INDEX

Acœlomata, development of, 73

Albaran, Dr., 231

Alexander I., Tsar of Russia, 26

Alexander II., 28; assassination of, 101, 104, 218

Alexis Michailovitch, Tsar, sends Spatar on mission to China, 24; death of, 25

Alhambra, the, 124

Amour (Amur) river, Spatar’s exploration of, 24

Anisoplia austriaca, experiments on, 111

Annales de l’Institut Pasteur, 1915, 249-50 n.

Anthrax vaccine experiment, unfortunate result of, 133-4

Anthropoid apes, Metchnikoff’s desire to experiment with, 140, 189; syphilis experiments with, 190, 191; infantile cholera experiments with, 207, 220; typhoid fever experiments with, 207

Antitoxins, Metchnikoff’s experiments with, 162

Arbeiten des zool. Inst. zu Wien, publication of Metchnikoff’s “Untersuchung über die intracelluläre Verdauung bei wirbellosen Tieren,” 119 n.

Arterio-sclerosis, 189, 206

Ascidia, Metchnikoff’s difference with Kovalevsky re, 62, 73

Asiatic cholera, 220

Astrakhan steppes, 84, 85

Austria, declaration of war on Serbia, 1914, 240

Baer, Prof., and Baer Prize, 58

Bakounine, 52, 56

Bardach, Dr., 127, 133

Bassarab, Constantine, 24

Baumgarten, Prof., hostile criticism of phagocyte theory, 126, 129; criticism refuted, 148

Behring, theory of immunity, 148; discovery of antitoxins, 149, 150

Békétoff, Prof., 40, 58

Bell, the, 29

Berlin Congress, 1890, 148-9

Berthelot, M., pupil and collaborator of Metchnikoff, 197, 221

Besredka, Dr., researches, 161-2, 207-8

Birsch, 169 n.

Bobrinsky, Count, 111, 112

Bogomoloff, 29

Bombyx mori (moth of the silk-worm), Metchnikoff’s experiments with, 238-9, 251

Bordet, M. I., important researches and experiments, 165

Borrel, M., 162

Brockhaus and Effrone, Encyclopædia quoted, 25-6

Bronn, Classes and Orders of the Animal Kingdom, 31

Büchner, 169, 265; paper on humoral theory, 150

Buckle, History of Civilisation, 29

Buda-Pest Congress (International, 1894), 159

Bulletin of the Moscow Society of Naturalists, 33

Bunsen, 48

Burnet, M., 211

Caillaux affair, 240

Cantemir, Prince, 26

Casso, Minister of Public Instruction, 219

Cephalopoda, Metchnikoff’s study of, 56, 57

Chamberland, 265

Chauveau, 169 and n.

Cholera outbreak in France, 1892, 154; Metchnikoff’s experiments with cholera vibrio, 154-7, 158 seq.

Choukevitch, Dr., 212

Cienkovsky, friendship for and interest in Metchnikoff, 59, 60, 73; resigns from Odessa University, 75; bacillus, 210

Claus, Prof., 48, 119

Cœlentera and intracellular digestion, 107, 110, 116

Cœlomata, development of, 73

Cohendy, M., research work of, 196

Cohn, association with and interest in Metchnikoff, 43, 45

“Conception of Nature and of Medical Science, A,” Metchnikoff’s Stuttgart Lecture, 1909, 209, 224

Crimea, and Black Sea fauna, 59

Ctenophora, 73

“Curative Forces of the Organism, The,” Metchnikoff Lecture on, in Berlin, 1908, 208, 223

Curded milk, manufacture, Metchnikoff’s connection with, 226-7

Daphniæ, experiments with, 121, 279

Darré, Dr., 256, 266, 271

Darwin, The Origin of Species, 41; theories, 276, 277

Diabetes, 246

Dubois-Reymond, journal of, 48

Duclaux, M., 137, 265

Duniasha (Avdotia Maximovna), 4, 10

Eberth’s bacillus, 207-8

Echinodermata, Metchnikoff’s researches, etc., 61, 62, 70; metamorphoses of, 72, 73; and intracellular digestion, 107, 110, 116; observations on larvæ transformation, 119

Education from an Anthropological Point of View, Metchnikoff’s paper on, 63, 74

Ehrlich, Prof., 199, 265

Embryology, comparative, Metchnikoff’s studies in, 50-51, 56, 57, 107, 277

Emmerich, 265; attack on phagocyte theory, 131; attacks refuted, 148

Engelmann, 45

Ephemeridæ, Metchnikoff’s study of, 105, 106, 193, 237

Escherich, 265

Essais optimistes, 191-2, 209

Études sur la nature humaine, 185, 191, 209; quoted, 188

Evolution, Metchnikoff’s researches in, 50-51

Fabricia, Metchnikoff’s researches on, 43

Fédorovitch, Mlle. Ludmilla, afterwards Madame Elie Metchnikoff, 63; engagement to Metchnikoff, 65-9; marriage to Metchnikoff, 69; illness of, 69-70; a clever draughtswoman, 71; temporary recovery of, 73; relapse, 74, 75, 78; death, 79

Fédorovitch, Mlle., 71, 74, 78, 80; account of interview with Metchnikoff, 83

“Flora of the Human Body,” Wilde Lecture, 1901, 182

Flore du corps humain, La, 224

“Forces curatives de l’organisme,” quoted, 120-21

Forty Years’ Search for a Rational Conception of Life, 223

Founders of Modern Medicine, The, extract from preface to, 247-8

Fraenkel, Carl, 265

Gamaléia, Dr., 127, 133

Garibaldi Movement, the, 47

Garnier, M., 21, 22

Gastræa, Haeckel’s theory of the, 108

“Gastrotricha,” Metchnikoff’s establishment of, 42

Geneva, young revolutionary centre, 47-8

Geodesmus bilineatus, 106-7

Geophilus (see Myriapoda)

George, Henry, 202

Germany, Metchnikoff’s appreciation of scientists of, 55

Germany, declaration of war on Russia, 240; on France, 242

Giessen, Naturalists’ Congress at, 1864, 44-5

Glycobacter peptonicus, 221, 222

Goethe, Faust, 195, 204

Goldschmidt, Dr., 78, 79

Göttingen News, Leuckart’s memoir on Nematodes in, 48

Granada, 124

Gravitz, 169 n.

Grove, The Unity of Physical Forces, 32

Guancios, Caves of the, 77

Haeckel, theory of the gastræa, 108

Hayem, 169 n.

Heitz, Dr., 231

Heligoland, flora and fauna of, 43

Helmholtz, 48

Henle, Prof., 54

Herzen, Passé et pensées, 47

Hirschfeld, 169 n.

Hodounof, 19, 20, 22

Hueppe, Prof., 131

Hugo, Victor, 260 n.

Iamanouchi, M., 211

Immunity, 122; opposing theories of Behring and Metchnikoff, 148, 149, 150, 151; ancient and modern theories of, 168-70; Metchnikoff’s exposition of, 171-180

Immunity in Infectious Diseases, 170

Infantile cholera, 207, 220-21

Inflammation, Metchnikoff’s lectures on, 152-3

Intestinal flora, problem of, 196-8, 206; further researches, 220, 235, 280; experiments with rats, 221, 222

Intracellular digestion, Metchnikoff’s studies of, 57, 105, 107, 110, 116, 170, 277, 278

Jaurès, assassination of, 240

Jelly-fish, Metchnikoff’s monograph on embryology of, 126

Jenner and method of antivariolic vaccination, 168

Journal de Moscou, Elie Metchnikoff’s first publication in, 33

Jupille, M., 155

Kalmuk steppes, Metchnikoff’s journey to, 82-3; description of, 215-16; Metchnikoff’s anthropological work among natives of, 84-5; liability of natives to tuberculosis, 210-11; Pasteur Institute expedition to, 212; description of, 215-17

Keferstein, Prof., 54

Kent, Saville, discoveries of Protospongia, 110

Kharkoff, 1, 16, 20; Lycée, progress in, 28; University, ancient methods in, 31-2, 37, 40

Kherson, peasants’ grievances and vexatious conduct in, 113, 114

Kirghiz steppes, endemic plague in, 211; Russian plague mission to, 211, 215, 218; description of, 214

Kleinenberg, Prof., encouragement of Metchnikoff, 118, 119

Kleps, 169 n.

Koch, Prof., 265; attitude to Metchnikoff’s theory, 133, 149

Kölliker, Prof., 37

Kovalevsky, Alexander, friendship with Metchnikoff, 49, 58; work of, 51, 52, 61, 62, 72, 73, 108; divides Baer Prize with Metchnikoff, 58

Kriloff, 26

Kühne, 41

Latapie, M., 155

Law of Life, The, 223

Leçons sur la pathologie comparée de l’inflammation, 152-3

Leube, Dr., 231

Leuckart, Prof., 43-5, 46

Lilienfiorse, 199

Lister, Dr., 148

Loeffler, 265

London Congress, 149-50

Lubarsch, attacks on Metchnikoff’s theory, 232

Lucernaria, 73

Macaques or Barbary apes, 124; Metchnikoff’s typhoid experiments with, 207-8

Macrophages, 163-4, 166, 178, 184

Madeira, 75

Maeterlinck, Maurice, 228-9

Maisonneuve, M., 191

Malaga, gardens of, 124

Manoukhine, Dr., 231

Martin, Dr., 256, 273

Medusæ, 72, 73, 116

Mertens, 76, 79

Messenger of Europe, Metchnikoff’s contributions to, 208-9, 239 n.

Messina, Metchnikoff’s work at, 61

Messina, the Metchnikoff home at, 115

Messina, earthquake at, 1908, 115, 116

Metazoa, 277

Metchnikoff, Dmitri Ivanovitch, devotion to his brother’s family, 5, 17, 21, 28; appearance and character, 5-6; other references, 12, 14

Metchnikoff, Elie (or Ilia), parents’ home at Panassovka, 1-3; birth of, 3; appearance and disposition in childhood, 8-11; early indications of unusual intelligence, 9, 16, 20; an adventurous journey to Slaviansk, 12-15; life at Kharkoff, 16-18; develops natural history tastes with Hodounof, 20-22; ancestry, 23-7; entry into and progress at Kharkoff Lycée, 28-34; friendships and their influence, with Bogomoloff, 29, with Tschelkoff, 32-3, 42, with Kovalevsky, 48 seq., with Cienkovsky, 59-60, with Kleinenberg, Virchow, and others, 118-19, with Pasteur, 132 seq., various, 56, 58-9, 63, 65, 93, 137; adopts atheism and shows continued interest in natural history, 29-30; love of music, 31, 34, 54-5, 93; plans a scientific career, 31; early publications, 33, 41; devotion to his mother, 35, 93-4; early love affairs, 35-6; abortive journey to Würzburg, 37-9; at Kharkoff University, 40-42; an early controversy with Kühne, 41; influenced by Darwin, 41, 50; early researches and privations in Heligoland, 43-5; letters to his mother quoted, 44-6, 65-9; at Giessen Congress, 45; work and relations with Leuckart, 45-8; eyesight troubles, 46, 62, 82-3, 105; visit to Geneva, 46-8; researches, Mediterranean, 48-53, 56-7, 61 seq., in the Crimea, 59-60, at Spezzia, etc., 70-73, anthropological among Kalmuks, 84-5, in intracellular digestion and Ephemeridæ, 105-11, 116, in infectious diseases, 128, in tuberculosis and phagocytosis, 133; at Pasteur Institute, 135-6, in cholera, 154-157, in immunity, 168-80, in senile atrophies and intestinal flora, 182-9, 191, 196-8, 206-8, 220 seq., in syphilis, 189-91, in infantile cholera and typhoid, 207-8, 220, in tuberculosis and plague among Kalmuks, 210-19; silk-worm moth, 238-9, 251; contribution to foundation of comparative embryology, 51, 56; studies in Germany and opinion of German scientists, 54-5, 57; illnesses, 55-56, 65, 104, 181, 217, 222, 229 seq., 249; return to Russia and Odessa University appointment, 58-60; appointed Zoology Professor at Petersburg, 61; interest in educational questions, 63, 100; life at Petersburg, 63-4, 71 seq.; engagement and first marriage, 66-70; reappointed to Odessa University and difficulties of appointment, 73, 75, 78, 98 seq.; his philosophical theory and its evolution, 74-7, 184-9, 191-5, 209, 222-4, 228-9, 281-3; visit to and life at Madeira, 75-7; death of first wife, 79; attempts suicide, 80-81; Mlle. Fédorovitch’s description of, 83; journey to Astrakhan steppes, 82-3; studies of childhood, 86; meeting with family of second wife and growing intimacy, 86-8, 94; Setchénoff’s description of, 88; harmony of second marriage, 89-95; character and disposition 96-8, 143-5; views of women’s scientific capacity, 103; inoculates himself with relapsing fever, 104; and the phagocyte theory, first statement of, 110, describes first inception of, 116-17, progress in, 117-22, 126, 128, 142, 148, 150-53, 158-66, 183, 208-9, controversies and attacks on, 131, 133, 142, 147-9; difficulties over Russian estate management, 112-14; life at Messina, 115-19; again returns to Russia, 119; journey through Spain to Tangiers, 123-4; life at Tangiers and Villefranche, 125-6; describes work at Bacteriological Institute, Odessa, 127-8; describes first meeting with Pasteur, 132; Pasteur’s offer, 132; visit to Berlin and reception by German scientists, 133; work and influence at Pasteur Institute, 135-146; M. Roux’s appreciations of, 138-9, 150, 159; other appreciations, 141, 165; life at Sèvres and Paris, 144-5; visit to England, 149; triumph at London Congress, 150; interest in Pfeiffer’s phenomenon, 158-60; theory and studies of natural death, 192-5, 230-35, 237-8, 252; receives Nobel Prize, 199; journey to Sweden and Russia, 199-200; visit to Tolstoï, 200-205; expedition to Kalmuk steppes, 210 seq.; unpleasant incident of lacto-bacilli fabrication, 225-7; kindness to friends, 227-8; descriptions of his own symptoms, etc., 229-36, 250-51, 263-5; holidays at St. Léger-en-Yvelines, 228, 237-9, 251; effect of war on, 239-46, 261; preface to Founders of Modern Medicine quoted, 247-8; plans a work on sexual questions, 249, 252, 260; jubilee celebrations, 249-50; last illness, 254-73; last days at Pasteur Institute, 256-73; death, 273; synopsis of work and achievements, 276-81

Metchnikoff, Madame, meeting with Metchnikoff, 87, parents and family, 87-8, 94, marriage, 89, 90, relations between husband and wife, 90-95, illness of, in 1880, 104, loss of both parents, 112, illnesses of, 123, 181, 252

Metchnikoff, Emilia Lvovna (née Nevahovna), appearance and disposition, 2, 5, 6, 93; a capable housewife, 3; a devoted mother, 4, 6, 13, 14, 18, 37; delicacy of, 22; ancestors, 26; influence on Elie Metchnikoff’s choice of a career, 41; endeavours to prevent Elie’s first marriage, 66; letters to, from Elie quoted, 44-5, 65-69; death of, 94

Metchnikoff, Elena Samoïlovna, 4, 8, 10

Metchnikoff, Ilia Ivanovitch, home at Panassovka, 1, appearance and character, 2, marriage, 2, easy-going temperament, and extravagance, 2-6, attitude to his family and servants, 6-7

Metchnikoff, Ivan, 3, 8

Metchnikoff, Katia, appearance and character, 8, marriage, 16, 21, other references, 12, 14

Metchnikoff, Leo, 3, 8, illness of, 19, gifted but superficial nature of, 19, 46-7; activities in Geneva and connection with Garibaldi Movement, 46-7, 80

Metchnikoff, Nicholas, birth of, 3; appearance, 8; his great-aunt’s favourite, 8, 10; boyhood pursuits, 17-18; enters Kharkoff Lycée, 28; life in Kharkoff, 31; death of, 230

Microphages, 163-4, 166

Morosoffs, the, of Moscow, 189

Moscow, Anthropological Society of, Metchnikoff’s report to, 85

Moscow, International Congress, 1897, 164-5; Skin Disease Research Society, 189

Müller, Fritz, For Darwin, 50

Müller’s Archives, Metchnikoff’s memoir on the Vorticella in, 41

Myriapoda, embryology of, 76, 85

Naegeli, 169 n.

Naples, cholera epidemic in, 1865, 53; Metchnikoff’s first stay at, 49-53, second stay, 62

Napoleon, 260 n.

Natural death, Metchnikoff’s studies of, 237, 280-81

Natural science, Metchnikoff’s campaign for the teaching of, 100

Nematodes, Metchnikoff’s discoveries, etc., 42, 46

Nevahovitch, Leo, 26

Nicholas I., 28

Nobel Prize, the, 199

Nocard, M., 265; appreciation of Metchnikoff, 165

Norden, Dr., 231

Odessa, University of, 58-9, Metchnikoff’s work at, 60-61, 98-9, party intrigues at, 75, 101, rights to autonomy threatened, 101-3, Congress, 1883, 120, bacteriological Institute founded at, 127

Oldenburg, Prince of, 129

Panassovka, the home of the Metchnikoffs, 1, 3, fire at, 20-21

Parenchymella, explanation of, 109-110

Paris, International Congress, 1900, 170

Paris, air raids on, 246

Pasteur, antirabic inoculations, 127, Metchnikoff’s first interview with, 132, friendship with Metchnikoff and interest in phagocyte theory, 137, experiments in vaccination and immunity, 168-9, death of, 181, discovery of lactic fermentation microbe, 193, age at death, 265

Pasteur Institute, the, 132, Metchnikoff’s work and influence at, 134-142, 144, Metchnikoff’s appreciation of, 139, effect of outbreak of European War on, 244-5; celebration of Metchnikoff’s jubilee, 249

Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, 24, 25, 26

Petersburg, 2, 19, Congress of Russian Naturalists at, 1867, 60-61, difficult conditions of Metchnikoff’s work at, 63-4, 71, foundation of Bacteriological Institute at, 129

Petersburg Geographical Society, 82

Petrushka, 4, 12, 13

Pettenkoffer, 154, 236

Pfeiffer, 265, experiments in extracellular destruction of microbes, 158-60, 165-6, 175; attacks on Metchnikoff’s theory, 232

Phagocytella, 110, 126

Phagocytes, origin of Metchnikoff’s theory of, 51, 57, 278, development of theory, 110, 111, 113, 120-22, 142, inception of theory, 116-19, Baumgarten’s hostile criticism of theory, 126; application of theory to erysipelas, 128, opposition to theory, 131, 151, controversy, 148, renewed experiments for proving theory, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 279; vindication of, at Buda-Pest Congress, 159, 160; experiments with toxins and poisons, 160-62; experiments with antitoxins, 162-164, and doctrine of immunity, 170-80, and senility, 183, 280

Phagocytosis, Metchnikoff’s first paper on, read at Odessa Congress of Physicians and Naturalists, 1883, 120

Phyllirhoë, 175

Picot, E., Chronicle of John Neculua quoted, 23

Pirquet’s test, 211

Pleomorphism of Microbes, Metchnikoff’s memoir, 1888, 211

Poland, Revolution in, 1830, 26

Polypi, 72

Popular Star, 29

Preyer, theory of fatigue and sleep, 194

Protospongia, discovery of, by Saville Kent, 110

Pushkin, 2, 26

Radlkoffer, The Crystals of Proteic Substances, 33

Rasputin, 219

Recklinghausen, 169 n.

Relapsing fever, experiments to prove phagocytic reaction, 129

Renon, Dr., 255

Rotifera, 193, 237-8

Rousseau, J. J., Confessions and the Nouvelle Héloïse, 260 n.

Roux, Dr., 137, 255, appreciation of Metchnikoff quoted, 138-9, 141, 159, 249; collaboration with Metchnikoff, 150, 162, 163, 164, wins Osiris Prize, 189; reply to campaign against Metchnikoff, 226; friendship with and visits to Metchnikoff in his last illness, 257, 267, 273

Rubinstein, M., 260

St. Léger-en-Yvelines, 228, 237

Salimbeni, Dr., 163, 184, 211, 215, 256, 266, 272-3

Sanarelli, Dr., discovery of choleriform bacilli, 156

Sarepta, 217-18

Schaudinn, discovery of syphilitic treponema, 190

Scorpion, the, Metchnikoff’s researches concerning the development of, 71

Senility and death, Metchnikoff’s views on and researches, 182-8, 191-5

Serums, their action, 177

Setchénoff, Prof., 52-3, 71, 73, 78, 239; autobiography quoted, 88

Sèvres, Metchnikoff Villa at, 144, 145

Siphonophora, 72

Slaviansk, adventurous journey of the Metchnikoff family to, 12

Spain, Metchnikoff’s eventful journey through, 80

Spatar, Joury Stepanovitch, 26

Spatar, Nicholas Milescu, exploits and adventures of, 23-4, mission to China, 24, literary activities and services to Peter the Great, 25, death of, 25

Spezzia, the Metchnikoffs sojourn at, 70-71

Sponges and Echinodermata, Metchnikoff’s study of, 61, 72, 106, 117

Stepanita, Prince, his dealings with Nicholas Milescu Spatar, 24

Syphilis, Metchnikoff’s researches on, 189-91, 280

Tangiers, journey to, through Spain, 123-4, description of, 124-6

Tarassevitch, Dr., 212

Tchistovitch, Dr., 231

Time for Marriage, The, Metchnikoff’s paper on, 77

Tolstoï, Léon, a day at Iasnaïa Paliana, 200-205

Tolstoï, Countess, 203

Tornaria, Metchnikoff’s discovery concerning, 70

Toxins and the phagocyte theory, experiments, 160 seq.

Trattoria della Harmonia, the, 53

Trieste, Metchnikoff’s work at, 62

Tschelkoff, Prof., 32, 33, 40, 41, 42

Tshori, Convent of, 217

Tuberculosis, researches on phagocytosis, in, 133; Metchnikoff’s theory of natural vaccination, 210-11, 218

Typhoid fever, 207-8

Vaquez, Dr., 230

Veillon, Dr., 256

Vienna, Hygienists’ Conference at, 1887, 131

Villa Orotava, giant dragon-tree at, 77

Virchow, cellular theory, 32, 48, 169 n.; encouragement of Metchnikoff, 118-19; Archives, publication of Metchnikoff’s researches in, 122, 129

Volga, description of, 212-13

von Noorden, 182

von Siebold, Prof., 54

Vorticella, the, Metchnikoff’s memoir on, 41

Waldeyer, 169 n.

Weinberg, M., 184

Widal, Dr., 255, 256

Wollman, pupil and collaborator of Metchnikoff, 196-7, 221

Würzburg, University of, Metchnikoff’s abortive journey to, 37

Zalensky, 32

THE END

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