Index

ABU LUBABAH, 33

Acqui, Jacapo of, 66, 182

Acre, 51, 53

Adrianople, 7, 42

Adriatic, 39, 41, 42, 63, 179

Aegean, 42, 179

Aelfric, Colloquium, 174, 175

Agnes, Dame, see Beguine

Aldgate, 121

Alexander, 54

Alexandria, 40, 42

Alnwick, William, Bishop of Lincoln, 77, 184

Ambrose, 9

Andaman Islands, 69, 70

Anglia, East, 153, 156

Antilha, Antilles, 72, 183

Antwerp, 121, 145, 147

Arab, Arabia, 43, 47, 61, 171

Ararat, Mount, 54

Aretino, Pietro, 180

Arghun, Khan of Persia, 60, 61

Armenia, 42, 49, 53, 179

Arnold, Matthew, 51

Arras, 147

Asia: Central, 40, 49, 50, 51, 54, 67, 71, 72; Minor, 49

Attila, 8, 49

Audley, Lady, 91

Augustine, St, 9, 175

Augustus, 3

Ausonius, 5 ff; his country estate, 6 ff; his friends, 6 ff; and University of Bordeaux, 5

Austin Friars, 93

Auvergne, 5 ff

Bacon, Francis, 122

Badakhshan, 43, 54, 67

Bagdad, 43, 54

Baku, 54

Bale: Peter, 131; Wyllikyn, 131

Balk, 54

Ballard: James, 127; Jane, 127

Balms (Bammers, Bamis, Bammys) Mart, 147, 193

Barbarians, 1-17

Babarian invasions, 7

Bardi, 71

Barton, John, of Holme, 138

Base, Jacob van de, 149

Bath, Wife of, 84, 104, 118, 152

Bayard, 138

Bays and Says, 172

Beauchamp St Pauls, 169, 170

Becerillo, 33

Beguine, Dame Agnes the, 107, 116, 117

Bellela, see Polo

Benedict, St, 81, 82, 184

Betson: Agnes, Alice, Elizabeth, John, Thomas (the younger), 150; Katherine, see Riche

Betson, Thomas; Chap VI passim, 158; children of, 150; death of, 150; illness of, 133-5; letters of, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 189; member of Fishmongers Company, 150; partnership with Sir W. Stonor, 125, 137; will of, 134, 150, 194

Bevice, Mistress, 134

Bishops' registers, 74, 75, 76, 78, 183

Bicorne, 104

Black Death, 108, 109

Black Prince, 19

Black Sea, 40, 42, 50, 71

Blakey, Sir Roger, 127

Booking, 154

Bodo, Chap II passim, 18-38, 174-5, 198

Bokhara, 51, 52

Bolgana, wife of Khan of Persia, 60

Bordeaux, Burdews, 142; University of, 6

Bordelais, the, 6, 7

Brabant, 146, 148

Brad well, 140

Brasses, 123, 136, 151, 155, 156, 157, 159, 190, 195

Braunch, Robert, 156

Brenner Pass, 40

Brescia, Albertano de, 99

Breten, Will, 137

Brews, Margery, 125-6

Bridge, John, 119

Briggs, Henry, 169

Brightlingsea, 140

Brinkley, 135

Brittany, 147

Broadway, Whyte of, 137

Brogger, 137

Bruges, 121, 122, 145, 147, 178

Bruyant, Jean, 100

Bucephalus, 54

Buddha, 59

Bullinger, Henry, 165

Burgundy, Dukes of, 114, 148

Burma, 57, 67

Bury, 15

Busshe, John, 137

Buxton: Charles, Isaac, Samuel, Thomas, William, 197; Mr Noel, 195

Byzantium, see Constantinople

Caffa, 42

Calais, 121, 125, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 150, 200

Cambaluc (see Peking), 57, 59, 60, 61, 67

Cambrensis, Giraldus, 176

Canale, Martino da, 43-5, 48, 50, 177, 179, 180

Candia, 42

Canterbury, 74

Canterbury Tales, 74, 75, 91, 183, 186

Canton, 70

Ca' Polo, 62, 63

Carrara, Francesco, 179

Carsy, Anthony, 149

Caspian Sea, 40, 54

Cassiodorus, 39, 180

Castro, Diego da, 149

Cathay (see also China), 47, 50, 58, 70, 71, 72, 178

Caucasus, 49, 180

Cely: family of wood merchants, 137-47 passim; George, 125, 137, 138, 142, 147; Richard, 125, 137, 138, 142; William, 125, 138, 142, 149

Cely papers, 125, 137, 142, 145, 147, 148, 189

Ceylon, 43, 47, 61, 70

Chagatai, Khan of, 51

Chao Mêng-fu, 59, 182, 198

Chao Yung, 59

Charlemagne, 2, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 74, 176

Charms (see also superstition), 27-9, 100, 116, 175

Châtelet, 100

Chaucer, 26, 43, 74, 75, 81, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 99, 104, 112, 119, 138, 142, 148, 152, 183

Chelmsford, 168

Chesne, Jean du, 114

Chichevache, 104

Chi'en Hsüan, 59

Child-marriages, 126-7, 190

Chilperic, King, 2, 13

Chilterns, 125

China (see also Cathay), 43, 46-50, 52, 57-61, 66, 67-70, 178, 180, 181

Chioggia, War of, 179

Church, attitude to: child marriages, 126, 190; convent pets, 91; dancing, 30, 31, 88; decline of Roman Empire, 9; monastic intercourse with the world, 92, 93; nuns' dowries, 78; superstition, 28, 29, 30; attack on worldliness of, 74; bequests to (see also Wills), 151,

168; brasses in, see brasses; councils of, 174

Churches of: Barking, All Hallows, 123, 151; Beauchamp St Pauls, 168; Bradwell, 168; Calais, Our Lady, 151; Chipping Campden, 123; Chipping Norton, 123; Cirencester, 123, 157; Clare, 164, 168; Coggeshall, St Peter ad Vincula, 157, 159, 168, 172, 195; Constantinople, St Sophia, 41; East Anglia, 159; Lechlade, 123; London, St Olave's, 124; Linwood, 123, 190; Markswell, 168; Newbury, 163; Newland, 157; Northleach, 136, 157; Ovington, 168; Pattiswick, 168; Peking, 71; Poslingford, 168; Stoke Nayland, 168; Venice, St Mark's, 41, 44, 46, 60, 66, 179

Cipangu (Japan), 72, 183

Cistercian, Citeaux, 83, 136

Clare, 154, 164, 168, 178

Clarke, Thomas, 144

Cloth, see Chapter VII passim, 195; capitalism in industry, 164; Coxall's whites, 178, 197; growth of English manufacture of, 122-3; makers of, 120, 161; merchants of, see Merchants, Paycocke, Staple; processes in manufacture, 153, 154, 161, 164; where made, 122-3, 154, 155

Cochin China, 57, 67

Coggeshall, see Chapter VII passim, 154, 155, 159, 160, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172

Coinage, debasement and rates of exchange of, 148

Coins: crown, new and old, of France, 148; David, of Utrecht, 148; Falewe, of Utrecht, 148; florin, Rhenau, 148; groat, Carolus, Hettinus, Limburg, of Milan, of Nimueguen, 148, 149; Venetian, 48; guilder, Andrew (of Scotland), Arnoldus (of Gueldres) Rhenish, 148, 149; Lewe, Louis d'or, 148; noble, 148; Philippus (Philipe d'or) of Brabant, 148; Plaques, of Utrecht, 148; Postlate, 148; Rider, Scots, of Burgundy, 148; Ryall, English, 148; Setiller, 148

Colchester, 140, 154, 168

Cold Mart, 147, 193

Coleridge, 57

Colne, curate of, 127

Cologne, 148

Coloni, 21-2

Columbina, The (Seville), 183

Columbus, 71, 183

Company: East India ('John Company'), 156; Fishmongers, 150; Haberdashers, 151; Mercers, 149; Merchant Adventurers, 122; Staplers. Chapter VI passim

Compline, 79, 82

Consrater, 168

Constantinople (see Byzantium), 41, 42, 46, 50, 51, 62

Convent, see Nunneries

Cookery, Medieval, 100, 112-17, 186

Corea, 49

Corte Milioni, 63

Cotswolds, 123, 125, 129, 136, 137, 138, 145, 147, 150

Cotton, Ann, 166

Court Rolls, 26

Coverdale, 165

Coxall, see Coggeshall

Coxall's Whites, 178, 197

Crimea, 42, 50

Croke, Mistress, 129

Crusader, Crusades, 41, 157

Dalmatia, 41, 42

Dalton, William, 141, 144

Damaghan, 180

Dancing: at clothier's wedding, 165; Church's attitude to, 30, 31, 88; in churchyard, 30, 31; of dancers of Kölbigk, 30, 176; of nun at Northampton, 93

Dandolo, Doge, Enrico, 41

Danube, River, 49

Danyell, John, 141

Dardanelles, 40

Dean, Forest of, 157

Decasoun, Benynge, 149

Dedham, 154

Defoe, 152, 167

Defuye, Gabriel, 149

Deloney, Thomas, 160, 163-4, 165, 167, 195

Delowppys, John, 149

Denys, St, Abbey of, 36; fair of, 36, 37

Destermer, John, 137

Dogs, 33, 90, 91, 103, 117, 147, 156

Dogaressa, 45

Doges, 42, 44-6, 63, 179

Dolman, Thomas, 161

Domesday Book, 20

Dominic, Dominican, 53, 66

Don, River, 180

Donata, see Polo

Doria, Lamba, 63

Edith, St, 176

Edward II, 75

Edward III, 19, 75

Eglentyne, Madame (see Chapter IV passim), see also Nunnery, Prioress

Egypt, 40, 42

Einhard, 31, 32, 33, 174, 175

Elias, Master, 114, 116

Elizabeth, Queen, 120

Elmes, John, of Henley, 137, 156

England, 40, 121, 122, 123, 147, 152, 153, 155, 163

Ermentrude, wife of Bodo, 24-38, 175

Ermoin, 24

Eryke, Robert, 143

Essex, 140, 154, 168, 172, 197

Euric, King, 10

Ewen, Robert, 142

Exchange, rates of, 148-9

Exeter: Bishop of, 75, 184; Canons of, 82

Fairs, 36, 37, 147, 193. See Marts

Fantina, see Polo

Felmersham, wife of, 87

Fisc, 20

Flanders, 40, 121, 122, 123, 139, 142, 145, 150, 178

Flemings, 138, 145, 146, 147

Flodden Field, 163

Florence, 71, 145

Fo-Kien, 58

Fondaco, 71

Fortey: John, 123; Thomas, 123

Fortunatus, 12 ff

Frambert, 24

France, French, 40, 42, 50, 78, 79, 108; see also Gaul

Franciscan: convents, 71; friars, 49, 70, 71; nuns, 129; tertiaries, 107

Franks, 12 ff, 27

Fredegond, 13

Friars: Austin, 93; of Chelmsford, 168; of Clare, 168; Crutched, of Colchester, 168; Franciscan, 49, 50; of Maldon, 168; of Sudbury, 168

Frisia, 37

Fuller, Thomas, 154, 162

Fyldes, Welther, 141

Gallo-Roman civilization, 5 ff

Games, medieval, 168, 187

Gall, Monk of St, 32, 33, 174, 176

Gascon, 147

Gaul, 5 ff

Genoa, 42, 63, 64, 145, 149, 179, 182

Georgia, 49

Germain des Pres, Abbey of, 19-23, 27-8, 174

Germans, Germany, 2, 4, 5, 7, 14, 40, 42

Gerbert, 23, 33

Ghent, 122

Gibraltar, 40

Gilds (see also Companies); procession of, at Venice, 45, 48; restrictions of, 153

Gloucestershire, 136

Gobi, Desert of, 55

Goës, Benedict, 54

Golconda, 43

Golden Horde, 49, 50

Gooday (Coggeshall family), 159, 166

Goths, 7, 8

Gower, 123, 144, 190

Graunger, Thomas, 141, 144

Greece, 42

Gregory X, 53

Gregory of Tours, 12 ff

Grève, Place de, 114

Grevel (Greville) William, 123

Griselda, 100, 104, 105, 118, 119

Groat (see Coins), 48, 123, 148, 149

Guelder, Guilder, Gulden (see Coins), 123, 148, 149

Guntrum, King, 13

Hainault, Philippa of, 75

Halitgart, 175

Halstead, 154

Hangchow (see also Kinsai), 45-8, 57, 61, 70, 71, 180

Hansard, 147

Haroun el Raschid, 33

Hautecourt, wedding of, 114

Hedin, Sven, 67

Henham, Thomas, 135, 140, 143, 145, 151

Henley, see Elmes, John

Henry VIII, 93, 120, 148

Heptameron, 187

Hildegard, 23, 24

Hiwen Thsang, 67

Hoangho, River, 47

Holake, see Howlake

Holme, see Barton, John

Holy Roman Emperor, 40, 42

Hormuz, 54

Horrold: Margaret, 166; Thomas, 166

House of Lords, 120

Howlake, Thomas, 140, 145

Hugh, St, Tale of, 94

Hull, 140, 141

Hun, 8, 49

Hungarian, 42, 49

Hundred Years War, 19, 155

Huntington, Ellsworth, 67

India, 47, 54, 57, 61, 70

Indian Ocean, 54

Indies, 43, 47

Indo-China, 43, 47, 49

Inns: the 'Dragon' (Coggeshall), 154; the 'Tabard' (Southwark), 78; the 'Woolpack' (Coggeshall), 154

Ipswich, 143

Irminon, Abbot of St Germain des Pres, Estate book of, 19-25, 26, 28, 174

Islam, 71

Isomachus, 96, 97

Italy, Italian, 70; see also Florence, Genoa, Venice, etc.

Jamui, Queen of Kublai Khan, 61

Japan, 67

Java, 49, 67

Jerusalem, 41, 53

Jews, 13, 37

Johnson, Doctor, 156

Judea, 37

Julian the Apostate, 2, 7

Justices, itinerant, 35, 36

Karakorum, 50, 57

Kashgar, 54

Kerman, 54

Khan: of Central Asia, 50; of Kipchak, 51; of Persia, 51, 52, (see also Mangu, Kublai)

Khorassan, 54

Khotan, 54, 67

Kinsai (see also Hangchow), 45-8, 57, 59, 181

Kipchak, 51, 61

Kölbigk, dancers of, 30, 176

Kuan, 59

Kublai Khan, 52, 53, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 71

Lagny, Abbot of, 114

Lajazzo, 54

Lamberton, see Turbot, Robert

Lancaster, Thomas of, 75

Langland, 26, 118

Laos, 67

Lauds, 79

Leadenhall, 140

Letters, see Cely, Paston, Plumpton, Stonor

Levant, 40, 42, 47, 48

Libelle of Englyshe Policye, 146, 189

Lincoln, 77, 89

Linwood, 123, 190

Lob, lake, 54

Lokyngton, John, 141

Lollington, John, 136, 141

Lombard, Peter, 119

Lombards, the, 42, 138, 139, 149

Lombard Street, 149

Lombardy, 37

London, 123, 129, 130, 137, 138, 140, 141, 142, 143, 149

Louens, Renault de, 99

Louis, St, 36; the Pious, 30, 31

Louvain, 147

Lucca, 147

Lucolongo, Peter, of 71

Ludgater, Robert, 197

Lyndeshay, 137

Lyndwood (Lyndewode): John, 123, 190; William, 126

Lyndys, William, 141

Lynn, 156, 159

Lyons, 10

Madagascar, 43, 70

Maidstone, 140, 141, 142

Major, see Steward

Malabar, 43, 47, 57

Maldon, 168

Manchuria, 49

Manji, 43, 61

Mangu Khan, 49

Mann, John, 170

Manor, see Bodo, 150

Manse, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25

Mansi. See Manji

Marcus Aurelius, 2, 3, 4

Marignolli, John, 70

Marino Faliero, 63

Mark Lane, 140, 150

Markshall, 168

Marmora, Sea of, 42

Marts, 147, 150, 193, See Fairs

Mass, 44, 71, 80, 99, 117

Matins, 79, 82

Mechlin, 122

Mediterranean, 15, 42, 43

Medway, 140, 142

'Meg', a hawk, 138

Melaria, 64

Melibeus and Prudence, 99, 186

Ménagier de Paris, Chap. V passim 127, 185; on accounts, 188; on cookery, 100, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 186; on deportment, 99, 102-3, 116; on duty to husband, 99, 101, 103-7, 118; on extermination of insects, in, 112; on games, 101, 117, 187; on garments and household linen, 98, 99, 102, 111, 112, 117, 188; on management of farm, 100; on servants, 100, 102, 107-111, 114, 115, 117, 118; on wife's second marriage, 98, 114

Mercers, 149

Merchant Adventurers, 122, 193

Merchant: Arab, 47; Chinese, 46, 47, 58, 71; English, see Betson, Company Merchant Adventurers, Paycocke, Staple; Indian, 47; Italian, 149; Roman, 1 ff; Spanish, 149; Venetian, see Venice, trade of, marks of, 153, 157, 158, 159; repair of roads by, 169

Merovingian, 13

Meung, Jean de, 99

Middleburgh, 142

Middle classes: growth of, 158; houses of, 158, 159; ménagier as type of, 158

Midwinter, William, 136, 137

Milhall, 140

Milton, 140

Minoresses, 129

Minstrels, 31, 32, 38

Missi dominici, see Justices

Money, see Coins

Mongol, 58, 60, 178, 182

Mongolia, 49, 55, 57, 67

Monte Corvino, John of, 70

Montfort, Simon de, 75

More, Lewis, 149

Moreta. See Polo

Moslem, 42, 49

Mosul, 54

Myroure of Our Ladye, 83, 185

Navarre, Margaret of, 187

Navy: Genoese, 42, 63; Vandal, 15; Venetian, 45, 64

Nestorian, 49, 182

Netherlands, 122, 123, 152

Newark, 138

Newbury, 161; Jack of (John Winchcomb), 152, 162, 163-4, 195

Newhithe, 141

Nicobar, 70

Nile, 40

None, 79

Norman, Normandy, 155

Northampton, 93, 141

Northleach, 123, 136, 137, 138

Norwich, 154

Nunneries, Chap. IV passim, and 129, 184; of Minoresses, 129; at Stainfield, 82; of Syon, 83; of Wilton, 176; bishops' visits to, 76-8; Chaucer's sources for study of, 74; dissolution of, 78, 93; fashions in, 88, 89; management of, 85-7; mentioned in wills, 157; paying guests in, 87, 91; pets in, 90, 91; schoolgirls in, 80, 92; silence hours in, 80; sources for study of, 184

Nuns (see Eglentyne, Nunneries, Prioress, Chap. IV passim), 200; clothes of, 88, 89; complaints of, to bishop, 76-8, 85, 92; dowries of, 78-9; intercourse of, with the world, 92-4; meals of, 79; offices of, 79; periods of silence of, 80; pets of, 90, 91; recreations of, 88; work of, 80

Orewelle (Orwell), 142

Orleans, Bishop of, 35

Orosius, 9

Ovington, 169, 170

Ovis Poli, 54

Oxbridge, Goddard, 140

Oxus, River, 51, 54

Paris, 23, 36, 73, 100, 107, 108, 114

Parliament, 190

Pask (Pasche) Mart, 147, 193

Paston, John, 126; Letters, 125, 190

Pattiswick, 168

Paulinus, St, of Nela, 5

Paycocke: Emma, 166; John, 157, 165; John, jun., 166; Margaret, 165, 166; Robert, 166; Robert, jun., 166; Thomas, jun., 157; Thomas, Chap. VII passim, see also Cloth; bequests of, 168, see Will of; brasses of family of, 157, 195; burial ceremonies of, 171-2; character of, 167; child of, 166, 171; consrater of Crutched Friars, 168; death of, 166, 171; friends of, 168; house of, 156, 158, 165, 170, 195, 200; merchant mark of, 158, 159; repairs roads, 169; second wife of, 166, 169, 171; wedding of, 165; will of, 157, 158, 159, 166, 167, 168, 169, 195, 196

Pegolotti, Francis Balducci, 71

Peking (see also Cambaluc, China, Polo), 49, 57, 60, 71; ambassadors sent to, 60; Archbishop of, 70; description of, by Oderic of Pordenone, 70; papal legate, to, 70; Tartar rule in, 49

Pembroke, William, Earl of, 99

Perpendicular architecture, 152, 155, 159

Perpoint, Thomas, 161

Persia, 40, 42, 49, 51, 54, 61, 67

Peter the Tartar, 66

Petrarch, 100, 179, 180

Piacenza, Tebaldo di, 53

Pian da Carpine (see Piano Carpini)

Pierre an Lait, 114

Piers Plowman, 84, 169

Pilgrims' Way, 140

Piano Carpini, John of, 50, 181

Pleasant History of Jack of Newbury, 162, 195

Plumpton Letters, 190

Polo: Bellela, Donata, Fantina, Moreta, 65, Maffeo, 50-7, Marco, see Chap. III passim, 177, Kublai Khan; attendant on Khan, 55; book of, 54 ff, 63,

67, 185, 198; death of, 66; departure from China of, 60; father of (see ), 50-75; governor of Yangchow, 57, 182; interest in Tartars, 48-50; journeys of, 54-62, 181; mention of, in Venetian records, 65; nicknamed Il Milione, 63; prisoner of Genoese, 64-5; released by Genoese, 65; return to Venice of, 62; sent on mission by Khan, 57; stories of, about Khan, 64-6; uncle of, 50-7, 181; wife and family, 65, Nicolo, 50-71

Polyptychum, 174

Pope, 40, 41, 50, 52, 53, 70, 93

Pordenone, Ordoric of, 58, 70, 180

Porte-de-Paris, 114

Prester John, 49, 181

Prioress, see Eglentyne, Nunneries, Nuns, Chap. IV passim, 183; in bishop's registers, 74-8; clothes of, 88, 89, 90; complaints by nuns of, 76-8, 85, 92; entertainment of visitors by, 86, 87; intercourse of, with world, 92, 93-4; pets of, 90, 91; treatment of nuns by, 84; work of, 85, 86, 87, 92

Prime, 79

Prologue: of Canterbury Tales, 73-4, 89, 94, 95, 113, 130, 142, 186; of Ménagier de Paris, 97

Quentin, la'Quentine, Jehanne, 105, 187

Quincey, de, 26, 175

Rade, Daniel and Peter van de, 145

Ragenold, 24

Rainham, 140, 141

Ramsbotham, Elizabeth, 127

Ramusio, 62, 182

Raynold, John, 149

Reading, Thomas of, 152, 195

Reformation, 30, 170

Remy, Saint, 147

Renault de Louens, 99

Revolution, Industrial, 120, 154, 120

Reyner, 169

Rialto, 43, 64

Ricimer, 8

Riche: Anne, 130; Elizabeth, 125, see Stonor, Elizabeth, Jane, 131, 135; Katherine, 126-33, 140, 150, 151

Rigmarden, John, 127

Roman: civilization, 2; Emperor 1-17; villa, 3, 6, 155

Roman de la Rose, 99

Rome, Chap. I passim, 46, 87, 155

Roman Empire, 1-17, 27, 42, 155, decline of, 1-17; reasons for disintegration of, 14-17; trade of, 1 ff

Romsey Abbey, 91

Rotherhithe, 140

Rouen, 37

Round Table, 32, 65

Rubruck, William of, 50, 54, 181

Rumania, 42

Rumney wine, 131

Russell, Richard, 137

Russia, 42, 49

Rusticiano, 64, 65, 182

Salvian of Marseilles, 8

St Gothard Pass, 40

St Sophia, 42

Saleby, Grace de, 127

Samarcand, 50

Sanly, Peter, 149

Sandwich, 143

Sext, 79

Shalford, 154

Shandu, Xanadu, 57

Shansi, 56, 59

Shensi, 47, 56

Ships, 136, 140, 142, 143, 192; masters of, 141, 142; names of, 136, 141-3

Siam, 67

Siberia, 49, 70

Sicily, 42

Sidonius Apollinaris, 5, 8 ff; and his villa, 9; and siege of Clermont, 10 ff

Socrates, 96

Sohrab and Rustum, 51

Soldaia, 50

Somerset House, 150, 155

Sordyvale, William, 134

Spain, Spaniards, Spanish, 37, 122

spices, 47, 48

Spice Islands, 70

Spooner, Thomas, 170

Stainfield, 82

Stamford, 144

Staple, Chap. VI passim, see Betson, merchant; banking facilities of, 148; benefits of, 121, 122; brasses of merchants of, 123, 156; business of merchants of, 120-51; competition of, with Merchant Adventurers, 122; history of company of, 189; location of, 121; Merchants of the, Chap. VI passim; organization of, 121; regulations of, 121, 139, 140, 144, 145; wills of merchants of, 123; see also Betson, Wills

Starkey, Humphrey, 134

Stein, Sir Aurel, 67

Stepney, 135

Steward: Charlemagne's instructions to, 19, 22, 24, 36; Master John the, 100, 108-9, 115-16; of Villaris, 20, 21, 22-4

Stoke Nayland, 168

Stonor: Dame Elizabeth, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135; Humphrey, 160; Letters, 125, 136, 145, 189; Sir William, 125, 129-30, 134, 136 145

Strabant, Gynott, 149

Stratford-Atte-Bowe, 73, 78

Strossy, Marcy, 149

Suchow, Sugui, 48, 51, 64

Sudbury, 154

Suffolk, 153

Sugui, see Suchow

Sumatra, 61, 63, 67

Sung dynasty, 46, 59, 61

Superstition (see Charms), 27-9, 175

Symmachus, 5, 6

Synxon (Synchon) Mart, 147, 193

Syon Abbey, 83

Syria, 37, 40-2

Szechuen, 56

Tabriz, 62

Tacitus, 4

Tana, 71

Tangut, 55, 57, 59, 63

Tartar(s), 49-52, 57, 62, 66-71, 178, see also Marco Polo; attitude of West to, 49; embassy of, 52; fall of dynasty of, 71; modern books on, 178; Peter the, 66; power of, 49; princess, 61, 70; slaves, 66

Tartary, 49, 50, 63

Tate, John, 134, 137

Taylor, Robert, 160

Templars, 53

Temyngton, 144.

Testamenta Eboracensia, 157, 154, 191, 196

Thames, 156

Theodulf, Bishop of Orleans, 35

Tibet, 43, 47, 49, 57, 66, 67

Tiepolo, Doge Lorenzo, 44, 45, 50

Tierce, 79

Timochain, 61, 180

Tittivillus, 83-4

Torneys, Robert, 144

Trade, see Merchant

Trebizond, 40, 42, 62

Tripoli, 42

Turbot, Robert of Lamberton, 137

Turcomania, 54

Turkestan, 49

Tuscan, 42

Tyre, 40, 42

Udine, 70

Underbay, 137 f

Uppcher, Margaret and Robert, 166

Vandals, 15

Venice: Venetian, 39-44, 44-8, 51, 53, 62-5, 70, 71, 145, 177-8; Cassiodorus on, 39; Chronicler of, see Canale, Martino da; Doge of, 4, 44-6, 63; excommunication of, 41; history of, 39-46, 50, 178;

merchants of, at Hangchow, 70, 71; modern works on, 177; Polos' return to, 53, 63; procession of gilds in, 45, 48, 50; records of, 65; rivalry of, with Genoa, 42, 63-4; trade of, 37, 40, 41, 42-3, 47, 70, 145, 178; wedding of, with sea, 40, 41; wool dealers of, 145

Vespers, 79

Villaris, 23, 24, 25

Villicus, see Steward

Villein, Villeinage, 19, 21, 158

Visigoths, 10

Walberswick, 140

Walpole, 156

Wang Wei, 182

Way of Poverty and Wealth, 100

Wedding feasts, 115-16, 164-5

Welbech, William, 151

West: Riding, 167; Street, Coggeshall, 170, 171, 172

Whyte of Broadway, 137

Wido (see also Bodo), 23, 27, 29, 33

Wilkins (Wylkyns) Henry, 140

William I, 20

Wills: of John Barton of Holme, 191; of Thomas Betson, 134, 151, 194; of bishops, 158; of Paycockes, 157, 166-9, 195, 196; of villeins, 158; general sources for, 157, 191, 196

Wilton, 176

Winchester, St Mary's, Abbess of, 86

Winchcomb, John (see Jack of Newbury)

Wood, Lieutenant John, 54

Wool (see Betson, Cely, Merchant, Staple); export of, 122, 123; Gower on, 123, 144; inspection of, 144; lives of merchants of, 151, (see Betson); packing and shipping of, 139-44; ports from whence sent, 140; private bargains in, 138; private letters or export of, 125; purchase of, 136-7, regulations concerning, 139-44; revenues from, 121; sale of, 138, 145-9; tombs of merchants of, 123; where grown, 123, 136

Woolsack, 120

Wykeham, William of, 92

Xanadu (see Shandu), 57

Xenophon, 96

Yangchow, 57, 182

Yangtze river, 46

Yarkand, 54

Yellow River, 49

Yezd, 43

York, 94, 137

Yorkshire, 136, 137, 153

Ypres, 122

Yuan dynasty, 58

Yule, Sir Henry, 67, 177

Yunnen, 57

Zaiton, 54, 60, 71

Zanzibar, 70

Zara, 41

Zealand (Seland), 142, 146

Zeno, Renier, 44