GENERAL INDEX

Ablutions, at weddings and at funerals, 555

Aborigines, regarded as wizards, 248;

their relations with invaders, 244

Absolution, and dissolution, 401;

of the dead, 396 ff.

Achaeans, religion of, 521 f.

Adonis, story of, 582;

story of, how interpreted, 580;

as type of the initiated, 582

Aeschylus, popular beliefs utilised by, 437 ff., 459 f.;

religious sympathies of, 523

Aetolus, story of, 273

Agamemnon, as revenant, 438

Alastor, application of word, 465 ff.;

as proper name (in Homer), 473;

as term of abuse, 477;

derivation of word, 471;

development of meaning of word, 475 f.;

meaning of, 476;

original meaning of, 472

Alastores, 462 ff.;

not originally deities, 467 ff.

Allatius, on vrykolakes, 364 ff.

Amorgos, oracle of, 332

Amulets, 12–13, 21, 140

Amymone, story of, 593

Ancient language, attempted revival of, 30

Angels, exorcism of, 68;

good and bad, 288;

worship of, 42

Animals, unlucky species of, 307

Anointing, of the dead, 557

Anthropomorphic conception of God, 52

Antigone, as ‘bride of Acheron,’ 551

Antiphon, on blood-guilt, 443

Aphrodite, 117–120;

‘eldest of the Fates,’ 120;

mystic rites of, 580

Apis, story of, 459

Apollonius of Tyana, 257

Apostasy, 409

Apple, symbolic usage of, 558

‘Arabs’ (a class of demons), 211, 276 f.;

identified with vrykolakes (q.v.), 277

Ariadne, story of, how represented on sepulchral monuments, 598

Aristomenes, 76

Arrogance of Greeks, 29

Art, in relation to religion, 1

Artemidorus, on death and marriage, 553 ff.

Artemis, 163–171;

as huntress, 165;

as the Moon, 165;

bathing of, 164–5;

displaced by S. Artemidos, 44;

modern character of, 169;

offerings to, 170

Asclepius, in serpent-form, 274 f.;

re-incarnation of, in mock-mysteries, 589

Ass-centaurs, 235 and 237 f.

Athene, and the owl, 207;

succeeded by Virgin Mary, 45

Athenians, religious sympathies of, 523

Attis, 586

Augury (see Auspices)

August, certain days sacred to Nymphs, 152

Auspices, 308 ff.;

affected by number, 313;

from any movement of birds, 311;

from cry of birds, 311;

from flight of birds, 311;

from posture of birds, 311;

modified by position of observer, 312

Avengers, dead persons as, 438

Avengers of Blood, ancient names for, 462 ff.;

their resemblance to modern vrykolakes, 458

Axe, double-headed, as religious symbol, 72

‘Baboutzicarios,’ 217

Bacchic rites, 38

Baptism, exorcisms at, 15;

neglect of, 409

Beast-dances, 224 ff.

Bed-chambers, in temples, 587

Beehive tombs, original use of, 94

Bells, worn at popular festivals, 224 ff.

‘Binding’ and ‘loosing,’ 397

Binding-spells, 19;

means of loosing, 19

Birds, as messengers, in modern ballads, 316 f.;

as messengers of particular gods, 309;

colloquial application of word, 315;

in popular ballads, 315;

still acknowledged as messengers of heaven, 315;

which classes observed for auspices (q.v.), 308 f.;

why selected for divination, 308

Black-handled knife, as charm, 286

Blessing the waters, 197

Blood-guilt, ancient conception of, 451;

Attic law concerning, 443;

penalties for, 453;

Plato’s legislation concerning, 444

Blue beads, as amulets, 12

Body and soul, relation of, 361 ff., 526 ff.;

re-union of, 538

Bones of the dead, how treated after exhumation, 540 f.

Boreas, 52

Breast-bone of fowl, divination from, 327

Bridal customs (see Wedding, Marriage)

‘Bridge of Arta,’ The, 262 f.

Brumalia (in Greece), 221

Burial (see also Cremation, Inhumation);

demanded by ghosts, 431;

lack of, 407 f., 427, 449;

lack of, as punishment, 457

Buzzing in ear, as omen, 329

Callicantzari, 190–255;

afraid of fire, 202;

beast-like elements in, 203;

compared with Centaurs, 253;

demons or men?, 207–211;

description of, 191;

description of smaller species of, 193;

development of superstition concerning, 254;

dialectic forms of name, 211 ff.;

footgear of, 221; general habits of, 194;

how outwitted, 196–200;

identified with Centaurs, 235;

identified with were-wolves, 208;

offerings to, 201, 232;

originally anthropomorphic, 206;

origin of name, 211 ff.;

power of transformation possessed by, 204, 240;

precautions against, 200–202;

resembling Satyrs and Centaurs, 192;

sources of their features and attributes, 237 ff.;

stories concerning, 196–200;

their activity limited to Christmastide, 221;

their relation to Satyrs, etc., 229 ff.;

two main classes of, 191;

variously represented, 190;

whether demons or men originally, 209 ff.;

wives of, 200

Callicantzaros, The Great, 195

Callirrhoë, as sacred spring, 555

Candles, thrown into grave at funeral, 512

‘Captain Thirteen,’ a folk-story, 75

Carnival, celebrations of, 224 ff.

Cat, jumping over dead person, 410;

omens drawn from, 328

Caves, haunted by Nymphs, 160

Cenotaphs, 490

Centauros, son of Ixion, 242

Centaurs (see Callicantzari), 190–255;

and Lapithae, 242;

as wizards, 248 f.;

compared with Callicantzari, 253;

general character of, 246;

Heracles’ fight with, 253;

how represented in Art, 247;

in Hesiod, 242;

in Homer, 243;

in Pindar, 241;

popular conception of, how affected by Art, 252;

Prof. Ridgeway’s view of, 244 ff.;

various species of, 235, 237;

whether human or divine in origin, 241 ff.;

why called ‘Beasts,’ 245 ff.

Cephalus, 601

Cerberus, 97, 99

Character of modern Greeks, 28 ff.

Charms, 286

Charon, 98–117;

addressed as ‘Saint,’ 53;

ancient literary presentation of, 106;

as ferryman, earliest mention of, 114;

brother to Uranos, 116;

identified with Death, 114

Charon’s obol, 108, 285;

as charm to prevent soul from re-entering body, 434;

custom of, how interpreted, 405 f.

Charos, appearance of, 100;

as agent of God, 101–4;

as archer, 105;

as ferryman, 107;

as godfather, story of, 102;

as horseman, 105;

as pirate, 107–8;

as warrior, 105;

as wrestler, 104, 105;

Christianised character of, 101;

coin as fee for, 109;

functions of, 101;

household of, 99;

in connexion with Christianity, 101;

originally Pelasgian deity, 116;

pagan character of, 105

Charun, Etruscan god, 116

Child-birth, precautions against Nereids observed at, 140;

precautions at, 10–11

Children, conceived or born on Church-festivals, how afflicted, 408;

liable to lycanthropy, 208;

preyed upon by Gelloudes, 177;

preyed upon by Striges, 181;

stricken by Nereids, how treated, 145;

suspected of lycanthropy, how treated, 210

Chiron, 241 ff., 248;

as magician and prophet, 248 f.

Cholera, personified, 22

Christ, accepted as new deity by pagans, 41

‘Christian,’ popular usage of word, 66

Christianity, became polytheistic, 42;

and paganism, 36

Church, influenced by paganism, 572 f.

Churching of women, 20

Clement of Alexandria, on the Mysteries, 570, 572;

on rites of Aphrodite, 581

Clytemnestra, ghost of, 474

Cock, as victim, 326

Cocks, superstitions concerning, 195

Coin, as charm, 111;

placed in mouth of dead persons, 108, 405;

placed in mouth of dead persons, various substitutes for, 112

‘Comforting,’ feast of, 533

Common origin of gods and men, 65

Communion with gods, philosophers’ views of, 296

Conquering and conquered races, relations of, 244

Conservatism, religious, 95, 295, 337

‘Constantine and Areté’ (ballad), 391 f.

Continuity of Greek life and thought, 552

Convention, literary, 429

Corpse, re-animation of, 112 (see Re-animation, Resuscitation)

Corycian cave, 161

Courage of Greeks, 28

Cremation (see also Funeral-rites), 485 ff.;

ceremonial, 496, 512;

ceremonial substitute for, 491;

Christian attitude towards, 501;

combined with inhumation, 494;

disuse of, 501 f.;

for disposing of revenants in Ancient Greece, 416;

for disposing of vrykolakes, 411;

in theory preferable to inhumation, 488 f.;

in recent times, 503;

introduced by Achaeans, 491;

motives for, 502 f.;

preferred to inhumation, 500 f.;

revival of, 502;

serving same religious end as inhumation, 491 ff.

Crockery broken at funerals, 520

Crow, 309;

exception to ordinary rules of divination, 310

Curses, 387 ff., 409;

diagnosed by their effects, 396;

executed by demonic agents, 448;

fixity of, 417;

in Euripides, 418;

in Sophocles, 419;

operation of, 447;

parental, 391 ff.;

revoking of, 388 f.

Custom-dues, for passage of soul to other world, 285

Customs-officers, celestial, 284

Cybele, rites of, 586

Daemons, Plutarch’s theory of, 583 f.

Danaids, as types of unmarried women, 592

Dances, 34

Dead, messages to the, 345;

worship of the, 529 note 1

Dead persons, as messengers to the other world, 344 ff.;

what kinds of food presented to, 533 f.

Deadly sins, 425 ff.

Death, as penalty for bloodguilt, 455;

conceived as a form of marriage, by Sophocles, 549 ff.;

conceived as a form of marriage, in modern dirges, 546 ff.;

conceived as a wedding with Persephone, 595;

how personified in the Alcestis, 115;

in correlation with marriage, 553;

represented as a wedding on sepulchral monuments, 597 f.;

sudden or violent, 408, 427

Death-struggle, 288, 289;

how eased, 389

Decomposition (see Dissolution)

Degeneracy of mankind, 294

Deities, gregarious or solitary, 70;

non-Christian, how denoted, 67;

pagan, local names for, 69

‘Delivering unto Satan,’ 406

Demeter (see also Mysteries of Demeter), 79–98;

and Poseidon, modern story of, 86;

as corn-goddess, 562;

character of, 92;

Cretan legend of, 579;

displaced by S. Demetrius, 44;

dwelling-place of, 92;

evidence for identity of, 92;

her priestesses officiating at weddings, 590;

horse-headed, 87, 252;

in Homer, 522;

in modern story, 54;

modern functions of, 93;

modern titles of, 89;

modern worship of her statue, 80;

mysteries of (see Mysteries);

represented by S. Demetrius, 79;

stories of her union with men, 579 f.;

story of, compared with story of Christ, 576;

where originally domiciled, 93–96

Demeter and Persephone, modern legend of, 80;

symbolism of myth concerning, 88;

unity of, 88

Demetrius Poliorcetes, story of, 587

Demons, exorcism of, 68

Despoina, 579;

marriage with, 596

Deucalion, 93

Devils, entering bodies of dead men, 416;

exorcism of, 68

Devil, responsible for resuscitation of dead persons, 402

‘Diana,’ 164

Dionysus, and Prosymnus, story of, 585;

displaced by S. Dionysius, 43;

festivals of, 228–230;

identified with Adonis, 599;

identified with Hades, 585, 599;

in scenes on sepulchral monuments, 598 f.;

marriage of the ‘queen’ with, 583;

mystic rites of, 582

Dioscuri, 286

Dipylon-cemetery, excavations in, 494

Dirges, 347;

character of modern, 549;

examples of modern, 546 ff.;

purpose of, 519, 549

Diseases, caused by demons, 22

Dishonesty of Greeks, 31

Disintegration (see Dissolution)

Dissolution, and absolution, 401;

best secured by cremation, 502;

desire for, a feature of Pelasgian religion, 524;

distinguished from annihilation, 525, 538;

summary of ancient views concerning, 526;

time required for, 486 ff.;

why desired, 515 ff.

Divination, at weddings, 326;

by chance words, 303 ff.;

by lot, 303;

by sacrifice, 264, 318;

‘domestic,’ 327;

from birds (see also Auspices), 308 ff.;

from breast-bone of fowl, 327;

from chance words, in antiquity, 305;

from demeanour of victim, 326;

from eggs, 331;

from involuntary movements of limbs, etc., 329;

from meetings on the road, 306;

from pig’s spleen, 325;

from sheep’s shoulder-blade, 321 ff.;

from sieves, 331;

from water, 332 f.;

methods of, compared, 298;

suggested divisions of, 298;

various branches of, 298

Dog howling at night, significance of, 328

Dogs, 32

Donkey, ill-omened, 307

Dragons, as guardians of buried treasure, 281;

in folk-story, 82;

popular conception of, 280;

story of, 281 f.

Drama, primitive, 224–6;

restrictions of, 429;

rudiments of, 35

Dreams, 300 ff.;

deliberately induced, 303;

ecclesiastical use of, 301

Dress, at weddings and at funerals, 557

‘Drumlike’ (as description of dead bodies) (see τυμπανιαῖος), 370

Drunkenness, when permissible, 303, 533

Dryads, 151

Eagle, 309

Easter, 575 f.;

celebration of, 572 ff.

Ecstasy, in ancient religion, 37;

religious, 294 f., 576

Eleusinian mysteries (see Mysteries of Demeter)

Eleusis, excavations in cemetery at, 495

Empusa, 174, 175

Entrails, inspection of victim’s, 320, 325

Ephialtes, 21 (note 2)

Epiphany, observance of, 197;

superstitions concerning, 221

Equality of men and gods, 604

Erinyes (see Furies)

Eros, 118–120

‘Eternal drunkenness,’ 39

Ethical influence of Christianity, 39

Eudaemonia, as goddess, 602

Eumaeus, reception of Odysseus by, 32

Euphemistic names for deities, 69, 70

Euripides, popular form of imprecation utilised by, 418

Evil Eye, amulets against, 13;

animals affected by, 11–12;

cures for maladies caused by, 14;

effects of, 10;

inanimate things affected by, 12;

in Greece, 9–15;

means of averting, 14;

persons affected by, 11;

to whom attributed, 9–10;

widespread belief in, 8

Excommunication (see also ‘binding’ and ‘loosing’), 401;

causing non-dissolution, instances of, 398 ff.;

effects of, 386, 396 ff.;

origin of, 406;

pagan influence on doctrine of, 401 f.

Execration (see Curses, Imprecations)

Exhumation, 540;

at end of three years, 487

Exile, as punishment of homicide, 445, 455

Exorcism, by witch, 14–15

‘Fair Lady of the Mountains,’ 166

Faith-cures, 60, 62

Fallmerayer, 25

Fasts, strictly observed, 574

Fate, 289

Fates, the, 120–130;

appearance of, 124;

at birth of Athena, 130;

character of, 125;

distribution of functions among, 127;

functions of, 124, 127;

inexorability of, 122;

invocations of, 122, 128;

number of, 124;

offerings to, 120, 121, 125;

prayer to, 123;

seen or heard, 125–6;

the lesser, 127–8;

visits of, 125;

wrath of, 126

Festival-dress, as heirloom from mother to daughter, 537

Festivals, popular, 34, 35;

survival of pagan, 221 ff.

Fire, kept burning at grave-side, 507 ff.;

omens drawn from, 328

Fishing-net, as prophylactic, 21

Five, ominous number, 307 (note 1)

Flood, modern traditions of the, 93

Folklore, antiquity of, 8;

as clue to ancient religion, 7;

laws of, 8

Folk-stories and ancient myths, relation of, 76

Foreign cults naturalised in Greece, 580

Forestry, superstitions relating to, 158

Fortieth day after death, customs and beliefs concerning, 486 ff.

Foundation-stone, ceremonial of laying, 264

Funeral-customs, 345 ff., 496 ff.;

assimilated to marriage-customs, 560;

compared with marriage-customs, 554 ff.;

in relation to the Mysteries, 593 f.

Funeral-feasts (see also Memorial Feasts), 532 f.

Funeral-meats, 533 f., 535 f.

Funeral-rites, Christian and pagan contrasted, 501;

Homeric, 492;

in Dipylon-period, 494;

Mycenaean, 493;

purpose of, 485 ff.;

why necessary for due dissolution of body, 490

Funerals, Solon’s regulations concerning, 346 ff.

Funeral-usage, summary of conclusions concerning, 513 f.

Furies, as agents of Clytemnestra, 448;

as personified Curses, 448;

in Homer, 522;

origin of Aeschylus’ conception of, 460 f.

Furtwängler, on death conceived as wedding, 597

Future life, Achaean conception of, 521 f.;

conceived in general as resembling life of gods, 525;

Homeric conception of, 516 ff.;

material character of, 524;

modern conceptions of, 518 f.;

Pindaric conception of, 518

Garlands, at weddings and at funerals, 557 f.

Garlic, as prophylactic, 140

‘Garlic in your eyes,’ 14

Gello, 71;

by-names of, 179;

story of, 177

Gelloudes, 176–9, 211;

activities of, 179;

cure for injuries inflicted by, 179

Genii, 255–291;

confused with victims offered to them, 267, 271 ff., 276 f.;

definition of, 256;

how related to the place or object which they inhabit, 259;

in form of bulls, 261 f., 277;

in form of dragons, 262, 280;

in form of snakes, 258, 259, 272 f.;

in Homer, 269;

in human shape, 275;

mating with Lamiae, 276;

of air, 283 ff.;

of bridges, 262;

of buildings, 259–275;

of churches, 261;

of houses, 259;

of human beings, 287 ff.;

of mountains and caves, etc., 280 ff.;

of water, 275 ff.;

offerings to, 260, 274;

sacrifice to, 262 ff.;

sacrifice to, in Ancient Greece, 269 ff.

Gennadius, story of, 399

Getae, human sacrifice among the, 350

Ghosts, asking for burial of body, 431;

conventionally substituted for revenants in ancient literature, 429;

haunting neighbourhood of tombs, 430 f., 433;

in ancient literature, 427;

a modern Greek notions concerning, 428

Giants, story of, 73

Gifts to the dead, 493, 528 ff.;

how regarded by the Church, 531 f.;

in form of clothing, 536 f.;

in form of drink, 536;

in form of food, 533 ff.;

in modern Greece, 532;

in the classical-period, 530 f.;

in the Dipylon-period, 530;

in the Homeric Age, 529;

in the Mycenaean Age, 529;

motive for, 531, 537;

on what days presented, 530 f.;

until what date continued, 539 f.

Goat-skins, worn at certain popular festivals, 223 ff.

God, as controller of weather, in popular phrases, 51;

modern applications of word, 48

‘God of Crete,’ 74

Godhead, ancient view of, 65;

attainable by men, 604 f.

Gods, character of Greek, 526;

Greek conception of, 292 f.

Good Friday, 572 ff., 574 f.

Gorgons, 184–190;

and Scylla, 188;

appearance of, 184;

as deities of the sea, 188;

character of, 185;

compared with Sirens, 187;

depravity of, 185–6

Gorgon, meaning of the word, 186

Goshawk, 311

Guardian-angels, 288

Guardian-spirits, in ancient Greece, 290

Hades, 97;

house of, how conceived by Homer, 517;

modern presentment of, 518, 549

Hair, as source of strength, 76;

cf. 83

Hare, unlucky to meet, 307

Hawks, 309

Headache, magical cure of, 22

Healing, miraculous, 60, 302

Hebrew religion, contrasted with Greek, 3

Helena, 286

Helios, displaced by S. Elias, 44

Hemlock, 578

Hera, as type of women, 591;

cults of, 591;

wedding of, 599

Heracles, 469

Hermes Agoraeus, oracle of, 305

Hermes, as escorter of the dead, 544;

succeeded by S. Michael, 45

Heroes, in form of serpents, 273

Heron, 309

Hesiodic Ages of mankind, 294

Hesperides, 282

Hiccough, as omen, 330

Hippolytus, oath of, 418

Holy Ghost, rarely named by peasants, 51

Holy Week, 572 ff.

Homicide, Delphic tradition concerning, 444, 480;

Plato’s legislation concerning, 451

Honey-cakes, as diet of genii, 274

Honey, as food for the dead, 533;

chief offering to Nymphs, 150;

offered to the Fates, 121

Hospitality of Greeks, 31

Human sacrifice, 262 ff., 273, 276;

a modern conception of, 341 ff.;

as means of sending a wife to some god, 583;

long-continued in Ancient Greece, 343;

modern story of, 339, 436;

substitute for, 583

Humour, popular sense of, 69

Hylas, modern parallel to story of, 161

Hymenaeus, legend of, 552

Iasion, as type of the initiated, 579

Icarus, 76

Icons, 301

Idolatry, popular inclination towards, 59

Image, magical treatment of, 16

Immorality of ancient deities, 39

Immortal fruit, 281 f.;

waters, 281

Immortality, doctrine of, 350 f.

Imprecations (see also Curses), 387 ff.

Incantation, against whirlwinds, 150

Incorruptibility (see also Vrykolakes), 384;

ancient imprecations of, 417 ff.;

Apollo’s threat of, 421;

as punishment of blood-guilt, 456;

ecclesiastical view concerning, 396

Inhumation (see also Funeral-rites), 485 ff.;

ceremonial substitutes for, 489 f.;

combined with cremation, 494;

serving same religious end as cremation, 491 ff.;

the Pelasgian rite, 491

Initiated, future happiness of the, 563 f.;

hopes of the, 578 f.

Ino, parallel to story of, 138

Insanity, popular view of, 299

Inspiration, 299

Interment (see Inhumation)

Intoxication, when permitted, 303, 533

Iphigenia, sacrifice of, 270

Iron, as prophylactic, 140

Islands of the Blest, 520

Itching of hand or foot, as omen, 330

Ixion, 242

Kalándae (festival of the Kalends of January), 221

Ker, 289 f.

Key laid on breast of corpse, 109, 112

Knife, black-handled, as charm, 20, 172

Kore (see also Persephone); as representative of the initiated, 578;

story of, how represented on sepulchral monuments, 597 f.

Laceration of checks, etc., at funerals, 346

Lamentation, at funerals, 347

‘Lame Demon,’ The, 195

Lamia, ancient conception of, 175;

of the Sea, 171;

responsible for water-spouts, 172

Lamiae, 174–6;

character of, 174;

mated with genii, 276

Lamp, in Prytaneum, 513;

‘The Unsleeping,’ 508;

thrown into grave at funeral, 512;

why placed in graves, 505 f.

Language, as evidence of tradition, 35

Law governing evolution of Greek folklore, 206

Leaven, damaged by Evil Eye, 12

Left hand, unlucky, 312

Left to right, lucky direction, 312

Lenormant, on death conceived as a wedding, 601

Leprosy, penalty for eating pig’s flesh, 87;

why named by Aeschylus among penalties of blood-guilt, 453 f.

Lightning, as instrument of God’s vengeance, 73;

persons and objects struck by, 73

Literature, in relation to religion, 2

‘Loosing,’ 397;

equivalent to both ‘absolution’ and ‘dissolution,’ 401

Love, as the bond of feeling between men and deities, 603;

in relation to the doctrine of the Mysteries, 606

Love-charms, 18

Lucian, on offerings to gods, 335

Lycaean Zeus, 352

Lycanthropy, 208, 239 f.;

in children, 380;

infants liable to, 183

Lying-in-state, 497

Madness, 299;

among penalties of blood-guilt, 454

Magic, 15–25;

sympathetic, 16, 521

Maniotes, the, 441

Mankind, of same race as gods, 65, 604

Marriage and death, correlation of, 533

Marriage, arranged by Athenians between Athene and Demetrius Poliorcetes, 587 f.;

as ‘initiation,’ 590;

association of the Mysteries with, 590 f.;

binding-spells to prevent consummation of, 19;

mimetic, as culminating point of Mysteries, 589;

mimetic, enacted in many cults, 577–587;

of men with deities, 545 ff.;

of men with deities, as a religious doctrine, 560 f.;

of men with deities, as mystic doctrine (summary), 602 f.;

the Sacred (ἱερὸς γάμος), 591

Marriage-customs, compared with funeral-customs, 554 ff.;

transferred to the funeral-rite, 560

Masks worn at popular festivals, 222 ff.

Matrimonial prospects, divination concerning, 303

Meat, excluded from funeral-repasts, 532

Medea, 463, 468

Medicine, popular, 21

Megrim, cure of, 23

Memorial-feasts, 486 ff.;

dates of, 534;

real purpose of, 534 f.;

significance of the dates of, 539

Men elevated to rank of daemons, 211

Messages to the dead, 344 ff.

Metamorphosis (see Transformation)

Metempsychosis, Plato’s theory of, 604 f.

Miastor, application of word, 463 f.;

meaning of, 477 ff.;

original meaning of word, 465

Miastores, 462 ff.

Midday, dangers of, 79

Miracles, expected by common-folk, 59;

genuine, 60;

sham, 60

Mirrors, superstition concerning, 10

‘Mistress, The,’ 89;

marriage of, 97

‘Mistress of the Earth and of the Sea,’ 54, 91, 579

Monotheism, compared with polytheism, 40;

no popular tendency towards, 3

Morality, little connected with ancient religion, 37

Mormo, 175

Mountain-nymphs, 148

Mourners, conduct of, 347;

professional, 347

Mouse, omens drawn from, 328

Mouth, as exit of soul, 111

Mummers, at Christmastime and at Carnival, 223 ff.;

representing Callicantzari, 227

Mumming, a survival of Dionysiac festivals, 229 ff.

Murder of kinsman, 425;

legal punishment for, 457

Murdered men as avengers (see Avengers, Revenants)

Murdered persons, avenging their own wrongs, 437 ff.;

bodily activity of, 438;

future lot of, 434 f.;

mutilation of, 435;

personal activity of, 440 ff.;

returning in bodily form, 438

Murderers, future punishment of, 434 ff.;

penalties incurred by, 453 ff.

Mutilation of murdered persons, 435

Mysteries, alleged impurity of, 569 f.;

allusions to, in Tragedy, 550;

associated with funerals, 594 f.;

associated with wedding-rites, 590 f.;

benefits secured by participation in, 38;

Christian attitude towards, 569;

containing no doctrine alien to popular religion, 567;

grades of initiation in, 566;

main doctrines of the, 569;

openly performed in Crete, 568;

of Aphrodite, 581 f.;

of Cybele, 586;

of Demeter, (see below Mysteries of Demeter);

of Dionysus, 582;

parodied by the false prophet Alexander, 588 f.;

Sabazian, 585;

summary of doctrines taught by, 589 f.;

summary of argument concerning, 602 f.;

their doctrines kept secret, 567;

their promises summarised by Theo Smyrnaeus, 566

Mysteries of Demeter, Achaeans excluded from, 567 f.;

ancient references to, 563 f.;

Christian attitude towards, 578;

compared with modern celebration of Holy Week and Easter, 572 ff.;

dramatic nature of, 577;

their effect on spectators, 576;

held in great veneration, 562 f.;

how understood by participants, 578 f.;

Pelasgian in origin, 567;

safeguards of morality in, 577 f.;

specific charge of impurity against, 577;

test of linguistic purity imposed at Eleusis, 568;

their kinship with Christian beliefs, 576;

their promises based on ideas of popular religion, 565;

their promises summarised, 565

Naiads, 159

‘Nailing,’ magical rite, 17

Nationality, 27

Nereids (see also Nymphs, Sea-nymphs, Mountain-nymphs, Tree-nymphs, and Water-nymphs), 130 ff.;

animals susceptible to influence of, 135;

appearances of, 131;

bride-like appearance of, 133;

by-names of, 132;

called ‘she-devils,’ 149;

children carried off by, 150;

confusion of different species, 153;

consorts of, 149;

cruelty of, 139;

cures for mischief done by, 145;

depart at cock-crow, 137;

description of, 132–4;

domestic accomplishments of, 133;

dress of, 133;

famed for skill in spinning, 134;

festival of, 153;

forms of name, 130 (note 3);

general precautions against, 144;

in old signification, 146;

inconstancy of, 135, 138;

longevity of, 156;

magical kerchief of, 136;

male, 149;

means of protection against, 140;

not immortal, 156;

offerings to, 140, 150;

responsible for whirlwinds, 150;

‘seizure’ by, 142;

story of wedding-procession of, 149;

supernatural qualities in dress of, 136;

theft of children by, 141;

their love of children, 140;

their marriage with men, 134;

their relations with men, 134–9;

their relations with women, 139;

transformation of, 137;

widespread belief in, 131;

with feet of goat or ass, 133

Nether world (see Under-world)

Nomocanon de excommunicatis, 397

Nomocanon concerning vrykolakes, 365, 402 f.

Non-dissolution (see also Vrykolakes), 366;

ancient imprecations of, 417 ff.

Numbers, lucky and unlucky, 313

Nymphs (see also Nereids), 130 ff.;

not immortal, 156;

punishment for violence done to, 584;

seizure by, 142

Oedipus, curse pronounced by, 419

Offerings, how affected by Christianity, 337;

to Artemis, 170;

to Callicantzari, 201;

to genii, 274;

to gods, motive of, 335, 336 f.;

to Nereids, 140;

to Saints, 58, 337;

to the dead (see Gifts), 493

Oil, spilling of, as omen, 328

Olive, foliage or wood used in funerals, 498 f.

Olympus, as abode of the Fates, 128

Omens (see Divination);

from dripping of water, 121

Oracle of Amorgos, 332

Oracles, 305, 331 ff.

Orchestra, 35

Oreads, 148

Orestes, how spurred on to vengeance, 441 f.;

with what penalties threatened by Apollo, 421

Orithyia, 601

Orphics, 38

Orphic tablets, 595 f.

Owl-faced Athene, 207

Owls, 309, 310, 311

‘Ox-headed man,’ The, (popular story), 278

Pagan customs, inveteracy of, 46;

deities, how denoted, 67

Palmistry, 329

Pan, 77–9

Panagia, portraits of, 301

Paradise, popular conception of, 519

Parga, evacuation of, 503

Parthenon, Christian use of, 45;

figures in east pediment of, 130

Patriotism of Greeks, 28

Patroclus, funeral of, 348 f., 529

Patroclus’ ghost, 429;

why desirous of burial, 516

Pausanias, on human sacrifice, 353

Pedantry of Greeks, 30

Pelasgians, religion of, 522 f.

Peleus (see Thetis)

Pentacle, 113, 406

Perpería, 24

Persephone (see also Kore, Demeter);

‘bridal-chamber’ of, 595

Pharmakos, 355 ff.

Pheneos, Lake, 85

‘Pheres,’ 243

Philinnion, story of, 413, 433

Phlegon, story of revenant narrated by, 412 ff.

Phlya, mystic rites at, 587

Physique of Modern Greeks, 26, 27

Pig’s flesh, taboo, 87;

spleen, used for divination, 325

Plague, personified, 22;

personified as trio of female demons, 124

Pollution, 425;

ancient conception of, 451;

of bloodguilt, 445

Polydorus, ghost of, 429

Polynices, doom of, 420

Polytheism, compared with monotheism, 40;

merits of, 292;

modern, 47, 48;

popular bent towards, 54

Pomegranate, symbolic usage of, 558 ff.

Poseidon, 75–77;

as healer, 46

‘Possession,’ by angels or devils, 68;

by devils, 144;

by the devil, as punishment, 406

Poultry, divination from, 312

Prayer, usually accompanied by offerings, 335

Predestination, 122

Priest, unlucky to meet, 306

Prometheus, legend of, 74

Prometheus’ prophecy of Zeus’ downfall, 552

Prytaneum of Athens, shape of, 96

Psellus, on divination, 321, 324

Pulcra montium, 167

Punishment after death, 419 ff.

Purification, from bloodguilt, 451, 483;

means of, 357

Purity, confusion of physical and moral, 37

Pythagoras and Zalmoxis, 351

‘Queen of the Mountains,’ The, 163

‘Queen of the Shore,’ The, 163

Quince, symbolic usage of, 558 f.

Rail (ornith.), 309

Rain-charm, 23

Rain-making, 49

Ram, as victim, 326

Rat, unlucky to meet, 307

Raven, 309

Re-animation (see also Resuscitation, Vrykolakes), 384;

of corpses left unburied, 449;

of dead body by the soul, 432 ff.

Religion, Achaean and Pelasgian elements in, 522 f.;

character of Greek, 2, 294, 361 f., 545;

complexity of Greek, 4

Religious feeling, dominance of, 5–7;

literature, absence of, 2–5

Resuscitation (see also Re-animation, Vrykolakes), 388;

of dead persons, how viewed by the Church, 402 ff.;

of dead persons, summary of Hellenic belief concerning, 434

Retribution, doctrine of future, 523;

exactitude of, 453 ff.;

law of, 435

Revenants (see also Vrykolakes);

ancient names for, 462 ff.;

ancient Greek instances of, 412 ff.;

as Avengers of blood, 434 ff.;

as Avengers of blood, summary of ancient belief concerning, 461;

as Avengers of blood, their traits transferred to the Furies, 460;

called up by sorcerers, 404;

contrasted with ghosts, 427;

different species of, 384;

distinguished from ghosts, 416;

exacting their own vengeance, in ancient literature, 438;

Greek conception of, 394;

harmless type of, 394 f.;

Hellenic conception of, 412;

in ancient literature, 430, 438 f.

Rhapsodes, 34

Richard, le Père, on vrykolakes, 367

Ridgeway, on cremation and inhumation, 491

Right hand, lucky, 312

‘Riotings,’ The, 226

River-gods, 277, 280

Rohde, on cremation, 492

rosalia, 45

Sabazian mysteries, 585

Sabazius, in form of snake, 586

Sacrifice (see also Human Sacrifice), 335 ff.;

at launching of ship, 266;

at laying foundation-stone, 264;

at opening of quarry, 265;

at weddings, 326;

human, 262 ff.;

to genii, 276;

to genii, Slavonic influence upon, 268

Sacrifices, classification of, 338

Sacrificial omens, 319

Saints, functions of, 55;

functions suggested by names of, 56;

offerings made to, 58;

sometimes reputed immoral or malign, 56;

substituted for ancient gods, 43;

with titles denoting locality, function, etc., 55;

worship of, 42

S. Artemidos, cures children ‘struck by the Nereids,’ 44;

successor to Artemis, 44

‘Saint Beautiful,’ 164

S. Catharine, 303

S. Demetra, at Eleusis, 80;

Eleusinian legend of, 80

S. Demetrius, successor to Demeter, 44

S. Dionysius, successor to Dionysus, 43

S. Elias, responsible for thunder, 52;

successor to Helios, 44

S. Elmo’s light, 286

S. George, displacing Theseus or Heracles, 45;

legend concerning, 261

‘S. John of the Column,’ 58

S. John the Baptist, 37, 304

S. Luke, as painter, 301

S. Michael, successor to Hermes, 45

S. Nicolas, 340;

patron of sailors, 287;

superseding Poseidon, 75

Salt-cake, 303

Salt, dissolving of, as magical ceremony, 388 f.

Satan, delivering persons unto, 406

Saturnalia (in Greece), 221

Satyrs and Centaurs, closely related, 236

Satyr-dances, 229

Scylla, replaced by modern Gorgon, 188;

parentage of, 173

Scyros, faith-cure at, 62

Sea-nymphs, 146

‘Seizure,’ by Nymphs, 142

Serpents, as incarnations of heroes, 274

Shadow, as genius, 289

Shadow-victims, 265

‘She-devils,’ Nereids so called, 149

Sheep-dogs, 32

Shooting-stars, 286

Shoulder-blade of sheep, used for divination, 321 ff.

Sieve, employed to detain Callicantzari, 196–7

Sieves, divination from, 331

Sileni, 230

Silicernium, 535

Sins, deadly, 409 f., 425 ff.

Sirens, 187

Slavonic immigrations, 26;

influence on belief in vampires, 376 ff.

Sleep and Death, 543

Sleeping in churches, 61

Small-pox, personified, 22

Snake, as genius of Acropolis, 260;

auspicious in house, 328;

bearded, 274;

unlucky to meet on road, 307

Snakes, as manifestations of deities, 275

Snake-form, assumed by genii (see Genii)

Sneezing, as omen, 330

Socrates’ familiar spirit, 291

Sophocles, popular form of imprecation utilised by, 419

Sorcery, punishment of, 409

Sosipolis, story of, 272

Souls (see Ghosts)

Soul and body, relations of, 361 ff., 526 ff.;

re-union of, 538

Soul-cult, Rohde’s theory of, 529, note 1

Soul, emancipation of, 515 f.;

Homeric conception of, 517 f.;

Socrates’ teaching concerning, 516

Spitting, to avert malign influences, 14, 307

Stars, baneful influence of, 10, 11

Stoat, unlucky to meet, 307

Striges, 179–184, 211;

Italian origin of, 180;

intercourse of devils with, 416;

precautions against, 181;

prey upon children, 181;

stories concerning, 182–3

Strigla, 282

Sucking-pig, as victim, 483

Suicides, 408

Sun, relics of worship of, 44

Surrogate Victims, 355

Swallow-song, 35

Sympathetic magic, 264

Taboo, 87, 357

Taenarus, descent to Hades at, 45

Tartarus, 98

Telonia, 284;

local usages of name, 287

Temples, as treasuries, 96;

converted to churches, 45

Tenos, Church of Annunciation at, 45, 58;

faith-cures at, 60;

miraculous icon of, 301

Thargelia, 356

‘The Beautiful One of the Earth,’ 97

‘The Great Lady,’ 163

‘The Lady Beautiful,’ 163

‘The Lamia of the Sea,’ 171

‘The Lamia of the Shore,’ 171

‘The Mistress,’ 89;

marriage of, 97

Theseum, Christian use of, 45

Theseus, 469

Thesmophoria, 87

Thetis, modern parallel to story of, 137

Thracians, funeral-rites of, 500

Thread of life, 124

Three, ominous number, 307 (note 1), 487

Thunderbolt, 72

Thunder-god, 50

Timothy, Bishop of Ephesus, martyrdom of, 222

Titans, story of, 73

Titles of saints, sources of, 55

Tolerance of pagans, 42

Torches, at funerals, 505 ff.

Traditions, popular and literary, 432

Trance, 69

Transformation, magic power of, 86, 249;

power of, attributed to genii, 276;

power of, how indicated in Art, 251

Transmigration of souls, Plato’s theory of, 604 f.

Treasure, guarded by dragons, 281

Treasury of Atreus, original use of, 94

Tree, supporting the world, 155

Tree-nymphs, 151;

confused with water-nymphs, 153;

woodcutters’ precautions against, 158

Trees, not to be cut or peeled on certain days in August, 152

Tuesday, unlucky day, 313

Tutelary genii, fed on honey-cakes, 274

‘Twelve Days,’ The, 221

Twitching of eyebrow, as omen, 329

Unburied (see Burial, lack of)

Under-world (see also Future life);

Homeric conception of, 517 f.;

modern presentment of, 549

Uninitiated, future fate of the, 563 f., 592

Unmarried, funeral-rite of the, 556;

future fate of the, 592

‘Unsleeping Lamp,’ The, 540

Vampires (see Vrykolakes);

characteristics of Slavonic, 387;

modern Greek conception of, 363 ff.;

Slavonic treatment of, 410 f.

Vampirism, causes of, 375, 407 ff.;

imprecations of, 387;

instances of, 367 ff.;

widespread belief in, 371 ff.

Vendetta, 440 ff.

Vengeance for blood-guilt, extended to whole communities, 459;

for homicide, Delphic tradition concerning, 444 ff.

Vengeance for murder, effected by a curse, 446 f.;

effected by demonic agents, 448;

exacted by murdered person, 435 ff.;

incumbent on next-of-kin, 440;

legally incumbent on next-of-kin, 443 f.;

methods of, 453 ff.

Vesta, temple of, 96

Victim, as messenger, 340 ff.;

elevated to rank of genius, 267 ff., 276

Vintage-festival, 35

Virgin, worship of the, 51

Virginity, consecrated to river-god, 592

Virility, affected by magical spell, 19

Visualisation, peasants’ powers of, 47

Votive offerings, character of, 58

Vows, 59

Vrykolakas, Greek equivalents for word, 381 f.;

how originally employed in Greek, 378;

occasionally used in sense of ‘were-wolf,’ 379 f.;

origin of word, 377;

original meaning of word, 377 f.;

Slavonic forms of word, 377 (note 2)

Vrykolakes (see also Incorruptibility, Resuscitation, Revenants, Vampires, Vampirism), 361 ff.;

attitude of authorities towards belief in, 371 f.;

belief in them not wholly Slavonic, 381;

capable of sexual commerce, 415 f.;

classes of persons liable to become, 375, 407 ff.;

close resemblance of ancient revenants to, 458;

corporeal nature of, 376;

cremation of, substitutes for, 488;

ecclesiastical view of, 386, 396 ff.;

Greek treatment of, 410 f., 502;

Hellenic element in conception of, 407;

how disposed of, 371 f.;

lineage traced from, 416;

modern Greek conception of, 363 ff.;

nomocanon concerning, 365, 402;

not to be confused with ghosts, 376;

occasional barbarities inflicted upon, 412;

original Greek type of, 391 ff.;

peculiar method of treating, 540;

recent cases of the burning of, 374;

recent Cretan account of, 372;

resuscitated by the Devil, 405 f.;

Slavonic influence upon conception of, 376 ff.;

stories of, 368 ff.;

widespread belief in, 371 ff., 374

Vultures, 309

‘Wanderers,’ 473

Washing, prohibited on certain days of August, 152

Water, immortal, 281;

miraculous, 60;

oracular property of, 334;

pouring out of, as magic rite, 520;

salt, bars passage of supernatural beings, 368 (note 1), 372;

‘speechless,’ 304, 331;

spilling of, as omen, 328

supplied daily to the dead, 539;

‘Water-bearer,’ the, 556, 592 f.

Water-nymphs, 159;

confused with tree-nymphs, 153;

precautions against, 160

Water-pitcher (see also Water-bearer), 594

Water-spout, caused by Lamia of the Sea, 52;

superstitions concerning, 172

Weasel, unlucky to meet, 307;

why unlucky to see, 327

Weather, chief province of God, 51

Wedding, ‘The Sacred,’ 599 f.;

in Hades, The, (ballad), 548

Wedding-customs (see Marriage-customs)

Wedding-dress, as funeral-garb of betrothed girls or young wives, 557

Weddings, precautions at, 13;

precautions against magic at, 20;

sacrifice and divination at, 326

Wedding-scenes on funeral-monuments, 597 f., 601 f.

Were-wolves, 239;

and vampires, 377 f.;

become vampires after death, 385

Whirlwinds, caused by nymphs, 52, 150;

safeguard against, 150

Winds, personified, 52

Wine, passed from left to right, 312;

spilling of, as omen, 328

Winter festivals, 221 ff.

Witch, as rain-maker in Santorini, 49

Witchcraft, male and female exponents of, 15, 16

Witches, 15

Woodpecker, 309

Wooing, how conducted, 558

Wren, 309

Zalmoxis, 350 f.

Zeus, 72–74;

Lycaean, 352;

Meilichios, 275;

Prostropaeus, 481;

survival of name, 74