INDEX
Reading edition
Abruzzi, Duke of, cinematography, 128
Acetylene, as illuminant, 98
Acres, experimenter, 16
Actors and Actresses, 149–151;
accidents, 156, 157, 173;
special companies, 151;
kinemacolor, 151
Advertisements, moving, 261, 262
“After Fifty Years” (film), 324
“Agrippina,” film, 175
Alhambra Theatre, London, 4;
Derby film, 116
Allefex, sound producer, 140;
special sounds, 141, 142
Amateur operators, 87;
Bettini glass plates, 306 foll.;
Blériot’s flight film, 301;
“Kinora” system, 302 foll.
Ambrosio Film Company, 324
American Biograph Company, 155
—— Kinetoscope Company, 35
—— Mutoscope Company, studio described, 105
Aniline dyes, 289
Animated advertisements, 261
“Animated” newspapers, 277 foll.;
circulation, 284;
compared with printed newspaper, 285;
effect on picture theatre, 284;
length of film, 282
Animated photography (see Cinematography)
“Animated Putty” (film), 235
Animatograph, 33 foll.;
at Alhambra Theatre, 116
Announcement films, 262
Anschütz, Ottomar, 20
Anti-firing devices (see under Fire)
“Antony and Cleopatra,” film, 178
Apparitions, 222–225
Armstrong, C., 259–260
Asquith, Right Hon. H. H. (film), 261
Austin-Edwards Co., 50
Automatic safety cut-off shutter, 95
“Automobile Accident” (film), 211
Auxetophone, 186
Back Cloth, in trick pictures, 241, 228
Ballistics, 276
Barker, William, 174
Base, definition, 25
Baucus (American agent), 35, 49
“Bee, The” (film), 324
“Best Cigarette, The” (film), 261
Bettini glass plate cinematograph, 306 foll.
“Big Picture Play,” 169, 175, 177–178
“Big Swallow A,” (film), 254
Biocolor, 298
“Black Maria” (studio), 105
Blackton, J. Stuart, 171;
trick pictures, 242
Blair, roller photography, 28
Blair Company, 29
Blériot’s Channel flight (film), 301
Blinking, compared with action of shutter, 320
Blockless Motiograph, 99
Blue-black light (in panchromatising), 294
Blue screen, 295;
compensation for absence, 296
Boys, Prof. Vernon, flight of projectiles, 274
Bull, Lucien, 264;
experiments, 265 foll.;
Marey Institute, 322
Bull Camera (illus.), 269–270
Butcher and Sons, 316
“Cain and Abel,” film, 177
Call-board, in theatre, 152
Camera, 65 foll., 107;
Bettini camera, 306 foll.;
double camera, 319;
electric spark apparatus, 265 foll.;
for explorers, 73;
preparation for exposure, 69, 70
—— obscura, 7, 321
Cannock, Frank, 49
Capus (picture playwriter), 160
Carvallo, M. J., 323
Celluloid film, 24 foll.;
accidental discovery, 28;
Blair’s experiments, 28;
development of industry, 51;
Eastman and Walker, 26 foll.;
effect of climate, 53;
inflammability, 54;
length, 55;
manufacture, 52;
manufacturers, 50;
non-inflammable, 55;
waste product, 56, 330
Cellulose-acetate, 55
“Cheese Mites, The” (film), 201
Chemist:
instantaneous photography, 2;
colour cinematography, 292
Chevreul’s black, 20
“Chronicle” (animated), 278
Chronophone, 185;
differential gear, 188;
Green’s apparatus, 107;
projector, 186
Chronophotography, 16;
development, 322 foll.
Cinema-à-plaque, Bettini, 306 foll.
Cinematograph (Cinematographe), 43–49
“Cinematograph fiend,” 11
Cinematograph plays, 146 foll.;
dress-rehearsal, 153;
production, 152;
realism, 155
—— Theatre, 130 foll.;
in remote districts, 132;
development, 133;
electrical equipment, 136
(see also Picture Palace)
—— Trust (American), 110;
effect on British trade, 111
Cinematography (or Animated Photography):—
(1) General:
Amateurs, 301;
army recruiting, effect on, 317;
action of brain in connection with, 5;
educational value, 312 foll.;
effect on theatre, 174;
expansion of industry, 327;
litigation, 110;
optical principle explained, 90;
scientific value (see Scientific Research);
various uses, 316–318;
waste in the industry, 86
(2) History and Development:
Instantaneous photography, 1–3;
early attempts, 10–22;
kinetoscope, 30–33;
animatography, 33 foll.;
cinematograph, 43–49;
micro-cinematography, 161 foll.;
in Italy, 174;
phono-cinematography, 180;
electric spark cinematography, 265 foll.;
natural colour cinematography, 287 foll.;
recent developments, 319 foll.;
growth and popularity, 323 foll.
Cinephone, 180
Cines Company (see below)
—— Societa Italiana, 175–177;
“Life of Christ” (film), 177;
toning, 300;
Turin Exhibition films, 325
“Clown and his Donkey” (film), 260
Collins, Esmé, 107
Collodion process, defects, 24
Colour pictures, 287;
“A Fire” film, 288;
aniline dyes, 289;
colour sensitiser, 293;
compared with monochrome, 299;
Coronation records, 297;
stencil process, 288
Colour-sensitising solution, 293
Comandon, Dr. J., 162;
investigations, 166
Commutator, 182
Composition of news film, 282
Continuous motion, 32;
for excessive speed, 265
Control board of chronophone, 187
“Coronation” film, kinemacolor, 297
Coronation films, competition for, 119
Cranz, Dr. C., 274
Daguerre, exposure experiment, 1
Daily cinematograph newspaper, prospects of, 286
Dancing furniture, 209
Daylight projection, 142
Demeny, Georges, 21
Derby film, 116, 117
Desvignes, 16
Detaillé, 15
Developing apparatus, 85, 86
—— solution, 79
Development of pictures, 76 foll.;
long films, 79, 80
Diaphragm, manipulation in trick pictures, 226
—— stop, in trick camera, 222
“Dime Show,” 131
Di-optic projector (see Double Projector)
“Dissolution of the Government, The” (film), 257
Dog-movement, 93;
in Gaumont chrono, 100
Donisthorpe (experimenter), 16
Double camera, 219 foll.;
disadvantage of, 321
—— exposure process, 225
—— printing, 200
—— projector, 320 foll.
Drying operation, 79
Dumas, Alexandre, interest in Muybridge’s experiments, 15
Du Mont (experimenter), 16
“Duped,” 206
Eastman and Walker, 26
Eastman Dry Plate Company, 26
—— Kodak Company, 26, 50
Ebonite disc in electric spark apparatus, 267
Eden Musée—“Passion Play,” 106
Edison, Thomas Alva, 29;
educational films, 314;
film production, 113;
the kinetoscope, 30;
litigation, 110;
projector, 100;
royalty on films, 328;
studios, 105, 112
Edison Company, 151;
riot scene, 157
Edison’s First Kinetoscope, 31
Edison standard gauge, 57;
drawbacks, 59
Educational film, 312 foll.
Election films, 257, 258
Electrical tachyscope, 20, 21
Electricity as illuminant, 98
Electric spark, 268
—— spark apparatus, 265;
copper strips, 268
—— spark cinematography, 265 foll.
Electrodes, magnesium, 268
Empire Film Mender, 138
Empire Film Winder, 137
“Empire” series of pictures, 316
Empire Trick Camera, 216
Essanay plant, 112
Ethyl-violet, 293
Exposure of film, 274
Eye, as camera, 4
Fairy, production of, 244
“Fall of Babylon” (film), 177
Faust, film of, 175;
on the Vivaphone, 184
Film, 23 foll.;
American, 171;
British, 328;
European, 171;
exposure, 274;
firing of, 95;
“Hepwix,” 329;
for kineto, 305;
length, 149;
manipulation in trick pictures, 220;
non-inflammable, 316;
repair, 137;
waste product, 56, 330;
weekly output, 327
—— gauge, 33, 57
—— punch, 72
—— tinting, 288, 289
Film-trap, 100
Film-winder, 137;
illus., 77
Financial investments, 328
Finsbury Technical College: Theatrograph, 39
Fire, protection against, 136;
anti-firing devices, 95, 96;
in Empire projector, 101
First Moving Pictures, 14
Fixing solution, 79
Flashing: in trick pictures, 249
Flicker, cause of, 7
Flight of projectiles, 274 foll.
“Fountain of Youth” (film), 214
Fox, William, 145
Free-lance producer, 160
Fringing, 298;
elimination, 299
Gaevert firm, 50
Gate, 38
Gaumont, Léon, 184 foll.
Gaumont Chronophone, 186
Gaumont chrono projector, 100
—— Company, 110;
“Automobile Accident,” 211;
chronophone, 185;
Coronation films, 119, 120;
Rob Roy, 158;
The Little Milliner’s Dream, 231;
The Magnetic Gentleman, 210;
The Siren, 227;
The Travelling Bed, 209
Gaumont Graphic, 279;
bi-weekly issue, 284;
branch offices, 280;
circulation, 282;
Coronation number, 283
“Gazette” (animated), 278
Geissler tube, in Anschütz tachyscope, 21
Gelatine, proposed use, 23
Gelatino-bromide process, 24
Gerome, interest in Muybridge’s experiments, 15
Glass plates, Bettini system, 306 foll.
Goupil, interest in Muybridge’s experiments, 15
Grand Central Palace, New York, roof stage, 106
Grand Prix film, 324
“Graphic” (animated), 278
Green screen, 291;
Smith’s experiments, 295
Greene, W. F., 17, 107;
biocolor, 298;
colour sensitiser, 293;
double camera, 319;
natural colour cinematography, 289;
three- and two-screen systems, 295
Greene and Evans, 22
Harris, Sir Augustus, and the Theatrograph, 40
Harris Safety Shutter, 96
“Haunted Curiosity Shop, The” (film), 203
“Haunted Hotel, The” (film), 242
Hazelton Picture Palace, 132, 133
“Hepwix” film, 329
Hepworth, T. C., 98
Hepworth Company, 151
—— Manufacturing Co., Ltd., 329;
Vivaphone, 182
Himalayas, scenic films, 128
Hollaman, Richard G., 47;
production of Passion Play, 106
Hove Camera Club, 107
Iceland spar, for condenser, 268
Illuminant, 98;
electric spark, 265
Imperator projector, 100
Independent or “free-lance” producers, 160
Insects, flight of, 270;
apparatus for photographing (illus.), 266, 272;
Coleoptera records, 273;
Hymenoptera records, 272;
scientific value, 274
Instantaneous photography, 2;
analysis of movement, 13
Intermittent motion, 32;
Lumière’s camera, 43;
Paul’s camera, 38, 92;
for excessive speed, 265
International Exhibition, Turin, film competition, 324
Interrupter, electric spark apparatus, 267
Inventor’s fiddle, 21
“Investiture of the Prince of Wales,” Kinemacolor, 297;
monochrome, 120–122
Ives, Frederick E., 287;
Ives’s system, 299
Jansen, Astronomer, 17
Kalem, manufacturing firm, 171
Kelvin, Lord, film perforation, 58
Kinemacolor, 295 foll.;
apparatus, 135;
Coronation films, 297;
“fringing,” 298;
limitations, 297;
picture plays, 298;
scenic films, 125;
stock company, 151;
studio-theatre, 108
“Kinemacolor Special,” 126
Kineograph, 302
Kineto, Ltd., 190
Kinetograph, 179
Kinetoscope, The, 30;
heat absorbent, 46;
Edison’s studio, 105
Kinora, 302 foll.
Kramm projector, 101
Lantern Room (see Operating room)
Latham, apparatus, 47
Laurrilard, Mr., of Marble Arch Electric Theatre, and “Investiture of the Prince of Wales” film, 120
Lee and Turner, natural colour process, 290
“Life in the Jungle” (film), 172–174
“Life of Christ” (film), 177
“Life of the Butterfly, The” (film), 324
Lilliputian figures, 231 foll.;
explanation, 202
“Little Milliner’s Dream, The” (film), 231–235
“Little Sardinian Drummer, The” (film), 325
Loew, Marcus, 144
Lubin, of Philadelphia, 158;
studio, 112
Lumière and Sons, 43 foll.;
manufacture of film, 50;
perforation of film, 44;
projector (illus.), 45;
“Macbeth,” picture play, 175
“Magic Banquet” (film), 239, 240
Magic pictures, 207 foll.;
explanation, 209 foll.
“Magic Sword, The” (film), 199–201
“Magnet, The” (film), 312
“Magnetic Gentleman” (film), 210
Maguire, American agent, 35, 49
Make-up of news films, 282
Mallez, Dr., 15
Maltese Cross movement, 92, 101
Marey, Dr. E. J., 17 foll., 322;
camera, 18, 19;
experiments, 18, 264
Marey Institute, 322, 264
Marey’s Camera showing Shutter with Radial Slots, 19
Mask, of printing apparatus, 81
Medical science and cinematography, 316;
micro-cinematography, 161
Meissonier, interest in Muybridge’s experiments, 13, 15
Mélies, French conjurer, 197
Microbes, moving pictures of, 161 foll.
Micro-cinematography, 161 foll.;
Dr. J. Comandon, 162;
difficulties, 163;
experiments with blood, 166;
magnification, 168;
“phenomenon of agglutination,” 167;
popular science, 190;
shutter, 165;
sleeping sickness, 166
“Miracle (The),” film, 177
Mirror, in trick pictures, 244;
in electric spark apparatus, 267
Monochrome cinematography, 299
Moorhouse, A. H., 140
Motion, records of, animal motion, 13;
flight of insects, 273;
flight of projectiles, 274 foll.
—— Picture Patents Company, 327
“Motorist, The (?)” (film), 203–205
Moul, Mr. (of Alhambra Theatre), 41;
picture plays, 104
Mount: for projector, 99
—— for sensitised emulsion, 23, 24;
Eastman’s experiments, 27
“Mount Etna in Eruption” (film), 315
Movement, illusion explained, 6;
illustrated, 8
“Movement,” record of Marey’s experiments, 20
Movement and sound combined, Edison, 179;
Gaumont, 184;
Hepworth Company, 182
Moving picture circuits, 143
—— Pictures: (see Cinematography)
Mutoscope Company, 105
Muybridge, 12–16;
demonstration in Paris, 15;
studio, 13
Natural colour cinematography, 287 foll.;
“Biocolor,” 298;
expense, 294;
Greene’s process, 289;
“Kinemacolor,” 296;
Lee and Turner, 290;
new process, 299;
three screens, 291;
two screens, 295
—— light, 290
New Guinea, films, 128
Newman and Sinclair Camera (illus.), 73
Newman-Sinclair Printing Apparatus, 81
Newman-Sinclair Reflex Moving Picture Camera, 74
Nickel show, 131
N.S. Film Perforator, 63
Olympia: First picture palace, 40
“One turn one picture” movement, 235–240;
by Americans, 238;
in silhouette trick films, 259
Operating room or lantern room, 136;
law relating to, 135
Optical principle of the Cinematograph, 90
Optical principle of projection with the Bettini cinema-à-plaque, 310
“Ora Pro Nobis” (film), 202
Oxy-hydrogen limelight as illuminant, 98
“Panchromatic” film, 293;
deterioration, 294
“Panchromatism,” 293;
process, 294
Paper, as base, 24, 303;
Eastman, 27
—— negative, 303
Parkes, A., 26
Parkesine, 26
Parsons, Hon. C. A., 186
Passion Play, 106
Pathé, Charles, 35
Pathé Frères, 109;
colour pictures, 288;
development of picture play, 169;
film, 312;
“The Magnet,” 312;
micro-cinematography, 163;
projector, 101;
village scene, 158
Paul, Robert W., 34;
camera, 37, 66–69;
colour pictures, 288;
intermittent gear, 92;
mount for lantern, 99;
“Ora Pro Nobis,” 202;
“Railway Collision,” 205;
“Scenes in Soldier’s Life,” 317;
“The Magic Sword,” 199;
“The Cheese Mites,” 201;
“The (?) Motorist,” 203;
topical films, 116 foll.;
trick pictures, 198
Paul’s Improved “Cross” Driving Mechanism, 94
Peep-hole machine, 33
“Penny gaff,” 131
Perforating machines:
“N-S” perforator, 63;
Rotary perforator, 61;
Urban-Joy, 64;
Williamson perforator, 62
Perforation gauge, 57;
Edison standard, 57;
Lumière’s, 59
—— of film, 33;
necessity for mathematical precision, 60;
Lord Kelvin’s suggestion, 58;
Lumière’s method, 44
Phenakistoscope, 11
Phono-cinematograph (see below)
Phonograph, with cinematograph, 180, 181, 189
Photographic gun, 17
—— revolver, 17
Picture House at Briggate, 134
—— Palace, 144;
effect on legitimate theatre, 326;
British Isles, 325;
France, 325;
Germany, 326;
U.S.A., 144, 326;
facts and figures, 325 foll.
—— plays, 103 foll.;
development, 109 foll.;
the “Big Picture Play,” 169 foll.;
educational service, 174;
financial risk, 177;
historical subjects, 170;
Kinemacolor, 298;
Pathé firm, 110;
playwright, 147;
plots, 159;
popular subjects, 176–177;
religious subjects, 177;
staging, 103 foll.;
studio (see under Studio);
“After Fifty Years,” 324;
St. Francis of Assisi, 325;
The Passion Play, 106, 169;
“The Soldier’s Courtship,” 103
Pinachrome, 293
Pinacyanol, 293
Poch, Prosper, 142
Polar exploration films, 127
Political films, 257
Popular science, 190 foll.;
films, 324
Portraiture, cinematographic, 283
Praxinoscope, 11;
records, 12
Primary colours, 290
“Prince’s Derby,” 117
“Princess Nicotine,” 242–253;
illustration of staging, 245;
trick explained, 244
Printing, 80;
Newman-Sinclair apparatus, 81–82;
Williamson printer, 82–84
Projection:
kinetoscope, 8;
praxinoscope, 11;
rate of monochrome films, 6;
colour films, 292
Projector, 37, 88 foll.;
for amateurs, 309, 310;
double, 320, 135;
driving system, 99;
intermittent motion, 38;
rate of projection, 6, 292;
second lens, 99;
shutter, 94, 95;
“B Underwriter,” 100;
Gaumont Chrono, 100;
“Imperator,” 100;
Lumière, 45
Provincial Cinematograph Theatres, Ltd., 134
Prozynski, 306
“Pumpkin Race” (film), 217
Quentin, daylight projection, 142
Quo Vadis (film), 175–176
Racking bellows, 255
Rainbow screen, 142
Realism, in picture plays, 155 foll., 172
Red screen, 291;
failure, 292;
panchromatic film, 293;
Smith’s experiments, 295
Religious institutions and cinematography, 317
Renter, or middleman, 178
Reversal of action, 215
Reynaud’s praxinoscope, 11
Rheostat handle, 187
Rhumkoff coil, in Anschütz tachyscope, 21
Roller-photography, 26;
Blair, 28
Roosevelt, T., and cinematography, 128
Rostand, picture plays, 160
“Sacking of Rome” (film), 175
Safety shutter, 95–98
“St. Francis of Assisi” (film), 325
Sample prints, 176
“Samson and Delilah,” (film), 177
Scenery (see Realism)
Scenic films, 125–129;
Polar exploration, 127;
Victoria Falls, 126
Scientific research, 161 foll.;
electric spark cinematography, 265 foll.;
explorations, 73, 127;
medical science, 316
Scott, Capt. R., 127
Screen, 138;
daylight projection, 142;
in natural colour photography, 291
Selig, William N., 172
Selig organisation, 112;
company, 151;
fire-rescue film, 155;
production of the jungle play, 172–174;
at Los Angeles, 112;
studio, 112;
wardrobe, 114
Sensitised emulsion, 2;
in colour photography, 292
Shackleton expedition, 127
Shadowgraph play, 259
Shutter, 94;
automatic safety, 95;
electric spark apparatus (illus.), 268, 269
Siemens and Halske, 47
Silent Knight, projector, 101
Silhouette trick films, 259;
advertisements, 261;
in America, 259, 263;
“The Clown and the Donkey,” 260
“Siren, The” (film), 227
“Ski-runner,” 240–241
Smith, Albert, 242;
Kinemacolor, 295 foll.
Smith, F. Percy, 190;
apparatus, 195;
experiments, 191–195;
magic film, 257
“Soldier’s Courtship, The” (film), 104
Soret, M. L., 20
Sound effects, 139;
production, 141
—— and movement combined, 179 foll.
South America, progress of cinematography, 145
Spool box, 91
Sprocket, use of, 33
Stage, 104 (see also Studio)
Stage properties, 204, 208;
for “Princess Nicotine,” 246
Stanford, Governor, interest in Muybridge’s experiments, 15
Steinheil, interest in Muybridge’s experiments, 15
Stencil, 289
Stereoscopic shutter (illus.), 269
—— system, in electric spark cinematography, 268
Stern, inventor, 22
Stock, 294
Stop, of lens, 199
—— and substitution action, 212–215
—— call, 215, 222
Stop-motion, 201;
method illustrated, 236
Stop-press news, 285
Studio for picture plays, 103 foll.;
American Mutoscope Co., 105;
Edison, 105, 112;
equipment, 113;
Kinemacolor, 108;
Lubin, 112;
Muybridge, 13;
Pathé Frères, 109;
Paul, 104;
Selig, 112;
Vitagraph Co., 112;
J. A. Williamson, 107
Submarine effects, 240
Superprinting, 240
Synchroniser, 182 foll.
Synchronism, 185
Tachyscope, electrical, 20, 21
“Tale of Two Cities, A” (film), 171
Talking machines, 180 foll.
“Theatrograph,” 39
“Three Musketeers” (film), 175
Three-roll film, 106
Three-screen cinematography (tricolour), 291;
cost, 294;
latest process, 299
Toning, 300
Topical pictures, 116 foll.;
dangers, 123;
competition, 118;
Coronation of King George V., 119;
East End battle with anarchists, 124;
Investiture of Prince of Wales, 120;
prize-fights, 122
Transformations, 225
“Travelling Bed, The” (film), 209
Travelling show, 130
Tree, Sir H. B., picture play, 174
Treuwé, Professor, 130
“Trial of Abraham’s Faith” (film), 177
“Trick” camera, 222
Trick pictures, 197 foll.;
manipulation of film and camera, 219;
M. Mélies, 197;
R. Paul, 198;
miscellaneous, 228–230, 237;
two stages, 246;
wires and threads, 238 foll.;
“Animated Putty,” 235;
“Automobile Accident,” 211;
“Boots,” 235;
“The Cheese Mites,” 201;
“The Dissolution of the Government,” 257;
“Fountain of Youth,” 214;
“The Haunted Curiosity Shop,” 203;
“The Haunted Hotel,” 242;
“The Little Milliner’s Dream,” 231;
“The Magic Carpenter’s Shop,” 238;
“Magic Knitting Needles,” 237;
“The Magic Sword,” 199;
“The Magnetic Gentleman,” 210;
“The (?) Motorist,” 203;
“The Mysterious Banquet,” 239;
“Princess Nicotine,” 243;
“Railway Collision,” 205;
“The Siren,” 227;
“Scene at Sea,” 207;
“The Travelling Bed,” 209;
“The Workman’s Paradise,” 217
Tricolour cinematography (see Three-screen cinematography)
Tripod, for camera, 72, 73
“Triumphant Hero (The),” (film), 175
Tuning fork, in Bull camera, 270
Two-colour work (see below)
Two-screen cinematography, 295
Tyler-Ernemann “Imperator” projector, 100
“Uncle Tom’s Cabin” (film), 156
Union Square Theatre, New York, 144
Urban, Charles, 48, 49
Urban-Joy anti-firing device, 96
Urban-Joy-Harris Anti-firing Device, 97
Urban Trading Company, 125
Vincent, John, 106
Violet-rays, 268
Violet screen, 291
Visual persistence, 3;
“blinking,” 321;
in colour photography, 292;
in monochrome, 8
Vitagraph Company, 112;
“Leather Stocking” stories, 159;
“Tale of Two Cities,” 171
Vivaphone (illus.), 182–184
V-shaped stop, 199
War Office and cinematography, 317
Warwick Trading Company, 49
West, T. J., 130
Wheel, cylindrical, of electric spark apparatus, 265–267
“Wheel of Life,” 10
“White Plague” pictures, 316
Williamson, James A., 107 foll.;
colour picture, 288;
“A Big Swallow,” 254–257;
“The Workman’s Paradise,” 217
Williamson printer, 82
“Workman’s Paradise” (film), 217
Wright, Wilbur, flight film, 72
X-rays, and cinematography, 322
Zoetrope, 10
Zoopraxinoscope, 11
Zoopraxiscope, 15
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