INDEX

Abdallah, 41 Abdominal wounds, 98 Abella, 157 Abulcasis, 35, 78 Abul Farag, 33 Adalbert of Mainz, 63 Adale, 41 Ægidius, 64 Ægina, Paul of, 6, 27, 33, 138, 146, 149, 184, 186 Æginetus. See Ægina, Paul of Ætius, 4, 28, 138, 146 Aëtius, 27 Albert the Great, 110 Albertus Magnus, 14, 18 Alcohol, 194 Alessandra Giliani, 164 Alexander of Tralles, 4, 27, 29, 146 Alexandria, 33 Ali Abbas, 35 Alphanus, 41 Anæsthesia, 100, 104, 105, 120 Anselm of Havelberg, 63 Anthemios, 5 Antiseptic surgery, 104 wine as, 101 Arabian culture, 8 surgeons, 149 Arabians, 139 Arabs, 46 Archbishop of Lyons, 63 Arculanus, 147, 150 Ardern, John, 85, 123, 127 Aretæus, 186 Argelata, Pietro d’, 125 Aristotle, 18 study of, 16 Armato, Salvino de, 152 Arnold de Villanova, 66 aphorisms of, 67 Arsenic in syphilis, 124 Artificial teeth, 142 Asepsis, 95, 101 Asylums, 191 Aue, Hartmann von der, 64 Aurelius Celsus, 26 Authorities of medieval physicians, 20 Authority, influence of, 12 Autointoxication, 83 Avenzoar, 35, 77 Averroes, 35 Avicenna, 35, 47, 76, 149 Baas, 181 Bachtischua, 7 Bacon, Roger, 14, 110 Bandages, stiffened, 123 Barber surgeons, 115 Bartholomæus Anglicus, 81 Bartholomew on causes of insanity, 192 Basil Valentine, 84 Baths, 32 for melancholia, 184 Bedlam, 188 Bedlamites, 201 Belisarius, Hospital of, 171 Benedictine convents, 159 Bernard de Gordon, 70, 72, 153 Bernard of Morlaix, 49 Bile in eye diseases, 152 Bladders of animals, 78 Bleeding, 55, 84 Blood-letting, 32 Bologna, 40 Bones, number of, 54 Bougies, 123 Branca, 106 Antonio, 107 Bruno da Longoburgo, 96 Brunschwig, Hieronymus, 135 Bubonic plague, 77 Calomel, 85 Care of the insane, 34, 183, 189 Care of the sick, 24, 25 Cassiodorus, 25 Cataract, 151 Cautery, 100, 126 Celsus, Aurelius, 26 Charter of the University of Perugia, 212 Chauliac, Guy de, 11, 66, 71, 72, 105, 109, 118, 123, 139, 140, 153, 167 Christian hospitals, 24 Cleanliness, 95 Clyster apparatus, 127 Cold compresses, 30 Compilation, 3 Constantine, 36, 45 Contrecoup, 92 Convents, Benedictine, 159 Corbeil, Gilles de, 64 Cosmetics, 77 Crusades, 89, 181 Dental instruments, 143 Dentistry, 138 Depressed fractures, 93 De Renzi, 37, 41, 44, 45, 47, 76, 155, 156 Diabolic possession, 195, 196 Diet, 31, 36 for melancholies, 185 Dioscorides, 26 Dioscoros, 5 Diphtheria, 27, 128 Diseases of nervous system, 30 of women, 156 Drainage, 97 tubes, 125 Duke, Robert, 46 Duns Scotus, 110 Dura mater, infection of, 93 Ebers Papyrus, 137 Education, characters of medieval, 12 Elias, 41 Elinus, 41 English, King of the, 40 Epileptic conditions, 30 Exorcism, 195 Eye diseases, bile in, 152 wash, urine of infants as, 152 Fabiola, Hospital of, 171 Fee, law as to, 44 Fever, 32 Filaria medinensis, 77 Fistulæ, 100 Fistulas, 127 Four masters of Salerno, 47, 91 Fracture of the skull, 91 of the thigh, extension in, 123 Fractures of the skull, 94 depressed, 93 Frederick II., 42 law of, 43, 206 Gaddesden, John of, 70, 119 Galen, 18, 19, 26, 47, 72, 116 Gariopontus, 41 Gerssdorff, Hans von, 135 Gilbert, 69 Giovanni of Arcoli, 143 Glaucoma, 152 Gonorrhœa, 123 Gregory, Major, 189 of Tours, 181 Guarna, Rebecca, 157 Guerini, 142, 143 Guido of Montpellier, 64 Gurlt, 9, 47, 69, 90, 93, 95, 96, 99, 106, 110, 113, 121, 146, 156 Guy de Chauliac. See Chauliac Guy of Montpellier. See Montpellier Hæmoptysis, 30 Hangman’s rope, 28 Hare-lip, 134 Hartmann von der Aue, 64 Headache, 30 Hemicrania, 30 Herbs, 26 Hernia, 68 operations too frequent, 122 radical cure of, 121 reduction of, 122 Hernias, 99 Herodotus, 137 Hippocrates, 26, 47 Holy Ghost Hospital, 172 Hospital, 64, 65 at Lübeck, 178 for lunatics, 187 of Bedlam, 188 of Belisarius, 171 of Fabiola, 171 of Pope Symmachus, 171 of St. Basil, 170 of St. Jean, 178 of Tonnerre, 176 Hospitals, 169 Christian, 24 for lepers, 181 of the Holy Ghost, 172 royal, 174 Hotel Dieu, 188 “Hudibras,” 107 Hugh of Lucca, 96, 104 Humours, 54 Hymns, Latin, 48 Hysteria, 34 Indian surgeons, 106 Infection of dura mater, 93 Infirmaries in monasteries, 24 Inhalations, steam, 29 Insane, care of the, 34, 183, 189 Insanity, 194 lash for, 198 Intestine, suture of, 134 Intestines, wounds of, 99 Italy the postgraduate medical centre, 118 John of Salisbury, 64 of Gaddesden, 70, 119 King of the English, 49 Laceration of the middle meningeal artery, 92 Lanfranc, 11, 80, 96, 110 Lash for insanity, 198 Latin hymns, 48 Law as to fee, 44 of Frederick II., 43, 206 Lepers, hospitals for, 181 Ligatures, 125 “Lilium Medicinæ,” 73 Linear cicatrices, 101 Lister, Lord, 103 Louis IX., 110 Lübeck, hospital at, 178 Lunatics, hospital for, 187 Lucca, Hugh of, 96, 104 Lyons, Archbishop of, 63 Manzolini, Madame, 165 Mad dog, 68, 80 Magnetism, 15 Maimonides, 35, 79 Medical oath, 44 schools at universities, 74 superstitions, 22 Medici, 164 Medicine and surgery, relations of, 115 popular, 22 Medieval education, characters of, 12 medicine, periods of, 21 textbooks, 88 Melancholics, diet for, 185 Mental defectives, colonies for, 202 Meningeal artery, laceration of, 92 Mercuriade, 157 Mercury, use of, 123 Mesue, 47 Methrodoros, 5 Metrorrhagia, 33 Middle Ages, limits of, vii Milk, 29, 52 bath, 78 Monasteries, infirmaries in, 24 Mondeville, Henri de, 11, 66, 114, 116 Mondino, 96, 164 Monte Cassino, 39 Montpellier, Guy de, 10, 61, 173 Moorish physicians, 62 Morbus Gallicus, 124 Morley, Henry, 17 Morgagni, 84 Muratori, 76 Nasal cautery, 148 polypi, 147 speculum, 149 Nature study, 13 Needling for cataract, 151 Nefretykes, 85 Nerve suture, 113 Nervous system, 30 Nicaise, 166 Nose, surgery of the, 106 Number of bones, 54 of veins, 54 Nurses, order of, 180 Nutrition per rectum, 77 Oath, medical, 44 Œsophagus tube, 123 Ophthalmology, 151 Opium, 29 Order of nurses, 180 Ordronaux, 47, 50 Oribasius, 28 Orthodontia, 139 Pagel, 56, 127, 194 Pammachius, 171 Paris, 40, 110 Passavant, Jean, 111 Paul of Ægina, 6, 27, 33, 138, 146 Peregrinus, 15 Perineum, rupture of, 157 Perugia, Charter of the University, 212 Pfolspeundt, Heinrich von, 133, 134 Physician, conduct of the, 58 Physicians, Moorish, 62 Pitard, Jean, 114 Plague, bubonic, 77 Plastic surgery, 106, 134 Polypi, nasal, 147 Pontus, 41 Pope Symmachus, Hospital of, 171 Popular medicine, 22 Power, D’Arcy, 127 Psycho-analysis, 196 Pure drug law, 43 Pus, 103 Puschmann, 56 Putrefaction, 97 Rabies, 81, 128 Rectal feeding, 78 surgery, 127 Red light treatment, 70, 82 Regimen, 48, 49 sanitatis, 47 Renal disease, 85 Rhazes, 35, 148 Roger, 42, 56, 70, 90, 103 Roland, 56, 103 Rolando, 91 Roman medicine, origin of, 2 “Rosa Anglica,” 70 Rupture of the perineum, 157 St. Basil, Hospital of, 170 St. Benedict, 24 St. Bernard, 63 of Clairvaux, 161 St. Hildegarde, 160 St. Jean, Hospital of, 178 Saintsbury, Professor, 48 Salerno, 7, 37, 75, 155 curriculum at, 38 Salerno, school of, 57 Salicet, William of, 96, 105 Salisbury, John of, 64 Salvino de Armato, 152 Santa Sophia, architect of, 5 School of Salerno, 57 Scotus, Duns, 40 Sects in surgery, 116 Sick, care of the, 24, 25 Skin of the snake, 28 Skull, fractures of, 91, 94 opening the, 92 Smallpox, 35, 70 Snake, skin of, 28 Sore throat, 31 Spectacles, 73, 152 Steam inhalations, 29 Stiffened bandages, 123 Students, 65 Superstitions, medical, 22 Surgeon, training of, 117 Surgeons, Arabian, 140 barber, 11 Indian, 106 temperance in, 97 Surgery, antiseptic, 104 of the nose, 106 plastic, 106, 134 rectal, 127 sects in, 116 Surgical specialities, 136 Syphilis, 123 arsenic treatment of, 124 Tagliacozzi, 107 Taranta, Valesco de, 71 Tartar, removal of, 141 Teeth, artificial, 142 cleaning of, 140 filling of, 145 preservation of, 139, 144 straightening of, 139 Temperaments, 54 Temperance in surgeons, 97 Testicle excision in hernia operations, 121 Tetanus, 130 Textbooks, medieval, 88 Theodoric, 70, 96, 102, 113 Therapeutics, 23 Thigh, fracture of, 123 Thomas Aquinas, 110 Thyroid gland, 28 Tonnerre, Hospital of, 176 Tooth-powder, 140 Tracheotomy, 147, 150 Trallianus, 4 Trephining, 93, 94 Trichiasis, 153 Trotula, 155 Truss, 73, 122 Union by first intention, 100 Universities, medical schools at, 74 Urine of infants as eye-wash, 152 Use of mercury, 123 Uvula, affections of the, 150 Valentine, Basil, 84 Valesco de Taranta, 71 Veins, number of, 54 Vicious sexual habits, 28 Vigo, John de, 145 Viollet le Duc, 176 Virchow, 171, 174, 181 William of Salicet, 96, 105 Wine as antiseptic, 101 Women, diseases of, 156 in medicine, 10 physicians, 166 professors, 155 students, 155 Wood dogge, 129 Wood-hound, 193 Wounds, abdominal, 98 dry treatment of, 125 of intestines, 99 treatment of, 98 Yperman, 123, 131

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Footnotes:

[1] Fordham University Press, New York, 1911.

[2] Popular Science Monthly, May, 1911.

[3] Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1871.

[4] The Latin lines run thus:

[5] English translations of the Regimen were made in 1575, 1607, and 1617. The two latter were printed; the former exists in manuscript in the Library of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. The opening lines of the edition of 1607 deserve to be noted because they are the origin of an expression that has been frequently quoted since.

[6] Some of these old medical traditions come down to us from many more centuries than we have any idea of until we begin to trace them. Ordinarily it is presumed that the advice with regard to the taking of small amounts of fluid during meals comes to us from the modern physiologists. In “The Babees Book,” a volume on etiquette for young folks issued in the thirteenth century, there is among other advices, as, for instance, “not to laugh or speak while the mouth is full of meat or drink,” and also “not to pick the teeth with knife or straw or wand or stick at table,” this warning: “While thou holdest meat in mouth beware to drink; that is an unhonest chare; and also physick forbids it quite.” It was “an unhonest chare” because the drinking-cups were used in common, and drinking with meat in the mouth led to their soiling, to the disgust of succeeding drinkers. All the generations ever since have been in slavery to the expression that “physic forbids it quite,” and now we know without good reason.

[7] The book called “The Hundred Merry Jests” suggests that the wagtail is light of digestion because it is ever on the wing, and therefore had, as it were, an essential lightness.

[8] International Clinics, vol. iii., series 28.

[9] “Historical Relations of Medicine and Surgery down to the Sixteenth Century.” London, 1904.

[10] The subsequent disuse of anæthesia seems an almost impossible mystery to many, but the practically total oblivion into which the practice fell is incomprehensible. This is emphasized by the fact that while it dropped out of medical tradition, the memory of it remained among the poets, and especially among the dramatists. Shakespeare used the tradition in “Romeo and Juliet.” Tom Middleton, in the tragedy of “Women Beware Women” (Act IV., Scene i., 1605), says:

[11] “Physicke is so studied and practised with the Egyptians that every disease hath his several physicians, who striveth to excell in healing that one disease and not to be expert in curing many. Whereof it cometh that every corner of that country is full of physicians. Some for the eyes, others for the head, many for the teeth, not a few for the stomach and the inwards.”

[12] The Ebers Papyrus shows that special attention was paid to diseases of the eyes, the nose, and throat, and we have traditions of operations upon these from very early times. Conservative surgery of the teeth, and the application of prosthetic dental apparatus, being rather cosmetic than absolutely necessary, might possibly be expected not to have developed until comparatively recent times; but apart from the traditions in Egypt with regard to this speciality, which are rather dubious, we have abundant evidence of the definite development of dentistry from the long ago. The old Etruscans evidently paid considerable attention to prosthetic dentistry, for we have specimens from the Etruscan tombs which show that they did bridge work in gold, supplied artificial teeth, and used many forms of dental apparatus. At Rome the Laws of the Twelve Tables (circa 450 B.C.) forbade the burying of gold with a corpse except such as was fastened to the teeth, showing that the employment of gold in the mouth for dental repair must have been rather common. We have specimens of gold caps for teeth from the early Roman period; and there is even a well-confirmed tradition of the transplantation of teeth, a practice which seems to have been taken up again in the later Middle Ages, and then allowed to lapse once more until our own time.

[13] Dr. Petells, discussing this use of livers (Janus, 1898), says that there has been some tendency to revert to the idea of biliary principles as of value in external eye diseases.

[14] “Gesammelte Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Oeffentliche Medizin,” Hirschwald, Berlin, 1877.

[15] See Walsh, “The Thirteenth, Greatest of Centuries,” New York, seventh edition, 1914.

[16] Burdett, “Hospitals and Asylums of the World.”

[17] London, 1909.

[18] To be found in Huillard-Brehollis’ “Diplomatic History of Frederick II. with Documents” (issued in twelve quarto volumes, Paris, 1851-1861).

[19] Under logic at this time was included the study of practically all the subjects that are now included under the term the seven liberal arts. Huxley, in his address before the University of Aberdeen, on the occasion of his inauguration as rector of that university, said: “The scholars (of the early days of the universities, first half of the thirteenth century) studied grammar, rhetoric, arithmetic and geometry, astronomy, theology and music.” He added: “Thus their work, however imperfect and faulty, judged by modern lights, it may have been, brought them face to face with all the leading aspects of the many-sided mind of man. For these studies did really contain, at any rate in embryo—sometimes, it may be, in caricature—what we now call philosophy, mathematical and physical science and art. And I doubt if the curriculum of any modern university shows so clear and generous a comprehension of what is meant by culture as the old trivium and quadrivium does.” Science and Education Essays, p. 197. New York, D. Appleton and Co. 1896.

[20] A tarrenus or tarrene in gold was equal to about thirty cents of our money. Money at that time had from ten to fifteen times the purchasing power that it has at the present time. An ordinary workman at this time in England received about four pence a day, which was just the price of a pair of shoes, while a fat goose could be bought for two and a half pence, a sheep for one shilling and two pence, a fat hog for three shillings, and a stall-fed ox for sixteen shillings (Act of Edward III. fixing prices).

[21] The University of Perugia had already achieved a European reputation for its Law School, and this Papal document was evidently meant to maintain standards, and keep the new Medical School up to the best criteria of the times. The original Latin of this document, as well as of the Law of Frederick II., may be found in Walsh, “The Popes and Science,” Fordham University Press, New York, 1908. They are quoted directly from the official collection of Papal Bulls.