Modern Geography

INDEX

Reading edition

Aar valley, 57, 67

Aberdeen, 44

Abyssal fauna, 145

Abysses of ocean, 28

Acacia, 79

Africa, climate of, 91, 100;

exploration of, 13;

fauna of, 23, 152;

forests of, 120;

position of, 22;

slave trade in, 236

Agave, 85, 125

Ague, 162

Ailanthus, 78

Aire gap, 47 (fig. 5), 49, 73

Alabama, 35

Alaska, forests of, 136;

minerals of, 220

Algiers, means of communication in, 240;

rainfall of, 95;

vegetation of, 92

Allium, 124

Almonds, 176

Alnwick, 232

Aloe, 125

Alp, 59, 60, 190

Alpine plants, 122

Alpine race, 190, 192, 199, 206-216

Alps, 32, 33, 57, 58, 59, 68, 70, 80, 122, 192, 241

Amazon, 43, 45

America, exploration of, 14

America, North, climate of, 101-102;

fauna of, 23, 152;

flora of, 135-142;

glaciation of, 52, 53, 77;

mammals of, 166;

position of, 17;

primitive means of communication in, 239-241;

trees of, 78, 79;

vegetation of, 122

America, South, fauna of, 23

Anchovies, 149

Andes, 48

Anemone, 124

Annuals, 124, 126, 128, 134

Anopheles, 162

Antarctic, exploration of, 14

Anticyclones, 107-110 (fig. 12)

Anti-trade winds, 89, 90

Apes, 155

Appleby, 232

Apples, 176, 184

Apricots, 176

Aquatic animals, 144 et seq.

Arabs, 178, 180

Aragon, 200

Arbroath, 235

Arbutus, 130, 192

Arctic, exploration of, 14

Arctogæic realm, 152

Ardennes, 33

Area of low pressure in N. Atlantic, 88, 105

Argentine, 243

Arizona, climate of, 91

Aryans, 213, 214

Ash, 139

Asia, climate of, 93, 100;

exploration of, 14;

fauna of, 23, 152;

position of, 22;

trees of, 78, 79

Asia Minor, rainfall of, 86

Aspen, 138

Asphodel, 124

Ass, 166, 177, 244

Athens, rainfall of, 95

Atlantic, 88, 89, 105

Atlas Mountains, 32, 91, 120, 153

Atmosphere, 20

Australia, cattle and sheep of, 243;

climate of, 85;

fauna of, 23, 152;

minerals of, 220

Austria, people of, 209

Badger, 159

Balkan States, buffalo in, 178;

climate of, 101;

people of, 209

Baltic, 105, 106

Banks of Newfoundland, 148

Barbary, 155

Barley, 171, 172

Barrows in Scotland, 203, 206, 207

Base level of erosion, 39

Basque, 198, 199

Baths of Leuk, 72

Bats, 155

Bear, 159

Beavers, 158

Beech, 129

Beech woods, 131

Bees, 181

Belfast, 235

Belgium, people of, 209

Berbers, 204

Berne, 72

Birch, 132, 136

Birds of Europe, 160

Biskra, rainfall of, 95

Bison, 166, 240

Black rat, 154

Black walnut, 79

Bog myrtle, 133

Boulder clay, 52

Brachycephalic race, 202, 208

Brehm, quoted, 163, 189

Bridge towns, 247

British Columbia, climate of, 101;

flora of, 137

British Isles, birds of, 160;

climate of, 99, 100;

fauna of, 153;

insects of, 164;

position of, 27;

weather of, 107, 108

Brittany, minerals of, 225;

people of, 192-97, 209;

strawberries of, 184;

structure of, 33

Broad-headed race, 209-217

Bronze, 206, 207, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 233

Bronze Age, 221

Broom, 130

Brown rat, 154

Buckwheat, 183, 184

Buffalo, 178

Cactuses, 10, 138

California, climate of, 85, 91, 101;

forests of, 137, 142;

minerals of, 220, 223

Camels, 177, 188, 194, 244

Canada, forests of, 136, 139;

structure of, 35;

survey work in, 14

Canadian Far West, 116

Canadian Shield, 35

Cape Colony, climate of, 85

Carboniferous rocks, 34

Carcassonne, 246

Carlisle, 49, 232

Carnivores, 155

Carp, 150

Cascade Range, 138

Casiquiare river, 45

Castile, 200

Castilian language, 198, 199, 200

Cat, 155, 177

Catalan language, 198, 199

Catalpa, 79

Cattle, 155, 177, 178, 185, 188, 190, 241, 242, 243

Caucasus, 32, 80

Cauterets, 67

Celtic language, 197;

race, 197, 206, 209

Celto-Slavic race, 206

Central Plateau of France, 33;

of Spain, 33

Cephalic index, 202

Cetaceans, 155

Chalk, 34

Challenger expedition, 144, 145

Chamærops, 129

Chameleon, 161

Charcoal as fuel, 226, 227, 228

Chestnuts, 139, 193

Chile, climate of, 85

China, agriculture in, 170;

climate of, 96;

cultivated plants from, 174;

means of communication in, 242;

trees of, 78, 79

Chiroptera, 155

Cirques, 62, 63 (fig. 8), 64, 65, 66

Cistus, 129

Citron, 174

Citrus, 174, 176

Clams, 146

Climate, 82 et seq.

Clyde valley, 206, 207

Coal, 34, 227-234

Cod, 148

Congo forest, 114

Conifers, of America, 136-142;

of Europe, 132;

of mountains, 121

Coniferous forests, 132, 136, 137, 138, 141, 142

Continental climate, 102

Continental shelf, 27, 146, 147, 148

Copper, 220, 221, 222, 233

Corals, 146

Cork oak, 129

Cornwall, 223

Corries, 62, 64, 65

Corsica, people of, 208;

wild sheep of, 156

Corsican pine, 129

Cotton, 174, 234

Crabs, 146

Cranberries, 185

Crustaceans, 146

Cucumbers, 176

Cwms, 62

Cycle of erosion, 30

Cyclones, 104-110 (figs. 10, 11, 12)

Cyprus, locusts in, 165;

minerals of, 221, 222

Darwin, Charles, 7, 9, 10

Date palm, 129

Daubensee, 73

Dauphiny, 209

Davis, quoted, 65

Deciduous forests, 121, 131, 132, 136, 139, 141

Dee, 44

Deer, 155, 166

Denmark, shell-mounds of, 146

Deserts, 10, 91, 115, 116, 170, 220

Devon, 223

Diatoms, 147

Dog, 155, 177, 239, 244

Dolichocephalic skulls, 202, 203, 204

Dormice, 158

Dranse, 42

Dunfermline, 235

Durham, 232

Edinburgh, 94, 246

Eidart, 44

Egypt, fossil sea-cows in, 155;

Neolithic man in, 203

Egyptians, ancient, 204

Elba, 230

Elbow of capture, 45

Elephant, 194, 244

Elms, 139

England, minerals of, 227;

rivers of, 46, 47 (fig. 5);

rocks of, 36;

wheat in, 185

English Channel, 107

Erratic blocks, 54

Erzgebirge, 227

Etruria, 223

Euphrates, 170

Eurasiatic race, 206

Europe, civilisation of, 17;

climate of, 98-101;

effect of glacial period on plants of, 77-81;

fauna of, 23, 152-159;

flora of, 78;

forests of, 92, 119, 130-132;

glacial period in, 52, 53;

mountain pastures of, 122;

plant formations of, 154;

position of, 22;

reptiles of, 160;

rodents of, 157;

structure of, 32 (fig. 1), 33-36

Evergreen oak, 127, 129

Feshie river, 43 (fig. 4), 44, 47, 49

Fig, 173

Fir, 132

Fish, 145-150;

of Mediterranean, 149;

of North Sea, 148

Flax, 173, 183, 187, 235

Flamingo, 160

Florida, 77, 139, 141

Forest of Arden, 226

Forest of Dean, 226

Forests, 78, 113-122, 128, 129, 130-132, 134, 135, 136-142, 169, 182, 191, 192, 211, 212, 215, 216, 221, 226, 227, 229

Fowl, 181, 183

Foxes, 155

France, civilisation of, 225;

climate of, 93;

people of, 209;

structure of, 224;

trees of, 118;

use of water power in, 230;

wheat in, 186

French language, 193

Fresh-water fish, 149, 150

Galicia, 200, 201, 223

Garden-culture, 176

Garlic, 173, 176

Garwood, quoted, 65, 68 (fig. 9)

Geese, 181

Geldie burn, 44, 49

Gemmi Pass, 72-74

Gemmiwand, 72

Genet, 159

Geneva, lake of, 193

Genoa, 95

Geography, definition of, 19

Georgia, 35

Germanic race, 196, 210

German language, 193

Germany, cattle of, 178;

minerals of, 227;

people of, 204, 209, 215, 218

Gibraltar, 94, 155

Glacial shelves, 59 (fig. 6), 60 (fig. 7), 61, 122

Glaciers, 51, 57, 73

Gleditschia, 79

Gloucestershire, 226

Gnats, 161, 162

Goats, 130, 178, 179, 188

Gradin de confluence, 58

Grasshopper, 165

Grasslands, 114-120, 133

Great Britain, glaciation of, 64;

minerals of, 231;

people of, 202, 203, 204, 209;

rainfall of, 48;

structure of, 33

Great Plains, 138

Greece, cattle in, 178;

people of, 205

Greenland, 238

Guide-books, 14

Gulf of Mexico, 77, 102

Gulf of St. Lawrence, 139

Gulf Stream, 148

Hamster, 158

Hanging valleys, 58, 61

Harz Mountains, 227

Heat equator, 87

Heath, 130, 192

Heather, 133

Hedgehogs, 155, 159

Highlands of Scotland, 62, 200, 211

Himalayas, 32, 33

Hinxman, L., quoted, 44

Holm oak, 127, 129

Honey locust, 79

Horse, 155, 177, 188, 244

Humber, 46

Humboldt, 7, 8

Hungarian plain, 133, 192

Hungary, 169

Hyacinth, 124

Hydrosphere, 20, 21

Iberian peninsula, peoples of, 197, 198 (fig. 13), 199, 205, 218

Iberian race, 200, 205

Ibis, 160

Ice, 51 et seq.

Ice Age, 79

Iceland, weather of, 110 (fig. 12)

India, agriculture in, 170;

climate of, 96;

cultivated plants from, 174;

fauna of, 153

Insectivores, 155

Insects, 161

Inverness, 44

Iron, 225-231, 233

Isobars, 104 (fig. 10)

Italy, cattle in, 178;

people of, 205, 208;

trees of, 118;

vegetation of, 92

Japan, fauna of, 153;

means of communication in, 242, 243;

trees of, 78

Junction step, 58

Juniper, 133

Kames, 52

Kirghiz, 188

Kandersteg, 72

Labrador, climate of, 102;

current, 148;

vegetation of, 136, 141

Lac de Gaube, 67

Laemmern glacier, 73, 74

Lancashire, 232, 234

Lancaster, 232

Land animals, distribution of, 150 et seq.

Land, area of, 21

Land hemisphere, 21

Languedoc, 200

Langue d’oc, 198 (fig. 13), 199

Langue d’oeil, 198 (fig. 13), 199

Lapland, 239

Larch, 132, 136

Laurel, 130

Lauterbrunnen valley, 57, 60 (fig. 7)

Lavender, 130

Lemmings, 158

Lemon, 126, 174

Lesser Celandine, 123

Leukerbad, 73

Libyans, 204

Lime, 174

Limes, 139

Lincolnshire, Wolds of, 46

Linen Industry, 235

Liquidambar, 140

Lithosphere, 20, 21

Littoral fauna, 145

Lizards, 161

Llama, 244

Lobsters, 146

Locust, 164, 165

Loire, 187, 223, 224

Lombards, 211

London, 94, 95, 99, 248

London basin, 33

Long-headed races, 203, 208, 217

Low pressure area in N. Atlantic, 88, 105

Lynx, 159

Mackerel, 149

Mackinder, quoted, 238

Maderaner thal, 68 (fig. 9)

Magnolias, 140

Maize, 101, 174, 175

Malaria, 161, 162

Maples, 139

Maquis, 119, 120, 128, 179

Maritime climate, 85, 99, 101

Maritime pine, 129

Marmots, 158

Marseilles, 224

Marsupials, 155

Marten, 159

Mature rivers, 30, 38 (fig. 3), 40, 56

Mediterranean region, cattle in, 177;

civilisation of, 170;

climate of, 85-96;

fauna of, 159;

fishes of, 149;

palms in, 129;

reptiles of, 160;

vegetation of, 123-130

Mediterranean race, 191, 198, 199, 204, 206, 208, 211-218

Meiringen, 57, 67

Mesopotamia, 96, 170, 172

Mexico, 91, 138

Mice, 155, 158

Milan, 247

Millet, 173

Moles, 155, 159

Monkeys, 113, 155

Monotremes, 155

Monsoon countries, 96, 97, 98

Monsoon winds, 102

Moors and heaths, 133

Montrose, 235

Mosquitoes, 161, 162

Moufflon, 156

Mountain chains, origin of, 31-37

Mountain pines, 121

Mulberry, 174

Mule, 177, 244

Musk-ox, 166

Mussels, 146

Myres, quoted, 212, 237

Myrtle, 130

Naples, 95

Narcissus, 124

Negritos, 114

Neolithic man, 201, 202, 203, 204

Newcastle-on-Tyne, 49, 247

New England States, 139

Newfoundland, 148, 149, 238

Nice, 95

Niger, 45

Nordic race, 192, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216

Normal erosion, 51

North America. See America, North

North Pole, 21

North Sea, 106, 148, 149

Norway, people of, 209

Nuts, 176

Oaks, 139

Oak woods, 131, 178

Oats, 172, 186

Oceans, area of, 21

Olive, 126, 127, 171, 172

Orange, 126, 174

Origin of Species, 7, 11

Orinoco, 45

Ouse, 46

Ox, 172

Oysters, 146

Palæarctic region, 154

Palæolithic man, 201, 205

Paris, 94, 95, 99

Paris basin, 33, 36

Passes, 70-75

Pastoral industries, 135, 177

Pastoral nomadism, 179, 180, 189

Pasture lands, 133, 192

Pastures, on mountains, 59 (fig. 6), 60 (fig. 7), 61, 122

Patagonia, 48

Peach, 174, 176

Pears, 176, 184

Peat, 133

Pelagic fauna, 145

Pelasgians, 205

Pelican, 160

Penck, quoted, 212

Peneplain, 48

Pennines, 46, 49

Persia, climate of, 96

Philippines, 114

Philippson, quoted, 177

Phœnicians, 223

Physiological drought, 121

Pigeons, 181

Pigmies, 114

Pigs, 155

Pines, 132

Pistachio, 176

Placental mammals, 23

Plain of Lombardy, 174

Plane, 79

Plant formations, 115, 116

Platanus, 79

Pleistocene, 52, 57

Plough culture, 172

Plums, 176, 184

Pomegranates, 126, 176

Poplars, 136

Porcupines, 158

Portugal, climate of, 89;

rainfall of, 92

Portuguese, 198, 199, 201

Potato, 175, 186

Praying mantis, 164

Prickly pear, 85, 125, 176

Primary epoch, 34, 35, 36

Primates, 155

Prong-buck, 166

Profiles of rivers, 38 (figs. 2, 3), 40

Pulse, 173

Pyrenees, 31, 32, 67, 80, 199, 200

Rabbits, 158

Races of Europe, 197, 249

Raccoons, 153

Railways, 244

Rain forest, 141, 142

Rain-shadow, 138, 185

Rats, 155

Reindeer, 166, 239, 244

Rhine, 73, 74, 158, 193

Rhone valley, in France, 182, 224;

in Switzerland, 42, 72, 73, 74, 189, 190, 193

Ripley, quoted, 197, 198, 199, 210

Ritter, 7, 8

River-capture, 42-49

Roads, 241, 242

Robinia, 79

Rocky Mountains, 102, 120, 138

Rodents, 155, 156

Rosemary, 130

Round-headed race, 206, 207

Round skulls, 202, 206

Running-water, its effect, 28, 37 et seq.

Russia, minerals of, 228;

people of, 209

Rye, 172, 186

Sagebrush, 138

Sahara, 23, 86, 120, 240

Saiga antelope, 154

Salmon, 149, 150

Saône valley, 209

Saracens, 200

Sardines, 149

Sardinia, 208

Savoy, 209

Scandinavia, barley in, 172;

berries in, 185;

minerals of, 228;

people of, 204, 209, 210;

structure of, 33;

weather of, 110 (fig. 12)

Scotland, glaciation of, 52, 54, 62, 71;

Highlands of, 62, 200;

linen industry in, 235;

Neolithic man in, 203, 206

Scrub, 119, 128, 135, 137, 169, 191

Sea-cows, 155

Seals, 145

Sea-urchins, 146

Secondary period, 34, 35, 36

Seine, 224

Sequoia, 136

Sergi, quoted, 202, 204, 207

Sesame, 173

Shari river, 45

Sheep, 155, 178, 179, 188, 243

Shell-fish, 146

Shrews, 155, 159

Sicily, 203, 208

Sierra Nevada, 138

Silkworms, 174, 181

Silver fir, 132

Simplon Pass, 70, 71

Sion, 193

Skunks, 153

Slave trade, 236

Sledges, 239

Sleeping sickness, 161, 163

Snowdrop, 123

Snow-shoes, 239

Sophora, 79

South America, rodents, of, 156

South Pole, 21

Spain, cattle in, 177;

languages of, 199;

minerals of, 230;

people of, 199, 208;

rainfall of, 86;

structure of, 33, 224;

transhumance in, 179

Spey, 44

Sponges, 146

Spruce, 132, 136

Squirrels, 155, 158

Steam, 244

Step arrangement In Alpine valleys, 67-69 (fig. 9)

Steppes, climate of, 157;

fauna of, 154, 157;

of Asia, 135, 169, 170;

of Europe, 135;

of Hungary, 133;

of Russia, 133;

peoples of, 192

St. Gothard Pass, 70

St. Lawrence, 35

Stoat, 159

Stone Age, 201, 221, 222

Stone pine, 129

Strawberries, 184

Sturgeon, 150

Sugar beet, 174, 186

Sugar-cane, 174

Sudan, 116, 120

Switzerland, cattle in, 178;

pastoral life in, 189

Syria, 165

Tertiary period, 31 (fig. 1), 32, 34, 36

Teutonic race, 192, 210, 218

Théodule Pass, 71

Thun, lake of, 72

Tibet, 244

Tigris, 170

Tin, 222, 223, 224, 225

Tobacco, 175

Torrents, characters of, 37-39

Trade winds, 84, 87, 88, 89

Trails, 240, 241

Transhumance, 179, 189

Tree of Heaven, 78

Tropical forest, 120, 131, 169

Tsetse flies, 161

Tulip, 124

Tundra, 132, 136, 164, 169, 239

Tunny, 149

Turkey, 181

Tyne gap, 47 (fig. 5), 49, 73

Tyrol, 62

Uganda, 163

Ungulates, 155, 156, 157

United States, cotton of, 234;

flora of, 140, 141;

numbers of hoofed animals in, 243, 244;

people of, 217;

rainfall of, 102;

structure of, 35, 36;

survey work in, 14;

trees of, 78, 79;

weather of, 107

U-shaped valleys, 57, 61, 64

Vienna, temperature of, 99

Vilaine, 223

Vine, 126, 127, 171, 172, 173, 183, 187, 190

Visp, 42

Voles, 158

V-shaped valleys, 55

Wales, 54, 197, 200

Waterfalls, 40, 41, 56, 58, 60

Water hemisphere, 21

Water power, 58, 69, 230

Watersheds, shifting of, 47

Water transport, 236-238

Weald, 226

Weasel, 159

Weather, 103 et seq.

Weathering, 46, 51

Wellingtonia, 136

Welsh, 211

Weymouth pine, 139

Whales, 145

Wheat, 126, 138, 139, 171, 172, 182, 183, 185

Whitefish, 150

Whortleberries, 185

Wild boar, 156

Wild cat, 159

Wild horse, 166

Wild sheep, 156, 166

Willows, 136

Wine, 183, 187, 190

Winter gulf of warmth, 206

Wood anemone, 123

Woodland, 115, 116;