back" of ghosts by, 69, 70; earth and air elves of, 105.

Burkans (boor´kans), "the masters", spirits or elves of Siberians, 105.

Burnaburiash I (bür´na-bür´i-ash), Kassite king, 274.

Burns, Robert, 72; the John Barleycorn myth, 170.

Burrows, Professor, Cretan snake and dove goddess, 430.

Byron, star lore, 325.

C

Cailleach (käl´yăk), the Gaelic, a wind hag, 73; as eternal goddess, 101.

Calah (kä´lah), the Biblical. See Kalkhi.

Calendar, the early Egyptian, 14; the Babylonian, 305.

Cambyses (kam-bī´sēz), as King of Babylon, 495; sacrifice of Apis bull to Mithra by, 495; wife of a Semiramis, 496.

Canaan, Abraham arrives in, 245; tribes in, 245, 246; Elamite conquest of, 247, 248, 249; first reference to Israelites in, 379.

Canaanites, Hittites identified with, 266.

Canals of Ancient Babylonia, 22, 23.

Cappadocia, Cimmerians in, 472.

Captivity, the Hebrew, Chebar river (Kheber canal) at Nippur, 344.

Carchemish (kär´ke-mish), German railway bridge and Hittite wall at, 357(n[407].); Hittite city state of, 395; revolt of, 461; Nebuchadrezzar defeats Pharaoh Necho at, 489.

Caria (kär´i-ä), assists Lydia against Cimmerians, 484; mercenaries from in Egypt, 486.

Cat, sun god as, 329.

Caucasus, the, skull forms in, 8.

Cave dwellers, the Palestinian, 10.

Celtic goddesses, of Iberian origin, 105.

Celtic water demon myths, 28.

Celts, Achaeans and, 377.

Ceres (sē-rēz), 103.

Chaldae´ans, Babylonian priests called, 222, 497; in Hammurabi Age, 257; history of, 390; Aramaeans and, 390; Judah's relations with, 408; Merodach Baladan King of, 457 et seq.; revolt of against Esarhaddon, 471; revolt of against Ashur-bani-pal, 484; Nabo-polassar King of Babylon, 487.

Charms, the burial, 206; ornaments as, 211; the metrical and poetic development, 237-239 .

Chedor-laomer (ched´or-lä´o-mer), the Biblical, 247, 248.

Chellean (shel´le-an) flints, in Palestine, 10.

Cherubs, the four-faced, 344.

Child god, Tammuz and Osiris as the, 89, 90; Sargon of Akkad as, 91; Germanic Scyld or Sceaf as, 92, 93.

Children, stolen by hags and fairies, 68; in mother worship, 107, 108.

China, spitting customs in, 47; dragons of, 152; ancestor worship in, 295.

Chinese, language of and the Sumerian, 3.

Chronology, inflated dating and Berlin system, xxiv, xxv.

Cilicia, thunder god of, 261; Ate, goddess of, 267; Hittite Kingdom of, 395; Ionians in, 464; in anti-Assyrian league, 473; Ashur-bani-pal expels Cimmerians from, 484, 486.

Cimmerians, raids of in Asia Minor, 461, 464; Esarhaddon and, 472; Gyges of Lydia and, 483, 484, 486; Lydians break power of, 486.

Clans, Totemic names and symbols of, 293.

Clepsydra, a Babylonian invention, 323.

Clothing, magical significance of, 212; the reed mats and sheepskins in graves, 213; the bull skin, 213; the ephod and prophet's mantle, 213, 214.

Comana (kō-mä´na), Hittite city of, 395.

Constellations, the Zu bird, 74; why animal forms were adopted, 289; the "Great Bear" in various mythologies, 295, 296, 309; the Pleiades, 296, 297; Pisces as "fish of Ea", 296; the "sevenfold one", 298, 300; Merodach's forms, 299; Castor and Pollux myths in Australia, Africa, and Greece, 300; Tammuz and Orion, 301; months controlled by, 305; signs of Zodiac, 305; Babylonian and modern signs, 308; the central, northern, and southern, 309; "Fish of the Canal" and "the Horse", 309; the "Milky Way", 309; identified before planets, 318; Biblical and literary references to, 324, 325; the "Arrow", "Eagle", "Vulture", "Swan", and "Lyra", 336, 337.

Copper, Age of in Palestine, 11; first use of, 12; in Northern Mesopotamia, 25; Gudea of Lagash takes from Elam, 130.

Corn child god, Tammuz and Osiris as, 89, 90; Sargon as, 91; the Germanic Scyld or Scef, 92, 93, 94; Frey and Heimdal as, 94.

Corn Deities, as river and fish gods and goddesses, 29, 32, 33.

Corn god, moon god as, 52; Mithra as, 55; the thunder god as, 57, 340; Tammuz and Osiris as, 81 et seq.; Khonsu as, 90; Frey and Agni as, 94; fed with sacrificed children, 171.

Corn goddess, Isis as, 90; fish goddess as, 117.

Cow goddesses, Isis, Nepthys, and Hathor as, 99, 329.

Creation, local character of Babylonian conception, xxix; of mankind at Eridu, 38; legend of, 134, 138 et seq.; night as parent of day, 330.

Creative tears, 45 et seq.

Creator gods, Ea and Ptah as, 30; eagle god as, 169.

Creatress, the goddess Mama as, 57; Aruru as, 100, 148; forms of, 437.

Cremation, traces of in Gezer caves, 11; the ceremony of, 49; not Persian or Sumerian, 50; in European Bronze Age, 316; Saul burned, 350; Sardanapalus legend, 350.

Crete, chronology of, xxv, 114; no temples, xxxi; women's high social status in, 16; Dagon's connection with, 33; prehistoric pottery in, 263; Hyksos trade with, 273; Achaeans invade, 376, 377; Philistine raiders from, 379; dove and snake sacred in, 430; dove goddess not Babylonian, 433, 434.

Crocodile god of Egypt, 29; sun god as, 329.

Croesus of Lydia, Cyrus defeats, 494.

Cromarty, the south-west wind hag or, 73.

Cronos, as the Destroyer, 64; Ninip and Set and, 315.

Cuneiform writing, earliest use of, 7.

Cushites, Biblical reference to, 276.

Cuthah (kü´thah), Nergal, god of, 54; annual fires at, 170; the Underworld city of, 205; demon legend of, 215, 216; men of in Samaria, 455, 456.

"Cuthean Legend of Creation", 215, 216.

Cyaxares (sy-ax´är-es), Median King, Nineveh captured by, 488; ally of Nabopolassar, 493.

Cybele (ky-be´le), Attis lover of, 103, 104, 267.

Cyprus, dove goddess not Babylonian, 433, 434; dove goddess of, 426, 427, 433, 434; Ashur-bani-pal and, 484.

Cyrus, Merodach calls, 493; the Patriarch of, 493; the eagle tribe of, 493; Astyages defeated by, 493; Egypto-Lydian alliance against, 494; Nabonidus and, 494; Croesus of Lydia overthrown by, 494; fell of Babylon, 494, 495; the King of Babylonia, 495; welcomed by Jews, 495; rebuilding of Jerusalem temple, 496.

D

Dadu (dä´dü), Ramman as, 57.

Dagan (däg´an), the Babylonian, identical with Ea, 31; Nippur temple of, 131; under Isin Dynasty, 132.

Dagda (dag´da), the Irish corn god, 33. 238.

Dagon (dag´on), Jah and Ea as, 31; Dagan and, 31, 32; as a fish and corn deity, 32; Baal-dagon and, 32; offering of mice to, 32, 33.

Daguna (däg´ü-na), Dagon and Dagan and, 31.

Daityas (dait´yăs), the Indian, like Babylonian demons, 34.

Damascius, on Babylonian deities, 328.

Damascus, Aramaean state of, 390; Israel and Judah subject to, 395, 396; Asa's appeal to, 404; conflict with Assyria, 407; Judah and Israel allied against, 408; murder of Ben-hadad II, 410; Palestine subject to, 414; Israel overcomes, 449; conquered by Adad-nirari IV, 438, 439.

Damik-ilishu (dam-ik-il-i´shü), last king of Isin Dynasty, 133.

Damkina (dam´ki-na), wife of Ea, 33, 34; demon attendants of, 63; as mother of Ea, 105; as mother of Enlil, 139; Zerpanitum and, 160; association of with moon, 436; creatrix and, 437.

Damu (dä´mü), the fairy goddess of dreams, 77, 78.

Danavas (dän´ăvas), the Indian, like Babylonian demons, 34.

Dancing, the constellations, 333.

Danes, harvest god as patriarch of, 92.

Daniel, Nebuchadrezzar's "fiery furnace", 349.

Danu (dä-nü), the Irish goddess, 268.

Daonus or Daos, the shepherd, Tammuz as, 83, 86.

Dari´us I, claims to be Achaemenian, 496; plots against Merodach cult, 497.

Darius II, death of at Babylon, 497.

Darius III, Alexander the Great overthrows, 497.

Dasa (dä'să), the Indian, as "foreign devil", 67.

Dasyu (däsh´yoo), the Indian, as "foreign devil", 67.

Date palm, in Babylonia, 25.

David, the ephod used by, 213, 214, 388.

Dead, the, Nergal lord of, 56; ghosts of searching for food, 70, 71; Osiris lord of, 86; charms, weapons, and food for, 206; "houses" of, 206-208 ; spirits of as warriors and fishermen, 212.

Death, eagle of, 168; the Roman, 169; Hercules and, 170.

Death, the sea of, in Gilgamesh epic, 178 et seq.

Death, the stream of, 56.

Deer, associated with Lagash goddess, 120.

Deities, the local, 43, 44; food and water required by, 44; the mead of, 45; early groups of in Egypt and Sumeria, 105, 106; made drunk at banquet, 144.

Deluge Legend, Smith translates, xxii. See Flood Legends.

Demeter (de-me´ter), the goddess, Poseidon as lover of, 33, 103.

Demons, the Babylonian Ocean, 34; gods as, 35, 62, 135; Enlil lord of, 35, 63; Tiamat and Apsu as, 37, 38, 64; Tiamat's brood, 140, 141, 214, 215; "ceremonies of riddance", 58; as sources of misfortune, 60; in images, 61; the winged bull, &c., 65; the "will-o'-the-wisp", 66, 67; Anu as father of, 63, 68; as lovers, 67, 68; Adam's first wife Lilith, 67; ghosts as, 69, 215; penetrate everywhere, 71, 72; as pigs, horses, goats, &c., 71; Set pig of Egypt, 85; as wind hags, 72, 73; the Zu bird, 74; Indian eagle, 166; association of with gods, 76; the serpent mother one of the, 74-76 ; the Jinn, 78; as composite monsters, 79; the Teutonic Beli, 95; in mythology and folk lore, 151 et seq.; the Gorgons, 159; King of Cuthah's battle against, 214, 215; disease germs as, 234.

De Morgan, pottery finds by, 263.

Derceto (der-ke´to), fish goddess, Semiramis and, 277, 418, 423; mermaid form of, 426; Atargatis legend, 426, 427; dove symbol of, 432; legends attached to, 437.

De Sarzec, M., xxiii.

"Descent of Ishtar", poem, 95 et seq.

Destroyer, the, "World Mother" as, xxx, 100; Ninip as, 53; goddess Ninsun as, 57; Enlil and Nergal as, 62, 63, 303; Egyptian and Indian deities as, 63, 85, 157, 336; Cronos as, 64; "Shedu" bull as, 65; Set boar as, 85; Babylonian boar god as, 86; eagle as, 168, 169; "winged disk" as, 336; sun as, 336; Thor, Ashur, Tammuz, and Indra each as, 340.

Diarmid, the Celtic, Tammuz-Adonis and, 84, 87; water of life myth, 186, 187; Totemic boar and, 293.

Dietrich (dēt´rēch: 'ch' as in loch) as the thunder god, 74, 164.

Diodo´rus, on Babylonian star lore, 309.

Disease, Nergal the god of, 53, 54; goddess of, 77; demons of, 60, 63, 77.

Divorce, in Babylonia, 227.

Doctors, laws regarding, 230, 231; Herodotus on, 231; Assyrian king and, 231, 232.

Doves, goddesses and, 418; Semiramis protected after birth by, 424; goddess of Cyprus and, 426; Aphrodite and, 427; Ishtar and Gula and, 427, 428; associated with temples and homes, 428; in Gilgamesh epic, 428; deities identified with, 429; ravens and, 429; sacred at Mycenae, 430; snakes and in Crete, 430; sacred among Semites and Hittites, 430; Egyptian lovers and, 431; pigeon lore in England, Ireland, and Scotland, 431; fish and, 432; Totemic theory, 432 et seq.; antiquity of veneration of, 433, 434; sacrificed in Israel, 439; the Persian eagle legend and, 493.

Dragon, the, of Babylon, 62; in group of seven spirits, 63; Tiamat as the female, 38, 64; Tiamat as ocean, 15, as "fire drake", "worm", &c., 151; "Ku-pu" of Tiamat, 147; heart of, 147 n.; liver vulnerable part of, 153; the male, 156 (see Apsu); Biblical references to, 114, 157, 158; Eur-Asian variations of myth of, 151, 152; well of at Jerusalem, 152; the Egyptian, 156; Sutekh as slayer of, 157; Merodach as slayer of (see Merodach).

Drake, the Fire, the Babylonian, 66, 67; dragon as, 151.

Dreams, the fairy goddess of, 77, 78.

Drink traffic, women monopolized in Babylonia, 229.

Drinking customs, religious aspect of, 45; inspiration from blood, 48; the gods drunk at Anshar's banquet, 144.

Dungi (dün´gi), King of Ur, 130; daughters of as rulers, 130; an Ea worshipper, 131.

Dyaus (rhymes with "mouse"), displaced by Indra, 302.

Dying gods, the eternal goddess and the, 101 et seq.; death a change of form, 305.

E

Ea (ā´ä), god of the deep, Ashur-banipal and, xxii, xxiii; a typical Babylonian god, xxviii, xxix, 27; Oannes and, 27, 30; as world artisan like Ptah and Indra, 30; connection of with sea and Euphrates, 28, 29, 39; as sea-demon, 62; names of, 30, 39; as fish and corn god, 32; Dagon, Poseidon, Neptune, Frey, Shony, &c., and, 31, 33; Dagon and Dagan, 31; Ea as Dagan at Nippur, 131; as Ya, or Jah, of Hebrews, 31; Totemic fish of, 294; Indian Varuna and, 31, 34, 209; wife of as earth lady, 33; wife of as mother, 105; Anu and, 34; Enlil and, 35; demons of, 35, 63; in early triad, 36, 37, 463; Indian Vishnu and, 38; as dragon slayer, 38, 140, 153, 157; Adapa, son of, a demon slayer, 72, 73; in demon war, 77; as "great magician", 38, 46; moon god and, 40, 50, 51, 53; solar attributes of, 50, 51, 53; food supply and, 43; beliefs connected with, 44; Nusku as messenger of, 50; Nebo a form of, 303, 435; gods that link with, 57, 58; as form of Anshar, 125; family of including Merodach and Tammuz, 72, 73, 82; daughter of, 117; Merodach supplants, 158; Enlil as son of, 139; Ashur as son of, 348; planetary gods and, 304; worshipped at Lagash, 116; earliest form of, 134; under Isin Dynasty, 132; in Creation legend, 138 et seq.; astral "field" of, 147, 307; constellations and, 296; Merodach directs decrees of, 149; Etana and eagle visit heaven of, 166; in flood legend, 190 et seq.; as Aos, 328; the goat and, 333; as "high head", 334; Sargon II and, 463.

Ea-bani (ā´ä-bä´ni), 41, 42; ghost of as "wind gust", 48, 49; goat demi-god, 135; lured from the wilds, 173; as ally of Gilgamesh, 174; Ishtar's wooing, 174, 175; slaying of Ishtar's bull, 176; death of, 176, 177; ghost of invoked by Gilgamesh, 183, 184.

Eagle, the, Sumerian Zu bird and Indian Garuda eagle, 74, 75, 165, 166, 168, 169, 330, 346, 347; the lion headed as Nin-Girsu (Tammuz), 120, 135; in Etana myth, 165; in Nimrod myth, 166, 167; in Alexander the Great legend, 167; in Scottish folk tale, 167, 168; as soul carrier, 168; Roman Emperor's soul and, 169; Hercules and, 170, 349; Gilgamesh protected at birth by, 171; Persian patriarch protected at birth by, 493; the Totemic theory, 293, 493; wheel of life and, 346, 347; Ashur and Horus and, 343; wings of on Ashur disk, 351, 352.

Eagle stone, as a birth charm, 165.

Eagle tribe, the ancient, 493.

Eannatum (ā´än-nä´tum), King of Lagash, a great conqueror, 118, 119; rules Ur and Erech, 119; works of, 119; mound burial in period of, 214.

Earth children, elves and dwarfs as, 292, 292 n.

Earth spirits, males among father worshippers, 105; the Egyptian, Teutonic, Aryan, and Siberian, 105; elves and fairies as, 294, 295.

Earth worship, moon and stone worship and, 52.

Ecclesiastes, "Lay of the Harper", "Song of the Sea Lady" and, 179, 180.

Ecke (eck-ā), Tyrolese storm demon, 74.

Eclipse foretold by Assyrian and Babylonian astronomers, 321, 322; the Ahaz sundial record, 323; Babylonian records of, 324; in reign of Ashurdan III, 442.

Ecliptic, when divided, 322.

Edinburgh, the giant Arthur of, 164.

Edom, Judah and, 402, 409, 448; tribute from to Assyria, 439.

Education, in Hammurabi Age, 251.

Egg, the, goddess Atargatis born of, 28, 426; thorn as life in, 352.

Egypt, agricultural festivals in, xxxi; debt of modern world to, xxxv; prehistoric agriculture in, 6; Mediterranean race in, 7; early shaving customs, 5, 9, 10; theory copper first used in, 12; social status of women in, 16; early gods of and Sumerian, 26, 36, 37; creative tears of deities of, 45; lunar worship in, 52; god and goddess cults in, 105; Great Mother Nut of, 106; at dawn of Sumerian history, 114; bearded deities of, 136; dragon of, 156; "Lay of Harper" and Sumerian "Song of Sea Lady", 178, 179; flood legend of, 197; feast of dead in, 206; burial customs and Sumerian, 209-214 ; Hyksos invasion and Hittite raid on Babylon, 259; culture debt of to Syria, 275; prehistoric Armenoid invasion of, 11, 263; prehistoric black foreign pottery, 263; Totemism in, 292-295 , 432-433 ; Syrian empire of lost, 284; fairies and elves of, 294; Pharaoh displaces gods in, 295; doctrine of mythical ages in, 315; the phoenix, 330; the "man in the sun", 336; Neith as a thunder goddess, 337, 337 n.; Ankh symbol, 347; influence of Hittites in, 364; wars with Hittites, 365, 366; Cretans and sea raiders,378; Hebrews and, 388; "mother right" in, 418; sacred pigeons in, 428; fosters revolt against Sargon II, 457; Pharaoh and Piru of Mutsri, 458 and n.; Sennacherib defeats army of, 465; intrigues against Assyria, 465, 471; as Assyrian province, 475; Ashur-bani-pal and, 482, 484; Assyrian yoke shaken off, 486; Scythians on frontier of, 488; after Assyria's fall, 489; Hophra plots against Nebuchadrezzar II, 491.

El´ah, King of Israel, 405.

Elam, prehistoric pottery of, 5, 263; copper from, 130; British influence in 357; caravan routes of, 361.

Elamites, relations with early Sumerians, 111; defeated by Eannatum of Lagash, 118; raid on Lagash by, 121; Sargon of Akkad defeats, 127; Ur dynasty overthrown by, 131; in Hammurabi Age, 217; conquests of Warad-Sin and Rim-Sin, 217; King Sin-mubal-lit's struggle with, 242, 243; Medes and, 244; King of and Abraham, 247; in Syria, 247; driven from Babylonia, 249; in Kassite period, 274, 370, 380, 381; connection of with early Assyria, 278; struggle for trade expansion, 361 et seq.; Babylonian raid, 369; during Solomon period, 391; Esarhaddon and, 472; Ashur-bani-pal subdues, 484, 485.

Elisha, call of Jehu, 409, 410; call of Hazael, 410, 411.

Elves, the Babylonian, 67; as lovers, 68; origin of conception of, 79, 80, 292; like Indian Ribhus and Siberian "masters", 105; the European, Egyptian, and Indian, 294; human bargains with, 294, 295.

Enannatum I (en-an-nä´tum) of Lagash, defeats Umma force, 119.

Enannatum II, King of Lagash, last of Ur-Nina's line, 120.

England, the ancestral giant of, 42; spitting customs in, 47; return of dead dreaded in, 70, 70n; Black Annis, the wind hag, 73, 101; fairies and elves of, 80, 186; the "fire drake" of, 151; "Long Meg" a hag of, 156; "Long Tom" a giant of, 156; pigeon lore in, 431.

Enki (än´ki), "lord of the world", Ea as, 31. See Ea.

En´lil, god of Nippur and elder Bel, lord of demons, 35; spouse of, 36; in early group of deities, 37; like Indian Shiva, 38; deities that link with, 35, 57, 271, 272; as destroyer, 62, 63; "fates" as sons of, 80; Ur Nina worshipped, 116; as son of Anu, 124; as son of Ea, 139; Ninip as son and father of, 53, 158, 302; during Isis Dynasty, 132; astral "field" of, 147; Merodach directs decrees of, 149; as corn god, 159; monotheism of cult of, 161; temple of as "world house", 35, 332; as bull and "high head", 334; Etana in heaven of, 166; also rendered Ellil. See Bel.

Enlil-bani (en´lil-bä´ni), King of Isin, a usurper like Sargon, 133.

En-Mersi (en-mer´si), a form of Tammuz, 116.

Enneads, the Babylonian and Egyptian, 36.

Entemena(en-te´men-a), King of Lagash, Umma subdued by, 119, 120; famous silver vase of, 120; worshipped as a god, 257, 258.

Ephod, the, used by David, 213, 214.

Ephron the Hittite, 12.

Equinoxes, precession of, where law of discovered: Greece or Babylonia? 320, 320n, 322.

Erech, Anu god of, 34; gods of become flies and mice, 41; destroying sun goddess of, 57; Ur-Nina and, 116; under Lagash, 119; an ancient capital, 124, 125; rise of after Akkad, 129; moon god at, 130; in Gilgamesh epic, 172 et seq.; in revolt against Ashur-bani-pal, 484; Nabonidus and, 492.

Eresh-ki-gal (eresh-ki´gäl), goddess of death, 53; Nergal husband and conqueror of, 53, 54, 204, 205, 303; as a Norn, 77; "Fates" as sons of, 80; as wife of Enlil, 80; Germanic hag like, 95; punishment of Ishtar by, 96, 97; as destroyer, 100.

Eridu (e´ri-dü), once a seaport, 22, 25, 38; Ea the god of, 27; sanctity of, 38, 39.

Eros, Greek love god, 90.

E-sagila (e-säg´i-la), Merodach's temple, 221; Hammurabi and, 252; in Kassite Age, 274; as symbol of world hill, 332; sacked by Sennacherib, 468; gods of Ur, Erech, Larsa, and Eridu in, 492, 493; Xerxes pillages, 497; Alexander the Great repairs, 497; decay of, 498.

Esarhaddon (e´sar-had´don), character of, 470; Babylonian wife of, 471; Egypto-Syrian league against, 471, 472; Queen Nakia regent of, 472; alliance with Urartu, 473; sack of Sidon, 473; Manasseh's revolt, 474; invasion of Egypt, 475; revolt in Assyria, 476; successors chosen by, 476; death of, 476.

Esau, Hittite wives of, 266.

Etana (e-tä´nä), Zu bird myth and, 74-76 ; quest of the "Plant of Birth", 164, 165; flight with eagle to heavens, 165, 166.

Eternal goddess, the, husbands of die annually, 101 et seq.

Ethnology, folk beliefs and, xxvi.

Euphrates, the river, 22; as "the soul of the land", 23; rise and fall of, 24; as the creator, 29.

Europe, lunar worship in, 52; Armenoid invasion of, 264.

Evans, Sir Arthur, pottery finds by, 263.

Evil eye, the, 235, 236.

"Evil Merodach", King of Babylon, 492.

Evolution, in Babylonian religion, xxxiv.

Ezekiel, on fire-worshipping ceremony, 50; Tammuz weeping, 82; on ethnics of Jerusalem, 246; on Hittite characteristics, 266; Assyria the cedar, 340, 341; the wheel of life symbol, 344 et seq.

Ezra, return of Jewish captives with, 496.

F

Face paint, for the dead, 206; why used for dead, living, and gods, 212.

Fafner dragon, 156.

Fairies, the Babylonian, 67; origin of, 79, 80; green like other spirits, 186; the European, Egyptian, and Indian, 294; human bargains with, 294, 295; birds as, 429.

Farm labourers, scarcity of in Babylonia, 256.

Farnell, Dr., on pre-Hellenic religion, 104; on racial gods in Greece, 105.

Fates, the birds as, 65, 147 n., 427 n., 430; as servants of Anu, 77; moon as chief of the, 301; oldest deities as, 317; on St. Valentine's Day, 430; Aphrodite and Ishtar as, 433.

Father, the Great, Anu as, 38; Ramman-Hadad as, 57; Apsu, the chaos demon as, 64; Osiris as, 99; shadowy spouse of, 100; nomadic people and, 105; worshipped by Hatti, xxx, 268, 420.

Father and son conflict; younger god displaces elder, Ninip and Enlil, Merodach and Ea, Indra and Dyaus myths, 158; Osiris and Horus, 159; in astral myths, 302, 303, 304, 305, 348.

Feast of Dead, 206.

Fig tree, in Babylonia, 25.

Finger counting, in Babylonia and India, 311 et seq.

Finn-mac-Coul (finn´mac-cool), as hero and god, 87, 87 n., 88 n.; as mother monster slayer, 153, 154; Beowulf and, 155; as a "sleeper", 164, 394; water of life myth, 186, 187.

Finns, language of and the Sumerians, 3; of Ural-Altaic stock, 4.

Fire, as vital principle, 50, 51; fire and water ceremonies, 50, 51; the everlasting fire in the sea, 50, 51; the Babylonian "Will-o'-the-wisp", 66; Eagle and, 169; the May Day, 348; ceremony of riddance, 349; Babylonian burnings, 348; Nimrod's pyre, 349, 350; Tophet, 350; royal burnings in Israel and Judah, 350, 351.

Fire drake, the Babylonian, 66, 151.

Fire gods, the Babylonian and Indian, 49.

First born, sacrifice of, 50.

Fish deities, Sumerian Ea and Indian Brahma and Vishnu as, 27, 28; in Eur-Asian legends, 28; Sumerian and Egyptian, 29; connection of with corn, 29, 32; goddess of Lagash, 117; Western Asian fish goddesses, 277, 418, 423, 426; dove symbol of, 431, 432; Totemism and, 294.

Flies, gods turn to, 41.

Flood legend, the Babylonian, 24, 55, 190 et seq.; the Greek, 195; the Indian, xxvi, 196; the Irish, 196; the Egyptian, 197; the American, 197, 198; the Biblical, 198, 199.

Folk cures, the ancient, 61, 231, 232-234 .

Folk lore, mythology and, xxv, xxxiv, 42, 151 et seq., 189; ethnology in, xxvi.

Food of death, 44.

Food of the gods, 44.

Food supply, religion and the, 42, 43.

"Foreign devils", the Babylonian and Indian, 67.

Four quarters, the, in astronomy, 307; lunar divisions, 323.

Fowl, inspiration from blood of, 48.

France, skull forms in Dordogne valley, 8; Syrian railways of, 357.

Frazer, Professor, xxv; "homogeneity of beliefs", xxvi; Adonis garden, 171, 172; Hercules and Melkarth, 348; on Semiramis legend, 424, 425.

Frey (fri), the Germanic patriarch and corn god, 33, 93, 94; links with Tammuz myth, 95, 116, 204.

Freyja (frī´ya), the Germanic eternal goddess, 102; lovers of, 102.

Frigg, Germanic goddess, lovers of, 103.

Frode (frō´dē). See Frey.

G

Gabriel, Abraham rescued from Nimrod's pyre by, 349, 350.

Gaga (gä´ga), messenger of Anshar, 143.

Gallu (gäl´lü), as "foreign devil", 65-67 .

Gandash (gän´dash), Kassite king, 271.

Ganga (găng´ä), the Indian goddess, as king's lover, 68.

"Garden of Adonis", 171, 172.

Gardens, the Hanging, of Babylon, 220.

Garstang, Professor, on fall of Hatti and god cult, 268; on Totemic Adonis boar, 293, 294; Hittite Sandan disk, 348.

Garuda (găr-ood´ă), Indian eagle god, Zu bird and, xxvi; myth of, 74, 75; Etana eagle and, 165; sons of, 166; identified with Agni, Brahma, Indra, Yama, &c, 168, 169; wheel of life and, 346, 347.

Gauls, Hittite raiders like the, 261; gods of and the Babylonian, 316, 317.

Germ theory, anticipatedby Babylonians, 61, 234.

Germany, double-headed eagle of, 168; the Baghdad railway, 357.

Gezer cave dwellings, 10; cremation practised in, 11.

Ghosts, "wind gusts" as, 48, 49; associated with demons, 60, 215, 216; as birds, 65; as death bringers, 69, 295; the terrible mothers, 69; where dreaded and where invoked, 69, 70; Babylonian "night prowlers", 70; food required by, 70, 212, 213; Ishtar's threat to raise, 215; King of Cuthah and, 215, 216; as "Fates" and enemies of the living, 295; worship of, 295; Orion and Jupiter as, 305.

Giants, the British Alban, 42; the Babylonian, 71; graves of, 296.

Gibil (gi´bil), fire god, Nusku and, 353.

Gilgamesh (gil´gä-mesh), the Babylonian Hercules, 41; revelation of ghost to, 48, 49, 183, 184; quest of, 164; birth legend of, 171; eagle rescues, 171; lord of Erech, 172; coming of Ea-bani, 173; Ishtar's fatal love of, 174; "La Belle Dame Sans Merci", 174, 175; Ishtar spurned by, 99, 176; Ishtar's bull slain, 176; death of Ea-bani, 176; quest of Water of Life and Plant of Life, 177; the mountain tunnel and Sea of Death, 178; song of the Sea Lady, 178, 179; reaches Pir-napishtim's island, 180; ancestor's revelation to and magic food, 182; plant of life, 183; Earth Lion robs, 183; Germanic gods and heroes and, 184, 185; flood legend revealed to, 190 et seq.; Tammuz and, 210; Ashur and, 336; Persian eagle and, 493.

Gillies, Dr. Cameron, on Scottish folk cures, 232, 233.

Gira (gi´ra), the god, 42.

Girru (gir´rü), the fire god, 49.

Gish Bär, the fire god, 49.

Goat, inspiration from blood of, 48; demons enter the, 71; on Lagash vase, 120; the six-headed, 332; the satyr or astral goat man, 333; the white kid of Tammuz, 85, 333; the Arabic "kid" star, 333; associated with Anshar, Agni, Varuna, Ea, and Thor, 329, 333, 334; forehead symbol of like Apis symbol, 334; Minerva's shield has skin of, 337.

Goblin, the Babylonian, 66.

God, the Dead, grave of Osiris, 296; also alive and in various forms, 297.

God cult, fusion of with goddess cult, 105.

Goddesses, at once mothers, wives, and daughters of gods, 99, 101, 436; husbands of die annually, 101 et seq.; lovers of various, 102; of Mediterranean racial tribes, 105; Ishtar as "La Belle Dame Sans Merci", 174-176; the Semiramis legend, 417 et seq.

Gods, Babylonian and Egyptian groups, 36, 37; the younger and elder, 149; why Sumerian were bearded, 135-137 .

Goodspeed, Professor, on early astronomy, 321, 322.

Gorgons, the, Tiamat and, 159.

Graves, charms and weapons in, 206; as houses of dead, 206, 208; of gods and giants, 296.

Great Mother, the, forms of, 36; Hittite and Sumerian forms, 267; Anaitis, Ate, Cybele, Ishtar, Isis, Astarte, Ashtoreth, and Atargatis, 267; Kadesh, Anthat, and Danu, 268.

Greece, spitting customs in, 46, 47; blood drinking in, 48; wanton goddesses of, 104; imported gods in, 105; dragon myths of, 151, 152; eagle connected with birth and death in, 168; flood legend of, 195, 196; "Island of Blessed", 203; star myths of, 300; Babylonian culture reached through Hittites, 306; doctrine of world's ages, 310 et seq.; pre-Hellenic beliefs in, 84, 104, 317; astrology in, 318 et seq.; astronomy in, 316, 319 et seq.; in pre-Phrygian period, 386; fusion of races in, 393.

Greeks of Cilicia, Ashur-bani-pal and, 484. See Ionians.

Green, a supernatural colour, 186.

"Grey Eyebrows", a Gaelic hag, 87; myth of, 101.

Gudea (gü´de-a), King of Lagash, sculptures, buildings, and trade of, xxiii, 129, 130; bearded gods of, 136.

Gula (goo´lä), mother goddess, 100; Bau and, 116; feast of, 476.

Gungunu (gün´gün-ü), King of Ur, 132.

Guns, called after giants "Long Meg" nd "Long Tom", 156.

Gutium (gü´tium), northern mountaineers, 128, 129, 264; demons and, 307.

Gyges (gȳ´jes), King of Lydia, emissaries of visit Nineveh, 483, 486.

H

Hadad, Ramman as, 57, 261, 411.

Haddon, Dr., Achaean racial affinities, 377.

Hades, Ishtar receives water of life in, 44; Tammuz spends winter in, 53, 98; Indian "land of fathers", 56; land of no return, 58; descent of Ishtar to, 95 et seq.; "Island of the Blessed", 180 et seq.; Babylonian conception of, 203; the Celtic, 203; the Greek, Germanic, Indian, and Egyptian, 204; the grave as, 206; the Japanese, 206; the Roman, 207; Babylonian king and queen of. See Nergal and Eresh-ki-gal.

Hags, of storm, marsh and mountain as primitive goddesses: the Scottish, 64, 87; the Babylonian, 68, 71, 72, 73, 185; the Germanic, 72, 73, 95. See Annie, Annis, Beowulf, Mothers, and Tiamat.

Hair, evidence from early graves and sculptures, 4, 9, 10.

Hamath, Hittite city of, 395; Israel overcomes, 449; Ilu-bi-di, the smith king of, 457, 458.

Hamites, Biblical reference to, 276.

Hammurabi (häm´mü-rä´bi), Dagan as creator of, 31; Sin-muballit father of, 133; pantheon of, 134, 254; the Biblical Amraphel, 131, 246, 247; "Khammurabi" and "Ammurapi" forms of, 247, 248; Rim Sin, the Elamite, and, 249; character of, 249-255 ; god Nebo ignored by, 303; legal code of, 2, 222, 223 et seq.

Hammurabi Dynasty, the, Amorites and, 217, 218; early Amorite kings of Sippar, 241, 242; schools and correspondence during, 252; Kassites first appear during, 255; Sealand Dynasty in, 257; late kings of, 257, 258; Hittite raid at close of, 258-260 ; Assyria during, 279, 419; astronomy in, 300.

Hanuman (hăn´u-män), the Indian monkey god, Bhima and, 187; like Gilgamesh, 188, 189.

Hapi (hä´pi), Nile god, a bi-sexual deity, 161.

Haran, Abraham's migration from Ur to, 131, 245; Ashur and Sin worshipped at, 353; Nabonidus's temple to Sin at, 494.

Harper, Professor, 321.

Harvest deities, fish forms of, 29, 32; river and ocean gods as, 33; the pre-Hellenic, 84; the Egyptian, 85.

Harvest moon, the, crops ripened by, 52.

Hathor (hät´hor), the fish goddess and, 29; Ishtar and, 57, 99.

Hathor-Sekhet, the destroyer, 157, 197.

Hatshepsut (hat-shep´soot), Queen of Egypt, 16; Sumerian queen earlier than, 115.

Hatti (hät´ti), dominant tribe of Hittites, 246; of Armenoid race, 262; as Great Father worshippers, 260; Mitannians and, 269.

Hattusil I (hat-too´sil), King of Hittites, 283.

Hattusil II, Hittite king, Egyptian treaty, 366; influence of in Babylonia, 364, 368; marriage treaty with Amorite king, 418.

Hawes, Mr., on Cretan chronology, xxv; Cretan racial types, 8.

Hawk, demons enter the, 71.

Hazael (haz´ā-el), King of Damascus, 410; Shalmaneser III defeats, 411; Israel oppressed by, 412.

Heaven, Queen of, Hebrews offer cakes to, 106; women prominent in worship of, 106, 107.

Hebrews, in Canaan, 379; Philistines as overlords of, 379, 380, 386, 387; as allies of Egypt and Tyre, 388; under David and Solomon, 388, 389; Pharaoh Sheshonk plunders, 391; kingdoms of Judah and Israel, 401 et seq.; in late Assyrian period, 448 et seq. See Israel and Judah.

Heimdal (hīm´dal), as patriarch and world guardian, 93; Tammuz and Agni like, 94; Nin-Girsu of Lagash like, 116.

Hercules, Gilgamesh and, 41, 164, 172; as dragon slayer, 152; eagle as soul of, 170, 349; burning of, 171; of Cilicia and deities that link with, 261; Merodach and, 316; Ashur and, 336; astral arrow of, 337; Melkarth and, 348.

Hermes (her´mēz), Nebo as, 303.

Hermod (her´ mod), the Germanic Patriarch, 93; Gilgamesh and, 184.

Herodotus, on Babylonian harvests, 21, 22; on Babylonian burial customs, 214; description of Babylon, 219 et seq.; on Babylonian marriage market, 224, 225; on doctors and folk cures, 231, 232; on origin of Nineveh, 277; on Egyptian Totemism, 293, 432; on pre-Hellenic beliefs, 317; on Semiramis legend, 425; on fall of Assyria, 488.

Heth, children of, Hittites as, 246.

Hezekiah (hez-e-kī´ah), 21, 340; Merodach-Balad conspiracy, 465; destruction of Assyrian army, 466, 467; Esarhaddon and, 471, 472.

Hierap´olis, Atargatis goddess of, 267.

"High Heads", symbols and "world spine", 332; Anshar, Anu, Enlil, Ea, Merodach, Nergal, and Shamash as, 334

Hindus, Mediterranean race represented among, 8.

Hipparchus, the Greek astronomer, discoveries of, 320, 321.

Hiram, King of Tyre, as Solomon's ally, 388, 389.

Hit, the bitumen wells of, 25.

Hittites, the father worshippers among, xxx, 420; racial types in confederacy of, 11, 12, 246, 265, 266; double-headed eagle of, 168; in ethnics of Jerusalem, 246; Hebrews, dealings with, 246, 266, 267; earliest references to in Egypt and Babylonia, 258, 259, 264; prehistoric culture of, 263; thunder god of and linking deities, 261, 268; Merodach carried off by, 261; fusion of god and goddess cults by, 267, 268; relations with Mitannians and Kassites, 270-272 , 282, 358; Subbi-luliuma, the conqueror, 283; conquest of Mitanni, 284; Babylonian culture passed to Greece by, 306, 316; the winged disk of, 347, 348; Ashur cult and, 355; Syria after expansion of, 363; King Mursil, 364; influence of in Egypt and Babylonia, 364; wars of Seti I and Rameses II against, 364, 365; alliance with Egypt, 366; early struggle with Assyria, 367, 368; Muski as overlords of, 380; Nebuchadrezzar I defeats, 381; late period of Empire of, 386; city states of Hamath and Carchemish, 395; Shalmaneser III and, 414; "mother right among", 418; connection of with Urartu, 440 n.; combination against Sargon II, 459, 460; Biblical reference to Tabal and Meshech, 464.

Horse, sea god as a, 33; demons enter the, 71; domesticated in Turkestan, 271; introduction of to Babylonia and Egypt, 270, 271; sacrificed by Aryo-Indian and Buriats, 271, 309; constellation of, 309.

Horus (ho´rus), god of Egypt, creative tears of, 45; as the sun, Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars, 300, 304; the "elder" and "younger", 302; as the "opener", 304; "world soul" conception and, 304; has many forms like Tammuz, 305; Ninip and, 316; "winged disk" of, 336; the eagle and, 343.

Hoshea (ho-she´a), King of Israel, 453, 454.

Host of heaven, 305.

Hotherus (hoth´erus), Gilgamesh and, 184, 185.

"House of Clay", the grave called, 56; 206-208 .

Hraesvelgur (hrā´svel-gur), Icelandic wind demon, 72.

Human sacrifices, the May Day, 50. "Husband of his mother", xxxii; in Sumerian, Indian, and Egyptian mythologies, 106, 304, 305; Kingu becomes lover of Tiamat, 106; sun as offspring and spouse of the moon, 301; Adad-nirari IV as, 420. See Father and son conflict.

Hydra, as Dragon, 152.

Hyksos (hik´sos), Egypt invaded by, 259; Mitannians and, 270; horse introduced into Egypt by, 271; theories regarding, 271; trading relations of with Crete and Persia, 273; period of expulsion of, 275.

I

Iberians, the, Sumerians and Egyptians congeners of, 9; goddesses of, 105; folk tales of, 156.

Ibis, demons enter the, 71.

Iceland, wind hag of, 73; Barleycorn a god of, 170n.

Idols, spirit of god or demon in, 61; gods of taken prisoners, 62.

Idun(ee´doon),Germanic goddess, lovers of, 102.

Igigi (i´gig-i), spirits of heaven, 34, 149.

Ilu-bi´di, smith king of Hamath, 457, 458.

Immortality, quest of Gilgamesh, 177; Song of the Sea Lady, 178, 179; Lay of the Harper, 179; Pir-napishtim and Gilgamesh, 181 et seq..; Ea-hani's revelation, 183-184 ; no Babylonian Paradise, 203, 210, 211; Brahmans ask Alexander the Great for, 208; Egyptian Ra and Osirian doctrines, 209.

India, Sumerian myths in, xxvi, xxvii; Mediterranean race in, 7; Brahma-Vishnu and Ea, 27; Babylonian flood myth in, 27, 28, 196; demons of and the Babylonian, 34; mother ghost in, 69; Garuda eagle and Sumerian Zu bird, 74, 75, 165-169 , 330; wedding bracelet of and Ishtar's, 98, 98n.; eternal "mothers" and "dying gods" in, 101; Ribhus the "elves" of, 105; fairies of, 294; Gilgamesh myth in, 187-189 ; Babylonian culture in, 199, 200, 313; face paint of gods in, 211; jungle-dwellers' conception of "Self Power", 291, 304; star myths of, 296; early astronomers of, 300; lunar zodiac of, 309; constellations identified before planets in, 318; horse sacrifice in, 309; sun and moon marriages in, 306; doctrine of World's Ages in, 310 et seq.; "finger counting" at prayer in, 311n.; deities connected with goat in, 333; "man in the eye" belief, 335, 336; cult of "late invaders" of, 338; fire cult in, 346; Solomon's trade with, 389, 390; Jehoshaphat's fleet, 408; swans as love messengers in, 429.

"Indo-Europeans", Mitannians as, 269, 270.

Indra (ind´ră), god of India, a world artisan like Ea and Ptah, 30; Anu's messengers like Maruts of, 34; Enlil and, 35; Ramman, Hadad, Thor, &c, and, 57, 261, 340; in Garuda myth, 74, 75; dies annually like Tammuz, 101; various forms of, 101; as slayer of father, 158, 302; eagle as, 169; Paradise of like Odin's, 209; thunder horn of, 238.

Insects, gods as, 296.

Inspiration, derived from sacred juice, 45; from drinking blood, 48; from incense and breath of Apis bull, 49.

Inundation, the Babylonian, 24.

Inverness, the "sleeper" and fairy mound of, 164.

Ionians, deported from Cilicia to Nineveh, 464.

Iranian sun god, Sumerians and, 55, 56.

Ireland, the corn god and river goddess of, 33, 238; spitting customs in, 47; "calling back" of souls in, 70, 70n.; Anu a wind hag, 73; Tammuz-Diarmid myth in, 85, 87; Angus, the love god of, 90, 238, 428n.; the eternal goddess of, 101, 102, 268; the "morúach" (worm) of, 151; flood legend of, 196; the Hades of, 203; pig as devil in, 293; doctrine of world's ages in, 310 et seq.; origin of culture of, 315, 316; giant gods of, 317; pigeon lore in, 431.

Iron, in northern Mesopotamia, 25; used in folk cures, 236.

Irrigation, in early Sumeria, 23, 39.

Isaac, forbids Jacob to marry a Hittite, 266.

Isaiah, 21; doom of Babylonia, 113, 499; "worm" of, the dragon, 151; use of Babylonian symbolism by, 331, 341; "satyrs" referred to by, 333; on Assyria the Destroyer, 340; on Topher, 350; reference to Jerusalem's water supply, 451; warns Ahaz, 459; destruction of Sennacherib's army, 466; tradition of murder of, 474.

Ishbi-Urra (ish´bi-oor´ra), King of Isin, 132.

Ishtar (ish´tar), Isis cult and, xxxi; hymn to, 18-20 ; Beltu and, 36; water of life given to, 44; as earth goddess, 53; identical with Hathor, 57; in demon war, 76; as "Queen of Heaven", 81, 106, 107; lamentation of for Tammuz, 86, 88, 98; in Sargon of Akkad myth, 91; descent of to Hades poem, 95 et seq.; magical ornaments of, 96; punishment of, 96, 97; rescue of, 98; Belit-sheri associated with, 98; as love goddess, 99; temple women of, 99, 106, 107; absorbs other goddesses, 100, 117, 277, 496; as daughter of Anu and Nannar, 100; as mother of Tammuz, 100; the lovers of, 103, 126, 174-176 ; like Tiamat, 106; under Isin Dynasty, 132; links with Indian and Egyptian goddesses, 157; Damkina and, 160; as a bisexual deity, 161; in Etana legend, 166; in Gilgamesh legend, 172-177 ; in flood legend, 193, 194; Frey's bride and, 204; threat to raise dead, 213; fish goddesses and, 117, 277; Nineveh image of sent to Egypt, 280; star of, 295; changes star forms with Merodach, 299; month of, 305; wheel symbol of, 347; Nineveh temple of destroyed, 363; worshipped by Nebuchadrezzar I, 382; cult of in Assyria, 420; Semiramis and, 425; as a Fate, 433; moon god and, 436; Creatrix and, 437; worshipped by Sargon II, 463; worshipped by Esarhaddon, 471; Persian goddess and, 496.

Ishtarate (ish-tar-ä´te), "Ishtars", goddesses in general called, 100.

Isin, Dynasty of, 131; early kings of, 132 et seq.; last kings of, 133; sun worship and, 240; Dynasty of Pashe, 380.

Isis (ī´sis), goddess of Egypt, Ishtar cult and, xxxi; fish goddess and, 29; as Nile goddess, 33; creative tears of, 45; mourning of for Osiris, 83, 99; as daughter, wife, sister, and mother of Osiris, 99; as corn goddess, 90; as serpent goddess, 150; as bi-sexual deity, 161; male form of, 299; the star of, 296, 300; address of to different forms of Osiris, 297. "Island of the Blessed", in Gilgamesh epic, 180 et seq.; the Greek and Celtic, 203.

Israel, first Egyptian reference to, 379; subject to Damascus, 396; separation of from Judah, 401 et seq.; Abijah's victory over, 402, 403; first conflict with Assyria, 407; tribute to Shalmaneser III, 411, 412; Assyria as "saviour" of, 414, 438, 439; goddess cult in, 421; Aramaeans and mother worship in, 434; war with Judah, 448; Tiglath-pileser harries, 453; the lost ten tribes, 455, 456.

J

"Jack and Jill", the Sumerian lunar, 53.

"Jack with a Lantern", the Babylonian, 66.

Jacob, personal ornaments as charms to, 211; marriage of, 266.

Jah, the Hebrew, Ea as, 31; Dagon as, 31; as dragon slayer, 157; monotheism, 160.

Japan, the Hades of, 206.

Jastrow, Professor, on Ea, 29, 30, 435; on culture and racial fusion, 42; on fire and water ceremonies, 51; on moon names, 52; on female conservatism, 107, 179, 180; on burial customs, 208; on Nebo, 303, 435; on Greek and Babylonian astrology and astronomy, 319 et seq.; on Anshar, Ashir, and Ashur, 354.

Jehoahaz (je-hō´a-haz), King of Judah, 414; Necho deposes, 489.

Jehoash (je-hō´ash), King of Israel, 448, 449.

Jehoiachin (je-hoi´a-chin), King of Judah, carried to Babylon, 490.

Jehoiakim (je-hoi´a-kim), King of Judah, 489, 490, 492.

Jehoram (je-hō´ram), King of Judah, no burning at grave of, 350.

Jehoshaphat (je-hosh´a-phat), King of Judah, 407; navy of wrecked, 408.

Jehu (je´hü), King of Israel, Elisha calls, 409, 410; tribute to Shalmaneser III, 411, 412; mother worship in reign of, 421, 434.

Jeremiah, liver as seat of life, 48; on mother worship, 106, 107, 421; Pharaoh Necho, 489.

Jeremias, Dr. Alfred, on precession of equinoxes, 320 n.

Jeroboam (jer-o-bō´am), revolt of, 402; Abijah defeats, 402, 403; an ally of Assyria, 449.

Jerusalem, the "new", xvii; Palaeolithic collection at, 10; "dragon well" at, 152; "father" of Amorite, "mother" of Hittite, 246; eclipse record from, 323; "Queen of Heaven" worshipped in, 421; wall of destroyed by Jehoash, 449; new wall and water supply of, 451; siege of by Sennacherib, 465, 466; Assyrian ambassador visits, 471, 472; sack of by Nebuchadrezzar II, 490, 491; Cyrus and rebuilding of, 496; return of captives to, 496.

Jewellery, the magic, Ishtar's, 96, 98.

Jewish type, Akkadians of, 1, 2; Arabs not of, 9; the racial blend which produced, 10 et seq.

Jews, Cyrus welcomed in Babylon by, 495; return of to Jerusalem, 496.

Jezebel (jez´e-bel), Queen, 406; murder of, 410.

Jinn, the Arabian, 78.

Joash (jō´ash), King of Judah, concealment of in childhood, 413; coronation of, 413, 414.

Johns, Mr., on Aryans in early Assyria, 278, 279.

Joram (jō´ram), King of Israel, 408, 409; Jehu murders, 410.

Josiah (jo-sī´ah), King of Judah, Necho and, 489.

Jotham (jō´tham), King of Judah, 451.

Judah, subject to Damascus, 396; separation of from Israel, 401 et seq.; Edom revolts against, 409; defeated by Israel, 448; Damascus and Israel plot against, 451; Ahaz appeals to Assyria, 452; Sennacherib deports prisoners from, 465; in Esarhaddon's reign, 474; Pharaoh Necho in, 489; the Captivity, 491; return of captives, 496.

Jupiter, the planet, Ramman and Hadad as, 57; Merodach creates, 147; Merodach as, 296; Horus as, 300, 302; associated with sun and moon, 301; as ghost of sun, 305; as "bull of light", 301; Nin-Girsu (Tammuz) as, 301; month of, 305; Attis as, 305; as "face voice of light" and "star of bronze", 314, 315; in astrology, 318.

Jupiter-Amon, 317.

Jupiter-Belus, Merodach as, 221, 317.

K

Kadashman-Kharbe (kad-äsh´man-khär´be), King of Babylon, grandson of Ashur-uballit, 284, 285; opens Arabian desert trade route, 360; murder of, 361.

Kadesh (kä´desh), goddesses that link with, 268.

Kali (kä´lee), the Indian goddess, goat sacrificed to, 48.

Kalkhi (käl´khi), excavations at, xix, xx; capital of Shalmaneser I, 367; headquarters of Ashur-natsir-pal III, 398; description of, 399, 400; library at, 422, 470; religious revolt at, 422; Sargon II and, 463; temple to Nebo at, 487.

Karduniash (kar-doon´i-ash), Babylonia called, 273.

Karna (kăr´nă), Indian hero: like Sargon of Akkad, 126.

Kässites, Nippur as capital of, 218; in Hammurabi Age, 255; as agriculturists, 256; Aryans associated with, 270; Mitannians, Hyksos and, 270, 271, 272, 273; Babylonia consolidated by, 274, 393; early Assyrian kings and, 279; in Tell-el-Amarna letters, 281; and Mesopotamian question, 358; Arabian desert trade route, 360; dynasty of ends, 370, 371; Sennacherib and the mountain, 464.

Keats, John, 112; "La Belle Dame Sans Merci" and Ishtar, 174.

Kengi (ken´gi), early name of Sumer, 2.

Khammurabi (kham-mü-rä´bi), 247. See Hammurabi.

Khani (khä´ni). See Mitanni.

Kharri (khär´ri), Mitannians called; perhaps "Arya", 269.

Khatti. See Hatti and Hittites.

Kheta. See Hittites.

Khnumu (knoo´moo), the Egyptian god, Ea compared to, 30.

Khonsu (kon´soo), Tammuz a healer like, 90, 94.

Kid, sacrificed to Tammuz, 85, 333; star called by Arabs, 333.

King, L.W., Creation tablets, xxiv, 29; 211; on "Cuthean Legend of Creation", 215, 216; on seven gods as one, 298; on Sennacherib's sack of Babylon, 469.

Kings, worship of, in Hammurabi Age, 242, 257, 258; burning of, 350, 351; Ashur's association with, 352.

Kingu (kin´goo), in Creation Legend, as son and lover of Tiamat, 106; stirs Tiamat to avenge Apsu, 140; exalted by Tiamat, 140; overcome by Merodach, 145, 146.

Kish, early dynasty of, 114; legendary queen of, 114, 115; Entemena's sack of, 120; Sargon and, 125, 126; goddess of, 126, 127; kings and gods of, 241.

Kishar (ke´shär), the god, in group of elder deities, 37, 138.

Kneph, the Egyptian air god, 49. Koran (kō´rän), Etana eagle myth in, 166, 167; Nimrod agricultural myth in, 170; water of life legend in, 186; Abraham and Nimrod's pyre, 349.

Kudur Mabug (kü´dür mab´üg), Elamite King of Sumer, 242, 243; the Biblical Chedor-laomer, 247, 248.

Kuiri (kü´i-ri), early name of Akkad, 2.

Kurds (koords), the, use of cradle board by, 4, 5; of Mediterranean race, 8; Mitannians as ancestors of, 270, 283.

Kurigalzu II (kü´ri-gäl´zü), King of Babylonia, 285.

Kurigalzu III, Kassite king, wars with Elam and Assyria, 362.

Küta and Küthä. See Cuthah.

Kutu (kü´tü), the men of, 128, 264. See Gutium.

L

Labartu (la-bär´tü), the, a mountain hag, 68; as a luck spirit, 77.

Labashi-Marduk (la´ba-shi-mar´dük), King of Babylonia, 492.

"La Belle Dame Sans Merci", Ishtar as, 174, 175. Lachamu (lach-ä´mü), goddess, in Creation legend, 37, 138, 143.

Lachmu (lach´mü), god, in Creation legend, 37, 138, 143.

Lagash (lä´gash), city of, early rulers of, 115 et seq.; deities of, 116-118 ; relations with Umma, 118-120 ; site of at Tello, 120; revolution in, 120; Urukagina, the reformer of, 121-124 ; sack of, 124; Gudea, King of, 129; sculptures, buildings, and trade of, 130; bearded god of, 135, 136; burning of in Hammurabi Age, 243. Also Shir-pür´lä.

Lakshmi (lăksh´mee), the Indian eternal mother, 101.

Lamassu (la´mas-sü), the winged bull, 65.

Lamb, the sacrificed, inspiration from blood of, 48.

Land laws, in early Sumeria, 26; of Babylonia, 229, 230.

Lang, Andrew, on Cronos, 64; on father and son myth, 158; on Greek star lore, 319.

Langdon, Dr., Sumerian psalms, 96 et seq.; on Ninip and Enlil, 158; on doves and goddesses, 428.

Language, race and, 3; Sumerians, Chinese, Turks, Magyars, Finns, and Basques compared, 3.

Larsa (lär´sä), sun god chief deity of, 40; revolt against Isin, 132; Rim-Sin, king of, 133; rise of sun cult of, 240; Elamite kings of, 242; the Biblical Ellasar, 247; Nabonidus and, 492.

Laurin (law´reen), the Germanic elfin lover, 68.

Law courts, in Hammurabi Age, 223.

Layard, Sir A.H., discoveries of, xix et seq.; Ashur symbols, 343; description of Kalkhi, 399-401 .

"Lay of the Harper", the Sumerian "Song of the Sea Lady" and, 178, 179.

Lead, in northern Mesopotamia, 25.

Lebanon, Gudea of Lagash gets timber from, 130.

Leicestershire wind hag, 73.

Library, Shalmaneser III founded at Kalkhi, 422.

Libyans, the, shaving customs of, 9.

Life, the water of, 44, 45; the plant of, 44; blood and sap and, 45; liver as seat of, 48; habits of and modes of thought, 51.

Light on head, Merodach's, 145.

Li´la or Li´lu, the demon, 67.

Li´lith, "Adam's first wife", 67; Indian Surpanaka like, 67.

Linen, manufactured in prehistoric Egypt, 14.

Lion god, Nergal as the, 54.

Lions, associated with mother goddess, 120.

Liver, the, as seat of life, 48; dragon's vulnerable part, 153.

Loftus, W.K., xx.

Loki, the Germanic god, taunts goddesses regarding lovers, 102, 103; god Barleycorn and, 170.

"Long Meg", the English giantess, 155, 156; "Long Tom" and, 156.

"Long Tom", the giant, guns called, 156.

Love charms and love lyrics, 238.

Love goddess, Ishtar as, 99, 175, 176; the inconstancy of, 99 et seq., 102, 103, 104.

Lovers, the demon, 67, 68.

Lucian (loosh´yan), Semiramis legend, 425.

Lucifer, Babylonian king as, 331.

Luck, spitting to secure, 46 et seq.; spirits of, 77.

Lugal-zaggisi (lü´gal-zag´gi-si), King of Umma, sack of Lagash by, 123, 124; gods of, 124; Kish captured by, 124; Erech capital of empire of, 124, 125; supposed invasion of Syria by, 125.

Lulubu (lül´ü-bü), mountaineers, 128.

Lunar chronology, solar chronology preceded by, 312; "Four Quarters", 323, 324.

Lunar zodiac, the original, 309.

Lycia, god had wife in, 221.

Lydia, emissaries from to Ashur-banipal, 483; helps Egypt against Assyria, 486; alliance with Egypt against Cyrus, 494.

M

Ma, the goddess, serpent form of, 76; Tiamat and, 150; goddess of Comana, 267.

Magic and poetry, 236 et seq.

Magician, the great, Ea as, 38.

Magyars, language of and the Sumerian, 3. Mahabharata, the (măhä´bha´´rătă), 67, 68; the various Indras in, 101; Karna myth in, 126; eagle myth, 166; Bhima like Gilgamesh in, 187; Naturalism and Totemism in, 291, 292, 293; the "wheel of life" in, 346-347 ; the Shakuntala legend in, 423, 424.

Mama (mä´mä), the mother goddess, 57, 267; as Creatrix, 100.

Man, creation of, 38; Ea desired, 148; Merodach sheds blood for, 148; Berosus legend, 148, 149, 150.

Man bull, the winged, 65.

Manasseh, King of Judah, idolatries of, 473; legend of Isaiah's end, 474; captivity of, 474; Ashur-bani-pal and, 486.

Manishtusu (män-ish-tü´sü), successor of Sargon I, empire of, 127.

Mannai (män´nai), state of, 473, 486.

Manu (măn´oo), the Indian patriarch, like Babylonian Noah, 27; the fish and flood myth, 27, 28, 196.

Mara (mä´ra), the European demon of nightmare, 69.

Marduk (mär´duk). See Merodach.

Marduk-balatsu-ikbi (mar´duk-bal´atsü-ik-bi), King of Babylonia, defeat of by Shamshi-Adad VII, 415, 416.

Marduk-bel-usate (mar´duk-bel-ü-sä´te), revolt of in Babylonia, 408, 409.

Marduk-zakir-shum (mar´duk-zä-kir´shüm), King of Babylonia, 408; a vassal of Assyria, 409.

Mari (mä´ri), king of Damascus, as the Biblical Ben Hadad III, 438, 439.

Marriage contracts, in Hammurabi code, 225 et seq.

Marriage market of Babylon, the, 224, 225.

Marriage of deities, the Hittite, 268.

Mars, Horus as, 300, 304; month of, 305; as "bronze fish stone", 314; the Gaulish mule god as, 316; in astrology, 318.

Mars, Nergal, wolf planet of pestilence, as, 301, 303, 316.

Mars, the planet, boar slayer of Adonis as, 87; in sun and moon group, 301.

Maruts (măr´oots), the Indian, like Anu's demons, 34, 64.

Mashi (mä´shi), the mountain of, in Gilgamesh epic, 177, 178.

Maspero, Professor, on antiquity of Hittites, 264; on Assyrian colonists, 456.

"Masters, the", Buriat earth and air spirits, 105.

Mati-ilu (ma´ti-i´lü), of Agusi, relations of with Assyria and Urartu, 443, 446, 447; overthrow of by Tiglath-pileser IV.

Mattiuza (mat-ti-ü´za), King of Mitanni, flight of, 283; as Hittite vassal, 284.

May Day, fire ceremonies of, 50.

Mead, of the gods, 45; blood as, 48; eagle steals, 74.

Measurer, the, moon as, 52.

Medes, III; in Hammurabi Age, 244; Sargon II and, 460; Ashur-bani-pal and, 486; and fall of Nineveh, 488; Scythians and, 472, 488; alliance of with Lydia, 494; Cyrus as King of, 493.

Mediterranean Race, the, Basques a variation of, 3; Sumerians and proto-Egyptians of, 7, 8; Cretans of, 8; Ripley traces in Asia, 8, 9, 11; in Africa and Europe, 9; "cradle" of, 39; Tammuz-Adonis myth and, 85; mother worship and status of women in, 104, 105, 108, 420 et seq.; in Hittite confederacy, 266; the Biblical Cushites and Hamites and, 276.

Medusa, Tiamat and, 159.

Meg, Long. See Long Meg.

Melkarth (mel´kärth), children sacrificed to, 171; Hercules and, 348; burning of, 349.

Memphis (mem´phis), Assyrians fight Ethiopians at, 475, 483.

Men, in worship of mother goddess, 107, 108.

Menahem (men´ä-hem), King of Israel, pays tribute to Assyria, 449.

Meneptah (men-ē´tä or men´e-tä), King of Egypt, relations of with Hittites, 378; sea raiders defeated by, 378, 379.

Menuas (men´ü-äs), King of Urartu, 440; conquests of, 441.

Mercury, the planet; in sun and moon group, 301; Nebo as, 301, 302; month of, 305; the "face voice of light", 314; "lapis lazuli" star, 314; the Gaulish boar god as, 316, 317; in astrology, 318.

Mermaids, the Babylonian, 34.

Mermer (mer´mer), a name of Nebo and Ramman, 303.

Merodach (mer´ō-dach), the god: creation of mankind, xxix, 148; Damkina and, 34; Enlil as older Bel than, 35; Ea and, 38; water of life belief, 44; Nusku as messenger of, 50; in demon war, 77; brothers and sister of, 82; Zamama of Kish and, 126; rise of, 134; Anshar's appeal to in Creation legend, 142; the avenger, 143; proclaimed king of the gods, 144; weapons and steeds of, 145; Tiamat slain, and brood of captured by, 146; eats "Ku-pu" of Tiamat, 147, 147 n., 153; forms earth and sky, 147, 328; creates stars of Zodiac, 147; lunar and solar decrees of, 148; other deities and, 34, 35, 38, 149, 158, 159, 298, 299, 303, 316, 336, 337, 348, 354, 420; hymn to, 149, 150, 161; as Tammuz, 158; Osiris and, 159, 298, 354; Perseus and, 159; Nimrod and, 167, 277, 343; temple of, 221; Hammurabi Age kings and, 241-242 , 252; Hittites carry off image of, 261, 262, 269, 272; Kassites and, 272, 274, 372; complex character of, 298, 299; stars of, 296, 299, 300, 305; Jupiter form of as sun ghost, 305; Nebo and, 303, 435; month of, 305; goddesses and, 221, 299, 316, 420; world hill and, 332; as "high head", 334; Ashur and, 336, 337, 348, 354; image at Asshur, 468, 469; restoration of, 481, 482; ceremony of "taking hands" of, 480, 481; Cyrus and, 493, 495; Ahura Mazda and, 496; Darius I and, 497; Xerxes pillages temple of, 497; Alexander the Great and, 497; late worship of, 498.

Merodach Baladan (mer´o-dach bal´adan), King of Babylon, 457; second reign of, 465; death of, 468; sons of and Esarhaddon, 471.

Mesopotamia, present-day racial types in, 8; Assyria and Babylonia struggle to control, 286, 381, 382, 384; under Kassites, 358, 360, 361; atrocities of Ashur-natsir-pal III in, 397.

Messenger of gods, Sumerian Nusku and India Agni as, 50; Papsukel as, 97; Gaga as, 143.

Metals, the northern Mesopotamia, 25.

Mexico, the terrible mother ghost of, 69.

Meyer, Professor Kuno, 101, 102.

Micah, the prophet, 405, 406.

Mice, the golden, Dagon offering of, 32, 33; gods as, 41; as destroyers of Sennacherib's army, 466.

Midas (mī´das), King of Phrygia, Sargon II and, 460, 462.

Migrations, earliest from Arabia and Asia Minor, 10, 11, 12; the Canaanitic or Amorite, 217; Median and Iranian, 244; the Phoenician, 244, 245; of Abraham and Lot, 245, 246; of Hittites to Palestine, 246; prehistoric pottery evidence of, 263; cults and, 338; Aramaean, 359, 360, 376-378 ; Achaean, 376-378 ; the Moslem, 377; the "Bedouin peril", 392; effects of on old empires, 393.

Milky Way, the, 309.

Millet, husks of in Egyptian pre-Dynastic bodies, 6.

Minerva, Neith and, 337.

Mitanni (mitän´ni), Mitra, Indra, &c, gods of, 55, 269; rise of kingdom of, 268; Kurds descendants of people of, 270; Egypt and, 270, 271, 279, 282, 358, 359; Kassites and Hyksos and, 270, 271, 273; Assyria subject to, 270, 279; Merodach's image in, 272; in Tell-el-Amarna letters, 281; conquered by Hittites, 283, 284; cultural influence of, 316; Assyria occupies, 367.

Mithra (mith´rä), the Persian god; attributes of, 54, 55; Sumerian gods and, 55, 56; eagle as, 168, 169; Ashur and, 338; Cambyses sacrifices Apis bull to, 495.

Mitra (mit´ră), Aryo-Indian god, Shamash and, 54; association of with rain, 55; Sumerians and, 55, 56; identified with Yama, 56, 201; links with Agni and Tammuz, 94; in Mitanni, 55, 269.

Moab, Judah and, 402.

Mohammed, spitting custom of, 46.

Moisture of life, gods and, 45.

Moloch, the god, fire ceremony and, 50; children sacrificed to, 171.

Money, spat on to ensure increase, 47.

Mongolians, the, Sumerians unlike, 3,4; elves of, 105; Hittites and, 265, 266.

Monotheism, in Creation legend, 149; Babylonia, 160, 161.

Mons Meg, 156.

Moon, the, water worship and worship of. 45,51; Nannar (Sin), god of, 40; origin of in sea fire, 50, 51; as source of fertility and growth, 52; consort and family of, 53; Mitra and Varuna as regulators of, 54; goblet of, 75; in demon war, 76; devoured by pig demon, 85; god of as father of Isis, 100; bi-sexual deity of, 161, 299, 301; as a planet, 301; forms of god of, 297, 298; Venus and, 314; in astrology, 318; the "four quarters of", 323, 324.-See Nannar and Sin.

Moon goddess, the, 53.

Moses, in Koran water of life story, 186.

Mother, the Great, agriculturists and, xxx; as source of food supply, xxxii; destroying goddesses as, 57; Tiamat as, 64, 106, 140, 157; the serpent as, 74-76 ; the Gaelic Hag as, 87; Ishtar as, 100, 157; Nut of Egypt as, 100, 106; the Aryo-Indian Sri-Lakshmi as, 101; lovers of die yearly, 101 et seq.) human sacrifices to, 104; worship of in Jerusalem, 106; women as offerers to, 106-108 ; Kish queen and, 114; Lagash form of, 116; lions, deer, and wild goats of, 120; at creation of mankind, 148; as star Sirius, 296; Semiramis legend and, 436, 437. See Mother Worship.

Mother demons, in Sumerian and Anglo-Scottish folk tales, 153; Neolithic origin of, 156.

Mother ghost, the terrible, in Western Asia, India, and Mexico, 69; Buriats plead with, 69, 70.

"Mother of Mendes", the, Egyptian fish and corn deity, 29; Nina and, 117.

"Mother right", Hittites and, 418; Darius I succeeds through, 496.

Mother worship, in Mediterranean racial areas, 104, 105; in Semiramis Age, 417 et seq.; Queen Tiy and, 434 > goddesses as mother, wife, and daughter of god, 436; Sargon II and, 463; Esarhaddon and, 471; Ashur-bani-pal and, 486; Artaxerxes promotes, 497.

Mothers, the twin, Isis and Nepthys as, 99.

Moulton, Professor, on Indian conception of conscience, 54; on Mithraism, 201.

Mountain gods, Enlil and the, 35.

"Mountain of the West", Olympus as, 332; temples as symbols of, 332.

Mountains, as totems, 291, 292.

Mouse, god as a, 296.

Mulla, Gaulish mule god, as Mars, 316.

Mulla (mül´la), the "Will-o'-the-wisp", 66 et seq.

Müller, Max, on lunar chronology, 312.

Mummu (müm´mü), plots with Apsu and Tiamat, 139, 140; overcome by Ea, 140, 142.

Mummu-Tiamat, or Tiawath. See Tiamat,

Mursil (mür´sil), King of Hittites, 364; conquests of Egypt, 364.

Music, magical origin of, 238.

Muski (moosh´kee), overlords of Hittites, 380; Hittites freed from yoke of, 386; Thraco-Phrygian kingdom of, 395; Assyrians fight with, 397; the Biblical Meshech, 464.

Müt, Egyptian cult of, 105, 418; Aton and, 419.

Mutallu (mü´täl´lü), Hittite king, wars of with Rameses II, 365, 366.

Mysticism, the "lord of many existences", 297, 299; Osiris as father, husband, son, &c., 297; Babylonian and Egyptian, 297, 298; forms of Horus, 300, 304; "world soul" conception, 304; father and son gods identical, 304, 305; Anshar and Anu and "self power", 328; Ashur and Brahma, 328.

N

Nabonidus (na-bo´nid-us), King of Babylonia, religious innovations of, 492, 493; relations with Cyrus, 494, 495.

Näbo-pol-äs´sar, King of Babylon, 487; alliance of with Medes, 488; fall of Nineveh, 488; Cyaxares the ally of, 493.

Nabu (nä´bü). See Nebo.

Nabu-aplu-iddin (na´bu-ap-lu-id´din), King of Babylon, 408.

Nabu-na´id, King of Babylonia. See Nabonidus.

Nadab (na´dab), King of Israel, 403.

Nahum, the doom of Nineveh, 477, 478, 488.

Naki´a, queen mother of Esarhaddon, 470; reigns in absence of Esarhaddon, 472; coronation of Ashur-bani-pal, 480.

Namtar (näm´tar), demon of disease, smites Ishtar in Hades, 97.

Nana (nä´nä), goddess of Erech, 124, 125; statue of 1635 years in Elam, 485.

Nannar (nän´nar), moon god, origin of name of, 52; consort and children of, 53; as father of Isis, 100; as a bisexual deity, 161, 299; cult of in Kish, 241; as bull of heaven, 334; Ishtar and, 436. See Moon and Sin.

Naram-Sin (nä´ram-sin), King of Akkad, famous stele of, 128; great empire of, 129; pigtails worn by enemies of, 265.

Naturalism, xxxiii; the conception of "self power", 291; Sumerian and Indian beliefs, 291, 292, 304, 328, 329; Totemism and, 293 et seq.; various co-existing forms of deities, 297.

Navigation, Sumerians and, 2.

Nebo (nā´bo), protector of Ashur-bani-pal's library, xxii, xxiii, 303; as Mercury, the messenger, 302; Merodach and Ea and, 303, 435, 436; as Mermer-Ramman, 303; month of, 305; Semiramis inscription, 419, 422; mother worship and, 434; spouse of, 436; small Kalkhi temple of, 487.

Nebuchadrezzar I (ne-bü-chad-rez´zar) of Babylonia, 380; conquests of, 381; power of, 382.

Nebuchadrezzar II, Hanging Gardens of, 220, 489; fiery furnace of, 349; monotheistic hymn of, 479; Egyptians routed by, 489; King of Judah captured by, 490; takes Jews captive, 491, 492.

Necho, the Pharaoh, Asiatic campaigns of, 489; rout of by Nebuchadrezzar, 489, 490.

Necho of Sais, Assyrian governor in Egypt, 475; Ashur-bani-pal and, 482; slain by Ethiopians, 483.

Neheb-Kau (ne´heb-kä´ü), Egyptian serpent goddess, 150.

Nehemiah in the Susan palace, III; restoration of Jews, 496.

Neith, Egyptian cult of, 105; her arrows of fertility, 337; "shuttle" of a thunderbolt, 337 n.

Neolithic Age. See Stone Age, the Late.

Neolithic folk tales, 156.

Nepthys (nep´thys) mourning for Osiris, 83; laments with Isis for Osiris, 99; as joint mother of Osiris, 99; as serpent goddess, 150.

Neptune, connection of with Ea, Dagon, &c, 33; the horn of, 238.

Nereids (nē´rē-ids), the, 33; the Babylonian, 34; as demon lovers, 68.

Nergal (ner´gäl), solar god of disease, 53; as King of Hades, 53, 54; Yama and, 56; as Destroyer, 62, 63, 303; like Teutonic Bell, 95; as form of Merodach, 160; conflict with Eresh-ki-gal, 205; as planet Mars, 303; Horus and Ares and, 304; like Agni, 304; Osiris and Tammuz and, 304; month of, 305; as "high head", 334; worship of in Samaria, 455.

Nergal-shar-utsur (ü´tsür), King of Babylonia, 492.

Nidaba (ni´da-ba), goddess of Lugal-zaggisi, 124.

Nightmare, Babylonian demon of, 68, 69.

Nimrod, eagle myth regarding, 167; agricultural myth of, 170; John Barleycorn and, 170, 170n.; the Biblical "mighty hunter", 276; as Ni-Marad (Merodach), 277, 343; the fires of, 350; Asshur and, 354.

Nimrud. See Kalkhi.

Nina (ni´na), the fish goddess, Ishtar as, 100; at Lagash, 117, 118, 327; Derceto and Atargatis and, 277; goddess of Nineveh, 327, 423; creatrix and, 437; Persian Anahita and, 496.

Nineveh, excavations at, xix; called after Nina, fish goddess, 100, 423; King Ninus and, 424; Biblical reference to origin of, 276, 277; Semiramis legend of origin of, 277; plundered by King of Mitanni, 280; observatory at, 321; Ashur and, 354; palace of Ashur-natsir-pal III at, 399; Ionians deported from Cilicia to, 464; as Babylon's rival, 469; Esarhaddon's Ashur temple at, 476; Nahum's prophecy, 477, 478; Ashur-bani-pal's palace and library at, 487; fall of, 488; Scythian legend, 488.

Nin-Girsu (nin-gir´su), the god of Lagash, Ninip and Tammuz and, 53, 115, 116, 333; Ur-Nina and, 117, 118; Urukagina, the reformer, and, 121 et seq.; famous silver vase from temple of, 120; lion-headed eagle of, 120; Gudea's temple to, 130; Shamash and Babbar and, 132; development of, 135; eagle of, 168; Merodach and Zamama and, 126, 241.

Ninip (nin´ip, or Nin´ib), as Nirig and destroying sun, 53; Zamama identified with, 126; during Isin Dynasty, 132; in flood legend, 190 et seq.; father and son myth, 158, 302; as bull god and boar god, 302, 334; month of, 305; the boar and, 315; as Kronos and Saturn, as elder and younger Horus, 316.

Nin´-shach, Babylonian boar god, 86.

Nin´-sun, as destroying goddess, 57, 100.

Nin´tü, the Babylonian serpent mother, 76; Tiamat and, 150.

Ninus, king, legendary founder of Nineveh, 277, 424; Semiramis and, 424, 425.

Nin´yas, son of Semiramis, 426.

Nippur (nip´pur), Enlil god of, 35; Ninip the Destroyer advances against, 53; Ramman, Hadad or Dadu and, 57; Ur-Nina and, 116, 117; Lugal-zaggisi and, 124; Ur moon god at, 130; Ea's temple at, 131; Isin kings from, 132, 133; Kassites showed preference for, 218; observatory at, 321; Kheber (Chebar) canal near, 344. Nirig (ni´rig), as Ninip and destroying sun, 53. See Ninip.

Nisroch, the Biblical, Ashur as, 343, 470.

Njord (nyerd), the Eddic sea god, 33.

Noah, the Babylonian, 27.

Nü, the Egyptian god, the crocodile as 29; Sumerian form of, 36, 37; vaguer than Nut, 106.

Nudimmud (nü´dim-müd). See Ea.

Nüsk´ü, the god, as fire deity, 49, 50, 51; as messenger of gods, 50, 53; connection of with sea fire, 50, 51; association of with sun and moon gods, 50, 353; identified with Nirig and Tammuz, 354.

Nut (noo´it), the Egyptian goddess, 36; Tiamat as, 37; as mother of Osiris, 101; Nu vaguer than, 106.

O

Oak, Saul buried under, 350; association of with thunder gods, 350.

Oannes (ō-än´nes), as Ea, 27, 30.

Odin (ō´din), 64; lovers of wife of, 103; Gilgamesh and, 184, 185; the mythical Ages and, 202; Paradise of like Indra's, 209.

Olympus, the Babylonian, 332.

Omri, King of Israel, 405.

Opener, the, Horus as, 302. See Apuata and Patriarch.

Opis, Kish swayed by, 114; King of captured by Eannatum of Lagash, 119; Entemena's sack of, 120.

Ops, 103.

Ori´on, the Constellation, as form of Osiris, 297; Nin-Girsu and Tammuz as, 301; as form of the sun, 305.

Orion, the Greek giant, origin of, 45.

Osiris (ō-sī´ris), Tammuz cult and cult of, xxxi, 81. Yama and Gilgamesh and, xxxii; as god of the Nile, 33; creative tears of, 45; as a "dangerous god", 63; as patriarch, 52, 82, 83, 84, 86, 90; weeping for, 83, twin goddesses mourn for, 99; Adonis myth, 83, 84; origin of, 84; blood of in Nile, 85; swine associated with, 85; as the lunar babe, 89; as child, husband, brother, and father of Isis, &c, 99, 297; as son with two mothers, 99; Nut as mother of, 101; Paradise of, 209; fusion of Ptah with Seb and, 264; Isis star and, 296; the grave of, 296; makes Isis a male, 299; Nergal and, 304; in star lore, 315; backbone symbol of world mountain, 332; Merodach and Ashur and, 354.

Osiris-Sokar, Merodach like, 299.

Owl, as ghost of sorrowful mother, 65; Arabian belief regarding, 70; reference to in Isaiah., 114.

Ox, the wild, in eagle and serpent myth, 75. 76.

P

Palaeolithic Age, skull forms of in France, 8; Palestine in, 10.

Palestine, early races in, 10; Palaeolithic finds in, 10; cave dwellers of, 10, 11; in empire of Naram Sin, 129; Abraham's wanderings in, 245; tribes he found in, 245, 246; Elamites in, 247, 248, 249; Necho's campaigns in, 489.

Pan, Ea-bani and, 135; the pipes of, 238.

Pantheon, the National, during Isin Dynasty, 132.

Pap-sukal (pap-sü´kal), messenger of gods, rescues Ishtar from Hades, 97.

Paradise, childless ghosts excluded from, 71; the Indian, Germanic, and Egyptian, 209; Babylonian beliefs, 210. See Hades.

Patesi (pa´te-si), priest king, 1.

Patriarch, the, Apuatu as, xxxii; Sargon of Akkad as, xxxiii, 91; Yama as, xxxii, 56, 200; Osiris and Tammuz as, xxxii, 82, 86, 90, 297; Scyld or Sceaf as, 92; Yngve, Frey, Hermod, and Heimdal as, 93; the mythical "sleepers" and, 164; Nimrod as, 170, 277, 354; Gilgamesh as, xxxii, 200; Mitra as, 201; the Biblical Asshur, 276, 327, 354; King Ninus of Nineveh and, 424, 425; the Persian and Cyrus, 493.

Paul, Mars' hill sermon of, 59, 60.

Pekah, King of Israel, 450, 451; Assyrian king overthrows, 453.

Pelasgians, the, Sumerian kinship with, 9; Achaeans and, 393.

Pennsylvania, University of, expedition of, xxiv.

Penrith, "Long Meg's" stone circle near, 156.

Persephone (per-sef´on-ē), the Babylonian, 53; as lover of Adonis, 90.

Perseus, legend of, 152; the Babylonian, 159, 164.

Persia, fire worship in, 50; Yama of India and Gilgamesh, and Yima of, 200, 201; the mythical Ages of, 202; eagle symbol of great god of, 347, 493; Ashur cult and, 355; Britain and Russia in, 357; Cyrus King of, 493; religion of and Babylonian influence, 496.

Persian Gulf, early Sumerians traded on, 2; Eridu once a port on, 22.

Petrie, Professor Flinders, dating of, xxv, 212; alien pottery in Egypt found by, 263; on Egypt's culture debt to Syria, 275.

Pharaoh, "Piru" theory, 458, 458 n[526].

Philistines, the, their god Dagon, 32, 33; "way of" an ancient trade route, 357; invasion of Palestine by, 379; as overlords of Hebrews, 379, 380; Hittites and, 386; civilization of, 387, 403, 405; as vassals of Damascus, 414; tribute from to Assyria, 439.

Phoenicians, Baau, mother goddess of, 150; traditional racial cradle of, 244; appearance of on Mediterranean coast, 245; Melkarth, god of, 346; as allies of Hebrews, 388.

Phrygia, thunder god of, 261; Cybele and Attis of, 267; Muski and, 395; King Midas of, 460; Cimmerians overrun, 472; Lydia absorbs, 494.

Picts, why they painted themselves, 212.

Pig, demon in, 71; sacrificed to Tammuz, 85; associated with Osiris, 85; sacrifice of to cure disease, 236; totemic significance of, 293; as the devil in Egypt and Britain, 293; Ninip as boar god, 302.

Pigeons. See Doves.

Pillar worship, "world tree" and "world spine", 334.

Pinches, Professor, on Ea, Ya or Jah, and Dagan, 31; on Babylonian "Will-o'-the-wisp", 66; on Babylonian boar god, 86; on flocks of Tammuz, 93; on Creation hymn, 149, 150; on Babylonian monotheism, 160; on names of Hammurabi, Tidal, &c, 248; on Merodach as Nimrod, 277; on Nebo and Ramman, 303; on Ashur worship, 352, 353; on Nusku and Tammuz, 353, 354; on Ashur, Merodach, and Osiris, 354; on the sacred doves, 427.

Pir-na-pish´tim, the Babylonian Noah, 27; sun god and, 55; Gilgamesh's journey to island of, 177, 178, 180; revelation of, 181, 182; the flood legend of, 190 et seq.; the Indian Yama and, 200; the Persian Yima and, 201.

Planets, deities identified with, 296; Merodach as Jupiter and Mercury, 299; Venus female at sunset and male at sunrise, 299; when gods were first associated with, 300; Horus identified with three, 300; the seven included sun and moon, 301; Jupiter as "bull of light", 301; the "bearded Aphrodite" and Ishtar, 301; Ninip (Nirig) and Horus as Saturn, 302; Nebo and Merodach as Mercury, 303; Nergal and Horus as Mars, 303, 304; in doctrine of mythical Ages, 313 et seq.; the Babylonian and Greek, 316; in astrology, 318.

Plant of Birth, Etana's quest for, 164.

Plant of Life, Gilgamesh's quest for, 164, 177.

Plato, the dance of the stars, 333.

Pleiades (plī´a-dēz), the. See Constellations.

Pleistocene (plīst´o-sēn) Age, the, Palestinian races of, 10.

Pliny, on the "Will-o'-the-wisp", 67.

Plutarch, the Osirian bull myth, 89; on Babylonian astrology, 318.

Poetry, magical origin of, 236 et seq.

Poets, inspired by sacred mead, 45.

Polar star, as "world spike", 332; Lucifer as, 331, 332.

Pork, tabooed by races, 293.

Poseidon (pō-sī´don), 64, 105.

Postal arrangements, in Hammurabi Age, 251.

Pottery, linking specimens of in Turkestan, Elam, Asia Minor, and Southern Europe, 5, 263.

Prajapati (prăjä´păti), the Indian god, creative tears of, 45.

Preservers, the, mother goddesses as, 100.

Priests, En-we-dur-an-ki of Sippar, 42; the sorcerer's spell, 46; Dudu of Lagash, 120; as rulers of Lagash, 121; and burial ceremonies, 208, 209; fees of cut down by reformer, 210, 211; as patrons of culture, 287, 288, 289.

Pritha (preet´hä), mother of Indian Karna, 126.

Prophecy, blood-drinking ceremony and, 48; breath of Apis bull and, 49.

Prophets, clothing of, 213, 214.

Psamtik (sam´tik), Pharaoh of Egypt under Assyrians, 483; throws off Assyrian yoke, 486.

Ptah (tä), the Egyptian god, Ea compared to, 30; cult of and mother worshippers, 105; deities that link with, 263, 264.

Pül, Assyrian king called in Bible, 444.

Pumpelly expedition, Turkestan discoveries of, 5, 6, 263.

Punt, the land of, as "cradle" of Mediterranean race, 39.

Purusha (pür-üsh´ă), the Indian chaos giant, 429.

Q

Quarters, the four. See Four quarters.

Queen of Heaven, the, Ishtar as, 81; descent of to Hades, 95 et seq.; Bau-Gula as, 116; Etana and eagle legend and, 166; Ashur worshipped like, 352; Jehu worshipped, 412, 421.

Queen of Kish, the legendary Azag-Bau, 114; humble origin of, 115.

R

Ra (rä or rā), the Egyptian god, as chief of nine gods, 36; creative tears of, 45, 334; creative saliva of, 46; the "Eye" of blinded and cured, 46; as a destroyer, 63; in flood legend, 197; Paradise of, 209; Osiris and, 297; as old man, 314; as cat, ass, bull, ram, and crocodile, 329.

Races, languages and, 3; the Sumerian problem, 3; shaving customs of, 4; the Semitic blend, 10; culture promoted by fusion of, 42; god and goddess cults and, 105. See Armenoids, Mongolians, Mediterranean Race, Semites, Sumerians.

Rain gods, Enlil, Ramman, Indra, &c, as, 35, 57; Mitra and Varuna as, 55.

Rainy season in Babylonia, 24.

Ram, sun god as, 329; Osiris as, 85.

Rämă, the Indian demi-god, demon lover of, 67; colour of, 186. Ramayana (räm-ay´ăn-ă), the, 67; eagle myth in, 166.

Rameses I (räm´e-sēz or ra-mē´sēs), Hittites and, 364.

Rameses II, of Egypt, wars of in Syria, 365; the Hittite treaty, 366; Hittites aided by Aramaeans against, 378.

Rameses III, sea raiders scattered by, 379; Philistines and, 379.

Ramman (räm´män), the atmospheric and thunder god, 57; in Zu bird myth, 74; in demon war, 76; a hill god, 136; Merodach and, 159, 160; in flood legend, 192 et seq.; deities that link with, 261; called Mermer like Nebo, 303; month of, 309.