BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF THE NAMES OF PERSONS MENTIONED IN THIS BOOK (continued 2)

MIRAFLORÈS, Don Manuel, Marquis de (1792-1867). Descended from a mercantile family enriched by the wars of the eighteenth century, he was ennobled and made a grandee of Spain. He was Ambassador to London in 1834, and there signed the celebrated treaty of the Quadruple Alliance. In 1846 he became Grand Chamberlain to Queen Isabella, and in 1864 President of the Council of Ministers. An eminent littérateur, he was a member of the Historical Academy of Madrid.

MIRAFLORÈS, Marquise de (1795-1867). Doña Vicenta Monina y Pontejos, heiress and niece of the celebrated Count de Florida-Blanca. Married the Marquis de Miraflorès in 1814.

MODENA, Duke of (1779-1846). Francis IV. of Modena, son of the Archduke Ferdinand of Austria. He married Princess Maria Beatrice, daughter of Victor Emmanuel, King of Sardinia.

MOLÉ, Comte Matthieu (1781-1855). Descended from a parliamentary family. He replaced the Duc de Massa as Minister of Justice in 1813, and then received the title of Count of the Empire. He rallied to Louis-Philippe, and in 1830 became Minister for Foreign Affairs. In 1840 he was elected a member of the Académie française.

MOLÉ, Comtesse, died 1845. Mlle. Caroline de la Briche met Comte Molé as a young man in her mother's salon and married him in 1798. The Comtesse Molé published anonymously several works translated from the English.

MOLLIEN, François, Comte (1758-1850). A clever financier. He was made Minister of the Treasury in 1866. Louis XVIII. made him a Peer in 1819.

MOLLIEN, Comtesse (1785-1878). Mlle. Juliette Dutilleul, wife of François Mollien. She was a distinguished and attractive person, and was Lady-in-waiting to Queen Marie Amélie.

MONSON, Lord (1809-1841). Son of Lady Warwick by her first marriage. He left no children, and his cousin became his heir.

MONSON, Lady Theodosia, daughter of Latham Blacker. Married Lord Monson in 1832.

MONTESPAN, Marquise de (1641-1707). Françoise Athénais de Rochechouart, the favourite of Louis XIV.

MONTMORENCY, Raoul, Baron de (1790-1862). He took the title of Duke, in 1846, on his father's death. He married Euphémie de Harchies, by whom he had no children. His sisters were the Princesse de Bauffrement-Courtenay and the Duchesse de Valençay.

MONTMORENCY, Duchesse de (1774-1846). Anne Louise Caroline de Matignon, mother of Raoul de Montmorency, of the Princesse de Bauffrement, and the Duchesse de Valençay.

MONTPENSIER, Duchesse de (1627-1693). Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, known as La Grande Mademoiselle, was the only daughter of Gaston d'Orléans. She was several times on the verge of making the most brilliant marriages without ever succeeding. At forty-two she conceived a violent passion for a private gentleman, the Comte de Lauzun, whom she secretly married. She had taken a very active part in the Fronde.

MONTROND, Comte Casimir de (1757-1843). A friend of M. de Talleyrand, and a habitué of his house. Napoleon I., on his return from Elba, sent him to Vienna, where the Congress was sitting, to persuade M. de Talleyrand to join him, but M. de Talleyrand was inflexible in his loyalty to Louis XVIII.

MONTROND, Comtesse de (1769-1820). Aimée de Coigny, who inspired André Chénier's Jeune Captive. Married first the Duc de Fleury, and divorced him in order to marry the Comte de Montrond.

MORELL, Baronne de. Mlle. de Mornay, sister of the Marquis and the Comte de Mornay, married General Baron de Morell, who, in 1834, was in command of the cavalry school at Saumur.

MORELL, Mlle. Marie de. Born in 1818. Celebrated for her beauty. Was the daughter of General Baron de Morell. She married the Marquis d'Eyrargues, who filled various diplomatic positions in the reign of Louis-Philippe.

MORELLET, Abbé André (1727-1819). The friend of the most eminent personages of his time. The Abbé was especially celebrated for his subtle and mocking wit. He was a laborious contributor to the Encyclopédie and to the Dictionnaire de l'Académie, the archives of which he saved at the Revolution.

MORNAY, Comte Charles de (1803-1878). A Peer of France, Ambassador to Sweden, brother of Jules, Marquis de Mornay, Deputy for the Oise. He was devoted to the Monarchy of July, and was raised to the Peerage in 1845, and made Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour. In 1848 he retired into private life.

MORNINGTON, Lady (1742-1834). Anne, eldest daughter of Viscount Duncannon, married in 1759 the Earl of Mornington. One of her sons was the famous Duke of Wellington.

MORTEMART, Mlle. Alicia de (1800-1887). Daughter of the Duc de Mortemart and his second wife. Born a de Cossé-Brissac; she married in 1823 Paul, Duc de Noailles.

MORTIER, Marshal, Duc de Trévise (1768-1835). Distinguished himself in the campaigns of the Revolution and the Empire. A Deputy and Peer of France in 1834. He accepted the Ministry of War together with the Presidency of the Council, and was killed by the explosion of Fieschi's infernal machine by the side of Louis-Philippe.

MOSKOWA, Prince de la (1803-1857). Eldest son of Marshal Ney. He first entered the Swedish service, and did not return to France until after the Revolution of July. He was made a Peer of France under Louis-Philippe, and married the daughter of Jacques Lafitte.

MOTTEUX, M. A habitué of Holland House, and a great favourite of the Prince de Talleyrand. He was very intimate with Lady Cowper, afterwards Lady Palmerston, and left all his fortune to her second son.

MOUNT-EDGCUMBE, Richard, Lord (1764-1839). One of the intimates of King William I. He married in 1789 a daughter of the Earl of Buckinghamshire.

MULGRAVE, Lord (1797-1863). Constantine Henry Phipps, afterwards Lord Normanby. He was a member of the Whig Ministry of Lord Melbourne, was Governor of Jamaica, and afterwards Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. In 1846 he was sent to Paris as Ambassador, and went to Tuscany in the same capacity.

MUNIER DE LA CONVERSERIE, General, Count (1766-1837).

MUNSTER-LEDENBURG, Count Ernest Frederick Herbert von (1766-1839). As envoy of the Elector of Hanover, King of England, he helped to form several coalitions against France. He was Hanoverian Minister in London. He married in 1814 Wilhelmina Charlotte (1785-1858), sister of the Duke of Schaumburg-Lippe.

MUSSET, Alfred de (1810-1857). A French poet, son of an official of the Ministry of War. He was a fellow-pupil of the Duc d'Orléans at the Collège Henri IV., and became his friend.

N

NANTES, Mlle. de (1673-1743). Fourth child of Louis XIV. and Madame de Montespan, legitimated by Royal Letters Patent, and married in 1785 to the Duc de Bourbon.

NAPLES, Princess Marie of (1820-1861). Married in 1850 Charles de Bourbon, Comte de Montemolin.

NAPOLEON I., Emperor of the French (1769-1821). Second son of Charles Bonaparte and Laetitia Ramolino. Married first Josephine Tascher de la Pagerie, widow of General de Beauharnais, whom he divorced in 1810, and married Marie Louise, Archduchess of Austria, by whom he had a son.

NASSAU, William George Augustus, Duke of (1782-1839).

NECKER, Jacques (1732-1804). A banker of Geneva, who became Director of French Finances under Louis XVI. He was the father of Madame de Staël.

NECKER, Madame (1739-1794). Suzanne Curchot, daughter of a Swiss Calvinist Pastor, wife of Jacques Necker, who was celebrated for her beauty, her wit, and her goodness.

NEELD, Lady Caroline, died 1869. Daughter of the Earl of Shaftesbury. She married Joseph Neeld in 1831.

NEMOURS, Duc de (1814-1896). Louis Charles d'Orléans, son of King Louis-Philippe. He married a Princess of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.

NESSELRODE, Count (1780-1862). He belonged to a Westphalian family, a branch of which settled in Livonia. He entered the Russian diplomatic service, and was attaché at various Embassies, notably at that of Paris. He afterwards became Chancellor of the Russian Empire. He married the daughter of Count Gourieff, Russian Finance Minister. The Countess died in 1849.

NETHERLANDS, Prince Frederick of the (1797-1881). Admiral of the Fleet. In 1825 he married Princess Louise of Prussia (1808-1870), daughter of King Frederick William III.

NEY, Michel (1769-1815). Duc d'Elchingen, Prince de la Moskowa, Marshal of France. He covered himself with glory in the wars of the Revolution and the Empire. Napoleon called him le brave des braves. Made a Peer of France by Louis XVIII. he declared for Napoleon in the Hundred Days. At the Second Restoration he was condemned by the House of Peers and shot.

NICOLAS I., Czar of Russia (1776-1855). Third son of Paul I. He ascended the throne in 1825, succeeding his brother Alexander I. on the renunciation of his brother, the Grand Duke Constantine.

NOAILLES, Paul, Duc de (1802-1885). Attached himself to the Government of Louis-Philippe and frequently took part in important debates in the House of Peers. At the Revolution of 1848 he retired into private life, and thenceforth occupied himself with literature. He was elected to the Academy in 1849.

NOAILLES, Duchesse de. See MORTEMART.

NOAILLES, Vicomtesse de (1792-1851). Charlotte Marie Antoinette, daughter of the Duc de Poix, married her cousin Alfred, Vicomte de Noailles, who was killed in 1812 at the crossing of the Beresina.

NOAILLES, Mlle. Sabineide (1819-1870). Married, 1846, Lionel Widdrington Standish.

NORFOLK, Duke of (1791-1856). Married, 1814, Charlotte Sophia, daughter of the Duke of Sutherland. William IV. conferred the Order of the Garter on him in 1834.

NORTHUMBERLAND, Duchess of. Died 1848. She was Lady Louisa Stuart Wortley.

O

O'CONNELL, Daniel (1775-1847). Early in life he became connected with associations for the emancipation of Irish Catholics. In 1823 he founded a Catholic Association embracing all Ireland. As member of the House of Commons he had much influence; brought about the triumph of the Whigs and supported Parliamentary Reform.

OLIVIER, Abbé Nicolas Théodore. Born 1798. He was Curé de Saint-Roch in Paris, and in 1841 became Bishop of Évreux.

OMPTEDA, Charles Georges, Baron (1767-1857). A Hanoverian diplomatist, Minister of State, and Chief of the Hanoverian Cabinet in 1823. From 1831 he was accredited to the Court of St. James. He resigned on the death of William IV.

OMPTEDA, Baroness (1767-1843). Frederica Christina, Countess von Schlippenbach. She married first Count Solms-Sonnenwald, and secondly Baron Ompteda.

ORANGE, William, Prince of (1793-1849). Ascended the throne of Holland in 1840. He married, in 1816, Anna Paulowna, q.v.

ORLÉANS, Duc d' (1741-1793). Louis-Philippe Joseph, known as Philippe Égalité. He systematically opposed the Court throughout his life, and in 1787 became the leader of all the malcontents. He was elected to the States-General, and became a member of the Jacobin Club, but this did not prevent his being guillotined.

ORLÉANS, Duc d' (1810-1842). Ferdinand, eldest son of King Louis-Philippe and Queen Marie Amélie. He served under Marshal Gérard in Belgium, commanded in the Algerian campaigns, and died as the result of a carriage accident near Paris.

ORSAY, Count Alfred d' (1801-1852). Surnamed the King of Fashion. Good looks were hereditary in the d'Orsay family and the Count was a dandy by vocation. He went early in life to London, then regarded as the centre of masculine elegance. He ruined himself by his extravagant though artistic tastes, and died miserably of a spinal complaint.

OSSULSTON, Lord, born 1810. He married a daughter of the Duke of Manchester and in 1859 became Lord Tankerville.

P

PAHLEN, Peter, Count, born in 1775, a Russian General. He played a distinguished part in the campaigns of 1812, 1813, and 1814, was Russian Ambassador at Paris from 1835 till 1841, and was afterwards made a member of the Council of the Empire and Inspector-General of the Cavalry.

PALAFOX, Don José de (1780-1847). The intrepid defender of Saragossa. In 1808 he accompanied the Royal Family to France as an officer, and escaped when he saw Ferdinand VII. detained as a prisoner. He raised all Aragon, and, after vigorously defending Saragossa, forced the French to retreat. They returned, however, to the charge with all their forces and compelled him to capitulate. Palafox powerfully contributed to the restoration of Ferdinand VII. to the throne. In 1820 he declared for the Constitution, and thereafter lived in retirement. On her accession as Regent, Queen Maria Christina made him Duke of Saragossa and a Grandee of Spain.

PALMELLA, P. de Souza Holstein, Duc de (1786-1850). A Portuguese statesman. He was Regent of Portugal in 1830, and made the cause of Doña Maria prevail over that of Dom Miguel. He was one of the plenipotentiaries at the Congress of Vienna in 1815.

PALMERSTON, Lord (1784-1865). An English statesman. Elected to the Commons in 1807, he was a Lord of the Admiralty in 1808, Secretary for War 1809-1828, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 1830-1841, and 1846-1851, Home Secretary 1852-1855, First Lord of the Treasury 1855-1858, and from 1859 till his death.

PALMERSTON, Lady (1787-1869). Sister of Lord Melbourne, married first Lord Cowper and secondly Lord Palmerston.

PALMYRE, Mlle. The first dressmaker in Paris in the time of Louis-Philippe.

PARRY, Sir William Edward (1790-1855). An English navigator famous for his expeditions to the North Pole. He was hydrographer to the Admiralty, and accompanied Ross on his first voyage of discovery.

PASQUIER, Étienne, Duc (1767-1862). Napoleon made him Maître des Requêtes, then Conseiller d'État. He rallied to the Bourbons in 1814, was made Garde des Sceaux in 1815, and afterwards a member of the Upper House, the Presidency of which he received under Louis-Philippe. He was raised to the dignity of Chancellor in 1837.

PASSY, Hypolite Philibert (1793-1880). A French politician and member of the Institute, elected Deputy in 1830. He was a member of the ephemeral Cabinet of the Duc de Bassano in 1834. In 1838 he succeeded M. de Talleyrand as member of the Academy of Moral and Political Science.

PASTA, Judith (1798-1865). An Italian singer of Jewish origin. She came to Paris in 1821 and made a great name for herself. She retired in 1849 to her beautiful house by the lake of Como.

PEDRO I., Dom (1798-1834). Emperor of Brazil and King of Portugal, father of Queen Doña Maria of Portugal.

PEEL, Sir Robert (1788-1850). An English statesman. Elected to the House of Commons in 1809, he was Home Secretary in 1822. He was Conservative in politics, but held Liberal views on questions of criminal legislation and administration. He was a member of several Ministries and in 1838 re-established the financial equilibrium of the country, disturbed by the Whig deficit of £30,000,000, by the introduction of the Income Tax, while he opened new sources of revenue by the abolition of the Corn Laws.

PEEL, Lady, died 1849. Julia, daughter of General Sir John Lloyd, Bart., married Sir Robert Peel in 1820.

PÉPIN (1780-1836). A grocer of the Place de la Bastille, Paris. Pépin was elected Captain of the Garde Nationale after the events of July 1830. He was implicated in Fieschi's crime in 1835 and was arrested, condemned to death and executed.

PÉRIER, Casimir (1777-1832). He entered politics in 1817. After 1830 he was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies, and shortly afterwards was made Minister without a portfolio. In 1831 he was President of the Council, and governed in a firm and resolute manner. He succumbed to an attack of cholera contracted as the consequence of a visit to the Hôtel Dieu with the Duc d'Orléans.

PÉRIGORD, Duc de (1788-1879). Augustin Marie Élie Charles de Talleyrand-Périgord. A Grandee of Spain of the first class.

PÉRIGORD, Duchesse de (1789-1866). Marie Nicolette, daughter of the Comte de Choiseul-Praslin, married, in 1807, the Duc de Périgord.

PÉRIGORD, Alexandre, Comte de, afterwards Duc de Dino (1813-1894). Second son of the Duc de Talleyrand and the Princess Dorothea of Courland. Alexandre de Périgord was at first in the Navy, but soon abandoned that career. In 1849 he took part in the campaign of Piedmont against Austria as a member of the Staff of King Charles Albert, and during the Crimean War he was attached to the Sardinian Army Corps as French Commissary. He married Mlle. Valentine de Sainte-Aldegonde.

PÉRIGORD, Mlle. Pauline de (1820-1890). Daughter of the Duc de Talleyrand and of the author of these Memoirs. She married, in 1839 Henri, Marquis de Castellane, who died in 1847. From that time she lived a retired life, distinguished by the practice of the highest virtues. She lived for the most of the year at her estate of Rochecotte, in the Valley of the Loire.

PERSIL, Jean Charles (1785-1870). A French magistrate and statesman. Elected Deputy in 1830, he immediately attacked the Polignac Ministry, protesting against the decrees. He was Minister of Justice in 1834, but, having had a difference of opinion with M. Molé, he resigned. In 1839 he entered the Upper House, and took the Direction of the Hôtel des Monnaies. Napoleon III. made him a member of the Conseil d'État.

PETER, Mrs. An English lady very well known in London society about 1835, and the friend of several statesmen.

PETIT, General (1772-1856). Distinguished himself in the campaigns of the Revolution and the Empire. It was he who, at Fontainebleau, received the last accolade of the Emperor and the touching adieux which he addressed to the whole army. He was made a Peer of France in 1838.

PIRON, M. (1802-1865). Son of a landed proprietor in the Nivernais. He was well educated, and occupied an important position in the French Post Office. His duties brought him into contact with the English postal officials, and he knew England well. In 1834 M. Dupin, who came from the same part of France, took him with him on his journey to London in order that M. Piron might act as his guide to English society, with which he had for some time been in touch. He had, for instance, known the Duke of Richmond (who had been Postmaster-General) and Lord Brougham. The premature death of his son, to whom he was deeply attached, inflicted such a blow on M. Piron that he too died of a seizure some weeks later.

PITT, William (1759-1806). Followed in the footsteps of his father, the celebrated English statesman. After the French Revolution he displayed a great hatred of France and made three coalitions against her. He was a great administrator.

PLANTAGENET. A dynasty which occupied the throne of England from Henry II. till the accession of Henry VII. In the fourteenth century the family separated into two rival branches, from whose quarrels arose the Wars of the Roses.

PLYMOUTH, Lady (1792-1864). She was a daughter of the Duke of Dorset, and married first, in 1811, Lord Plymouth. Having become a widow she married, secondly, William Pitt, Lord Amherst. She died childless.

POIX, Duchesse-Princesse de (1785-1862). Mélanie de Périgord, daughter of the Duc de Talleyrand and Mlle. de Senozan, married, in 1809, Juste, Comte de Noailles, Prince de Poix. The Duchesse de Poix had been Lady-in-waiting to the Duchesse de Berry.

POLIGNAC, Jules Armand, Prince de (1780-1847). President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs at the end of the reign of Charles X. On July 29, 1830, he signed the famous decrees which caused the Revolution and the fall of the elder branch of the Bourbons.

POLIGNAC, Princesse de. Née Miss Barbara Campbell, a Scottish lady. She was very beautiful and very rich, but of obscure family. She had to abjure the Protestant religion and become a Catholic in order to marry the Prince de Polignac. She died in 1819.

PONIATOWSKI, Prince Joseph (1762-1803). A Polish general. He served in the Polish Legion under Napoleon I., was made a Marshal of France at Leipzig, and perished in the waters of the Elster. His chivalrous courage won him the surname of the Bayard of Poland.

PONSONBY, Lord (1770-1855). Brother-in-law of Lord Grey. Ambassador at Constantinople, 1822-1827.

PORCHESTER, Lord (1800-1849). Henry John Charles, Earl of Carnarvon. Married, in 1830, the daughter of Lord Molyneux.

POTOCKI, Stanislas, Count (1757-1821). Fought against Russia in 1793, in which year he left Poland. On the creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw by Napoleon I., he was made Senator Palatine and Chief of the Council of State. He was retained in office by the Czar Alexander I. On the formation of the new kingdom of Poland Count Potocki was appointed Minister of Public Worship and Instruction, and afterwards President of the Council of State.

POZZO DI BORGO, Count (1764-1842). A Corsican, who took service under different Powers, and finally under Russia. He was one of the Czar's representatives at the Congress of Vienna, and was afterwards Ambassador.

PRUDHON, Pierre (1760-1822). A French painter. He spent several years at Rome, where he became intimate with Canova. He was selected by Napoleon I. to give drawing lessons to the Empress Marie Louise.

PRUSSIA, Prince Louis of (1773-1796). Brother of King Frederick-William III. He married Princess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen Louise of Prussia.

Q

QUÉLEN, Comte de (1778-1839). A member of a Breton family, he took Orders early in life. Cardinal Fesch favoured him, and made him his secretary. Under the Restoration he became Coadjutor of Cardinal de Talleyrand-Périgord, and in 1821 he succeeded him as Archbishop of Paris. In 1831 his palace was sacked during a riot. Mgr. de Quélen showed the utmost devotion during the cholera epidemic of 1832. His pastoral letters and several elegantly written funeral sermons secured his election to the Académie française.

R

RADNOR, William, Lord (1779-1869). A Member of the British Parliament and a friend of Lord Brougham. He married three times; first in 1814, the daughter of the Duke of Montrose; secondly, in 1837, Emily Bagot; and finally, Fanny Royd-Rice.

RAMBUTEAU, Claude Philibert Bertelot, Comte de (1781-1869). Chamberlain to Napoleon I. in 1809. Peer of France in 1835, a Member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts in 1843. In 1833 Louis-Philippe made him Prefect of the Seine, and he held this post for fifteen years. He married in 1809 the daughter of Louis, Comte de Narbonne.

RAPHAEL SANZIO (1483-1520). The celebrated painter of the Roman School.

RAULLIN, M. Son of an official in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, who was much esteemed by the Prince de Talleyrand. He became a Conseiller d'État.

RAYNEVAL, Maximilien, Comte de (1778-1836). A French diplomatist. Secretary of Embassy at Lisbon, then at St. Petersburg; he was made Consul-General at London at the Restoration. He then became successively Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Ambassador at Berlin, in Switzerland, at Vienna and at Madrid. In every case he rendered eminent services, and was made a Count and raised to the Peerage.

RÉAL, Comte (1765-1834). Procureur au Châtelet before the Revolution, Conseiller d'État after the 18th brumaire, Prefect of Police during the Hundred Days. He was proscribed by the Second Restoration, and did not return to France till 1818. In 1830 he had a post in the office of the Prefect of Police, and thereafter lived in retirement.

RÉCAMIER, (1777-1849). Julie Bernard, married when she was sixteen M. Récamier, a rich Parisian banker. She was both witty and good, and under the Consulate and the Empire she collected in her salon a crowd of distinguished persons. Exiled from Paris she returned after the fall of Napoleon. Madame Récamier retired in 1819 to the Abbaye-aux-Bois, where she continued to receive all the celebrities of the period.

REGENT, The, Philippe d'Orléans (1674-1723). Governed France during the minority of Louis XV.

RÉMUSAT, Charles, Comte de (1797-1875). A French author and politician. A member of the Institut and a Minister of State.

RETZ, Cardinal de (1614-1679). Jean François Paul de Gondi played a prominent part in the Fronde troubles. He was forced into exile until the death of Mazarin. He left Memoirs which are one of the masterpieces of French literature.

RICHMOND, Duke of (1799-1860). Charles Lennox, a British officer, Lord Lieutenant of Sussex. Became Postmaster-General in the Reform Government of 1830. He married a sister of the Marquess of Anglesea.

RIGNY, Henri Gauthier, Comte de (1783-1835). Entered the Navy 1798 and took part in the campaigns of the First Empire. He was made a Rear-Admiral at the Restoration, and distinguished himself at Navarino, on which occasion he received the title of Count and was made Maritime Prefect of Toulon. He became Minister of Marine in 1831, then Minister for Foreign Affairs, and afterwards Ambassador to Naples.

RIPON, Lord (1781-1859). Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1833. He was originally a Tory but joined the Whigs.

ROBESPIERRE, Maximilien (1758-1794). A lawyer and member of the Convention. He governed by terror through the Committee of Public Safety, but a reaction set in and he perished on the scaffold.

ROBSHART, Amy (1532-1560). Married Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester in 1550, but soon separated from him. She was found dead, and it was never discovered whether she had committed suicide or if Leicester had killed her in the hope of marrying Queen Elizabeth. She is the heroine of Sir Walter Scott's novel Kenilworth.

RODIL, Marquis de (1789-1853). Don José Ronion Rodil joined the battalion called the "literary cadets" in 1808, at the time of the French invasion of Spain. In 1816 he sailed for the revolted South American colonies, and distinguished himself at the defence of Callao. He returned to Spain in 1825, and in 1833 assisted Dom Pedro in Portugal against Dom Miguel and Don Carlos. In 1836 he was Minister of War for a few months. From 1840 till 1843 he was President of the Council in the last Ministry of the Espartero Regency.

ROGERS, Samuel (1763-1855). An English poet. He was a man of a good and generous nature, but his sarcasm spared no one.

ROLAND, Madame (1754-1793). Manon Philipon, a woman of a distinguished intellect, who married a member of the Convention. She died on the scaffold.

ROMERO-ALPUENDE. A Spanish Deputy. He was an extreme Radical of an extravagant temperament, but of little importance.

ROSS, Sir John (1777-1856). Son of the Rev. Andrew Ross, and a Captain in the British Navy. He made himself famous by his two expeditions to the Polar Sea along with Sir Edward Parry in 1818 and 1819. Sir John Ross made the second expedition at his own expense and found the Northern magnetic pole. He lost his ship, and it was not until the fourth winter after his departure that he was rescued by a Hull vessel and brought back to England.

ROTHSCHILD, Nathan (1777-1826). Third son of Mayer Anselme Rothschild, founder of the famous banking house. He was head of the London Branch.

ROTHSCHILD, Madame Salomon de (1771-1855). Wife of Salomon Rothschild, who founded a branch of the business at Vienna, and divided the German business with his brother Mayer. Towards 1835 he left the management of the Viennese business to his son and came to Paris with his wife to join his brother James.

ROUSSIN, Admiral (1781-1854). Post-Captain in 1814; corrected the charts of the coasts of Africa and Brazil; Rear-Admiral in 1822, he was a member of the Admiralty Council in 1824. In 1831 he commanded the French Squadron sent to demand satisfaction from Portugal for the insults offered to French residents. He forced the entrance to the Tagus, reputed impregnable, and obtained all that he demanded. At the close of this brilliantly successful expedition Louis-Philippe, in 1832, raised him to the Peerage with the title of Baron.

ROYER-COLLARD, Pierre Paul (1763-1845). A French philosopher and statesman. He was a lawyer, and in 1797 a member of the Conseil des Cinq Cents. Under the First Empire he gave up politics and occupied himself entirely with the study of philosophy. He was made a member of the Académie française in 1827. M. Royer-Collard lived at Châteauvieux, near Valençay, and was a great friend of the Prince de Talleyrand and the Duchesse de Dino.

RUBINI, Jean Baptiste (1795-1854). A celebrated Italian singer. Bellini's operas owed much of their success to him.

RUSSELL, Lord William (1799-1846). An English diplomatist. He was for some years Ambassador at Berlin. He married Elizabeth Rawdon, niece of the Marquess of Hastings.

RUSSELL, Lord John (1792-1878). An English statesman; third son of the Duke of Bedford. He was one of the authors of the celebrated Reform Bill. In 1831 he was Home Secretary, Secretary for the Colonies, and Head of the Whig Cabinet. In 1859 he was Foreign Secretary, and again Premier on the death of Lord Palmerston.

S

SAINTE-ALDEGONDE, Comtesse de (1793-1869); née de Chavagnes. A Creole by origin, she married Marshal Augereau, Duc de Castiglione, who died in 1816. In 1817 she married the Comte de Sainte-Aldegonde. She had two daughters, the second of whom married Alexandre de Périgord, Duc de Dino.

SAINTE-AULAIRE, Louis Beaupoil, Comte de. He was Chamberlain to Napoleon I., a Prefect under Louis XVIII., and a Deputy. After 1830 he was one of the ablest supporters of the Monarchy of July, was successively Ambassador at Rome, Vienna, and London, and was raised to the Peerage.

SAINT THERESA (1515-1582). Of a rich and noble family of Avila in Old Castile. She reformed the Carmelite Order, St. John of the Cross, reformed that of the Carmelite Monks. She was canonised in 1621. Her numerous writings led to her being named a doctor of the Church by Popes Gregory XV. and Urban VIII.

SAINT-LEU or SAINT-LOUP (573-623). Archbishop of Sens from 609, famous for his charity. King Clotaire II., deceived by false reports, exiled him to Picardy in 613, but on better knowledge of the facts, recalled him in the following year and loaded him with honours.

SAINT-LEU, Duchesse de. See BEAUHARNAIS, Hortense de.

SAINT-PAUL, Vergibier de. A French general who commanded the troops of the Indre in 1834.

SAINT-PRIEST, Alexis, Comte de (1805-1851). Son of the Comte de Saint-Priest, Governor of Odessa, and of a Princess Galitzin. He did not come to France till 1822, when he attracted much notice owing to his literary tastes. An intimate friend of the Duc d'Orléans, he entered the diplomatic service in 1833 and became French Minister in Brazil, at Lisbon and Copenhagen. He was made a Peer of France in 1841, and a Member of the Académie française in 1849. He married Mlle. de La Guiche.

SALISBURY, Marchioness of (1750-1835). Mary Amelia, daughter of the Marquess of Devonshire. Married in 1773. She was burned to death in a fire at Hatfield House.

SALVANDY, Comte de (1795-1856). At first a soldier, he took part in the Campaigns of 1813 and 1814, retiring from the service at the Restoration, under which he held several posts at the Court of Louis XVIII. He resigned in 1823, and turned to literature. After 1830 he was elected Deputy and was Minister of Public Instruction 1837-1839, Ambassador at Madrid 1841, at Turin, 1843. From 1845 till 1848 he was again Minister of Public Instruction. In 1835 he was elected to the Académie française.

SAMPAÏO, Antonio Rodriguez (1806-1882). A Portuguese journalist and statesman, a consistent Liberal.

SAND, George (1804-1876). Aurore Dupin, Baroness Dudevant, one of the most celebrated authoresses of the nineteenth century.

SARAÏVA, Antonio Ribeira (1800-1890). A Portuguese diplomatist. Under Dom Miguel's Regency he was sent on a secret mission to Spain and England. He was a fanatical partisan of absolute power and did not return to Portugal after the fall of the Pretender but lived in London till his death.

SARMENTO, M. de. A Portuguese diplomatist, the representative of Dom Pedro in London at the Conferences after 1830.

SAUZET, Paul (1800-1877). A member of the Lyons bar. He was elected Deputy in 1834, and two years later was made Minister of Justice in the Thiers Cabinet.

SAXE, Maurice, Comte de (1695-1750). Marshal of France. He was natural son of Augustus II., Elector of Saxony, and the Countess Aurora von Koenigsmark. He covered himself with glory in the war of the Austrian Succession, and in recompense of his services King Louis XIV. gave him the Château of Chambord and 40,000 livres a year.

SAXE-MEININGEN, Bernard, Duke of (1800-1882). Brother of Queen Adelaide of England. In 1866 he abdicated in favour of his son, Duke George II.

SCHEFFER, Ary (1785-1858). A French painter whose family was of German origin. He was a great favourite of King Louis-Philippe and his family.

SÉBASTIANI DE LA PORTA, Marshal (1775-1851). A Corsican by birth, he distinguished himself with the army of Italy. In 1806 he was sent as Ambassador to Constantinople, where he made the Sultan Selim declare war on Russia, and directed the operations which compelled the British Fleet to repass the Dardanelles. After Waterloo he was one of the Commissaries appointed to treat for peace. Under Louis-Philippe he was Minister for Foreign Affairs, and afterwards Ambassador at Naples and London. He married Fanny de Coigny, who died in 1807 in giving birth to a daughter, who married the Duc de Praslin.

SEFTON, Lord (1772-1838). Made a Peer in 1831. He married in 1791 Maria Margaret, daughter of Lord Craven, who died in 1851.

SÉGUIER, Comte (1768-1848). An émigré during the Revolution. He returned in 1800 and, thanks to Cambacérès, he had a fine judicial career under the Empire. In 1815 Louis XVIII. made him a Peer of France, and appointed him to prosecute Marshal Ney. He rallied to Louis-Philippe in 1830.

SÉGUR, Louis-Philippe, Comte de (1753-1833). Took part in the American war in 1781. Was Ambassador at St. Petersburg. Lived by his pen during the Revolution, was afterwards called to the Corps Législatif by the First Consul and became Grand Master of the Ceremonies at the Imperial Court. He was a member of the Académie française from 1803, and Louis XVIII. made him a Peer.

SÉMONVILLE, Marquis de (1754-1839). He was charged with several foreign missions. A Peer of France in 1814, he was the first to receive the title of Grand Référendaire de la Cour des Pairs, a position which he did not resign till 1834.

SÉVIGNÉ, Marquise de (1626-1696). Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, one of the most distinguished women of the seventeenth century, famous for the letters which she wrote to her daughter Madame de Grignan. She married in 1644 the Marquis de Sévigné, who was killed in a duel, leaving her a widow at twenty-five.

SGRICCI, Thomas (1788-1836). A celebrated Italian improvisatore and a great scholar. He revealed his prodigious facility in versification at a masked ball, where in the costume of the Sibyl he delivered oracles in verse with an ease and promptitude which were much admired.

SHAFTESBURY, Cropley Ashley (1768-1851). A member of the House of Lords. He married Anne, daughter of the Duke of Marlborough.

SIDNEY, John Robert, Lord. Born 1805. Lord Chamberlain; married, in 1832, Lady Emily Caroline Paget, daughter of the Marquis of Anglesey.

SIDNEY, Sophia, Lady. Lady Sophia Fitzclarence, a natural daughter of William IV. of England. Married, in 1825, Philip Charles Sidney, Baron de l'Isle and Dudley.

SIEYÈS, Abbé (1748-1836). He was Vicar-General of Chartres, and one of the greatest politicians of his time. He made manifest the power of the Tiers État, and was the author of several of the most important measures of the Revolution. He was a member of the Conseil des Cinq Cents, and was made a Senator and a Count by Napoleon.

SOBIESKI, John III., King of Poland (1629-1696). One of the national heroes of his country; he conquered the Turks and delivered Vienna when besieged by Kara Mustapha.

SOMERSET, Duke of (1773-1855). Edward Saint Maur, Baron Seymour. He married Lady Hamilton.

SOPHIA OF ENGLAND, Princess (1777-1848). One of the daughters of George III. of England. She died unmarried.

SOULT, Nicholas Jean de Dieu (1769-1852). He took part in all the Campaigns of the Revolution and the Empire. After the taking of Königsberg, he was made Duc de Dalmatie. Exiled by the Second Restoration he attached himself to the Government of 1830, and was twice Minister of War, and President of the Council.

SPRING RICE, Sir Thomas (1790-1866). He was raised to the Peerage in 1839, as Lord Monteagle of Brandon. He was Under Secretary of State for the Home Department in 1827, then Secretary to the Treasury, and in 1834, Secretary of State for the Colonies. In 1835 he became Chancellor of the Exchequer. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society, and of the Royal Astronomical Society.

STAËL, Madame de (1766-1817). Née Necker, famous for her talent and her banishment.

STAËL, Baronne de. Adelaïde Vernet, grand-daughter of the Swiss Professor Pictet. Married in 1826 Auguste, Baron de Staël, son of the famous Madame de Staël.

STANLEY, Edward Geoffrey (1799-1869). An English statesman better known as the Earl of Derby, to which title he succeeded in 1831. He was Under Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1827. Then (1830-1833) Chief Secretary for Ireland. As Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1833 he passed the Bill for the Emancipation of Slaves. In 1858 he pacified India and reorganised its administration. He married in 1825 the second daughter of Lord Skelmersdale.

STANLEY, Edward, Baron (1801-1869). Member of the British Parliament from 1831. He was Under Secretary of State, Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs, and Postmaster-General. He married in 1826 a daughter of Viscount Dillon.

STEVENS, Catherine (1794-1872). An English singer who was much admired. She appeared at Covent Garden, then at Drury Lane. She retired in 1815, and in 1838 married the Earl of Essex.

STRATFORD DE REDCLIFFE, Lord. Sir Stratford Canning (1788-1880). Cousin of the celebrated Canning and an English diplomatist. He was Minister Plenipotentiary in Switzerland, took part in the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and was Ambassador at Constantinople from 1851 till 1858, when he retired. He was created Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe.

STUART OF ROTHESAY, Lady (1789-1867). A daughter of Lord Hardwicke. She married in 1816.

SURREY, Earl of (1815-1860). Eldest son of the Duke of Norfolk. Elected to Parliament in 1837, where he posed as a zealous Catholic. In 1839 he married a daughter of Lord Lyons, and he became Duke of Norfolk on the death of his father in 1856.

SUSSEX, Augustus Frederick, Duke of (1773-1843). One of the sons of King George III. of England. He was Grand Master of Freemasons in that country.

SUCHET, Marie (1820-1835). Daughter of Marshal Suchet, Duc d'Albuféra. She was an intimate friend of Mlle. Pauline de Périgord, and died young.

SUTHERLAND, Duchess of, died 1868. Daughter of Lord Carlisle; she married the Duke of Sutherland in 1823. The Duchess was Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria.

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TAHMASP-KOULI-KHAN, NADIR SHAH, King of Persia (1688-1747). At first a camel driver and then a brigand. He entered the service of Tahmasp II., brought the affairs of that Prince into a most flourishing condition by defeating the Turks, and then deposed him. After an interval of regency, he caused himself to be proclaimed Shah of Persia. He reduced the Afghans, who had revolted, and attacked the Empire of the Great Mogul. He oppressed the Persians, who hated him, and he was killed by his own generals.

TALLEYRAND-PÉRIGORD, Cardinal de (1736-1821). Alexandre Angélique, second son of Daniel de Talleyrand-Périgord and Marie de Chamillart, Lady-in-Waiting to the Queen. He entered the Church, was made almoner to the King, Vicar-general of Verdun, and in 1766 coadjutor to the Archbishop of Rheims, whom he succeeded in 1777. Deputy to the States-General in 1789, he struggled against innovation and left the country. A councillor of Louis XVIII. at Mittau, Mouseigneur de Périgord became, in 1808, his grand almoner; his was the first name inscribed on the list of Peers in 1814, and in 1817 he obtained the Cardinal's hat and the Archbishopric of Paris.

TALLEYRAND, Prince de (1754-1838). Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, Prince of Benevento, Duc de Dino, a Peer, Grand Chamberlain of France, and a member of the Institut. Lame from birth he was destined for the Church, although the eldest of his family. A pupil of Saint-Sulpice, he completed his ecclesiastical studies there, and was at first known as the Abbé de Périgord. In 1788 he was Bishop of Autun; in 1789 a member of the States-General. Afterwards he was obliged to take refuge in America, from which he returned in 1797. He was made Minister for Foreign Affairs by the Directory, and for eight years directed the external policy of France. In his capacity of Vice-Grand Elector of the Empire he was able, in 1814, to convoke the Senate and proclaim the deposition of the Emperor. He represented Louis XVIII. at the Congress of Vienna. In 1830 Louis-Philippe appointed him Ambassador in London. The last act of his public life was the conclusion of the Quadruple Alliance between France, England, Spain and Portugal.

TALLEYRAND, Princesse de (1762-1835). Daughter of Captain Werlée of the navy and Laurence Allany. She was born on the Coromandel Coast of India, and at the age of fifteen she married at Calcutta a Civil Servant named George Grant; she was, however, divorced a year later. Towards 1780 Mrs. Grant sailed for Europe, and settled at Paris, where she married the Prince de Talleyrand in 1802. She separated from her husband and retired to Auteuil. She died in 1835 and was buried at Montparnasse with this inscription: "The widow of Mr. Grant, afterwards civilly married to the Prince de Talleyrand."

TALLEYRAND-PÉRIGORD, Baronne de (1800-1873). Charlotte-Alix-Sarah, wife of Baron Alexandre-Daniel de Talleyrand, Conseiller d'État, by whom she had three children.

TALLEYRAND-PÉRIGORD, Edmond, Comte de (1787-1872). Duc de Dino from 1817, and Duc de Talleyrand after the death of his father in 1838. He married in 1809 Princess Dorothea of Courlande. A brave officer and a good comrade, he was singled out for praise among the aides-de-camp of Major-General Berthier. He took part in the campaigns of the Grand Armée. He was Commander of the Order of Saint-Louis, Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of S. Ferdinand of Spain. He passed the last forty years of his life at Florence, where he died.

TALMA, François Joseph (1766-1826). A celebrated tragic actor much liked by Napoleon, who paid his debts more than once.

TANKERVILLE, Lady. Died 1865. Daughter of Antoine, Duc de Gramont. She married Lord Tankerville in 1806.

TAYLOR, Sir Herbert (1775-1839). At first an officer in the army, he became private secretary to his friend the Duke of York, and was transferred in the same capacity to the service of King George III. He was charged with several delicate missions in Sweden and Holland. He married a daughter of Edward Disbrowe.

TERCEIRA, Duke of, Marquis of Villaflor (1790-1860). A Portuguese General. He placed himself at the head of the partisans of Dom Pedro and helped him to expel Dom Miguel. He married as his second wife the daughter of the Marquis de Loulé.

TESTE, Jean Baptiste (1780-1852). A French jurisconsult. Deputy in 1831; a Liberal. In 1839 he became Minister of Justice, in 1840 of Public Works. In 1843 he was made a Peer of France and President of the Cour de Cassation, but the end of his life was saddened by a deplorable case in which he was compromised.

THIARD DE BUSSY, Comte de (1772-1852). A French General, Chamberlain to Napoleon in 1804. He accompanied him as aide-de-camp in the campaigns of 1805-1807, but afterwards retired. Louis XVIII. made him Maréchal de Camp. A Deputy in 1815, he sat almost without interruption until 1848, and then became for a year Minister in Switzerland.

THIERS, Adolphe (1797-1877). A French statesman and historian. He commenced his career in Paris as a journalist, founded the National in 1830, became Minister in 1832, and President of the Council in 1836 and 1840. As Deputy he vainly opposed the war of 1870. He was President of the Republic in 1871.

THIERS, Madame (1815-1880). Elise Dosne; she was only sixteen when she married M. Thiers, to whom she brought a large fortune.

THORWALDSEN, Bartholomew (1769-1844). A celebrated Danish sculptor. Son of a poor sailor in Copenhagen, he paid long visits to Italy, where he worked very hard. He founded a museum at Copenhagen, to which he left his immense fortune.

TORENO, José, Count (1786-1843). A Spanish statesman. A member of the Cortes from 1811, he procured the abolition of the Inquisition. He was made Finance Minister, then President of the Council with the portfolio of Foreign Affairs. He retired from public life in 1835.

TRÉVISE, Duc de. See MORTIER.

TULLEMORE, Lady. Died 1848. Sister of the Duke of Argyll. Married 1821.

TYSKIEWICZ, Princess (1765-1834). Maria Theresa, daughter of Prince Andrew Poniatowski, second brother of the King. She married Count Vincent Tyskiewicz, but kept her title of Princess. Her husband was Referendary of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Princess was a great friend of the Prince de Talleyrand. She almost always stayed at Valençay when in France, and is buried there.

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VALENÇAY, Duc de (1811-1898). Louis de Talleyrand-Périgord, Duc de Talleyrand et de Valençay, Duc de Sagan after the death of his mother; son of Edmond, Duc de Talleyrand, and Princess Dorothea of Courlande, Knight of the Golden Fleece of Spain and of the Black Eagle of Prussia. He married first in 1829 Alix, daughter of the Duc de Montmorency; then Countess Hatzfeld, daughter of Marshal de Castellane. The Duc de Valençay was the eldest son of the Duchesse de Dino.

VALENÇAY, Duchesse de (1810-1858). Alix, daughter of the Duc de Montmorency and Caroline de Matignon.

VALOIS, a French dynasty which came to the throne with Philip VI. in 1328 and ended with Henri III. in 1576.

VAN DYCK, Sir Antony (1599-1641). A Flemish painter, a pupil of Rubens. He travelled in Italy, Holland, France and England, where he went and settled on the invitation of Charles I.

VANTADOUR, Duchesse de (1799-1863). Daughter of Comte d'Aubusson la Feuillade and his first wife, Mlle. de Refouville. She married the Duc de Lévis et de Vantadour.

VAUDÉMONT, Princesse de (1763-1832). Elise Marie Colette de Montmorency Logny married in 1778 Prince Joseph de Vaudémont, of the House of Lorraine, who died in 1812. She was an intimate friend of M. de Talleyrand and was a good and clever woman who had retained many of the customs of the ancien régime.

VICTORIA, Queen (1819-1901). Daughter of the Duke of Kent, fourth son of George III., who died in 1820. She ascended the throne in 1837 on the death of her uncle William IV. In 1840 the young queen married her cousin Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.

VIENNET, Jean Guillaume (1777-1868). A French man of letters who was elected to the Academy in 1830.

VILLEMAIN, Abel François (1790-1870). A professor, author and politician. A member of the Académie française from 1822 and a Peer of France. He was twice Minister of Public Instruction and from 1835 was Perpetual Secretary of the Académie.

VISCONTI-AYMI, Marchesa, died 1831 at Paris. Née Carcano. She belonged to the most elegant society of Milan in the days of the vice-royalty of Eugène de Beauharnais. She married first the Comte Sopranzi by whom she had a son who was aide-de-camp to Marshal Berthier, a great friend of hers.

VITROLLES, Eugène d'Arnaud, Baron de (1774-1854). Served in Condé's Army, was appointed Minister of State in 1814, but was so violent that Louis XVIII. dismissed him. At his accession Charles X. made him Ambassador at Turin. In 1795 he married Mlle. de Folleville.

VIVONNE, Louis Victor de Rochechouart, Comte de (1636-1688). Afterwards Duc de Mortemart, and a Marshal of France. He enjoyed rapid promotion owing to the influence of his sister, Madame de Montespan. He was celebrated for his wit, his epigrams and his corpulence.

VOGÜÉ, Charles, Comte de. He married Mlle. de Béranger, and was a brother of the Marquis de Vogüé.

VOLTAIRE, M. de (1694-1778). François Marie Arouet de Voltaire, son of a treasurer of the Chambre des Comptes. He exercised an immense influence on the literature and philosophy of the eighteenth century.

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WARD, Sir Henry George (1798-1860). Son-in-law of Lord Grey, entered the British Diplomatic Service in 1816 as Attaché at Stockholm, a position he also occupied at The Hague and Madrid. He entered Parliament in 1832 and was made Commissioner for the Ionian Islands in 1849. From 1856 until his death he was Governor of Ceylon.

WARWICK, Guy, Earl of, died 1471. Surnamed the King-maker. Brother of Richard of York, he urged him to make good his claim to the Crown, then he caused Edward IV. to be proclaimed, and finally set Henry VI. on the throne and procured the Regency for himself.

WARWICK, Earl of (1779-1853). Henry Richard Greville, Lord Brooke. Through the female line he was descended from the ancient family of Beauchamp.

WARWICK, Lady, died 1851. Married first Lord Monson, and secondly the Earl of Warwick.

WEIMAR, Charles Bernard, Duke of (1792-1862). A general in the service of the Netherlands. He married in 1815 Ida, Princess of Saxe-Meiningen, Sister of Queen Adelaide. His son Prince Edward of Weimar entered the British service.

WELLESLEY, Marquess (1760-1842). Richard, Earl of Mornington, elder brother of the Duke of Wellington. Governor-General of India in 1797, he became Minister for Foreign Affairs in 1810 and Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in 1822.

WELLINGTON, Duke of (1769-1852). Third son of Viscount Wellesley, Earl of Mornington, served in 1797 in the Indian army, returned to England in 1805. Commanded the British army in the Peninsula and conquered Napoleon at Waterloo. He was a member of several Ministries.

WERTHER, Wilhelm, Baron von (1772-1859). A Prussian diplomatist. Was Minister at Paris (1824-1837) and Minister for Foreign Affairs at Berlin (1837-1841). He married Sophia, Countess Sandizell, a Bavarian lady who died in 1853.

WESSENBERG, Ampringen, Baron (1773-1858). An Austrian diplomatist, was a member of the Conferences at London in 1830, and in 1848 was for a short time Minister for Foreign Affairs.

WEYER, Sylvan van de (1803-1874). A Belgian statesman and man of letters. He was charged with an important mission to London, and succeeded in obtaining the acceptance of the proposition to summon a Conference in London to settle the new Belgian constitution, and the recognition of Prince Leopold of Coburg as King of the Belgians. In 1845 he was recalled to preside over the Cabinet, and in 1846 again became Ambassador in London till 1867, when he retired from public life.

WILLIAM II., King of the Netherlands (1792-1849). Married in 1818 Anna Paulowna, daughter of the Czar Paul of Russia, and had a peaceful and prosperous reign.

WILLIAM IV., King of England (1765-1837). He ascended the throne at the age of sixty-five, succeeding his brother, George IV. He reigned from 1830 to 1837. He married in 1818 Adelaide, daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen.

WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR, or the Bastard, Duke of Normandy and King of England (1027-1087). He conquered England in 1066, and strongly organised his kingdom by creating a feudal nobility.

WILLIAM TELL. Died 1354. One of the leaders of the revolt which freed Switzerland in 1307.

WILLOUGHBY COTTON, Sir Henry (1796-1865). A Member of the House of Commons.

WINCHELSEA, Lord (1791-1858). George William Hatton. His first wife was a daughter of the Duke of Montrose. In 1829 he had a famous duel with the Duke of Wellington. The Duke missed his adversary, and Lord Winchelsea fired in the air.

WORONZOFF, Countess. Died in 1832 in London. Catherine Siniavin, wife of General Woronzoff.

WÜRTEMBERG, King of (1781-1864). William I. succeeded to the throne in 1816. He married, first, the Grand Duchess Catherine of Russia, and secondly, his cousin, the Duchess Pauline of Würtemberg.

WÜRTEMBERG, Princess Maria of (1816-1863). Daughter of King William I. She married in 1840 Major-General Count Neipperg.

WÜRTEMBERG, Princess Sophia of (1818-1877). Sister of the foregoing. Married in 1839 William III., King of the Netherlands.

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YARBOROUGH, Lord (1812-1851). An officer of the Royal Household in 1831.

YORK, Duke of (1763-1827). Brother of King George IV. and King William IV. He married Princess Frederica of Prussia.

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ZEA BERMEDEZ, Don Francisco (1772-1850). A Spanish diplomatist. Chargé d'Affaires at St. Petersburg 1809-1820, afterwards Ambassador at Constantinople. In 1824 he was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs; in 1825 was Ambassador at Dresden; and from 1828 till 1833 Ambassador in London. From 1834 he almost constantly lived in Paris, where he died.

ZEA BERMEDEZ, Madame, wife of the foregoing. She was very popular in Society, owing to her distinction and amiability. She was born at Malaga.

ZUMALACARREGUY, Thomas (1789-1835). A Spanish general in command of the Royal Guard at the death of Ferdinand VII. He resigned his appointment and declared for Don Carlos, and waged a terrible war on the followers of Queen Christina.

ZUYLEN VAN NYEVELT, Baron Hugo (1781-1853). A Dutch statesman. He took an active part in his country's efforts to shake off the rule of Napoleon I. He was Ambassador at Paris, Madrid, Stockholm, and Constantinople. He returned to The Hague in 1829, and was very active in 1830, on the occasion of the Belgian Revolution. He was afterwards sent with Falk to the Conference of London. From 1833 till 1848 he held several portfolios, and soon after the latter date retired into private life.