Index

A B C D E F G H I J K

L M N O P Q R S T V W

A

Abbey, see Monastery.

Abbot, election and powers of, 321, 322. sometimes profligate, 327.

Adubbement, see Knighthood.

Advocates, of monasteries, 332.

Alexander, romances of, 180.

Alms, collected at feasts, 129; see Charity.

Apprentices, 362.

Arbalists, 190.

Architecture, military, improved by Crusader, 18.

Aristotle, authority of, 336.

Armor, 191 ff.

Assembleur, a literary, 143.

B

Backgammon, 52.

Bailey of Castle, 22. buildings and scene inside, 26.

Baillis, seigneurial officers, 10 nt.

Banalités, 258.

Banner, of baronial castle, 33.

Baptism, customs at, 81.

Barbican, 21.

Baronial family, of superior type, 14.

Baron, usual rights of, 7. cruel and outrageous, 8, 9, 152. typical feuds and neighbors, 13. superior type of, 153.

Baronial feuds, 224 ff.

Barony, composition and government of, 10, 11.

Bath, before adubbement, 202.

Battle cries, 248.

Battle, Bouvines, typical of Feudal warfare, 241 ff. mobilization for, 243. preliminaries of, 244. array of the armies, 245. engagement of the infantry, 247, 248. the battle cries, 248 nt. charge of French cavalry, 248, 249. flight of Otto IV, 250. rout of Germans and Flemings, 251. tactics and strategy employed, 251, 252.

Beards, shaved by noblemen, 95.

Beds, great feather, 39.

Bedrooms, furniture of, 38 ff.

Beer, 121.

Beffroi, in sieges, 237.

Bells, of communal donjon, 351.

Bertran de Born, war songs by, 176.

Betrothals, 105.

Beverages, 120, 121.

Bill of fare, at feasts, 128. on fast days, 129.

Billiards, game of, 57.

Birth, customs at, 81.

Bishop, 373 ff. honors of, 373. wealth and power of, 374. desirability of office, 376. how elected, 377. vast secular duties, 378. employed by king or pope, 379. wrote ecclesiastical duties, 380. worldly types of, 380, 381. forbidden secular luxuries, 381. participates in warfare, 382. friction with abbots and barons, 383. abuse right to excommunicate, 383, 384. interdict by, 384. relations with canons, 385 ff. relations with parish priests, 388 ff.

Bishops, visit disorderly monasteries, 326.

Books, elegant copies of, 341.

Brandy, 121.

Bread, varieties of, 118.

Bride, costume of, 107.

Bridegroom, costume of, 108.

Bridges, state of, 344.

Bridge tolls, baronial, 12.

Buffet of knighthood, 204, 205.

C

Camps, in feudal warfare, 243.

Canons, elect bishops, 377, 380. nature of office, 385. duties of, 386. worldly and gross, 387.

Carpets of rushes, and "Saracen," 37.

Cartel of defiance, 229.

Carver, at feast, 127.

Castle, position of between rivers, 4. built to resist Vikings, 5. famous specimens of, 18. siege of, 234 ff.

Castle, of St. Aliquis, original plan of, 16. primitive tower of, 17; disadvantages of early type, 18. rebuilt on improved model, 19. palisade before, 20. barbican outer barrier, 21. lists before bailey, 21. bailey, gates and porters, 22. walls and parapet, 23. great difficulty of attacking, 24. scene in the bailey, 26. buildings in the bailey, 26, 27. cookhouse in bailey, 28. inner ward of, 28. inner gate, 29. main court yard of, 29. donjon of, 30. halls of, 30 ff. prison under donjon, 33. summit of great tower, 33. watchman on tower, 34. palais, main residential building, 34, 35. furniture in hall and chambers, 36 ff.

Castle building, era of, 6.

Castle folk, one huge family, 46. intimate relations between, 47, 48. organization of, 48.

"Cat," siege engine, 237.

Cats, 84.

Cathedral, numerous uses of, 393. express the best spirit of the age, 394. erection a regional undertaking, 396. initial stages of building, 397. fraternity of builders, 398. building a natural growth, 399. use of arches, columns and buttresses, 400. stately dimensions required, 401. magnificent stained glass, 402. every part a work of piety, 403.

Chambers, of baronial castle, 36.

Chansons de geste, 138 ff., 142.

Charity, 275 ff. motives for, 276. alms very customary, 277. given by monasteries, 333.

Charter, communal, 352, 353.

Checkers, game of, 52.

Cheese, varieties of, 119.

Chess, in great acceptance, 54. history of game, 55. chessmen, 56.

Children, rearing of, 80 ff. early education of, 82.

Christmas celebrations and plays, 294.

Church, endeavors to regulate marriages, 101, 102. resists divorces, 102. vast wealth of, 374 nt. See Bishop, Abbey, Monastery, Canons, Priests, etc.

City, entrance to, 346. crowded streets, 347. lack of air and sanitation, 348. population of, 347 nt. great burghers of, 349. burgher mansion, 349. danger from fires, 350. the civic donjons, 351. communal charger, 352. See Commune.

Cleanliness, personal, among upper classes, 42. lack of, in woolen clothing, 89.

Clergy, legal privileges of, 159, 375. see Bishop, Canons, Priests, Monks.

Clerk, see clergy, Church, etc.

Cloisters, of abbey, 317.

Clothing, of peasants, 264.

Coinage, confusion in, 366.

Commerce, see Shops, Industries, Fairs.

Commune, charter of, 352, 353. privileges of inhabitants, 353. clergy rail at Commune, 354. communal insurrections, 354. jurisdiction of bishop, 355. rule by echevins and rich merchants, 355, 356.

Corvées, 258.

Courtesy, training in, 184.

Cowls, 320.

Clothing, male and female, 88 ff. materials used, 89. garments of noblemen, 90. headdress for men, 91. garments of noblewomen, 91. use of silks and furs, 92. rapid changes in fashions, 93. dress of lower classes, 94. headdress of women, 95. conspicuous costumes to indicate evil characters, 98.

Cookery and foods, 113 ff. implements in cookhouse, 114. meat frequently boiled, 114. game especially desired, 114, 115. butcher's meat, 115. poultry, 116. fish, 117. soups, 117. meat pies, 117.

Cookhouse, in a castle, 28.

Cosmetics, use of by women, 97.

Cross bows, 190.

Crusades, on wane in XIII century, 3. improve military architecture, 18.

D

Dais, in castle hall, 36.

Damoiseau, 185.

Dances, varieties of, 133.

Dancing, passion for, 84, 85.

Dean, of canons, 386.

Devil, belief in, 302. assists wizards and witches, 303.

Dice, games with, 52. sinfulness of, 53, 54.

Dinners, menu at castle in ordinary days, 49.

Divining, 306.

Divorces, resisted by Church, 102.

Dogs, very desirable for hunting, 64.

Donjon, of castle, 30 ff. of a commune, 351.

Dinner customs, 122 ff. See Feast.

Drawbridges, of castle, 22, 28.

Dress, see Clothing.

E

Echevins, in commune, 355.

Economic self-sufficiency, of a well-ruled barony, 46.

Education, of young nobleman, 176 ff. ideals inculcated, 178. training in letters, 179. reading of romances, 180. training in riding, fencing and hawking, 181. maxims inculcated, 181, 182. placed out as squire, 182. training as squire, 182-184. taught jousting, 183. learns "courtesy," 184. good side of training, 186. premium on prodigality, 186, 187. demanding knighthood, 187.

Effeminate knights, 188.

Emancipation, of villeins, 256.

Ensigns, before city houses, 350.

Epics, North French, 142, 143.

Excommunication, of a lawless baron, 9. a public declaration of, 289. abuse of, by bishops, 383, 384.

Executions, varieties of, 170 ff, 173. beheading honorable penalty, 173. hanging, usual method, 173, 174. ceremonies at gallows, 174, 175.

F

Fairs, 365 ff. attended by great multitudes, 366. very profitable to founders, 368. numerous commodities on sale, 369. regulation of traffic, 370. amusements at, 371.

Falconry, see Hawking.

Family life in a castle, 70.

Famines, among peasantry, 255.

Fealty, oath of, 157.

Feast, formal, arrangement of guests, 126. beginning of dinner, 126. serving the meats, 127. typical bill of fare, 128. on a fast day, 129. closing ceremonies, 130. vast plenty and carousing, 130, 131.

Feudal civilization, reaches climax in XIII century, 2.

Feudalism, 146 ff. nature of, 147. absence of true gradations in, 148. duties of fief holders, 149. military service usually essential, 150. arrogance of many barons, 151, 152. outrageous baronial tyrants, 152. better types of barons, 153. how fiefs are expanded, 154. accession to a barony, 154, 155. doing homage, 156. oath of fealty, 157. vassalage honorable, 158.

Feuds, baronial, 224 ff. frequency of, 225. waged within families, 225. limitations upon baronial, 226. pitched battles infrequent, 226. absence of strategy, 227. great valor of warriors, 228. origins of a typical feud, 229. delivering the "cartel," 229. assembling the vassals, 230. a baronial "array," 231. ravaging of noncombatants, 232. a petty battle, 233. use of mercenaries, 234. siege of a castle, 235 ff.

Fiefs, varieties of, 147. duties of fief holders, 149.

Fish, demand for, 117. use of, 129.

Flowers, garden, 68, 69.

Foods, see Cookery.

Foresters, seigneurial, 259.

France, in full mediæval bloom in XIII century, 2.

French, rise of as literary language, 141.

Frescoes, in castle, 35.

Friendship, tokens of, 106.

Fruit trees, 68, 69.

Funeral customs, 284 ff. caskets and interments, 285.

Furniture, of castle halls, 36, 37. of bedrooms, 38 ff.

Furs, wearing of, 92.

G

Gambling, with dice, 53, 54.

Game, wild, cannot be killed by peasants, 67. greatly desired at feasts, 114. varieties of game birds, 116.

Game Laws, oppressive, 272.

Games and amusements, 51 ff.

Garden of a castle, 67 ff. frequent place for gatherings, 68. herbs and vegetables in, 68. constant demand for flowers, 69.

Generosity, virtues of nobles, 186.

Gifts, constantly exchanged among nobles, 187.

Girls, noble, education of young, 83 ff. are devoted to hawks and dancing, 84.

Glass, used for windows in castle, 35.

Guilds, 360 ff. great subdivisions of, 360. friction between, 360, 361. regulations of, 361. management of, by syndics, 362. apprentices, 362. hired workers, 363. masters in guilds, 363.

H

Handwashing before meals, 125.

Hangmen, 166 ff. burns dishonest cloth, 349.

Hair, customs of wearing, 95. false hair used by women, 97.

Halls of castle, 30 ff. very murky in donjon, 32. more elegant in palais, 35.

Hauberks, 191.

Hawking, vast delight in, 57. hawks always exhibited, 58. varieties of hawks and falcons, 59. complicated art of "Falconry," 59. training of hawks, 60. good falconers precious, 60. professional jargon of, 61. prayers over hawks, 61. excellent sport with, 62.

Heralds, at tourneys, 212 ff.

Hermits, 296.

"Herodias's daughter," dance of, 136, 137.

Homage, ceremony of, 156.

Hospitality, baronial, 43 ff. ceremony of receiving guests, 44.

Heiresses, given in marriage by suzerain, 102.

Helmets, 192.

Horses, indispensable in war, 196. varieties of, 197. trappings of, 198. presentation to new knights, 205.

Hot cockles, game of, 52.

Houses, of peasants, 263. huts of the very poor, 265. dwelling of rich burghers, 344. seldom of stone, 351.

Hunting, serious business, 63. many wild animals, 63. equipment of hunters, 64. dogs essential for, 64. chasing down a great boar, 64 ff. return from the hunt, 66, 67. hunting across peasants' lands, 67.

I

"Immunity," possessed by barons, 7 nt.

Imposts, on peasants, 258.

Infantry, in battle, 245, 247, 248.

Inns, 345, 346.

Industries, in towns, 357 ff. trades in special streets, 358. shopkeepers, 359. regulation by officials, 359. See Guilds.

Interest, on money, taken by Jews, 365.

Interdict, 384.

Isabella, Queen, forced by her barons to change husbands, 100.

J

Jews, in cities, 364, 365.

Jongleurs, 132 ff. varieties of, 133. trick performers, 134. depraved montebanks, 135. jongleurs in great demand, 136. troupes of, 136, 137. a superior type of jongleur, 138. gives a recitation, 139 ff.

Jousting, training in, 184. See Tourneys.

Justice, administration of, 159 ff. no equality before the law, 159, 160. judicial powers of a baron, 160. "low justice" pertains to petty nobles, 161. laws enforced by the provosts, 161, 162. formal assizes, 162. ordeal by battle, 162. checks upon such ordeals, 163. summary treatment of villeins, 164. types of peasant litigation, 165. fate of condemned bandits, 165 ff.

K

King, seeks as many vassals as possible, 12.

Knighthood, who can demand, 187. by whom bestowed, 200. nature of an adubbement, 200, 201. vigil at arms, 201, 202. dressing the candidates, 203. ceremony of adubbement, 204. presentation of horses, 205. exercises of new knights, 206.

Knights, effeminate types of, 188.

L

Lances, 195.

Last Day, fear of, 288.

Lighting of halls and bedrooms, 39.

Lists, before castle, 21.

Lovers, presents between, 106.

M

Manners, for young ladies, 71 ff.

Marriage ceremony, 109, 110.

Marriage, 98 ff. usual reasons for marriages, 99. ages for, 99. heiresses compelled to marry, 100. very sudden marriages, 101. attempts of Church to regulate, 101-102. young girls wedded to aged barons, 103. negotiation of a marriage treaty, 103, 104. desirable qualities in a bridegroom, 104. betrothal ceremonies, 105. intercourse of betrothed couple, 105, 106. preparation for wedding, 106. wedding proceedings, 107 ff. customs of peasants, 266.

Marshall, of a castle, 48.

"Mass of the Ass," 292.

Masters, in guilds, 363.

Mealtimes and dinner customs, 42, 122.

Meats, abundance and varieties of at feasts, 128.

Medical Art, 280 ff. conducted by executioners and barkers, 280, 281. use of bleedings, 281. professional physicians, 281 ff. their jargon, 282. healing relics and processions, 283.

Mêlée, climax to tourneys, 221.

Mercenaries, use of, 234.

Merchants, see Shops, Fairs, etc.

Mining, in sieges, 239.

Minstrels, see Jongleurs.

Miracles, belief in, 300.

Moats of castle, 22, 28.

Mobilization, for battle, 242, 243.

Monastery, 312 ff. Benedictine foundations, 314. land and buildings, 314, 315. abbey church, 316. cloisters, 317. dormitory, 318. refectory, 319. adornments of buildings, 320. costume of monks, 320, 321. discipline and organization, 321. duties and occupations of monks, 322, 323. persons becoming monks, 324. a disorderly monastery, 326. specimen abuses, 327. struggle against idleness in, 330. bequests to, 331. secular "advocates" of, 332. agriculture and industries in, 333. almsgiving by, 333. manual labor by monks, 334. copying of books, 335. study of pagan authors, 335. curriculum of study, 336. authority of Aristotle, 336. scientific works, 337. study of botany and geology, 338. writing chronicles, 339. piety of book copying, 340. beautiful manuscripts, 341.

Monasticism, see Monastery and Monks.

Money, hardly necessary on an average barony, 46. varieties of coinage, 366.

Monks, many sick or infirm, 319 nt. costume of, 320. discipline of, 321 ff. persons becoming monks, 324. See Monastery.

Montebanks, 135.

Montjoie St. Denis, 248 nt.

Morality, of castle life, 77-78.

Music, delight in, 132.

Mystery plays, 294, 295.

N

Needlework, by castle women, 80.

Night, closing castle for, 49.

Nightdresses, not used in feudal ages, 42.

Nobles, employed around a castle, 48.

O

Omens, belief in, 300, 301.

Ordeal, by battle, 162. by fire, 170, 171.

Oriflamme, royal standard, 245.

Otto IV, see Battle, Bouvines.

P

Palisade, before a castle, 20.

Passions, hot and childish in feudal ages, 47, 48.

Patrons, of parish churches, 388, 389.

Peasants, forbidden to kill game, 67. inferior weapons of, 189. life of, 253 ff. always considered inferior, 254. population dense, 254. in danger from famines, 255. frequently emancipated from serfdom, 256. status of free "villeins," 257. constantly exploited, 258. lands much divided, 259. primitive agricultural methods, 261. calamity of short crops, 261, 262. a peasant family, 262. its house and furniture, 263. clothing of peasants, 264. very poor peasants, 265. villein marriage customs, 266. long hours of toil, 267. lack of education, 267, 268. filthy habits, 269. sullen and impious characters, 270. gross oppression by knights, 271. severe game laws, 272. futile peasant revolts, 273. popular village sports, 274.

Pellison, 90, 91.

Penance, public, 290.

Philip Augustus, see Battle, Bouvines.

Physicians, see Medical Art.

Pilgrimage, as penance, 297. shrines frequented, 298. sacredness of Rome, 299.

Pillory, 171.

Pleasures, usual, of a baron, 43.

Pork, demand for, 115.

Porters of castle, 22.

Poultry, 116.

Priests, parish, 388 ff. how appointed, 388, 389. scandalous appointments, 389, 390. status of, in villages, 390. charges against, 391. many faithful and learned, 391, 392.

Prior, of abbey, 322.

Prison, sometimes under donjon, 33. treatment of inmates, 168, 169. fearful dungeons in, 169.

Privacy, absence of in baronial castle, 36.

Provosts, 8, 10. enforce law on barony, 161 ff, 259.

Q

Quadrivium, 336.

Quintain, 185.

R

Ragman's roll, 51.

Ransoms, sought in tourneys, 220.

Recluses, 296.

Reign of Folly, 291.

Relics, holy, used for healing, 282, 283. saints, 307 ff. collections of, 308. great value of, 309. often spurious, 310. "translations" of, 311.

Religion, popular, 286 ff. attitude of knights, 287. fear of Last Day, 288. Excommunications, 289. public penance, 290. festive side of religion, 291. "Reign of Folly," 291. Mass of the Ass, 292. Worship of the Virgin, 293. Christmas celebrations, 294. mystery plays, 295. hermits and recluses, 296. pilgrims, 297 ff. belief in spirits, 301 ff.

Rings, customs with, 95, 96.

Rising, early hour for, 41.

Roads, evil state of, 344.

Roland, Chanson de, 138. ordeal by battle in, 162.

Romances, North French, 142, 143. read by young nobles, 180.

Roman Law, returning to vogue, 160.

Rome, resort for pilgrims, 299.

Routine of the day, for a baron, 43.

Rushes for carpets in castle halls, 37.

S

Sanitation, lacking in castle cookhouses, 28. not sufficiently guarded even by nobility, 42.

Scientific studies, in monasteries, 337 ff.

Seigneurial officers, 259.

Self-sufficiency of a well-ruled barony, 46.

Seneschal, of a castle, 48.

Serfdom, 256.

Service, personal, honorable for nobles, 48.

Servants, abundant in castles, 85. organization and duties of, 86.

Service, at table, 123.

Shields, 193.

Shopkeepers, 358, 359.

Shoes, 90.

Shrines, sought by pilgrims, 298.

Sickness, frequent in Middle Ages, 277. leprosy and other plagues, 278. great losses in childbirth, 279. healing saints, 279, 280. mediæval medicine, 280 ff.

Siege of a castle, 234 ff. varieties of siege engines, 236, 237. the beffroi, 237. mantelets, 238. undermining a wall, 239.

Silks, for apparel, 92.

Sortes Apostolorum, 306.

Soups, 117.

Spirits, supernatural, belief in, 301.

Squires, taught to serve at table, 123. training and duties of, 182-184.

Subinfeudation, 12.

Superstitions, of peasants, 306. See Witchcraft, Devil, etc.

Surcoat, introduction of, 93.

Suzerains, see Feudualism.

Swords, 194.

Syndics, of guilds, 362.

Syria, famous castles in, 19.

T

Tables, at dinner, 124.

Tapestries, in castles, 37, 38.

Taverns, 345.

Tennis, game of, 57.

Thirteenth Century: height of the Middle Ages, 2.

Tilting, see Tourneys.

Times for meals, 42.

Tolls, on commerce, 367.

Tortures, 165 ff. vainly discouraged by Pope Nicholas I, 166. methods of, 167 ff.

Tolls, at a baron's bridge, 12.

Towers of castle, 23.

Trade, in towns, 358 ff. See Fairs.

Travelers, usually welcomed at castles, 44.

Travel, 343-345.

Trenchers, at feast, 127.

Tristan and Ysolt, story of, 139.

Trivium, 336.

Trojan War, romances of, 179.

Troubadour songs, 144, 145.

Tourneys, 208 ff. "crying" the tourney, 208. people attracted to them, 209. early tourneys were battles, 209, 210. denounced by Church, 210. arrangements for, 210, 211. lists and lodges, 211. opening ceremonies, 212. procession of jousters, 213. armor and bizarre costumes worn, 214. jousting by pairs, 215. art of lance-breaking, 216. a bloody duel, 217. defending a barrier, 218, 219. dueling for ransoms, 220. the mêlée, 221, 222. vast expense of tourneys, 223.

Trouvéres, 142 ff.

Tyranny, of outrageous barons, 8, 9.

V

Vassals, can have two or more seigneurs, 11. desire to hold from the king, 12. summons of, to war, 230. see Feudalism, Homage, etc.

Vegetables, 68, 118.

Vigil before knighthood, 202.

Vikings, castles built to resist them, 5.

Villeins, subject to summary justice, 164. See Peasants.

Virgin, The, popular worship of, 293.

W

Walls of castle, 23.

Wars, nobles delight in, 176. almost incessant, 224. varieties of, 225. See Feuds.

Watchman, on castle tower, 34.

Weapons, give superiority to nobles, 189. arms preferred by them, 189, 190. missile weapons non-noble, 191. armor, 191 ff. hauberks and helmets, 192. shields, 193. swords, 194. lances, 195.

Wedding proceedings, 106 ff. bridal procession, 109. ceremony at church, 109, 110. presents at wedding, 110. great feast at wedding, 111.

Windows, glass in castle, 35. stained glass in churches, 402.

Wine, 120.

Witchcraft, 303 ff. casting a spell, 305. lawful forms of divining, 306.

Witches, 303-305.

Wizards, 303-305.

Women, noble, praised for beauty by minstrels, 70. types of female beauty, 71. taught good manners, 72, 73. married off against their will, 74. can be harshly treated, 74, 75. sometimes grossly neglected, 76. often extremely coarse, 77. alleged shortcomings of, 78. accomplishments of, 79. manage children and household, 80 ff.

Woolens, generally used for garments, 89.

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