INDEX
Reading edition
Adelaide, Madame, the eldest of Louis XV.’s daughters, her influence on Marie Antoinette, 61; her influence in making Maurepas Chief Minister, 82, 83; catches small-pox in nursing her father, 83
Aire, the river of Varennes, tactical advantages of, to Nationalists, 279, 282
Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, 8
Amand, Jacques, peasant child adopted by Marie Antoinette, 78; his death as a soldier at Jemappes, 343
America, United States of. See also United States
—— tea tax imposed in Boston coincidently with Louis XV.’s death, 72; British colonies in, origin of their revolt, 100; arrival of delegates to France from, 100; British colonies in, character of population forbids extreme policy of war in, 102; rebellion of colonies in, England’s certain policy towards, 106-7; failure of Burgoyne’s campaign in, 108-12; rebellion of colonies in, strategical position at time of Burgoyne’s march, 108-10
Anne, Fort, Burgoyne captures, 111
“Antoinette,” first use of this French form of the Queen’s name, 30
Antwerp, commerce of, dependent on opening of the Scheldt, 145-46
Archbishop’s Palace. See Archeveché
Archeveché, National Assembly installed in, on coming to Paris in Days of October, 232
Argonne, hills of, their position on the eastern road, 270; Royal carriage begins ascent of, in flight to Varennes, 276; Drouet’s ride through forest of, 277-78; forced by the invaders in 1792, 339
Army, British, its excellence in 1776, 101
420Army, French, deplorable condition of, in 1792, 296
Army of the East, most reliable force for Crown in 1789, 216; pointed out by Mirabeau as support of the Crown, 246
Artois, Comte d’, Louis XVI.’s youngest brother, his admiration of Marie Antoinette, 65; his “shocking familiarity” with the Queen in early days of her marriage, 92; scandal of Queen’s association with, 123; receives Queen in his palace at the Temple, 164; her superstition, 164; his appearance at the Royal Session, 206; emigration after fall of Bastille, 213
Assignats, creation of, 238
Auctoritas, “Sine auctoritate nulla vita,” Gallic formula, 78
Austria, extreme peril of, on partition of Poland, 61-63
—— foreign policy of, Joseph II. arrives at Versailles to influence Queen in favour of, 103
Authority, “without it no life,” 78
“Autrichienne,” nickname given Marie Antoinette by Mesdames, 64
Bailly, his role on 20th June 1789, 206; first Mayor of Paris, 212
Ball, Court, on Marie Antoinette’s marriage, 53; masked, an especial diversion of Marie Antoinette as Dauphine, 65; Fersen first meets her at one, 66; of 21st January 1778, independence of United States recognised at, 114-15; on Shrove Tuesday, at the Opera, 1779, Queen’s undignified adventure in connection with, 121; the last held in Versailles, winter of 1786, 178
Bankruptcy of the Guémenées disastrous to the Queen, 144; part of Queen’s plan for defeat of States-General, 210
Barentin, Keeper of the Seals
421announces fatal decision as to vote by orders at opening of States-General, 201; advises shutting of doors against Tiers État, 204; watches the Oath in the Tennis Court, 205; gives the seated leave to be seated, 207
Barnave, nominated to bring King back to Paris, 285; captured by the Queen on return from Varennes, 288-89
Barry, Madame Du. See Du Barry
Bastille, Marie Antoinette talks wildly of sending Turgot to, 98; Cardinal Rohan at, 176; captured, news of in Versailles, 211-12
Batz, his plan for helping the Queen to escape, 354
Bavaria, Joseph II. first covets, 105; diplomatic affair of, 116-18; Marie Antoinette’s interference in, 116, 117; death of Elector of, 116; Prussia supports the heir of, against Austria, 117; Joseph II.’s policy in, 117; French money paid to Austria on account of, 118
Bayon and Romeuf, their ride in pursuit of the King to Varennes, 283, 284
Beauharnais, in the Chair of the Assembly when news of the King’s arrest at Varennes is brought, 285
Beaumarchais, de, title purchased by Caron, 102; assumes trading alias of Roderigo Hortalez, 102; his birth and character, 135, 136; his Mariage de Figaro (see Figaro), reads his play in private in Princesse de Lamballe’s rooms, 136
Bed of Justice, Louis XVI.’s first recourse to, in registering Turgot’s decrees, 97, 98; last, held to coerce the Parlement under influence of the Queen, 189
Bells, of Paris, sound the attack on the palace, 319
Bernis, Cardinal de, negotiates the diplomatic revolution, 22
Berthier, murder of, after fall of Bastille, 213
Bodyguard. See Garde au Corps
Boehmer and Bassange, jewellers and partners, owners of the Diamond Necklace, 159; show it to Mme. de La Motte, 162; appeal to the Queen for payment, 165; draw up a report, 167
Bondy, first post-house on the Eastern road, Fersen leaves Royal Family at, 262-63
422Boston, British man-of-war arrives in harbour of, to impose tea tax, at same hour as Louis XV.’s death, 72; English fleet fails to blockade French fleet in harbour of, 121
Bouillé, in command of Army of the East in ’89, 216; in command of Army of the East, pointed out by Mirabeau as the support of the Crown, 246; his cavalry arrive at Varennes just too late to save the King, 282-83
Bouillon, Duke of, officially announces accession of Louis XVI., 72
Brandweiss, Countess of, first governess of Marie Antoinette and her sister Caroline, 24
Brandywine, Washington’s defeat on, 110
Breteuil, orders the arrest of Cardinal de Rohan, 159
Brienne. See Loménie
Broglie, in “Ministry of Resistance,” to lead army for coercion of Paris, 210
Brunier, family doctor of the Queen, admitted to the Temple, 348
Brunswick, breaks camp at end of July 1792 and marches on Paris, 315
Burgoyne’s, his campaign and surrender, 108-12
Burke, his lack of judgment on the Queen, 94, 95
Busne, officer guarding the Queen during her trial, 385
Byron, fails to blockade d’Estaing in Boston harbour, 121
Cagliostro, his influence over Cardinal de Rohan, 156
Calonne, his appointment and character, 149, 150; his loans 151; designs the harbour of Cherbourg, 177; summons the Notables, 178; failure of his experiment of the assembly of the Notables, 180; his fall, April 1787, due to Marie Antoinette, 187
Cambrai, garrison of, cut to pieces, 371
Campaign of American Rebellion, Burgoyne’s failure, 108-12; surrender of Cornwallis, 127-28
Carnot, joins the Committee of Public Safety, 368; appears before Maubeuge with the army, 374; his plan in Avesnes before the battle of Wattignies, 375; prepares for the attack, 382; 423his first reconnaissance before the battle of Wattignies, Oct. 14, 383; orders the charge upon Dourlers, 386; brings troops over from left of French position to the right, before Wattignies, 392, 394; leads the charge at Wattignies, 400
Caroline, daughter of Maria Theresa, later Queen of Naples, educated with Marie Antoinette, 24
Caron. See Beaumarchais
Catholicism, decay of, in France before Revolution, 250
Cats, Louis XVI.’s aversion to, 76
Cease fire, order to, signed by Louis XVI., 328
Cell, Queen’s first, in the Conciergerie, 365, 366
Chaintry, posting station of, Royal Family recognised at, in flight to Varennes, 268
Chalons, King recognised at, in flight to Varennes, 269; historical character of neighbourhood of, 270
Champ de Mars, massacre of, 301
Champlain, Lake, strategical value of, in Burgoyne’s campaign, 109
Chancel, hesitates to make a sortie from Maubeuge, 383
Chartres, Duc de, later Duke of Orleans, first meeting with Marie Antoinette, 40; dances with Marie Antoinette at her first ball, 53; his theatrical absence from the Court on visit of Maximilian, 91
Chaumont, his house and park in Passy, the refuge of American delegates, 100
Chauveau-Lagarde, named to defend the Queen, 374
Chauvelin, his death at Louis XV.’s card-table, 67
Cherbourg, harbour of, visited by Louis XVI., 177, 178
Child, early craving of Marie Antoinette for a, 77; she adopts a peasant, 77, 78; last of Marie Antoinette, a girl, birth of, 178; death at age of eleven months, 188
Childbed, first, of Marie Antoinette, 119-20; second birth of an heir, 129; third, 163; fourth, 178
Choiseul, principal Minister of Louis XV., Maria Theresa’s reliance upon him before her daughter’s marriage, 26; his fall, 55-58; meets Marie Antoinette on her journey to her marriage, 38; recalled at beginning of Louis XVI.’s reign through influence of Marie Antoinette, but dismissed again, 82
424Choiseul, Junior (nephew of former), at the post of Somme-Vesle, 271-272; abandons post of Somme-Vesle, 273, 274
Chorez, Mayor of Chalons, 270
Church, Catholic, in France, attitude of Revolution towards revenues of, 237; constitution of, 238
Churching, first, of Marie Antoinette, 120, 121; second, 135; third, her unpopularity evident in the street, 164
Civil Constitution of the Clergy, disastrous character of, 249-50; Mirabeau’s attitude towards, 251
Civilisation, European (see Europe), threatened by Reformation, 3
Claye, Queen’s waiting-women join Royal Family in flight at, 265
Clergy, summoned to grant taxes before Revolution, refuse, 192; civil constitution of (see Civil Constitution), confiscation of goods of, 237, 238; unpopularity of, 257
Cléry, Louis XVI.’s valet in the Temple, 336; is taken from the Temple, 348
Coburg, determines to besiege Maubeuge, 367
Commons. See Tiers État
Compiègne, place of meeting of Louis XV. with Marie Antoinette, 38-40
Conciergerie, Queen removed to, from Temple, 364
Condé, emigration of, after fall of Bastille, 213; town of, surrender of, 363
Conflans, country-seat of Mercy, 124
Cornwallis enters Yorktown, 126; his campaign and surrender, 127, 128
Coronation, of Louis XVI., 93-95; Queen’s presence at, 94
Council, Marie Antoinette’s first interference with, 83; King’s assiduity in attending, 93; Queen virtually the head of, after January 1787, 179, 187-88; during “Days of October,” Marie Antoinette present at, 225, 226
Crown, quarrel between, and States-General opens, 204; advises Union of Orders, 209
Cubieres brings news of Paris marching on Versailles to Louis XVI., 221
425D’Aiguillon, Duc de, chief Minister at end of Louis XV.’s reign after Choiseul’s fall, made by the Du Barry, 55, 58, 59; befriends the Du Barry at the end, 70; his fall, 70; dismissed from Foreign Affairs by Louis XVI., 83; receives grant of public money on dismissal in the modern English fashion, 83; fall of, largely due to Marie Antoinette, 84
D’Angoulême, Duchess of (see also Madame Royale), birth of, 120
Danjou during massacres of September, 338
Dauphin, son of Louis XV., his death in 1765, 26
Dauphin, first, Louis XVI.’s eldest son, birth of, 129; effect of his birth on politics, 130; illness of, 160; dying, watches opening of States-General, 200
Dauphin, second (Duke of Normandy), his birth, 163; during invasion of Tuileries by mob, on 20th June, 306; taken from the Queen, 355-359; evidence extracted from him against the Queen by Hébert, 373
Dead, Day of, November 2, coincidence of Marie Antoinette’s birth with, 21; situation of Marie Antoinette upon, in 1775, 95, 96; in 1789, coincidence of, 235
Deane, delegate of the revolted British colonists in America, received by Louis XVI., 114
D’Epresmenil affirms the revolutionary principles of national government in the Parlement, 191
D’Estaing sails from Toulon to attack the English fleet in 1778, 115; escapes from Byron’s blockade in Boston harbour, 121; appears at Queen’s Trial, 387
D’Hervilly refuses to cease fire, 328
Diamond Necklace, La Motte first introduced to Cardinal Rohan, 127; the Cardinal de Rohan begins his advances to the Queen (early 1782), she avoids him, 138; Mme. de La Motte present at Court in 1782, 138, 139; Cardinal de Rohan, bribing a porter, is present at a fête at Trianon, 141, 142; Mme. de La Motte presents petition to the Queen, 147; he sees Mme. de La Motte in his country house in Alsace in 1783, 149; in his palace in Paris in March 1784 she tells him she is now an intimate friend of the Queen’s, 151-52; 426he receives from La Motte letters which he believes to be written by the Queen, 155; is further encouraged by Cagliostro, and writes letters to the Queen which he gives to La Motte, 156; Mme. de La Motte’s husband hires the girl d’Oliva to act the part of the Queen, 157; supposed meeting of Cardinal de Rohan and the Queen in the park of Versailles July 24, 1784, 159; Necklace possibly offered to Queen in 1779, 159; Bassange, the jeweller, shows it to Mme. de La Motte, 162; purchased by Cardinal de Rohan on supposed authority of the Queen, 163; is taken by the male La Motte to London, 163; Boehmer, Bassange’s partner, begs Queen for payment, 165; suspicions of the Cardinal aroused, 166; Mme. de La Motte confesses her forgery, the Queen discovers the plot, 168; Rohan is arrested, 169; tried, 170-75; and acquitted, 176
Dillon, Madame de, Queen’s violent and ephemeral friendship for, 94
Dissipation, early cause of Marie Antoinette’s, 77; origins of coincident with accession, 90, 91; Joseph I.’s plan of reform for, 103; of Queen continued after birth of second child, 135
D’Oliva. See Oliva
Dourlers, French objective on first day of battle of Wattignies, 385, 383; French carry, 389; and retire from, 390
Dreux Brézé, Master of Ceremonies at opening of States-General, 200-201; his famous order to the Commons, 208
Dreyfus Case, parallel between, and affair of Diamond Necklace, 174-175, 177
Drouet, sees the Royal Family in flight to Varennes, 275-76; his gallop to intercept them, 277-79; sees Queen in Temple, 341; sees Queen in prison for last time, 362; rides into Maubeuge, 371; carries news from Maubeuge and is captured, 372
Du Barry, her name first mentioned to Maria Theresa, 32; disastrous influence upon Louis XV.’s reign, 40-44; her character and appearance, 45-46; first meets Marie Antoinette at La Muette, 48-49; 427Marie Antoinette’s antipathy to her, 54-56; Maria Theresa attempts to break down that antipathy, 58-62; Marie Antoinette’s single speech to, 61; her devotion to Louis XV. at the end of his life, 69; she leaves the Court, 70; exiled to Burgundy on accession of Louis XVI., 83
Dufort, French Ambassador at Vienna at time of Marie Antoinette’s marriage, 30
Dumouriez, chief man in the War Ministry of ’92, 300; Queen obtains his plans and betrays them to the enemy, 300; at battle of Jemappes, 342; defeated at Neerwinden, 352; betrays the country, 352
Dunquerque, Duke of York’s march upon, 368
Earthquake of Lisbon. See Lisbon
Ecclesiastical rights of Rohan, 171
Education of Marie Antoinette, 24-27, 33-36
Edward, Fort, Burgoyne’s tardy advance upon, 111
Elector of Bavaria, his death precipitates the Bavarian diplomatic quarrel, 116
Elizabeth, Madame, Marie Antoinette’s relations with, 122; brought to Paris by mob in Days of October, 230, 231
Emigration, first, 213
Émigrés, disturbing element in the Allies’ camp, 296; their charge at Wattignies, 400
Enghien, emigration after fall of Bastille, 213
England, fiscal position of, during pre-revolutionary and revolutionary period, 86, 87; contrast between fiscal position in eighteenth century and to-day, 88; dominates foreign policy of France on accession of Louis XVI., 100-2; constant colonial policy of, 107; foreign policy of, bound up with closing of the Scheldt, 146
Episcopacy, French, corrupt condition of, before Revolution, 181-82
Etiquette, rigidity of French Courts, 37; strictness and publicity of, on accession of Louis XVI., 80
Europe, civilisation of, peculiar in all history, 1, 2
Extravagance of Marie Antoinette, character of rather than amount remarkable, 89, 90; 428Marie Antoinette’s first considerable purchase of jewellery, 97
Falkenstein, Count, incognito of Joseph II., in Paris, 103
Fersen, Axel de, first meets Marie Antoinette, 66; revisits Versailles, 118; Marie Antoinette obviously in love with him, 118, 119; leaves her for American War, 119; marches south with Washington to join the French at Yorktown, 126; negotiates surrender of Yorktown, 128; comes again to Versailles in 1784 with King of Sweden, 155; revisits Versailles in 1787, 183; his return to Versailles just before Revolution, 193-95; story of his presence in Queen’s room during days of October, 227 n.; Bouillé’s son received by, 253; organises the flight of the Royal Family, 260, 261; drives the Royal Family out of Paris in the flight to Varennes, 261, 262; his farewell to the Queen in flight to Varennes, 263; story of ring given him by the Queen, and of his death, 263, 265; the Queen’s letters to him after the failure of the flight to Varennes, 292-93; the Queen’s letter to, in September 1791, 303; his last journey to Paris to help the Royal Family, 303-4; in regular communication with Royal Family to arrange invasion, 310, 311; his communications with the Queen in prison, 349-50
Feuillants, disused monastery, Royal Family lodged in, 330-32
Figaro, Mariage de, play by Beaumarchais, its political character, 135-36; popularity among smart set of the time, 140; King refuses permission to act, 145, 147; it is played before the Court, 148; Paris insists on a public performance of, 151; King yields, and public performance takes place on 27th April 1784, 152; its effect upon the régime, 153
Finance. See Fiscal Problem
Finances, French, Calonne appointed to the head of, 149, 150; his loans, 151
Financiers, modern, their vulgar expenditure compared with that of the Court of Versailles, 78, 79
429Fiscal Problem of the French preceding the Revolution, 86; contrasted with contemporary fiscal position of England, 86, 87; effect of tradition upon, 88
Flanders, Regiment of, marches into Versailles, 215; its character, 216; banquet given to, 217-20; before the palace on advance of mob, 222
Fleury, exact coincidence of his life with the transition between the anti-Austrian policy of France and diplomatic revolution, 6; at the Exchequer during bankruptcy of the Guémenées, 144
Flight of Royal Family, Mirabeau’s plan for, 252; Bouillé is asked to advise on, 253; how affected by death of Mirabeau, 255, 256; precipitated by the riot of April 17, 1791, 260; Fersen’s rôle in, 260-65; description of, 263-91
Florida Blanca, Spanish Minister, his terror of Great Britain at moment of Burgoyne’s surrender, 112, 113
Fontainebleau, Court gambling at, on accession of Queen, 99; French Court there at moment of Burgoyne’s surrender, 112
Foreign Policy, French, D’Aiguillon ceases to control, on Louis XVI.’s accession, 83, 84; Vergennes controls, on accession of Louis XVI., 84; dominated by the fear of England on accession of Louis XVI., 100-2, 106-8; eagerly seeks Spanish alliance against England, 107; Spanish dread of England forbids this, 112-13; final determination to accept the English challenge, 113; this determination confirmed by Burgoyne’s surrender at Saratoga, 113-14; refuses to support Austria in Bavarian claim, but under pressure from Marie Antoinette pays compensation to Vienna, 116-18; Marie Antoinette’s increasing power over, after Maurepas’ death, 134; attitude of, towards opening of Scheldt, 148, 149; payment of Dutch indemnity to Austria under pressure from the Queen, 161, 165-66, 174
Foulon, murder of, after fall of Bastille, 213
Fouquier Tinville, his speech for the prosecution of the Queen, 380
France, hesitation of, upon the Reformation, 3-5; generally thought in decline during early eighteenth century, 16
430France and Austria, causes of original antagonism between, and their final reconciliation in the eighteenth century, 2-9.
Francis of Lorraine, husband of Maria Theresa, his happy marriage, 15; his superstition at Marie Antoinette’s birth, 21; his death, 25
Frankfort, the crowning of the Emperor, the Queen’s nephew there in 1792, 309, 312
Franklin, lands in France, 100; received by Louis XVI., 114
Frederick the Great, his power first apparent at Mollwitz, 6; his betrayal of the Hapsburgs, 8; emotion of Kaunitz on hearing of his death, 14; betrays Louis XV., 21; his initiative in partition of Poland, 62
French Guards. See Gardes Françaises
French Ministerial Tradition. See Ministerial Tradition
Fontainebleau, Dr. Johnson sees the Queen at, 95
Frontier, north-eastern, strategical nature of, 360
Gardes du Corps, their banquet to the Regiment of Flanders, 217-25
Gardes Françaises, almost only French troops in Paris at opening of Revolution, 209
Gates, commanding American forces, receives Burgoyne’s surrender, 112
Geoffrin, Madame, visits Vienna before Marie Antoinette’s marriage, 28
George, Lake, strategical value of, in Burgoyne’s campaign, 109
Girondins, their appearance in the Revolution, 301, 302
Goethe, his judgment on the household of Maria Theresa, 15
Goguelat, second in command of Choiseul’s Hussars, 272; shot at Varennes, 282
Goltz, Prussian Minister at Versailles, his letter on the date of Burgoyne’s surrender, 112
Government, nature of all, 195-96
Guémenée, Madame de, governess to the children of France, Marie Antoinette’s friendship with, 92; bankruptcy of, 142-44
431Guillaume, companion of Drouet in his famous ride, 277
Guines, French Ambassador in London, protected by Marie Antoinette, 98
Haga, Comte de, incognito of King of Sweden, 155
Handwriting of Marie Antoinette, quite unformed, 50
Harvest, failure of, in 1775, a cause of Turgot’s unpopularity, 97; difficulty of bringing to Paris in 1789, 216
Hébert visits the Temple, 339; again, 340; again, 353; obtains the Dauphin’s evidence, 373; produces it in Court against the Queen, 381; is passed over in the summing up against the Queen, 394
Henry of Prussia, Prince, visits Versailles in 1784, 160
Herman, chief judge of the Queen at her trial, 374; cross-examines Queen on the affair of the Necklace, 387-88; sums up against the Queen, 393; pronounces sentence of death, 394
Howe sails with 20,000 men to attack Philadelphia, 110
Hudson, Valley of, strategical value of, in Burgoyne’s campaign, 109
Hue, friendly guard of the Royal Family in the Temple, 336
Huguenots, exceptionally tolerated in France, 5-7; contrast of their toleration with persecution of English Catholics, 5-7
Hungary, Joseph II.’s blundering attempt to suppress language of, 131
Invasion, two principal avenues of, into France, 359
Jacobin Society, nature of, 251, 252; Mirabeau subservient to, 251
Jarjayes, his plot to rescue the Queen, 351, 352
Jemappes, battle of, 342
Jewellery. See Extravagance, also Diamond Necklace
Johnson, Doctor, sees Marie Antoinette at Fontainebleau, 95
Joseph II., son of Maria Theresa, first associated with her in the empire, 23; hastens the conclusion of Marie Antoinette’s marriage, 30, 31; accompanies Marie Antoinette for the first day on her journey to Versailles before her marriage, 36; 432his visit to Versailles and France, 99, 103-6; his insufficient character, 103; his ignorance of La Marck and Lavoisier, 105; his ludicrous misjudgment of French military power, 105; revisits Versailles July 1781, 126; his bungling in religion, 131; summons French to abandon Revolution, 238; dies, 238
Jourdan, description of, 375; in command at Wattignies, overruled by Carnot, 391
June the Twentieth, rising of, in 1792, 305
Jury to try the Queen, 377-78
Kaunitz, origin of his career, 9; makes Marie Antoinette the pledge of diplomatic revolution, 9; his character and appearance, 9-11; his early diplomatic work for Maria Theresa, 12; takes up the Austrian Embassy in Paris, 12; his French tastes, 12-13
Korff, Baroness de, alias of Duchesse de Tourzel in flight to Varennes, 261
La Fayette volunteers for the American War, 103; leaves Richmond, 126; Marie Antoinette visits wife of, as a compliment after surrender of Yorktown, 135; marching from Paris to help the Court in Days of October, 226; his lack of judgment in defending the palace, 227; advises the Royal Family after victory of the mob, 229; fails to restrain mob on 18th April 1791, 259; his action in massacre of Champ de Mars, 301
Lagny, post-master of Chaintry, 268
La Marck, founder of the evolutionary theory, Joseph II.’s ignorance of, 105; friend of Mirabeau, introduces him to the Crown, 242, 243; visits Mirabeau’s deathbed, 255
Lamballe, Princesse de, first meeting with Marie Antoinette, 40; post of Superintendente created for her, with salary, 94; Queen’s friendship for, 92; companion of the Queen in her escapade upon the sledge, 96, 97; accompanies Marie Antoinette in her first retirement to the Tuileries, 122; removed from Royal Family in Temple, 335, 336; her murder, 338
433La Motte, Madame de (see Diamond Necklace), escapes from prison and flies to London, 179; her supposed innocence and martyrdom, 180
La Muette, palace or royal hunting-box of, scene of Marie Antoinette’s first meeting with Madame du Barry before marriage, 47; scene of Marie Antoinette’s condescension and patronage on accession, 81; Maximilian’s arrival at, 91; Marie Antoinette visits, after her first churching, 121; Queen foolishly present at, during Parisian excitement upon bankruptcy of the Guémenées, 144
Latour du Pin bears witness for the Queen at her trial, 387
Lavoisier, Joseph II.’s ignorance of, 105
L’Echelle, Rue de, rendezvous of Royal Family and Fersen for flight to Varennes, 261
Lee, delegate of the revolted British colonists in America, received by Louis XVI., 114
Legislative Assembly, receives the Royal Family on retirement from Tuileries, 326; permits the imprisonment of the Royal Family in the Temple, 332
Leonard, the Queen’s hairdresser, contributes to disaster of Varennes, 272 n.; takes note from Choiseul to commanders of various posts, 274
Leopold, Emperor, brother of the Queen, accession of, 238; receives at Padua false news of the success of the flight to Varennes, 292-93; Queen’s decisive letter to, in 1791, 297; his death, 299
Le Quay, real name of the woman Oliva, q.v.
Lequesnoy surrenders, 371
Lisbon, character of town of, in eighteenth century, 19; earthquake of, coincident with Marie Antoinette’s birth, 20-21
Logotachygraphe, Revolutionary journal, Royal Family lodged in the reporters’ box of, 329, 330
Loménie de Brienne, proposed by the Queen as successor to Calonne, April 1787, 181; his character, 182-83; acting with the Queen, attempts to adjourn the States-General, 189; fall of, 195
Lorraine (Francis of, see Francis), princesses of, umbrage given by their precedence at the Court ballon Marie Antoinette’s marriage, 52-53
434Louis XV. at opening of diplomatic revolution, 16; his reticence and hesitation in the matter of his grandson’s marriage, 27-31; his appearance on Marie Antoinette’s first meeting with him, 38-40; feels the approach of death, 67; effect of Court sermon on, before death, 67; falls ill of small-pox, 68; his strong Christian faith, 69; dismisses Madame du Barry, 70; receives the Last Sacrament, 70-72; his death, 72
Louis XVI. left heir on his father’s death, 26; his appearance at that moment, 26; his mother, after the death of the Dauphin her husband, opposes the Austrian marriage, 28; her death, 29; ceremony of his marriage as Dauphin to Marie Antoinette, 50, 51; his accession, 73; supposed impotence, 74-77; publicly ridiculed by his wife in early days of his marriage, 93; coronation of, 93-95; Joseph II. visits Versailles to effect cure of, 104, 105; date of operation upon, 105 (see also Appendix A); consents to receive delegates of United States, 114; influence of Maurepas upon, 133; grants Moratorium on Marie Antoinette’s express prayer in the Guémenée bankruptcy, ill effect of this, 144; visits Cherbourg, 177, 178; one of very small minority that practised religion before Revolution, 182; his appearance at opening of States-General, 201; fails to receive deputation of Tiers État, 202; quarrel with States-General opens, 204; at Royal Session of, 23rd June 1789, 206-7; his final decision on Votes by Order, 207; flight debated during capture of Bastille, 212; his Veto discussed, 214; his flight again urged by the Queen, in October 1789, 217; shooting at Chatillon when Paris was marching on Versailles, 220-22; hesitates to fly in Days of October, 226; brought to Paris by mob in Days of October, 230, 231; Marie Antoinette ridicules him in a letter to her relatives after Days of October, 233; his rôle in flight to Varennes, 261; first recognised during flight at Viels-Maisons, 267; and again at Chaintry, 268; and once more at Chalons, 269; 435recognised in Ste. Menehould, 276; vetoes prosecution of non-juring clergy and formation of volunteer camp, 304; his note of credentials to Mallet du Pan, 311; ridiculed at his last review, 321; retires from Tuileries, 325; signs order to cease fire, 328; his sword removed in the Temple, 336; separated from his family in the Temple, 340; condemned to death, 344; last interview with his family, 345; his execution, 346, 347
Madame. See Adelaide
Madame Elizabeth, her passage of arms with Pétion, 287-88; watches sun rise with the Queen before attack upon the palace, 320. See also Elizabeth
Madame Royale, the Queen’s daughter, her first Communion, 232, 234-35. See also D’Angoulême
Maillard leads march of Paris on Versailles, 223
Mallet du Pan negotiates with the enemy for the King, 310, 311, 312
Mandat, head of the Paris Militia, his organisation of defence of the palace in August 1792, 320, 321; murder of, 322
Manège, the Riding-school of the Tuileries, National Assembly installed in, 232
Mangin, his ride to carry news to Paris of the arrest of the King, 284-85
Manifesto of Brunswick, the Queen the author of its threat against Paris, 310-12; (Clause VIII.) known in Paris, 312; announced to the Assembly, 316
Manuel bears evidence against the Queen, 384
Mareuil, Commissioners meet Royal Family at, returning to Paris from Varennes, 285-86
Maria of Saxony, widow of the first Dauphin, and mother of Louis XVI., her opposition to Austrian marriage, 28; her death, 29
Maria Theresa, devotion of Kaunitz to, 11; character of, 13, 14; married life of, 15; her negotiation for French alliance, 18; health at birth of Marie Antoinette, 21; her negotiations for Marie Antoinette’s marriage, 27, 28; associates her son Joseph with her government, 30; 436hears of the Du Barry, 32; letter to Marie Antoinette on her leaving Vienna, 36; her judgment of a happy marriage, 37; early letters of Marie Antoinette to her, 54; her repeated letters to Marie Antoinette as Dauphine, urging reconciliation with Du Barry, 59, 61, 63; her anxiety as to Louis XVI.’s condition, 65, 76, 77, 105, also Appendix A; her letters advising Marie Antoinette’s policy, 82; she hears news of Marie Antoinette’s first pregnancy, 115; her last illness and death, 125
Marie Theresa Charlotte. See Madame Royale
Marly, Court gambling at, 99
Marriage, slowness of negotiations for Marie Antoinette’s, 27-31; Maria Theresa’s judgment upon a happy, 37; ceremony of Marie Antoinette’s, at Versailles, 49-51; great storm coincident with, 51; public disaster in Paris on occasion of, 53-54; doubts upon, 74-77
Marseillaise, first sung in Marseilles, 309; at Wattignies, 399
Marseilles, Battalion of, organised, 309; marched into Paris, 313; brawl with Paris troops, 316; their artillery against the palace, 327; their capture of prisoners from the Guard, 329; parley with Swiss before attacking Tuileries, 327
Martin, d’Auch, refuses oath in Tennis Court, 205
Maubeuge, its position on the first line of invasion, 359; last stronghold against invasion on north-eastern frontier, 361, 362; threatened by Coburg, 367; Drouet arrives in, 371, 372; lack of provisions in, 373; cavalry patrol cut their way out of, 374; hears the guns of the French advance, 383; attempt to force passage to, on 15th of October fails, 385-90; extreme peril of, in consequence of this, 391; relieved by French victory at Wattignies, 401
Maubourg nominated to bring the King back to Paris, 285
Maurepas, chosen to be Minister on accession of Louis XVI., 82; his death, 132; character of, 133
Maury, example of French hierarchy before Revolution, 182
Maximilian, Marie Antoinette’s youngest brother, visits Paris in 1775, 91
437Mayence, siege of, prevents invasion, 355
Mayor of Paris, Bailly the first, 212
Measles, Queen suffers from, in spring of 1779, 121
Meaux, first passage of Royal Family through, in flight to Varennes, 266; Marie Antoinette and Barnave at, during return journey, 288, 289
Mercenaries, most troops in Paris in 1789 foreign, 209
Mercy, d’Argenteau, becomes Ambassador at Versailles for Maria Theresa in 1766, 27; notes Artois’ “shocking familiarity” with the Queen, 92; desires the Queen to be crowned with the King, 93; tries to dissuade Queen from opposing Turgot, 98; intrigues for Marie Antoinette to support Austria’s Bavarian policy, 105, 106; influences Marie Antoinette in favour of Austrian policy on the Bavarian succession, 117-18; a description of him and his household, 124-25; clumsily pressed by Joseph II. to influence Queen in affair of Scheldt, 137; meets Mirabeau in La Marck’s house, 243; Queen betrays to him the plans of the French defence in 1792, 300; in regular communication with Royal Family to arrange invasion, 311
Mesdames, Louis XV.’s daughters, Marie Antoinette first meets at Compiègne, 39; support Marie Antoinette as Dauphine against the Du Barry, 60; gradually lose their influence over the Dauphine, 63; give the name of “Autrichienne” to Marie Antoinette, 64
Michonis, the Municipal, sympathetic jailer of the Queen, 350; helps the Batz plot, 354; his plot to help the Queen out of the Conciergerie, 369-370
Militia, new popular, of Paris, after July ’89, La Fayette at head of, 212; of Versailles, their part in the Days of October, 218-19; new of Paris, their failure to restrain the mob on 18th April 1791, 259
Ministerial tradition, French, its transformation in early years of Louis XVI. produces the Revolution, 81, 82
Ministry, French, permanent character of, 148
438Ministry of Resistance, Queen’s plan to destroy States-General, 210-13; fails, 213
Mirabeau, noted by populace at opening of States-General, 200; reluctantly accepts oath in Tennis Court, 205; his doubtful reply to Dreux Brézé, 208; during Days of October, 223; his influence on the Court, 239-56; his position in 1790, 241, 242; La Marck, friend of, introduces to the Crown, 242; his debts and subsidy, 243, 244; his interview with the Queen, 245; his written advice to the Crown, 246, 247; his attitude towards Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 250, 251; his plan for the flight of the Royal Family and Civil War, 251-53; his death, 255
Mireur, from Montpellier, sings the Marseillaise in Marseilles, 309
Mohawk Valley, British force in, marching to join Burgoyne, repulsed, 111
Monarchy, French, its national nature, 41; publicity of, 41-42; mystical quality of, 78-80; publicity of, 80; fate of, had Mirabeau survived, 240
Monsieur. See Provence
Montmédy decided on as refuge for the Royal Family, 260
Moratorium, or stay of legal proceedings, granted by King to the Guémenées on their bankruptcy, 144
Mounier, in chair of Assembly during Days of October, 223
Mollwitz, first great Prussian victory, 6
Mozart meets little Marie Antoinette, 28
Nancy, mutiny at, 247, 248
Napoleon, his verdict upon the affair of the Diamond Necklace, 177; his judgment of power to defend the Tuileries, 325; upon Wattignies, 401
Narbonne, Archbishop of, example of French hierarchy before the Revolution, 182
National Assembly (before p. 218, see States-General) passes last clauses of new Constitution coincidently with Banquet of the Body Guard, October 1789, 218; votes thanks for suppression of mutiny at Nancy, 248; installed in Manège after Days of October, 232
439Navy, British, terror inspired by, in 1776, 100; French, Sartines, Minister of, on accession of Louis XVI., 85; sails from Toulon to attack English forces in America, 1778, 115
Necker, his character and religion, 98, 99; his daughter, offered in marriage to Fersen and to Pitt, finally marries M. de Staël, 98; fails to administrate finances, and is dismissed for the first time in 1781, 127; Queen responsible for his return to the Finances after fall of Loménie, 195; character of, 197; ostensibly fixes number of Tiers État, 197; re-summons Notables in late 1788, 198; abandons question of “Vote by Orders,” 198; his appearance and long speech at opening of States-General, 201-2; calculated absence from Royal Session, 206; dismissal of, July 11, 1789, 210; recalled by Louis XVI., 213; flight of, 248
Neerwinden, Dumouriez’ defeat at, 352
New Order, the Queen’s plan for efficient despotic government before Revolution, 190-92; its breakdown, 192
Noailles, Madame de, Mistress of the Ceremonies to Marie Antoinette as Dauphine, 37, 48
Nobles, minority of, joins Commons led by Orleans, 209
Nord, Comte du, incognito of the Grand-Duke Paul, 139
Notables, Assembly of, summoned by Calonne, 178; failure of the experiment of, 180; stupidly re-summoned by Necker, 198
Oath of Tennis Court. See Tennis Court
October, Days of, 215-32
Œil de Bœuf during Days of October, 228
Oliva or “d’Oliva,” employed by Mme. de La Motte to represent the Queen, 157; plays the part of the Queen in the meeting with Rohan, 158-59; arrested in Brussels, winter of 1785, 175; acquitted, 176
Orleans, Duke of. See also Chartres
—— Duke of (formerly Duc de Chartres), his opposition to the Queen’s government before the Revolution, 190; cheered by mob at opening of States-General, 200; 440ambition for throne, supports Paris against Crown in first movement of Revolution, 209
Pannizardi, destruction of the original telegram in Dreyfus Case compared to Vergennes’ action in Diamond Necklace case, 168
Paris, Marie Antoinette’s entry to, as Dauphine, 65; supported by Duke of Orleans in 1789, 209; Queen’s plan for coercion of, in July 1789, 210; names of regiments coercing, 210; rises and captures Bastille, 210-12; new municipality of, Bailly elected Mayor, 212; marches on Versailles in October 1789, 220-22, 225; Royal Family brought to, by the mob in the Days of October, 230, 231; re-entry of Royal fugitives from Varennes into, 289-291; Queen’s attitude towards, after return from Varennes, 298; threat to destroy, in Brunswick’s Manifesto, drawn up by the Queen, 310-13
Parlement of Paris exiled by Louis XV., 59; nature of, 97; its opposition to Turgot’s reforms, 97, 98; demand the States-General, 183-84; refuses to accept Loménie’s reforms, 189; makes a final appeal for the States-General, 191
Passy, Chaumont’s house in, the refuge of the American delegates, 100
Paul, Grand-Duke, heir to Catherine of Russia, visits Versailles, 139-42; hears Beaumarchais read Figaro, 140
Persuasion the only instrument of Government, 40, 41
Pétion nominated to bring King back to Paris, 285; his adventure with Madame Elizabeth, 287-88; as Mayor of Paris in 1792 receives the Marseillese, 313
Philadelphia attacked successfully by Howe, contemporaneously with Burgoyne’s advance, 110
Picard recognises the King during flight at Viels-Maisons, 267
Pillnitz, Declaration of, its exact significance, 302
Pinks, affair of the, plot to get the Queen out of the Conciergerie, 369, 370
Planta, a gentleman follower of Cardinal de Rohan’s, present at the
supposititious interview with the Queen, 159
441Poland, its partition, character of, 61-63
Polignac, Comtesse de, friendship of Marie Antoinette with, 92; Queen quarrels with, 179; her clique, scandal of public subsidies to, 123; emigration after fall of Bastille, 213
Pompadour, Madame de, Mistress of Louis XV., her rôle in diplomatic revolution, 18; her character and dignity, 43, 44
Portugal, King and Queen of, chosen as god-parents of Marie Antoinette, 18-19
Pot, first holder of post of Master of Ceremonies, 208 n.
Premonition of Marie Antoinette relative to Temple, 164
Protestant States of Europe, French diplomatic support of, after Reformation, 5-6
Provence, Comtesse de, unintentional insult to, at birth of the Dauphine, 129; possibly protects Mme. de La Motte, 139
Provence, Monsieur, Comte de, present at the first playing of Figaro, 152; brought to Paris by the mob in Days of October, 230, 231
Prussia, revelation of power of, at Mollwitz, 6; growing menace of Poland to, in modern times, 62
Racing introduced into France on accession of Louis XVI., 92
Red Book, publication of, 239
Reformation, origin of the cycle which closes with the Diplomatic Revolution, 2; its probable effect if universal, 3; French hesitation upon, 3, 4
Religious Orders, Joseph II.’s suppression of, 131
Representation never so full as in States-General of 1789, 198
Representative System, its character and origin in Europe, 184-87
Resistance, Ministry of. See Ministry
Rheims, Louis XVI.’s coronation at, 93-95; flight by way of, rejected by King, 260
Rhodes, title of Pot, 208 n.
Riding-school. See Manège
Ring, the Queen’s, story of, 263-65
Robespierre at Oath in Tennis Court, 205; during Days of October, 223; 442demands the Queen’s trial on the breakdown of French armies in Holland, 352
Roderigo Hortalez. See Beaumarchais
Roederer advises King to retire from Tuileries, 325
Rohan, Bishop, coadjutor of, later Cardinal de, Marie Antoinette’s first meeting with, 38 (see Diamond Necklace; after acquittal King strips him of his functions and exiles him); his later career and death, 177
Rohan, Cardinal de, example of French hierarchy before the Revolution, 182
Romeuf. See Bayon
Rosalie, name of the girl who served the Queen in the Conciergerie, 365
Rothschild, difficulty of trying one to-day compared with difficulty of trying a Rohan in eighteenth century, 171
Royal Session. See Session
Royale, Madame. See Madame Royale
Sacrament, Last, received by Louis XV., 71; parallel between it and the French Monarchy, 78
St. Antoine, Gate of, Marseillese march in by, 313; workmen’s quarter of, join St. Marcel in insurrection of Aug. 10, 316, 317
St. Cloud, Palace of, bought for first Dauphin in his illness, 160; scene of Mirabeau’s interview with the Queen, 244, 245; Louis’ abortive attempt to reach, on 18th April 1791, 259
St. Germain l’Auxerrois, Church of, Madame Royale’s communion in, 234
St. Landry, schismatic priest of, appointed to accompany Queen at her execution, 395
St. Lawrence, Valley of, strategical value during rebellion of American colonies, 108, 109
St. Marcel. See St. Antoine
Ste. Menehould, its position, 270; Royal Family at, in flight to Varennes, 275-76
Saratoga, Burgoyne blockaded near, and surrenders, 112; news of Burgoyne’s capitulation at, reaches Versailles, after Vergennes had determined to recognise United States, 113
443Sauce, official at Varennes, his action in detaining the King, 279-81
Scheldt, opening of the, first mentioned, 134; Marie Antoinette supports her brother in, 137; character of quarrel over, explained, 145, 146; Joseph II.’s increasing irritation over, 148; Vergennes refuses to support Austria in, 149; the Dutch fire on one of Joseph II.’s ships in, 4th October 1784, 160; French Cabinet again, under pressure from Queen, pay the Dutch indemnity to Austria for this incident, 161; money actually paid over, 164-65; and is received in cash by Austria when affair of Diamond Necklace is at its height; consequent unpopularity of Queen, 174
September, Massacres of, 337, 338
Sergent serves out ammunition to the rebels, 317
Session, Royal, summoned for 22nd of June 1789, 204; held, June 23rd, 206-7
Siéyès at Oath in Tennis Court, 205
Silesia, forcible occupation of, by Prussia, moral revolution involved by this, 8
Simon, reputed tenderness of, in the Temple, 341
Sledge, Queen’s escapade upon, 96, 97
Soissons, Marie Antoinette’s arrival at, on her journey to her marriage, 38
Solstice, summer, date unlucky for the Bourbons, 261-63, 305
Somme-Vesle, posting station of, place arranged for the first cavalry guard during flight to Varennes, 271; Choiseul’s hussars at, 272; abandoned by Choiseul, 273, 274
Souberbielle visits Queen in Conciergerie, 369; on jury that tries her, 377
Spain, greatness of, in sixteenth century, difficulty of understanding to-day, 4; French maintain their independence against, 5
Stahrenberg, Austrian Ambassador in Paris after Kaunitz, 18; his last letter to Maria Theresa announces certitude of Marie Antoinette’s marriage, 27
Stars and Stripes first seen in Europe, 100
States-General, Crown of mediæval representative system in Europe, 185; 444Parlement insists on their being summoned, 184-89; Loménie and the Queen propose calling them within five years with the object of adjourning and nullifying the summons, 189; summoned by administrative order, accepted by the Queen, on 8th August 1788, 192 (after October 1789 and p. 222, see National Assembly); number of Tiers État in, ostensibly fixed by Necker, 197; only fully representative assembly in Europe, 198; opening of, 198-202; declared “National Assembly,” 204; Royal session of, June 23, 1789, 206-7; under military threat declare themselves “inviolable,” 209; permanent sitting of, during capture of Bastille, 211-12
Stormont, Lord, English Ambassador at Versailles, present at the ball where news of the Independence of the United States was received, leaves Versailles, 115
Strasburg, Marie Antoinette’s arrival at, on her journey to her marriage, 37; Bishop of, see Rohan
Sweden, Gustavus, King of, visits Versailles in 1784; his Quixotic character, 155; his death, 300
Swiss Guard before palace of Versailles in Days of October, 1789, 222; their mutiny at Nancy, 247; their character and position before the fall of the palace, 314; turned through long gallery and forced out of the Tuileries by the mob, 328
Talleyrand, example of French Hierarchy before the Revolution, 182; proposes confiscation of the goods of the Clergy, 237; visits Mirabeau’s deathbed, 255
Tea Tax. See Boston and America
Temple, Artois receives Marie Antoinette at, her premonitions with regard to, 164; Royal Family first lodged in, 333-35
Tennis Court, Oath of, 205
Theatre, Marie Antoinette’s, at Trianon inaugurated, 123; Mercy’s disapproval of, 124
Ticonderoga abandoned by American forces, before Burgoyne, 110
Tiers État, number of, ostensibly fixed by Necker, 197; Louis XVI. fails to receive deputation of, 202; affirms in May ’89 principle of voting in One Assembly, 202; 445summons Clergy and Nobles, 203; committed to first revolutionary act by declaring themselves the National Assembly, 204; remain in Hall after order to disperse, 23rd June 1789, 207
Tison, jailor and spy upon the Royal Family in the Temple, 336; wife of, goes mad, 354
Toulouse, Archbishop of, Confessor of Marie Antoinette, 244
Tourzel, Madame de, made governess of children of France after Mme. de Polignac’s emigration, 214
—— Duchess of, her rôle during flight to Varennes, 261; Duchesse de, removed from Royal Family in Temple, 335
Trial of the Queen, preliminary interrogation, 373-74; main trial, 377-400
Trianon, public exaggeration of its real cost, theatre started in, 123; theatre at, thrown open to large audience, 135; Queen retires to, after death of her last child, 188; theatre at, re-opened with a new play of Beaumarchais’ in the midst of the Diamond Necklace affair, 172; Marie Antoinette at, during Days of October, 224
Tronçon Ducourdray named to defend the Queen, 374
Tuileries, arrival of Royal Family at, in Days of October, 231; invaded by mob on 20th June 1792, 305, 306; fall of, 307-29; extent of armed force in defence of, 313, 315; condition and garrison of, just before the attack upon, 318-320; last review before defence of, 321; beginning of attack upon, 322, 323; Napoleon’s judgment of power to defend, 325
Turgot, enters Ministry after accession of Louis XVI., 84; Marie Antoinette not connected with nomination of, 84; policy and character of, 85; fiscal problem presented to him, 86-88; his way of dealing with it, 89; is lavish with funds to the Queen, 85, 89-90; his reforms cause popular suffering, 90; their unwise side, 97; opposed by the Parlement of Paris, 97; his fall largely due to the Queen, 98; servant of the Queen in the Temple and authority for history of period, 349
446United States of America recognised by Vergennes before the news of Saratoga, 113; delegates of, received by Louis XVI., 114; formally recognised by France, 21st of January 1778, 115; France goes to war to support, 115
Valenciennes, surrender of, 363
Vallet, son-in-law of post-master at Chaintry, recognises King, 268
Valmy, battle of, 339, 340; mill of, passed by fugitives in flight to Varennes, 275
Varennes, flight to, described, 263-291; town of, Drouet enters, 278; Royal Family detained in, 279-81; departure of Royal Family from, 282, 283
Vergennes, becomes director of foreign policy on accession of Louis XVI., his great abilities, 84; his acute panic just before Burgoyne’s surrender, 110; caution and fear of England at moment of Burgoyne’s surrender, 113; determines to recognise United States before hearing news of Saratoga, 113; refuses to support Austria in Bavarian claim, but under pressure from Queen pays compensation to Vienna, 116-18; practically first Minister after Maurepas’ death, 133; his patriotic refusal to support Joseph II. in the affair of the Scheldt, 149; but consents to pay indemnity, 161; his policy of silence in the case of the Diamond Necklace compared to the French modern Foreign Office destroying the Pannizardi telegram, 168; death of, 179
Vermond (physician), brother of Abbé, attends Queen’s first childbirth, 120
Vermond (Abbé), Marie Antoinette’s tutor, librarian of Mazarin collection and protégé of Loménie de Brienne, 33; attempts to educate Marie Antoinette, 33-36; emigration after fall of Bastille, 213
Versailles, palace of, eruption of mob into, in Days of October, 227-229
Veto of Crown over legislation, discussion on, 214
—— of Louis XVI. against prosecution of non-juring Clergy and formation of volunteer camp, 304
Viels-Maisons, posting station, Louis XVI. first recognised at, in flight to Varennes, 267
447Viet, post-master at Chalons, 269
Vilette, Rétaux de, an old soldier, forges the so-called Queen’s letters for the La Motte, 155, 156; writes a letter, purporting to be from Queen, asking Rohan for money, 162; takes Diamond Necklace from Rohan acting as supposed Queen’s messenger, 163; arrested at Geneva in the spring of 1786, 175; condemned to transportation, 176
Vote by Order, prime question before States-General, 198; decision as to, announced by Barentin, 201; decision as to, in Royal Session, 207; Crown advises Union of Orders, 209
Walpole, Horace, his admiration for Marie Antoinette, 95
War, first declaration of, between Europe and Revolution, responsibility for, 293-95; advance towards, originates in Queen’s letter to her brother, 297; declared on 20th April 1792, 300
448Washington, his defeat on the Brandywine, 110; marches south to join the French before Yorktown, 126
Weissembourg, lines of, their strategical importance, 355
Wattignies, battle of, described, 385-401; village of, scene of final charge against Austrians before Maubeuge, 396
Weber, family of, Marie Antoinette put out to nurse with, 23
Wine, Marie Antoinette’s curious aversion to, 77, 92; Mercy, an excellent judge of, 124
York, Duke of, marches on Dunquerque, 368
Yorktown, Cornwallis surrenders at, 128; coincident with Joseph II.’s “Edict of Toleration” and birth of Marie Antoinette’s heir, 131, 132
449Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson & Co.
Edinburgh & London
Transcriber’s Notes: Missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected. Typographical errors were silently corrected. Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a predominant form was found in this book.