SPAS
Reading edition
OF
CENTRAL FRANCE.
THERMAL SALINE WATERS,
PLOMBIÈRES.
Plombiers, a small town in the department of Vosges, twenty-four leagues from Nancy, is situated between mountains in a deep narrow valley watered by the Augrome.
According to a careful analysis made by M. Vauquelin, these waters contain Subcarbonate of Soda, Sulphate of Soda, Chloride of Sodium, Subcarbonate of Lime, and Silex. He affirms that they also contain an animal matter greatly resembling gelatine, which performs an important part in their action upon the animal economy; to this ingredient he attributes the fetid odour which occasionally arises from the waters.
The thermal waters of Plombières, are classed as follows:—1st The Bain des Dames; having a heat of 126° Fahr 2nd—The Source du Chêne, or du Crucifix; this is the only one of the waters not used for bathing, but solely for drinking. 3d—The source du Grand-Bain or du milieu, the temperature of the former is 130°: and of the latter 142° Fah. The Grand Bain is called the Bain des pauvres. 4th—The Bain-tempéré, which is supplied by two sources; one at 90° and the other at 113° Fah. 5th—The Petit-Bain or Capucins, is 113° Fah. Its basin is divided into two parts, the temperature of the water there being 95° to 97° Fah. 6th—The Bain-Neuf or Royal, has a square basin which receives the waters from a source formerly called l'enfer, and had originally, a temperature of 153° Fah. being the hottest of the number. 7th—There is another source, called the source de Bassompierre, situated at the upper part of the town.
These waters are stimulant, giving increased activity to the circulation, and in great reputation for the cure of Chlorosis (green sickness) chronic enteritis, neuralgia, scrofula, and in the chronic and painful stages of gout and rhumatism. Although rarely beneficial in severe cutaneous diseases they are in much esteem for their unctuous qualities, which impart softness to the skin and allay superficial irritations.
The season for taking these waters is from May to September, and this place is then much frequented; the accommodations are very good, in the principal street are arcades built by Stanislaus, king of Poland, under which the company promenade.
LUXEUIL.
The great esteem in which these waters were anciently held is attested by the vast ruins and immense number of antiquities which have been found here; at present Luxeuil is a small but agreeable town in the department of the Haute-Saône, twelve leagues from Besançon, situated in a plain, and intersected by a street called the rue des Romains. The bathing establishment, which is much admired, was built about the middle of the last century, is adorned with a beautiful garden.
There are five Baths namely the Bain des Femmes; the Bain des Hommes; the Bain Neuf; the Grand-Bain; the Petit-Bain.
The analysis of these waters is very incomplete; they are stated to contain muriate of Soda, Lime, sulphate of Potash and a small portion of Iron.
They have proved very beneficial in chronic rheumatism, paralysis, chronic catarrh, alterations in the abdominal viscera, and in some nervous affections. As these waters are less exciting than those of Plombières, they are more suitable to persons of a feeble and delicate constitution.
The Baths are under the superintendance of a medical practitioner. A Hotel, called the Lion d'Or, affords ample accommodation for persons who come for the benefit of the waters. This place has been much frequented of late.
BOURBON-LANCY.
The mineral waters of this place, containing a population of 2700, are in the department of Saône-et-Loire, twelve leagues from Autun and eighty from Paris.
Dr de Verchère, a talented and philanthropic man, who long had the establishment under his management, reports numerous cures having been effected by the waters.
Their celebrity is of ancient date, and they have at various times been visited by several kings of France.
The town of Bourbon-Lancy is placed on the side of a hill, and constitutes a striking feature in a beautiful landscape. The air is extremely salubrious, and the place has long been remarkable for its freedom from epidemics.
It abounds in the comforts and luxuries of life, and commodious accommodations are provided for visitors, near the Baths.
The Bread made here is said to be of a very superior quality, which the inhabitants attribute to its being kneaded with the mineral waters.
Numerous kinds of excellent fish are furnished by the Loire.
The mineral waters of Bourbon-Lancy have apparently one common source but appear at the surface of the earth in seven distinct springs. The 1st is called le Lymbe, from its great heat, as much as 135° Fah. 2nd The Fontaine de Saint-Léger temperature 100° Fah. 3rd The Fontaine de la Reine temp: 108° Fah. 4th The Fontaine des Ecures, which take its name from the person who discovered the spring in 1600. temp: 140° Fah. 5th The Bain Royal, temp: 104° Fah.
Mr Jacquemont's analysis of these waters exhibits the presence of Carbonic Acid, and Muriate of Soda in excess, also the Sulphate of Soda, Carbonate of Lime, Oxide of Iron and Silex.
It is to be regretted that a more minute analysis of the waters has not been effected, for their continual boiling, and the saline efflorescence which forms upon the sides of the pipes, would seem to indicate the prevalence of fixed and volatile principles, the proportions of which it would be important to demonstrate.
Their heat and stimulating qualities peculiarly adapt them for the cure of obstinate chronic rheumatism, diseases of the lymphatics, chlorosis, incipient disorganization of the stomach, bowels, and other abdominal viscera. They have also been found highly beneficial in old gun shot wounds.
The Bourbon waters are administered in different doses, according to the constitution of the patient, and the nature of the disease, it is usual to take several glasses in the morning at intervals of a quarter of an hour.
The Baths varying in temperature from 90° to 104° Fah. are the most commonly used, and with the greatest success. But the most active baths are those varying from 113° to 122° Fah. but they require great caution in their administration.
There are several kinds of douches at Bourbon as the ascending, descending, fumigating, which are frequently used in torpidity of the intestines and obstinate constipations; resource is also had to them in some affections of the uterus and urinary organs. There are also mud baths at this place.
BAGNOLES.
Bagnoles is a village in the department of l'Orne, the efficacy of the mineral waters at this place, was discovered by the following singular circumstance. An old horse having a disease of the skin, being covered all over with sores, was about to be delivered up to the knacker when his master calling to mind his good qualities, resolved upon turning him into the Coppice of Roches-Noires. Two months after happening to pass through the end of the valley, he descried an animal which he thought much resembled his own discarded steed. The horse trotted up, approached him familiarly, and though fat and sleek, was speedily recognised by his owner, who wishing to ascertain the cause of such an unexpected and astonishing cure, carefully watched the animal's movements, and presently saw him roll himself with much apparent satisfaction in a neighbouring bog, which upon putting his hand into it, he found to contain much internal heat. This circumstance occasioned the clearing out of the bog, when the source of a hot spring very limpid and very abundant was discovered.
This cure, originated the idea of forming the present establishment which since 1812 has been rapidly increasing in reputation. It stands at the foot of a mountain between two rocky escarpments, in one of the most beautiful and picturesque vallies in France.
Through this, winds the little river la Vée, the banks of which, adjacent to the Baths, are prettily planted, and intersected with numerous gravel walks, forming shady and agreeable promenades. The luxuriance of the trees and meadows which adorn this fertile valley, contrasted with the savage aspect of the vast rugged rocks by which it is bordered, together with the pretty scattered villas, and the salubrity of the air form a tout ensemble rarely to be witnessed, and which contributes not a little to the recovery of the numerous visitors who resort to this fine establishment.
The mineral springs are received into a square cistern from whence they are conducted into the bathing rooms; they are extremely clear, unctuous to the touch, taste slightly acid, and emit a sulphureted hydrogen odour: air bubbles continually ascend with the water, and break as they reach the surface. The waters are found on analysis to contain carbonic acid, and muriate of Soda, in excess; a very small quantity of sulphate and muriate of lime, and muriate of Barytes. The sediment of the general receptacle contains some sulphur and Iron.
The Bagnoles waters are at once tonic and purgative; they excite the appetite, giving more activity to the digestive system, and have a general tendency favourable to the promotion of healthy secretions and excretions; particularly of the skin kidneys and glandular organs generally.
Administered as Baths, they have a very salutary action upon the skin, imparting to it a remarkable flexibility and softness.
M. Piette, who was forty years physician to this establishment, published a report upon the efficacy of these waters, in obstinate rheumatism, chronic catarrh, paralysis, chlorosis, leucorrhœa, chronic gastritis, etc. After enumerating their other virtues he says: «On lit dans les vieilles chroniques que les dames de la Normandie allaient autrefois à Bagnoles pour porter remède à leur stérilité.»
From three to six glasses constitute a dose of the waters, they are taken in the morning.
The Bath rooms and appendages are judiciously arranged; when the natural heat of the water—(from 82° to 90° Fah.) is deemed insufficient by the physician, it can easily be increased by the aid of artificial heat, without materially deteriorating the medicinal virtues of the water.
Many Spa Doctors however assert (Dr Granville amongst the number) «that the caloric of mineral waters is of a specific kind, analogous to the heat of the body.» A heat incorporated with the water by a chemico-vital process. And as no external warmth can supply the body with vital heat, so no artificially created temperature can be a real substitute for the natural heat of thermal springs.
The temperature of the water of Bagnoles being about that of the blood—98° Fah. immersion in it produces but a slight sensation of heat; the temperature of our bodies being below that of our blood. The sensation is that of comfort.
Bagnoles is sixty leagues from Paris, and one league from the high road leading from Alençon to Domfront, lying nearly on the route from Havre to Tours.
CHAUDES-AIGUES.
This is a small town in the department of Cantal, six leagues from Saint-Flour, on the road between Clermont and Toulouse, and derives its name from its thermal waters, which were much resorted to in the fifteenth century, and then called Calentes Baiæ.
The temperature of the springs vary from 167° to 189° Fah. The resident poor turn this high temperature to many economical purposes, frequently cooking their entire meals by the natural heat of the waters; an egg is boiled hard by five minutes immersion.
The waters are extensively used by Curriers, Tanners, stuff and Flannel manufacturers, etc, their alkaline principles being found peculiarly adapted to many essential processes in these respective trades; to coloured articles, they are considered to give brilliancy and permanence to the dyes.
The Belle Fontaine du Parc, the highest in temperature of the spring, contains muriate of Soda, carbonate of lime; carbonate of Iron, and Silex.
These waters were held in high repute by the Romans and are particularly mentioned by one of their historians; «Calentes nunc te Baiæ, et scabris cavernatim ructata pumicibus aqua sulfuris atque jecorosis ac phthisiscentibus languidis medicabilis piscina delectat.»
They have an alterative or deobstruent action, are therefore applicable to a long catalogue of maladies arising from congestion and obstructions of the abdominal viscera.
WARM ACIDULOUS AND GASEOUS WATERS,
VICHY.
Vichy is situated in the department of the Allier, 87 leagues from Paris, fifteen from Moulins and thirty two from Lyon, in a valley surrounded by beautiful and fertile hills. The excellent roads which lead to this town, the purity of the air, the comfort and amusement which may be found in it combine to render it one of the most frequented watering places in France.
Its mineral waters were known to the Romans, and vestiges of ancient baths, coins etc. have frequently been found here. In the 14th century a monastery of the order of Celestins was founded at Vichy by Louis 2nd Duke of Bourbon, and in the following century, during the wars of the Praguerie this town was beseiged by Charles the 7th, and although fortified, taken by him in 1440.
Both Madame de Sévigné and the famous Fléchier speak in the highest terms of the charms of this delightful place and vie with each other in its praise. It was visited in 1814 by the duchess of Angoulême, since which it has rapidly risen into notice, and owing to the exertions of the inhabitants to accommodate the numbers who now flock to these justly celebrated waters, few towns offer more resources to the invalid than Vichy.
The names of the principal Baths are,
1st—The Grande-Grille, temperature 104° to 108° Fah:
2nd—The Petit-Puits carré, temp. 113° Fah:
3rd—The Grande-Puits carré, 113° Fah: which supplies the Baths. These three springs are in the Bath house, under the gallery where persons taking the waters promenade.
4th—The Petit-Boulet, temp. 95° Fah:
5th—The Gros-Boulet or the Hôpital, temp. 99° Fah:
6th—The source Lucas, temp. 97°
7th—The Fontaine des Célestins, temp. 74° Fah:
All situated in a neat building near the Allier, and at the foot of a mountain.
The following is an analysis of the Grande-Grille;—free carbonic acid, carbonate of Soda, carbonate of Lime, carbonate of Magnesia, muriate of Soda, sulphate of Soda, oxide of Iron and Silex.
The other Baths contain the same ingredients, but the proportions slightly differ; from all the water presents nearly the same appearance. It is clear and colourless, and filled with a great quantity of bubbles rising continually to its surface: its taste is sharp and slightly acidulated.
The waters of Vichy are recommended in most chronic affections, particularly of the stomach, congestions of the liver and abdominal organs generally; hæmorrhoids, leucorrhœa, engorgements and indurations of the uterus, ovaries, etc; colic, cramps and epigastric pains; disorders of the urinary organs, nervous and intermittent fevers of long standing. Having a tranquillizing effect upon the nervous system, they are peculiarly adapted to cases of hypochondriasis, neuralgia, chorea, etc.
The season at Vichy begins on the 13th of May, and finishes on the 20th of September, but precaution must be used in taking these waters during excessively hot or stormy weather. Their general effects upon the constitution are said to be very analogous to those of the celebrated waters of Carlsbad in Germany.
SAINT-ALBAN.
This small hamlet two leagues from Roanne on the left bank of the Loire, is much indebted to being situated in the vicinity of Lyon, for the celebrity the waters have attained, and still maintain. Those invalids who come for the purpose of drinking the waters will find good accommodation.
These mineral waters are pungent and acidulous to the taste, and very limpid, the presence of carbonic acid is perceptible every moment by the immense quantity of bubbles which break on the surface of the water. Their temperature is 65° Fah:
Their analysis demonstrates the presence of nitrate of Lime, carbonate of Soda, sulphate of Lime, carbonate of Lime and oxide of Iron. Of the volatile principles carbonic acid gas predominates.
The waters are found very beneficial in almost all chronic diseases, they are taken chiefly in the spring, and are heated to be used as Baths.
COLD ACIDULOUS AND GASEOUS WATERS,
POUGUES.
Pougues is a small well built town, upon the high road leading from Paris to Lyons by Moulins; it is situated between Nevers and Charité-sur-Loire, in a fine rich valley a quarter of a league long. The air is very salubrious, and the neighbouring vineyards produce excellent wine.
The accommodations for visitors are on an extensive scale, and from its proximity to Nevers, every necessary of life can be readily obtained.
The waters of this place greatly resemble those of Spa and Seltzer; they are received into two fountains, called Saint-Léger and Saint-Marcel which are surrounded by a prettily laid out garden and a covered promenade.
The mineral waters of Pougues have been analyzed several times, but the preference is given to that of Hassenfratz, who shows the presence of free carbonic acid, carbonate of Lime, carbonate of Soda, muriate of Soda, carbonate of Magnesia, Alum, Silex, and the oxide of Iron.
Monsieur le docteur Martin affirms that these waters are essentially tonic and purgative, that they are suitable in all cases of debility of the digestive organs, in affections of the liver and spleen, in inveterate jaundice, irregular menstruation, nephritic complaints, removing heat of the kidneys and bladder and in expelling gravel.
These waters may be beneficially taken in various forms of dyspepsia, proceeding from a sedentary life, from torpor of the bowels; etc; also by corpulent persons who indulge too much in the pleasures of the table, taking but little exercise; and in obstinate constipations as they invigorate the primæ viæ, and dislodge from them all accumulations and impurities.
From four to six glasses of the waters constitute a dose, which should be taken fasting early in the morning; twenty or thirty days are considered necessary for a complete course.
SAINT-GALMIER.
A small village situated upon the side of a hill near de la Coyse, in the department of the Loire, and three leagues from Mont-Brison. Its mineral spring is called Font-Forte.
The water is limpid and has a very agreeable vinous flavour, there arise from the spring, large bubbles of air which sparkle at the surface of the water, the source of which is lost in the little Brook Couasse.
The proportion of carbonic acid which the waters of Saint-Galmier contain is very considerable, one portion is found free, and the other combined with an alkaline base, which appears to be the carbonate of Soda a small trace of sulphate of Lime is also found.
The medical men who have observed the effects of these waters speak highly of their salutary action in chronic catarrhal diseases of old men, in calculous affections of the kidneys, and in Polysarcia, (Obesity).
They administer a pint in the morning for a dose, in lithontriptic complaints; it is commonly mixed with the wine drank at meals.
CHALYBEATE WATERS,
SAINT-HONORÉ.
Saint-Honoré is a small town agreeably situated in the hills of Morvan, thirteen leagues from Nevers, eight from Autun, and four from Chateau-Chinon. The inhabitants of this district are remarkable for their stature and their robust and healthy constitutions.
In ancient times the Baths of this place enjoyed great reputation. The Romans formed some magnificent establishments here, which have however long since disappeared.
Mr Vauquelin's analysis of these waters exhibits the presence of the carbonates of Lime, Iron, and Magnesia, and the subcarbonate of Lime, muriate of Soda, and some Silex. As also a quantity of imponderable sulphur, and vegeto-animal matter.
The ordinary temperature of the Baths is 70° Fah:
The waters are successfully employed in chronic diseases of the abdominal organs, spasmodic asthma, rheumatism and gout. Besides their internal use, they are advantageously applied, in common, vapour, and shower Baths.
PASSY.
Passy which has long been distinguished for its mineral waters is situated contiguous to one of the barrières of Paris, on the right bank of the River Seine.
This water is remarkably clear and has a chalybeate taste. It contains sulphate of Lime, proto-sulphate of Iron, sulphate of Magnesia, muriate of Soda, Alum, carbonate of Iron, carbonic acid and some traces of bituminous matter.
Owing to the very large proportion of sulphate of Iron and the saline substances, which are found in it, this water is seldom administered internally until it has been allowed to deposit for some time, it is then given in obstructions of the viscera, in dyspepsia, inappetence, hypochondriasis, and in all relaxed and cachectic states of the constitution. Dr Alibert who has frequently prescribed it in debility of the digestive organs, chlorosis and in passive hæmorrhages, considers it may be classed amongst the most powerful of Chalybeate waters.
The dose is from two to three glasses daily, it is purgative when taken in a large quantity.
When used as Baths it is transported to the bathing establishment, or maison de santé, at a short distance from the spring.
ROUEN.
Chief town of the department of the Seine-Inférieure, thirty leagues from Paris.
Mineral springs of a ferruginous and calcareous nature, abound in the town and neighbourhood.
Those of the Fontaine Marecquérie are the most common in use. The three sources which supply these fountains are respectively designated;
The Royale, the Dauphine, and the Reinette.
The waters have been analyzed by Mr Duboc of Rouen, who thereby demonstrates that every pint of the Marecquérie water, contains one grain of carbonate of Iron, three grains of muriate of Lime, three fourths of a grain of carbonate of Soda, two grains of a vegetable extractive matter, and carbonic acid gas.
Several of the medical practitioners in Rouen, strongly recommend these waters in obstinate intermittent fevers, engorgements of the Liver, uterus and in leucorrhœa depending on general debility, and some cutaneous eruptions.
Three or four glasses constitute a dose of the waters of the Marecquérie, they should be drank at the fountain, as they soon become tainted.
SAINT-GONDON.
A small town in the department of Loiret, near the banks of the Loire, three leagues from Sully; its mineral waters rise a short distance from the town.
The analysis of these waters is very incomplete, besides containing a little carbonic acid gas, they hold in solution the carbonates of Iron, Lime, Magnesia, etc.
The action of the Saint-Gondon mineral waters seem to affect more particularly the urinary organs, the secretions of which, they increase in a marked degree; they may be advantageously used in feebleness of the bladder, as also in chronic catarrh which attacks this organ in old men.
In some cases they are purgative. One pint every morning is the customary dose.
FORGES.
A small town in the department of the Seine-Inférieure, situated on a height; twenty-five leagues from Paris, and nine from Rouen.
Its mineral waters, which have their source in the pleasant valley of Bray, were celebrated as far back as the time of Louis 13th who with the cardinal Richelieu, derived signal benefit from their use.
There are three springs called the Reinette, the Royale, and the Cardinale.
M. Robert who analyzed these waters demonstrates that they contain in different proportions, according to their source, Carbonic Acid, Carbonate of Lime, Carbonate of Iron, Muriate of Soda, Sulphate of Lime, Muriate of Magnesia, Sulphate of Magnesia, and Silex.
The waters are under the superintendance of a physician. They are an excellent tonic, and administered in leucorrhœa, dropsy, engorgements of the abdominal organs, paralysis, and sterility.
We think this water might be prescribed with much advantage in all cases of pure debility, unattended with fever or local inflammation; and in leucoplegmatic constitutions; the pallid female affected with complaints peculiar to her sex, may reasonably anticipate the glow of health, and a return of bodily strength to result from a proper course of these waters.
General preference is given to the Reinette spring, but when it is desired to produce a more powerful effect upon the system, as in paralysis, the Cardinale is recommended, and which must be commenced with by taking one glass only. The season for taking these waters is from July to the middle of September.
SULPHUREOUS WATERS,
LA ROCHE-POSAY.
These mineral waters are situated in the department of the Vienne, five leagues from Châtellerault, nine from Poitiers and sixty-six from Paris.
The springs of which there are three rise at the foot of a small mountain, about a quarter of a league from the town.
The accommodations for visitors are of a superior description, the surrounding country exceedingly picturesque, and the air salubrious.
According to the analysis of M. le docteur Joslé, the waters contain a large proportion of sulphureted Hydrogen gas, Sulphate of Lime, Carbonate of Lime, Muriate of Soda, and Carbonate of Magnesia.
They are recommended for their utility in rheumatism, scrofula, chronic affections of the abdominal viscera, leucorrhœa, chlorosis, but more particularly in diseases of the skin.
Dr Johnson observes that the French and Germans are universally imbued with the doctrine that the repression of a certain malady which has got the musical sobriquet of (Scotch-Fiddle) is the cause of half the evils which flesh is heir to. On this account the continental folks have a great longing (or rather a violent itching) for sulphureous waters, and hence the slightest odour of sulphureted hydrogen gas in a newly discovered spring is considered a real treasure, and in the old ones it is sure to preserve a reputation for endless ages!
The sulphureous and alkaline properties of the waters of Roche-Posay may enable them to resolve obstructions, and free the functions of the skin, kidneys, and other secreting organs, to correct morbid bile as well as acidities, thus proving mildly aperient. Much benefit may also be expected to result from their use in cutaneous complaints.
The waters are drank at their source by the glass, the dose is from eight ounces to two pints; and some persons take them mixed with the wine drank during their repast.
ENGHIEN-LES-BAINS.
This village four leagues north of Paris is situated in a district remarkable for its beautiful scenery on the banks of the lake of St. Gratien, between the heights of Montmorency and the wood of St. Gratien.
The sulphureous spring to which it owes its celebrity as a bathing place, was discovered in 1766, by Pere Cotte, the learned rector of Montmorency.
The celebrated Fourcroy ascertained by analysis, that the waters contain sulphureted Hydrogen gas, Carbonic acid gas, Sulphate of Lime, Sulphate of Magnesia crystalized, Carbonate of Lime, Carbonate of Magnesia, Muriate of Magnesia crystalized, Muriate of Soda, Silicium and Extractive matter.
The usual temperature of these waters is 59° Fah: but they may be heated to a much higher degree without materially losing their properties.
These waters are stimulating causing an abundant perspiration, and an increased secretion of urine. They are employed both internally and externally in many cases; in scabious eruptions and many other cutaneous affections, in chronic catarrhs, when it is necessary to stimulate in a gentle manner the mucous membrane which lines the bronchial and pulmonary cells, in the treatment of scrofulous affections, and of enlargement of the lymphatic glands.
They are also used with much success in asthma, particularly where this state depends upon latent gout, rheumatism, or repelled cutaneous affections, and in intestinal chronic affections, chlorosis, and nervous disorders.
Their alkaline properties empower them to resolve obstructions, and free the functions of the skin, kidneys etc. and to correct acidities, their intimate connexion with sulphureted Hydrogen and Carbonic acid gas enables them to give activity to the secreting vessels and evacuate unhealthy humours, while at the same time they give vigour to the whole organism oppressed by chronic disease.
Visitors will find ample accommodation in the commodious establishments, which are formed on the border of the lake, especially at the Hôtel des quatre Pavillons, the Hotel des Cygnes, the Bain de la Pêcherie: besides these are several good boarding houses, as well as public gardens and places of amusement. On the lake of St.-Gratien, in the centre of which is a small and pretty Island with a kiosk upon it, those fond of aquatic excursions will find boats adapted for sailing or rowing. Horses and Asses are kept ready saddled for those who may be inclined to visit the several delightful villages in the neighbourhood, and the balls which are given here during the season attract the Parisians in great numbers. The baths of Enghien are every year increasing in repute.
CLASSIFICATION OF FRENCH WINES.
WINES OF THE FIRST CLASS.
WINES. PLACE. CHARACTER.
Romanée Conti Côte-d'Or. The first and most delicate red wines in the world, full of rich perfume, of exquisite bouquet and fine purple colour, light, yet with body and spirit sufficient to render them pleasant and healthful in use.
Chamberlin Ditto.
Richebourg Ditto.
Clos Vougeot Ditto.
Romanée St.-Vivant Ditto.
La Tache Ditto.
St.-Georges Ditto.
Corton Ditto.
First growths of Prémaux Ditto. Burgundies, closely resembling the above growths in aroma, and in all their other qualities.
Musigny Ditto.
Clos du Tart. Ditto.
Saint-Jean Ditto.
Perrière Ditto.
Veroilles Ditto.
Morgeot Ditto.
Mont Rachet Ditto. White, high perfume and nutty flavor.
Lafitte Gironde. Fine colour and delicate flavour, light, less warm than Burgundy, with a violet perfume, and rich purple hue.
Latour Ditto.
Château Margaux Ditto.
Haut Brion Ditto.
Beaume La Drôme. Wines of the Rhône, darker in colour than the preceding. Red Hermitage the most noted of these of good body, and a fine flavour of the rasberry.
Muret Ditto.
Bessas, Burges, Landes Ditto.
Méal and Gréfieux Ditto.
Racoule, Guionière Ditto.
Sillery Marne. White, still, dry; of an amber colour; generally iced for drinking.
Ay. Marne. Fine effervescing wine, bright in colour, slightly frothing.
Mareuil Ditto. The best of the white wines of Champagne, being all of the first quality, but differing a little in colour and effervescence.
Hautvilliers Ditto.
Pierry Ditto.
Dizy Ditto.
Epernay «Closet» Ditto.
Saint-Bris Gironde. Fine white wines of excellent quality, lightish brown in colour, aroma most agreeable, and some of rather sweet taste.
Carbonnieux Ditto.
Pontac Ditto.
Sauterne Ditto.
Barsac Ditto.
Preignac and Beaumes Ditto. Description resembles the preceding.
Château Grillet La Loire.
Hermitage Rhône. Full of body, spirit, and perfume. The finest of all white wines.
Rivesaltes Pyrénées orientales. A rich muscadine.
Colmar, Olwiller Kaiserberg Haut-Rhin. Straw wines, rich and luscious.
Kientzheim, Ammerschwin Ditto. Ditto.
Hermitage de Paille Rhône. Ditto.
The dry wines of the first class will bear no mixture, except with their own growths; are too delicate to be adulterated without instant detection; are the pure offspring of the grape, and rank nearest to perfection of any known wines, of ancient or modern times.
WINES OF THE SECOND CLASS.
WINES. PLACE. CHARACTER.
Verzy, Verzenay, Mailly, St.-Basle, Bouzy, St.-Thierry Marne. Red wines of Champagne.
Vosne, Nuits, Chambolle, Volnay, Pomard, Beaune, Morey, Savigny, Meursalt Côte-d'Or. Excellent red Burgundies, very little inferior to first growths.
Olivotes, Pitoy, Perrière Yonne Good wines.
Préaux, Chainette, Migrenne Ditto.
Moulin à Vent, Torins, Thénas Saône-et-Loire Rhône. Red.
Hermitage, 2.d growths. Rhône. Red.
Côte Rôtie Ditto. Red.
Rozan, Gorze, Léoville, Larose, Branne-Mouton, Pichon-Longueville, Calon Gironde. Red.
Côteau Brûlé Vaucluse. Red.
Jurançon, Gan Basses-Pyrénées. Red.
Rousillon, Bagnols, Cosperon, Collioure, Torémila, Terrats Pyrénées orientales. Red.
Cramant, Avize, Oger, Menil Marne. White champagne wines, of good quality.
La Perrière, Combotte, Goutte d'Or, Genevrière, Charmes et Meursalt Côte-d'Or. White Burgundies, of high repute in France.
Guebwillers, Turkeim, Wolxheim, Molsheim, and Rangen, in Belfont Haut-Rhin. Bas-Rhin. Dry, white, and vins de paille, of good repute.
Arbois, Pupillin, Château Châlons Jura. Good wine, mousseux and still.
Coudrieu Rhône. A white wine, which keeps long, of fine sève and perfume.
Langon, Cerons, Podensac. Gironde. White wines capable of endurance.
Montbazillac, Teaulet, Raulis, Suma, Sancé. Dordogne. Good white wines of the country.
Buzet, Amazon, Vianne. Lot-et-Garonne. Generous white wines, of good body.
St.-Peray, St.-Jean Ardèche. Delicate mousseux and non mousseux, of agreeable flavour.
Jurançon Basses-Pyrénées. White, with an agreeable perfume of the truffle.
Frontignan, and Lunel Mazet Hérault. Sweet, rich, and luscious; white.
Bagnols, Collioure, Rodez Pyrénées Orientales. Red, styled de Grenache, rich and sweet.
Maccabeo of Salces Ditto. Sweet, vins de liqueur.
WINES OF THE THIRD CLASS.
WINES. PLACE. CHARACTER.
Hautvilliers, Mareuil, Dizy, Pierry, Epernay, Taisy, Ludes, Chigny, Villers-Allerand, Cumières Marne. Red Champagne wines of the second quality; light and agreeable.
Ricey, Avirey, Bagneux la Fosse Aube. Resembling the preceding.
Gevrey, Chassagne, Aloxe, Savigny sous Beaune, Blagny, Santenay, Chenôve Côte-d'Or. Good Burgundies of the third quality.
Clarion, Bonvin Yonne. Ditto.
Fleury, Romanèche, Chapelle, Guinchay Saône-et-Loire Ditto.
Chantergues, Montjuset. Puy-de-Dôme. Not wines of note; red.
Crozes, Mercurol, Gervant Drôme. Resembling red Hermitage, a little less full and fine, might be called Hermitage of the third quality.
Seyssuel, Revantin Isère. Red wines, very middling of the class.
Verinay Rhône. Resembling Côte Rôtie.
Pouillac, Margaux, Pessac, St.-Estèphe, St.-Julien, Castelnau de Médoc, Cantenac, Talence, Merignac, Canon Gironde. Pouillac, Saint-Estèphe, good light red wines; Castelnau mediocre; the other growths agreeable.
Farcies, Terrasse, Campreal Dordogne. Resembling St-Emilion; keeping well.
Cape Breton, Soustons Landes. Red; light coloured, with a harsh taste.
Chuzelan, Travel, St.-Genies, Virac, Ledenon, St.-Laurent-des-Arbres Gard. Red wines grown on the banks of the Rhône; will not keep good more than six years.
Chateauneuf Vaucluse. Good red wines; keep well.
Riceys Aube. Champagne, light and agreeable, white.
Rougeot de Meursalt Côte-d'Or. Tolerable wine; not exported.
Vaumorillon, Grises, Valmure, Grenouille, Vaudesir, Bourgereau, Mont de Milieu et Chablis Yonne. In considerable esteem in Paris as wines of the table. They are all white.
Pouilly and Fuissé Saône-et-Loire Much the same as the preceding.
Etoile Quintignil Jura. White.
Pujols, Ilats, Landiras, Virelade, St.-Croix du Mont, Loupiac Gironde. Ditto, of middling quality.
St.-Michel sous Condrieu Loire. Ditto; consumed in the country.
Frontignan and Lunel Hérault. Second growths of those famous and rich white wines.
Vins de Picardan of Marseillan and Pommerols. Vins de Calabria, de Malaga Hérault. Rich luscious sweet wines, prepared in the department of Hérault; and very little exported, also muscadines.
Roquevaire, Cassis, Ciotât Vins Cuits Bouches-du-Rhône. Rich sweet wines, boiled wines, and malmseys, of good quality.
The above are the three first classes of French wines, including all which are commonly exported; there are, according to the best authorities, six classes of red, seven of white, and four of vins de liqueur. In these (exclusive of the list above comprising the choicest kinds), there are two hundred and forty-three white, nine vins de liqueur, and four hundred and sixty-three red wines classed, commencing with the fourth. The wines of Champagne descend six degrees in class and quality, hence the importance of ascertaining the proper class by those who purchase them.
Alcoholic strength of Wines and Liquors; according to the analysis of professor Brande.
PURE ALCOHOL PER CENT.
Burgundy, average of four samples14·57
Ditto, lowest of the four11·95
Ditto, highest of ditto16·60
Champagne, four samples; average12·61
Ditto, still13·80
Ditto, mousseux12·80
Côte Rôtie12·32
Frontignan12·79
Red Hermitage12·32
Sauterne14·22
Lunel15·52
White Hermitage17·43
Vin de Grave13·94
Ditto, second sample12·80
Barsac13·86
Rousillon19·00
Ditto, second sample17·26
Claret [E]17·11
Ditto16·32
Ditto14·08
Ditto12·91
Average15·10
Grenache21·24
Malaga, 166618·94
Ditto17·26
Sherry; average of four kinds19·17
Teneriffe19·79
Vidonia19·25
Alba Flora17·26
Tent13·20
Hockheimer14·37
Hock13·00
Ditto, old 8·88
Colares Port19·75
Port; average of seven specimens22·96
Lisbon18·94
Carcavellos19·20
Ditto18·10
Bucellas18·49
Madeira Malmsey16·40
Madeira Malmsey, red22·30
Ditto18·40
Madeira24·42
Ditto23·93
Sercial21·40
Ditto19·41
Average22·27
Marsala; average of two specimens25·09
Lacryma Christi19·70
Lissa26·47
Ditto24·35
Syracuse15·28
Etna30·00
Aleatico16·20
Constantia, white19·75
Ditto, red18·92
Cape muscat18·25
Ditto Madeira22·94
Average of three samples20·51
Shiraz, white19·80
Ditto, red15·52
Tokay 9·88
Nice14·63
Raisin wine26·40
Average of three specimens25·12
Currant Wine20·55
Gooseberry11·84
Orange; average of six samples11·26
Elder wine 9·87
Scotch Whiskey54·32
Irish ditto53·90
Rum53·68
Brandy53·39
Gin51·60
Cider, 9.87 and 5.21 average7·84
Perry; four samples 7·26
Mead 7·32
Burton Ale 8·88
Edinburgh 6·20
Dorchester 5·56
London Porter 4·20
Brown Stout 6·80
London small Beer 1·28
METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
The annexed tabular statement exhibits the variation of temperature in the shade, direction of the wind, and state of the atmosphere, for each day, from February the fourth, 1840, to January the thirty first, 1841, as carefully noted, and registered, at Tours, twice per diem; namely, at 9 o'clock in the morning, and 12 o'clock at noon.
FEBRUARY 1840.
DAYS OF THE MONTH. FAHRENHEIT'S THERMOMETER. DIRECTION OF THE WIND. STATE OF THE WEATHER.
9 A.M.Mer. 9 A.M.Mer. 9 A. M.Meridian.
443° 47° S. W.S. W. Showery. Showery.
54247 N. W.N. W. Fair but Cloudy. Ditto.
64149 Ditto. Ditto. Clear. Cloudy.
74853 S. W. W. Misty. Ditto.
84550 W. N. W. Clear. Clear.
94151 Ditto. W. Ditto. Ditto.
104551 S. W. S. W. Cloudy. Cloudy.
114649 Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Clear.
124253 S. S. W. Clear. Ditto.
134647 S. W. Ditto. Rainy. Ditto.
144248 N. N. Clear. Ditto.
153941 N. W. N. W. Ditto. Cloudy.
164548 S. W. S. W. Cloudy. Rainy.
174752 Ditto. S. E. Rainy. Clear.
184646 N. E. N. E. Clear. Ditto.
193536 E. E. Ditto. Ditto.
202729 N. E. N. E. Ditto. Ditto.
212933 Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto.
222325 Ditto. Ditto. Sunshine. Sunshine.
232535 Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto.
243138 Ditto. S. E. Cloudy. Cloudy.
253241 S. E. Ditto. Bright sunshine. Bright sunshine.
263138 N. E. N. E. Ditto. Ditto.
273038 Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto.
283038 Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto.
293039 Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto.
MARCH.
DAYS OF THE MONTH. FAHRENHEIT'S THERMOMETER. DIRECTION OF THE WIND. STATE OF THE WEATHER.
9 A.M.Mer. 9 A.M.Mer. 9 A. M.Meridian.
128°36°N. E.N. E.Bright sunshine.Bright sunshine.
22938Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.
33441Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.
43545Ditto.S. E.Ditto.Ditto.
53748S. E.Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.
63749Ditto.Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.
73648Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.
83750Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.
93751N. E.N. E.Ditto.Ditto.
103745Ditto.Ditto.Cloudy.Ditto.
114549Ditto. Ditto.Clear.Clear.
123945Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.
134346Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.
144548N. W.N. W.Cloudy.Ditto.
154651Ditto. Ditto.Clear.Ditto.
164547Ditto. N. E.Ditto.Cloudy.
174046N. E. Ditto.Cloudy.Clear.
1842 N. E. Clear.Ditto.
1944 Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.
2038 Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.
21
2244 Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.
234248Ditto. Ditto.A few flakes of snow. Sunshine.
243839Ditto. Snowing fast with hail.
2534 Ditto. Snow in the morning.
2633 Ditto. Snowing.
2738 Ditto. Ditto.
2834 Ditto. Clear.
2938 Ditto. Dull and cloudy.
3043 Ditto. Ditto.
3146 N. W. Ditto.
APRIL.
DAYS OF THE MONTH. FAHRENHEIT'S THERMOMETER. DIRECTION OF THE WIND. STATE OF THE WEATHER.
9 A.M.Mer.9 A.M.Mer.9 A. M.Meridian.
144°56°S. S. W. Bright sunshine.Bright sunshine.
24760Ditto. S.Ditto.Ditto.
35062E. E.Ditto.Ditto.
44957N. E. N. E.Ditto.Ditto.
54658Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.
65259N. W. N. W.Ditto.Ditto.
75246W. Ditto.Clear. Rainy.
84648N. W. Ditto.Rainy. Ditto.
94447N. E. N. E.Cloudy. Cloudy.
104449Ditto. Ditto.Ditto. Clear.
114956Ditto. Ditto.Sunshine. Sunshine.
125462Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.
135663Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.
145162W. S. W.Cloudy. Sunshine.
155562N. W. W.Ditto. Sunshine.
165970N. E. N. E.Sunshine. Ditto.
175766Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.
185867S. W. S. W.Ditto.Ditto.
1955 S. E. S. E.Dull. Rain in the even.g
206269N. E. N. E.Clear. Sunshine.
215767N. W. W.Sunshine. Ditto.
225968Ditto. N. W.Dull. Sunshine.
236271N. E. N. E.Clear. Sunshine.
246574E. E.Sunshine. Ditto.
256578Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.
266978N. N.Ditto.Ditto.
277179N. E. N. E.Ditto.Ditto.
287282E. E.Ditto.Ditto.
297480N. E. Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.
307480E. Ditto.Ditto.
MAY.
DAYS OF THE MONTH. FAHRENHEIT'S THERMOMETER. DIRECTION OF THE WIND. STATE OF THE WEATHER.
9 A.M.Mer. 9 A.M.Mer. 9 A. M.Meridian.
171° 78°E. E.Sunshine. Sunshine.
270 76Ditto. Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.
369 76Ditto. Ditto.Ditto. Thunder and rain during the night.
464 72S. W. N. W.Showery. Showery.
570 76N. W. W.Clear. Sunshine.
669 76W. S. W.Clear. Rainy.
763 62Ditto. W.Rainy. Rainy.
864 69Ditto. S. W.Clear. Sunshine.
963 65S. W. Ditto.Cloudy. Cloudy.
1060 68S. S.Showery. Showery.
1155 62N. W. N. W.Ditto. Ditto.
1259 61S. W. S. W.Ditto. Continued Rain.
1360 66Ditto. Ditto.Cloudy. Clear.
1461 65Ditto. Ditto.Showery. Showery.
1562 66W. W.Ditto. Ditto.
1660 61Ditto. Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.
1761 66Ditto. Ditto.Ditto. Much rain in the night.
1855 62N. W. N. W.Cloudy. Clear.
1957 60E. E.Clear. Rainy.
2053 59N. E. N. E.Cloudy. Sunshine.
2155 59N. W. N. W.Showery. Showery.
2257 60Ditto. Ditto.Clear. Sunshine.
2361 63N. E. N. E.Sunshine. Ditto.
2466 71W. W.Sunshine. Cloudy.
2562 68Ditto. Ditto.Cloudy. Cloudy.
2663 70Ditto. Ditto.Clear. Clear.
2765 70N. W. W.Gentle showers. Sunshine.
2871 75E. E.Clear. Clear.
2967 73N. W. N. W.Ditto. Ditto.
3069 72N. N. E.Sunshine. Sunshine.
3173 75E. E.Ditto. Ditto.
JUNE.
DAYS OF THE MONTH. FAHRENHEIT'S THERMOMETER. DIRECTION OF THE WIND. STATE OF THE WEATHER.
9 A.M.Mer. 9 A.M.Mer. 9 A. M.Meridian.
176°81° E. S. E. Sunshine. Sunshine.
28183 S. W. S. W. Ditto. Ditto a thunder storm at 2 P. M.
36769 N. W. N. W. Sunshine. Sunshine.
46769 N. N. Ditto. Ditto.
57273 N. E. Ditto. Ditto.
67575 S. S. W. Cloudy. Gentle rain.
76571 N. W. N. W. Cloudy. Sunshine.
87474 N. W. S. E. Sunshine. Ditto.
97472 S. E. W. Clear. Cloudy.
107074 W. W. Cloudy. Showery.
116771 N. W. N. W. Cloudy. Clear.
127276 Ditto. Ditto. Sunshine. Sunshine.
137376 Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto.
147881 E. E. Ditto. Ditto.
157680 N. N. Ditto. Ditto.
167679 N. W. W. Ditto. Ditto.
177680 W. W. Ditto. Showery.
187175 N. W. N. W. Sunshine. Sunshine.
197175 W. W. Ditto. Ditto.
206973 W. N. W. Cloudy. Clear.
217481 W. W. Sunshine. Sunshine.
227881 Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto.
236972 Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto.
246769 Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto.
256868 N. W. N. W. Ditto. Ditto.
266872 Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto.
277174 E. E. Ditto. Ditto.
287173 N. E. N. E. Cloudy. Sunshine.
297274 N. N. Sunshine. Ditto.
307577 N. N. W. Ditto. Ditto.
JULY.
DAYS OF THE MONTH. FAHRENHEIT'S THERMOMETER. DIRECTION OF THE WIND. STATE OF THE WEATHER.
9 A.M.Mer. 9 A.M.Mer. 9 A. M.Meridian.
175° 79° W.W. Sunshine. Sunshine.
273 78 Ditto. Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.
369 72 S. W.S. W. Cloudy.Rain-ceased-at 2 P.M.
464 69 W.W. Cloudy.Cloudy.
566 66 Ditto. Ditto. Gentle rain.Gentle rain.
668 71 Ditto. Ditto. Sunshine.Sunshine.
769 71 Ditto. Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.
866 71 Ditto. Ditto. Sunshine.Showery.
965 68 Ditto. Ditto. Sunshine.Clear.
1068 70 Ditto. Ditto. Clear.Clear.
1164 68 N. W.N. W. Showery.Clear.
1265 71 Ditto. Ditto. ClearSunshine.
1359 63 N.N. W. Showery.Showery.
1463 88 N. E.N. E. Sunshine.Sunshine.
1568 72 Ditto. Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.
1673 78 E.E. Ditto.Ditto.
1769 78 N.N. Ditto.Ditto.
1870 76 W.W. Ditto.Ditto.
1974 79 S. W.S. W. Ditto.Cloudy.
2069 74 W.W. Sunshine.Sunshine.
2167 69 Ditto. S. W. Clear.Cloudy.
2269 65 W.S. W. Sunshine.Thundershowers.
2366 69 S. W.Ditto. Sunshine.Sunshine.
2469 73 Ditto. Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.
2568 74 Ditto. Ditto. Cloudy.Showery.
2663 67 Ditto. W. Showery.Ditto.
2767 69 N. W.N. W. Sunshine.Clear.
2868 72 W.W. Sunshine.Slight shower.
2969 76 N. W.N. W. Cloudy.Sunshine.
3074 72 N.W. Sunshine.Showery.
3171 74 N.N. W. Sunshine.Sunshine.
AUGUST.
DAYS OF THE MONTH. FAHRENHEIT'S THERMOMETER. DIRECTION OF THE WIND. STATE OF THE WEATHER.
9 A.M.Mer. 9 A.M.Mer. 9 A. M.Meridian.
166° 72° S. E.S. E. Sunshine.Sunshine.
269 74 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto
373 79 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto
476 83 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto
576 86 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto
672 82 S. W.S. W. Cloudy.Sunshine (Thunder in the night.)
775 81 Ditto.Ditto. Sunshine.Sunshine
868 71 Ditto.Ditto. Cloudy.Sunshine
971 77 Ditto.Ditto. Sunshine.Ditto
1069 78 E.E. Ditto.Ditto
1170 76 S.W. Ditto.Cloudy
1267 73 W.Ditto. Sunshine.Sunshine
1367 71 S. W.S. W. Showery.Showery
1467 71 W.W. Ditto.Ditto
1567 73 Ditto.Ditto. Sunshine.Sunshine
1667 72 N. W.W. Ditto.Clear
1766 66 S. W.S. W. Clear.Gentle rain
1864 69 W.W. Showery.Clear
1967 75 S. W.W. Gentle rain.Showery
2068 74 W.W. Showery.Sunshine
2169 79 S. E.S. E. Cloudy.Sunshine
2269 76 N. W.N. W. Cloudy.Clear
2367 74 Ditto.Ditto. Clear.Sunshine
2469 76 N. E.N. E. Sunshine.Ditto. (Thunder storm in the night)
2570 78 N. W.N. W. Sunshine.Sunshine
2670 76 N.N. Ditto.Ditto
2773 80 S.S. E. Ditto.Ditto
2873 80 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto
2977 85 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto
3077 86 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto
3175 83 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto
SEPTEMBER.
DAYS OF THE MONTH. FAHRENHEIT'S THERMOMETER. DIRECTION OF THE WIND. STATE OF THE WEATHER.
9 A.M.Mer. 9 A.M.Mer. 9 A. M.Meridian.
175° 80° E.S. Sunshine.Clear—Thunder storm P. M.
276 81 S. W.S. W. Sunshine.Rain.
361 67 N. W.N. W. Rain.Sunshine.
465 71 W.W. Sunshine.Ditto.
565 69 Ditto.Ditto. Rainy.Cloudy.
667 71 N. E.N. E. Sunshine.Sunshine.
763 71 E.E. Sunshine.Sunshine.
868 72 N.N. W. Clear.Clear.
966 74 N.W. Sunshine.Sunshine.
1063 73 W.W. Clear.Sunshine.
1166 75 N.N. Sunshine.Ditto.
1265 71 N. E.N. E. Ditto.Clear.
1358 61 Ditto.Ditto. Rain.Clear.
1450 61 W.W. Clear.Cloudy.
1558 65 N. W.N. W. Sunshine.Sunshine.
1659 65 W.W. Rain.Sunshine.
1756 63 S. W.W. Showery.Sunshine.
1854 55 N. E.N. E. Heavy showers.Heavy showers.
1955 61 N. W.N. W. Clear.Clear.
2052 61 Ditto.Ditto. Sunshine.Sunshine.
2151 62 Ditto. S. W. Ditto.Ditto.
2259 63 S. W.S. W. Ditto.Showery.
2355 57 Ditto.Ditto. Heavy rain.Rain.
2455 63 W.S. W. Sunshine.Showery.
2557 61 W.N. W. Showery.Cloudy.
2657 63 N. W.S. W. Sunshine.Cloudy.
2761 63 W.W. Rain.Rain.
2865 68 W.W. Showery.Cloudy.
2963 » W.N. W. Showery.Heavy rain.
3057 63 W.N. W. Sunshine.Clear.
OCTOBER.
DAYS OF THE MONTH. FAHRENHEIT'S THERMOMETER. DIRECTION OF THE WIND. STATE OF THE WEATHER.
9 A.M.Mer. 9 A.M.Mer. 9 A. M.Meridian.
152°62° N. W.N. W. Sunshine.Sunshine.
255 63 N.E. Ditto.Ditto.
355 57 N. E.N. E. Clear.Clear.
451 57 Ditto.Ditto. Sunshine.Cloudy.
551 59 Ditto.Ditto. Sunshine.Clear.
651 61 N.N. Sunshine.Sunshine.
751 61 E.E. Ditto.Clear.
853 61 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Sunshine.
951 57 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.
1050 59 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.
1149 57 N. E.N. E. Clear.Clear.
1251 59 Ditto.Ditto. Sunshine.Sunshine.
1351 59 E.E. Ditto.Ditto.
1450 59 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.
1550 61 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.
1646 51 Ditto.Ditto. Clear.Hazy.
1752 58 W.W. Cloudy.Rain from 2 P.M.
1853 60 N. W.N. W. Sunshine.Sunshine.
1953 58 W.W. Cloudy.Cloudy.
2053 57 N. W.N. Sunshine.Cloudy.
2150 55 N.N. E. Sunshine.Sunshine.
2249 57 W.W. Showery.Showery.
2352 56 N. W.N. W. Sunshine.Clear.
2453 55 W.N. W. Rain.Sunshine.
2549 54 N. W.Ditto. Sunshine.Clear.
2643 53 W.W. Sunshine.Cloudy.
2748 53 S. W.S. W. Rain.Rain.
2847 54 Ditto.Ditto. Showery.Clear.
2949 54 E.S. Clear.Clear.
3045 57 S. E.S. Sunshine.Sunshine.
3149 58 S. W.S. W. Ditto.Ditto.
NOVEMBER.
DAYS OF THE MONTH. FAHRENHEIT'S THERMOMETER. DIRECTION OF THE WIND. STATE OF THE WEATHER.
9 A.M.Mer. 9 A.M.Mer. 9 A. M.Meridian.
147°54° S. E.S. E. Showery.High winds.
24959 Ditto.Ditto. Sunshine.Sunshine.
35361 Ditto. S. Ditto.Ditto.
45557 S. W.W. Clear.Rain.
55357 Ditto. S. W. Showery.Sunshine, rain 4 P.
65457 Ditto. W. Rain.Showery.
75151 S. W.S. W. Showery.Rain.
85258 Ditto.Ditto. Showery.Showery.
95557 Ditto. W. Clear.Showery.
105055 W.W. Showery.Showery.
114949 S. W.S. W. Showery.Rain.
124752 W.W. Dull.Rain.
135559 S. W.S. W. Rain.Showery.
144955 W.W. Sunshine.Sunshine.
155155 Ditto.Ditto. Rain.Rain.
165961 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.
176166 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Sunshine and showers.
185357 S.S. W. Clear.Rain.
195455 S. W.Ditto. Rain.Rain.
204348 N. E.N. E. Sunshine.Sunshine.
214245 W.W. Cloudy.Rain.
224853 N. W.N. Sunshine.Showery.
233947 N.N. W. Sunshine.Sunshine.
244749 W.W. Foggy.Foggy.
254649 E.E. Sunshine.Sunshine.
263642 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.
273841 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.
283341 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.
293341 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.
303241 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.
DECEMBER.
DAYS OF THE MONTH. FAHRENHEIT'S THERMOMETER. DIRECTION OF THE WIND. STATE OF THE WEATHER.
9 A.M.Mer. 9 A.M.Mer. 9 A. M.Meridian.
134°39° E.E. Foggy.Clear.
23742 Ditto. N. E. Clear.Rain.
33842 N. E.Ditto. Sunshine.Sunshine.
43741 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.
53238 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.
62936 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.
73232 S. W.S. W. Cloudy.Dull.
83541 S.S. Clear.Heavy rain.
93340 W.W. Sunshine.Sunshine.
103135 E.E. Fog.Fog.
113746 W.S. W. Heavy rain.Showery.
124139 N. W.N. W. Dull.Cloudy.
133131 Ditto.Ditto. Cloudy.Cloudy.
142325 Ditto.Ditto. Sunshine.Sunshine.
151923 N. E.N. E. Ditto.Ditto.
161418 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.
171217 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.
181925 Ditto.Ditto. Snow.Snow.
193637 E.S. E. Thawing fast.Thawing fast.
203337 W.W. Foggy.Thawing.
212929 N. E.N. E. Sharp frost.Snowing.
222733 E.E. Sunshine.Sunshine.
232528 Ditto.Ditto. Clear.Clear.
241926 N. E.N. E. Sunshine.Sunshine.
252634 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.
262633 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.
272527 E.E. Clear.Clear.
282429 Ditto.Ditto. Ditto.Ditto.
293339 Ditto. S. E. Hazy.Clear and thawing rapidly.
303540 E.E. Thawing.Cloudy.
313437 E.W. Snowing.Rain.
JANUARY 1841.
DAYS OF THE MONTH. FAHRENHEIT'S THERMOMETER. DIRECTION OF THE WIND. STATE OF THE WEATHER.
9 A.M.Mer. 9 A.M.Mer. 9 A. M.Meridian.
136°38° N. W.N. W. Clear.Hazy.
23941 W.N. W. Fog.Clear.
33943 S. W.S. W. Cloudy.Snowing.
43136 W.S. W. Sunshine.Cloudy.
53035 N. W.N. W. Snowing.Sunshine.
63133 S. W.S. W. Cloudy.Sleet.
72933 Ditto.Ditto. Cloudy.Sunshine.
81817 N. E.E. Sunshine.Ditto.
92428 S.S. Cloudy.Sunshine.
103639 S. W.W. Foggy and Thaw.Rain.
113941 W.S. W. Sunshine.Sunshine.
123841 W.W. Cloudy.Showery.
134144 S.S. W. Rain.Rain.
144853 S. W.Ditto. Rain.Clear.
154549 W.W. Clear.Clear.
164952 S. W.S. Rain.Showery.
175057 S. W.S. W. Clear.Sunshine.
184852 S. W.Ditto. Clear.Clear.
194749 W.W. Clear.Showery.
203440 N. W.N. W. Sunshine.Sunshine.
213237 N.N. E. Cloudy.Cloudy.
223741 N.N. W. Clear.Clear.
234044 W.W. Rain.Rain.
243741 W.S. W. Rain.Stormy.
253339 N. W.N. Clear.Sunshine.
263541 W.W. Cloudy.Rain.
274548 Ditto.Ditto. Fog.Clear.
284347 N. W.N. W. Clear.Sunshine.
293741 Ditto.Ditto. Hazy.Cloudy.
303337 N. E.N. Sunshine.Sunshine.
313136 E.E. Sunshine.Frost.
On a careful inspection of this interesting register, it will appear sufficiently obvious, that the climate of Touraine, is of a mild and equable character, and when it is recollected that the winter of 1840, was almost every where marked by extraordinary vicissitudes of temperature, and unusual severity, it would hardly appear a fair criterion of the natural salubrity of the climate of this country.
A really correct knowledge of the distinguishing characteristics of any climate can of course, only be obtained by taking the average of correctly observed and registered, meteorological phenomena of a series of years; and too much credit cannot be awarded to persons who bestow a portion of their time and attention in the acquirement of such important data; which must, ultimately tend to the advancement of science, and public utility.
Réaumur's Thermometric Scale turned into Fahrenheits.
R.F.R.F.R.F.R.F.
80212.0051146.752383.75 520.75
79209.7550144.502281.50 618.50
78207.5049142.252179.25 716.25
77205.2548140.002077.00 814.00
76203.0047137.751974.75 911.75
75200.7546135.501872.5010 9.50
74198.5045133.251770.2511 7.25
73196.2544131.001668.0012 5.00
72194.0043128.751565.7513 2.75
71191.7542126.501463.5014 0.50
70189.5041124.251361.2515 1.75
69187.2540122.001259.0016 4.00
68185.0039119.751156.7517 6.25
67182.7538117.501054.5018 8.50
66180.5037115.25 952.251910.75
65178.2536113.00 850.002013.00
64176.0035110.75 747.752115.25
63173.7534108.50 645.502217.50
62171.5033106.25 543.252319.75
61169.2532104.00 441.002422.00
60167.0031101.75 338.752524.25
59164.753099.50 236.502626.50
58162.502997.25 134.252728.75
57160.252895.00 032.002831.00
56158.002792.75 129.752933.25
55155.752690.50 227.503035.50
54153.502588.25 325.253137.75
53151.252486.00 423.003240.00
52149.00
The circle is divided by the French into 400 degrees; by the English into 360. Hence 10 French circular degrees equal 9 English.
APPENDIX.
A FEW USEFUL HINTS FOR TRAVELLERS.
Passports.—The office for passports in London is at No 6 Poland street, Oxford street, where an under-secretary of the embassy attends daily (generally from one till three.) Applications personal or written stating the name, profession and nation, is made one day and the passport is granted (gratis) the following one, on personal applications only.
To expedite the procuring of a passport, in a case of emergency, applications may be made to the French Consul, No 3, Copthal Buildings, where a fee of ten shillings is expected.
Members of the same family may have their names inserted in the same passport, but persons travelling in company should provide themselves with separate passports. Couriers and male servants should each have a passport.
A traveller intending to visit any other territory should have the passports visé (backed) by the Ambassador or Consul of each country traversed.
Consuls residing at the outports also give passports, so likewise do British Consuls resident at foreign seaports.
The British Ambassador's residence, in Paris, is No 39, rue du faubourg saint Honoré.
If the traveller should omit to obtain a passport till he reach Dover, or Brighton, or Southampton, he may procure one from the French Consul at any one of these places, on the first application, it will cost him ten shillings.
Cash.—The traveller will find English Bank-Notes, particularly of large amount the most profitable money he can take to France. The course of exchange has for several years been about six per cent in favor of England. Should he however object to carry a large sum with him, he may take Circular or transferable Exchange notes. The object of these notes is to supply travellers on the continent with money where they may require it, without there being any necessity for determining the route before hand; and to supply other individuals, who may have remittances to make abroad, with bills upon any particular place that they may desire. For this purpose a correspondence is established with all the principal places in Europe.
Notes on this plan may be obtained of Messrs. Coutts and Co., Strand; Foreign Banking Company, (la banque Anglo-Etrangère), 82, Lombard Street, and of Messrs. Glynn and Co., Lombard Street.
Coin.—The modern gold coins of France are pieces of 40 fr. and 20 fr. The silver coins are 5 fr., 2 fr., 1 fr., ½ fr., ¼ fr.. The coins of billon (a mixed metal) and copper are pieces of one decime, or 2 sous, pieces of 6 liards, or 1½ sou, of 5 centimes, or one sou, and of one centime. There are also liards and double liards, which are ¼ and ½ of a sou.
In the monetary system of France, the coins, if accurately minted, may serve also as weights. Thus 5 francs in copper, 50 in billon, 200 in standard silver, or 3,100 in standard gold, should weigh one kilogramme. Hence the piece of one fr. weighs 5 grammes, and any other piece in the above proportion.
The gold coins of 20 fr. and 40 fr., struck under the government of Bonaparte, were called napoleons and double-napoleons, and such is the force of habit, that these, as well as pieces of the same value struck since 1814, continue to be so called.
They are also designated pièces de vingt francs and pièces de quarante francs. The silver coins of 5 francs each are frequently called pièces de cent sous; a piece of 2 francs is called pièce de quarante sous, and so on.
The only notes issued by the Bank of France are of 500 fr. and 1,000 fr. These are changeable into silver at the Bank, without discount, except the charge of 3 sous for the bag which contains the change; or, at a premium, into silver or gold, at the different money changers.
The French money, being divided into decimal parts, in reckoning, instead of 25 sous it is said 1 fr. 25 centimes, instead of 30 sous, 1 fr 50 cent., and so on. When the course of exchange is at par between France and England, 25 fr. are considered equal to the pound sterling.
The gold as well as silver coins of France contain 1—10th. alloy.
Since the English sovereign contains of pure gold 7.318444035 grammes, and the gold coin of 20 fr. contains of pure gold 5.806449 grammes, therefore the intrinsic value of the sovereign, in French money, is 25.2079 fr., or 25 fr. 20 c. Hence the respective intrinsic value of the following coins will be:
Guinea26fr.47c. Napoléon15s.10¼d..9
Crown5fr.80c.Franc 9d.05
Shilling1fr.16c.
The rate of exchange, at Paris and the principal towns of France, is commonly 25 fr. 50 c. for L. 1 sterling: but it varies, and especially in the smaller towns, from 25 fr. to 25 fr. 75 c. If we assume it to be 25 fr. to L. 1 sterling, we have an easy proportion, by which we may find the value of the money of either country in the money of the other. Thus since 25 fr. are equal to 20 shillings, 5 francs are equal to 4 shillings, and therefore, any number of francs are equal to 4-5ths of the same number of shillings; and any number of shillings are equal to 5-4ths of the same number of francs. Thus 100 fr. will equal 80 shillings, or L. 4; and L. 5, or 100 shillings, will equal 125 fr. Hence.
Sovereign25fr. Napoléon16s.0d.
Crown6fr.25c.Franc 9d.¾nearly
Shilling1fr.25c.Sou ½nearly.
Penny 10c. nearly. or¼9.
This rule will be found very useful for all small sums and the common purposes of life.
TRAVELLING.
London to Calais.—Persons who leave London by the evening coaches abridge their journey by not sleeping at Dover, and are equally in time for the packet-boats, the coaches always arriving before the packets sail, early the next morning either to Calais or Boulogne, whence safety coaches set out twice a day for Paris; by which, according to the quickness of the passage, the traveller pressed for time may go either that same evening or early the next morning, and will reach the French metropolis the day after.
Considerable saving will be experienced by booking throughout, and the best places secured in the coach. The coaches from the Golden Cross; 41, Regent Circus; and the Cross Keys, Wood-Street, are in connexion with the Messageries royales, rue Notre-Dame-des-Victoires, at Paris. Those from the spread Eagle office; Webbs hotel, 220, Piccadilly; and the Spread Eagle, and Cross Keys, Grace-church-street, are in connexion with the Messageries générales, Lafitte's company, Nos 9 and 24, rue du Bouloy, at Paris. Those from the White Bear Piccadilly, are in connexion with l'Aigle; the Eagle an opposition company, No 23, rue du Bouloy, Paris. The office at Calais is in rue St.-Michel, that at Boulogne is at the Hotel du Nord.
Steam packets go from the Tower stairs to Calais three or four times a week during the summer months, and once or twice during the greater part of the winter. The passage is generally performed within twelve hours. Carriages and heavy baggage must be sent by twelve o'clock on the day previous to starting. The passage from Dover to Calais, is performed in three hours or three hours and a half.
London to Havre.—The voyage is performed by companies, one French, one English. Havre is now greatly preferred to Dieppe.
Southampton has become a favourite place for embarkation, owing to the Railway, the London terminus of which is at nine Elms, near Vauxhall. Steam-Packets go four times a week, during the summer months. They call off Portsmouth, for passengers, and on their arrival at Havre meet the steam vessel which plies between that place and Rouen. Further particulars may be obtained either at No 25, Coventry street; at Portsmouth, or at Southampton. A sailing vessel also goes every week from Southampton to Hâvre; distance between the two ports, 139 miles.
Posting. There are three modes of travelling in France: in private carriages (voitures), a hired carriage (chaise de poste), and the public diligence. As all English carriages have poles, it will be advisable, if the company do not exceed three in number, to have their poles replaced by shafts, by which means one-third of the expense of posting will be saved; for, instead of four horses and two postilions, they will only pay for three horses and one postilion. If more than three persons travel in the same cabriolet or limonière, the postmaster will charge one franc per post extra for each person beyond that number.
The arrangements for posting are attended to with scrupulous exactness. There is no competition: and those who arrive first are uniformly first accommodated.
A book called the livre de poste is published every year by the French government containing every information for the traveller which he may consult at any post-house, as the postmaster is compelled to keep a copy.
Travelling by the mail in france.
Persons who wish to proceed rapidly may travel by the mails. These light and commodious vehicles are made to carry four persons, and are supplied with horses at the post-houses. Each passenger may carry a sac de nuit or portmanteau, weighing fifteen kilograms. The price of each place is 1 franc, 50 centimes per post, and 75 centimes per post to the guard.
There are mails on the following roads:—From Paris to Caen; Calais; Lille; Valenciennes; Mezières; Strasbourg, through Metz, and through Nancy; Belfort; Besançon; Lyons, through Châlons, and through Moulins; Toulouse, Bordeaux; Nantes, through le Mans, and through Vendôme, and Brest.
Also from Tours to Havre, from Lyon to Strasbourg, and to Marseilles; from Avignon to Toulouse; from Toulouse to Bayonne; from Bordeaux to Bayonne and to Toulouse; from Limoges to Bordeaux; from Châlons-sur-Marne to Metz, from Bonnières to Rouen; and from Troyes to Mulhausen.
Diligence.—A conductor is attached to each machine: his proper business is to take care of the baggage, and this duty he discharges with the strictest integrity. When the traveller's portmanteau or parcels have once been consigned to him, every fear with regard to their safety may be dismissed. He usually presides at the dinner table of the passengers, and does full justice to what is provided. He accompanies the diligence through the whole of the journey, and at the close of it expects a gratuity of four or five francs. The latter sum includes the driver.
Fifteen pounds of luggage are allowed, and twenty-one francs per cent is charged for the overplus. The usual charges for meals to the passengers in the diligence are, for dinner 4 fr.; for supper 3½ fr; for breakfast 3½ fr. The average expense of travelling by the diligence, including the pour-boire of the coachman and conductor, is about 75 centimes per league. They usually travel about two leagues an hour.
Offices in Paris from which the Tours diligences set out.—Rue du Bouloy, Nos 9 and 24—Rue N.-D. des Victoires, No 22.
On travellers arriving in Paris we would strongly recommend Lawson's Bedfort hotel N. 323 rue St-Honoré and N. 24 rue Rivoli where they will meet with every attention and English comforts at reasonable charges. It is situated in the most agreeable part of Paris adjacent to the palace and garden of the Tuileries. Apartments may be had by the day, week, or month; breakfasts are served in the coffee-room or in private apartments, and visitors may dine at the table-d'hôte or in their own rooms. The greatest regularity prevails in forwarding and delivering letters, parcels, and information of every kind is furnished.
Diligences start every day from Tours, to Paris, Bordeaux, la Rochelle, Poitiers, Nantes, le Mans, Caen, Chartres, Chinon, Orléans, Laval, and Mayenne.
The principal hotels in Tours are, the Boule d'Or; the Faisan; Hotel de Londres; Hotel d'Angleterre; and Saint-Julien.
DISTANCE TABLES.
The following tables have been expressly calculated to give the exact distance and intermediate distances, with reference to posting between Havre and Tours, on some of the routes referred to in the Memoranda.
FROM HAVRE TO TOURS, THROUGH ROUEN.
Havre to, M y r i a m è t r e . K i l o m è t r e . M i l e s . F u r l o n g s . Y a r d s . F e e t . I n c h e s .
La Botte 1 6
Lillebonne 1 9
Caucleber 1 5
Duclair 1 6
Rouen 2 53 0 22 1 10⅓
Grande Couronne 1 2
Bourg Theroulde 1 5
Brionne 1 8
Bernay 1 5
Broglie 1 1
Monnai 1 6
Gacé 1 4
Nonant 1 2
Séez 1 2
Alençon 2 1 90 2 18 2 4⅓
Le Mans 5 0 31 0 69 1 9
Tours 8 1 50 2 59 2 9⅓
36 3 224 4 171 2 9
FROM HAVRE TO TOURS, THROUGH HONFLEUR.
Havre to Honfleur by steam packet, Honfleur to, M y r i a m è t r e . K i l o m è t r e . M i l e s . F u r l o n g s . Y a r d s . F e e t . I n c h e s .
Pont-Lévêque 1 7
Lisieux 1 7
Linarot 1 8
Nimoutier 9
Gacé 1 8
Nonant 1 2
Séez 1 2
Alençon 2 1 76 5 181 1 1⅓
Le Mans 5 0 31 0 69 1 9
Tours 8 1 50 2 59 2 9⅓
25 5 158 0 80 2 7⅔
FROM HAVRE TO TOURS, THROUGH CAEN.
Havre to Caen per steam packet, M y r i a m è t r e . K i l o m è t r e . M i l e s . F u r l o n g s . Y a r d s . F e e t . I n c h e s .
Langannerie 2 1
Falaise 1 4
Argentan 2 2
Séez 2 3
Alençon 2 1 62 5 131 2 3⅓
La Hutte 1 4
Beaut-sur-Sarthe 9
Bazoge 1 5
Le Mans 1 2 31 0 69 1 9
Ecommoy 2 1
Château-du-Loir 1 9
La Roue 2
Tours 2 1 50 2 59 2 9⅓
23 2 144 0 41 0 9⅓
12 Inches, 1 foot.—3 Feet, 1 Yard, 220 Yards 1 Furlong, 8 Furlongs 1 Mile.
TABLES OF FRENCH AND ENGLISH LONG MEASURE.
English measure. K i l o | m è t r e . H e c t o | m è t r e . D é c a | m è t r e . M è t r e . D é c i | m è t r e . C e n t i | m è t r e . M i l l i | m è t r e .
One mile 1 6 1 0 4 0 0
Do. furlong 2 0 1 3 0 0
Do. yard 9 1 5
Do. foot 3 0 5
Do. inch 2 5
French measure. __Quantity. __English.
M i l e s . F u r l o n g s . Y a r d s . F e e t . I n c h e s .
Myria-mètre.10,000 mètres. 6 1145 29
Kilo-mètre. 1,000 do. 4212 19⅓
Hecto-mètre. 100 do. 109 09⅓
Déca-mètre. 10 do. 10 29⅓
Mètre. Unity of length 33⅓
Déci-mètre. Tenth part of a mètre. 315/16
Centi-mètre. Hundredth part of a mètre.
Milli-mètre.Thousandth part of a mètre.
On the Loire, the Rhone, the Seine, Garonne, and other large Rivers in France, steamers called Coches d'Eau, are established; the average expense of which conveyances is about 15 centimes per league.
The Seine has become a favorite route to Paris,—by way of Havre, Honfleur, Rouen, etc.
EXPENSE OF LIVING IN FRANCE.
The vicinity of Paris is, of course, dearer than other parts of France, but families in good circumstances, who wish to be near the metropolis, should fix themselves at Versailles or St.-Germain.
Persons who wish to economize must resort to the banks of the Loire and Lower Normandy, which are both much frequented by the English, who may here enjoy the comforts of life at a third less than in one of the provincial towns of their own country. A still greater reduction of expense will be found in the retired parts of Brittany, or in the towns of Saumur and Avranches, where living is one-fourth cheaper than at Caen or Tours. These situations are, however, inconvenient, as there are neither good schools nor genteel society.
Rouen, Dieppe, Boulogne, are little cheaper than Paris.
From the following statement, some idea may be formed of the expenses likely to be incurred by a family, residing in Tours or any of the towns in the central and Northern parts of France:
Rent. An unfurnished house, of eight or ten rooms, with a garden, may be had from 30 l. to 50 l. a year.
Taxes. Payable by the tenant, about 5 l. a year.
Fuel. Three fires in winter, and a fire in the kitchen throughout the year, will cost 25 l. to 30 l. a year. The usual fuel is wood: coals may be had in some districts. They are in use in Tours, but are expensive; coke is however to be obtained at more reasonable prices.
Meat.—Beef, mutton, veal, 4 d. to 5 d.; pork, 5 d. to 6 d. per pound.
Poultry. Fowls, 1 s. 6 d. to 3 s. the couple; a goose or turkey, from 2 s. to 4 s.
Eggs. About 5 d. a dozen.
Butter. Fresh, in summer, from 9 d. to 1 s.
Milk. From 2 d. to 3 d. a quart.
Bread. Generally very good, about 1½ d. the pound.
Fish. Near the coast, is plentiful and cheap.
Grocery. Is much the same as in England.
Tea. Is rather cheaper, and sugar rather dearer.
Wages. A man servant, 10 l. or 12 l. a year; a woman Cook, 8 l. to 12 l.; a house maid, 6 l. to 8 l. A mechanic 2 s. to 2 s. 6 d. per day; a labourer, 1 s. to 1 s. 3 d.
Clothes. Linens and silks cheaper; cottons dearer than in England; wollen articles dearer.
Education. Boarding-schools from 25 l. to 35 l. a year including extras. Board in a Family, with private tuition, boys 50 l. per year; girls from 35 l. to 40 l. Private lessons by the hour, in French, 2 s. to 4 s.; in music, 2 s. 6 d. to 5 s.
In the south of France wine is much cheaper, but other provisions are charged much the same as in the north and central parts. The brandy of the country, may be purchased in Tours for 1 s. 6 d. per bottle, and Cognac of the best quality for 2 s. 6. d. per bottle.
The city of Tours,—which contains upwards of 28,000 inhabitants,—is at all times most abundantly supplied with the common necessaries and the luxuries of life. It has two market days, Wednesday and Saturday; the latter at all seasons presents an extremely animated and bustling appearance, it being frequented by great numbers of the surrounding rural population, who bring in vast quantities of marketable commodities from the adjacent districts. Such as fruit, vegetables, game, fowls, turkeys, geese, etc.; the latter being supplied in such abundance as to enable the venders after the ordinary sales of the market, to send off weekly, considerable quantities to Havre, Rouen, Paris, and other large towns.
Beef, mutton, and pork is also extremely plentiful and of very superior quality.
END.
Tours.—Printed by A. Mame and Co.
ERRATA. (corrected in this etext)
Page7, for constitued, read constituted.
—15, for continuous, read continued.
—21, for Farehenit, read Fahrenheit.
—77, for Family, read Families.
—94, for Gramina, read Graminaceæ.
—119, for thinks, read things.
—136, for Fxt: read Ext:.
—110, for ascending other, read ascending order.
—120, for stalagmitical, read stalactical.
—135, for rhumatism, read rheumatism.