INDEX

Actors, contempt for, 268 Advertisements, 257 Aemilia, Basilica, 108 Africa, 45 Age, coming of, 332 Agriculture, implements of, 252 Alexander the Great, 34 Alexandria, 14, 25, 34, 44 Amphitheatres, 280 performances, 282 Amulets, 318 Andalusia, 36 Antioch, 14, 43 Appian Way, 22, 118 Aqueducts, 136 Architecture, 112, 422-424 Argiletum, the, 108 Aristocrat, clients of, 206 daily life of, 193 dress of, 196 as pleader in law-courts, 216 social duties of, 217 Army, the, 12, 52, 338-358 artillery, 356 auxiliaries, 352 camping arrangements, 349 cavalry, 339, 353, 356 composition, 339 dress and equipment, 342 Imperial Guards, 353 infantry, 339, 352 legionaries, 339 pay and rations, 344 promotion, 347 terms of service, 340 training, 340, 345 typical soldier's life, 342-350 Art, 416-433 apparent lack of artistic feeling, 429 contempt for professional artists, 428 influence of Greece, 421 profession and quality of, 416-420 statues, 418, 424 wall-paintings, 425-428 Artemis, temple of, 42 Artillery, 356 Asia Minor, towns of, 42 Astronomy, 359 Athens, 40 Athletics, 263 Auctioneers, receipt tablets of, 250 Augustus, title of emperor, 55 Augustus, Forum of, 188 mausoleum of, 120 Authors, amateur, 219, 235

Baetica (see Andalusia) Bakers, 248 Bandits, 24 Banking, 216, 239 Basilica Aemilia, 108 of Julius, 106 Baths, 122, 124 Beard, method of wearing, 195 Beds, 182 Beggars, 243 Betrothal ceremony, 296 Boadicea, 39 Books, size and shape of, 335-337 Booksellers, 109, 247 Boots (see Shoes) Boxing-gloves, 265 Breakfast, 200 Britain, 39 Burial, 434-447 funeral rites, 439-445 offerings to the dead, 438 tombs, 444, 446

Caligula, 73, 95, 115, 234 Camps, military, 349 Campus Martius, the, 120 Carpets, absence of, 180 Carriages, 19 regulation of traffic, 131 Cavalry, 339, 353, 356 Census of Augustus, 85 Chariot-races, 263, 274, 280 colours in, 274, 278 horses, 275 prizes, 278 procession of chariots, 277 Charts, 18 Chemistry, 402 Children: ceremony at birth and naming, 317 coming of age, 332 early life, 319 education, 320-335 parental power over, 315-317 privileges of parents, 314 registration, 318 Christians, earlier tolerance towards, 383 their subsequent persecution, 79, 384-387 Circus Maximus, 128, 173 Citizens: as clients of the wealthy, 206 doles of corn and money to, 242 freed slaves may become, 204 rights of, 56, 92 Civilisation, Roman, 30 Greek, 32 Asiatic, 33 Claqueurs, in law-courts, 217 in theatres, 273 Nero's use of, 77 Class distinctions, 66 Clients, 206, 222, 245 dinner to, 235 escort to patron, 211 literary, 208 Cloaks, 220 Clocks, water, 192 "Colony," formation of, 84 Columbarium, joint sepulchre, 447 Commerce, 36 Concord, Temple of, 105 Concrete, extensive use of, in building, 138 Consulship, the, 359 Cook-shops, 258 Corinth, 40 Corn, monthly allowances of, 242 corn-lands, 45 Couches, 181, 226 Cremation, 445 Crops, rotation of, 252 Customs duties, 87 Cynics, the, 412

Damascus, 44 Dancing girls, 232 Dead, offerings to the, 438 Decoration, house, 150, 164 in theatres, 267 Deities, festivals of, 261 household, 376 official duties to, 374 variety of, 362, 366, 368 Delphi, 40 Dicing, 232, 258 Dinners: conversation and entertainment at, 231, 235 description of, 229, 234 exaggerated accounts, 228 extravagance of Court, 234 to clients, 235 wine at, 233 Dissection, human, prohibition of, 404 Divorce, 304 Doles of corn and money, 242 Doors, 145 Dowry, 299 Drainage, 161 Drama, low level of the, 268, 270 Dress: distinctions of, 65 for dinner, 226 hats, 212 mantles, 221, 274 military, 342 toga, 197, 332 theatrical, 269 typical aristocrat's, 196 women's, 308-313 Druids, the, 382

Education: of boys, 321-326 of girls, 327 ideal of, 320 physical training, 331 primary and secondary, 327-331 Egypt, 45 Elections, municipal, 255 Emblems, city, 47 Emperor, the: dependence upon the army, 52 nomination of Senators by, 60 powers of, 50 and the Senate, 57 symbolic character of statue, 386 Empire, the Roman: Eastern and Western halves, 35 extent, 6, 8 expeditions, 7 government, 9 military and naval forces, 12 provinces, 30 roads, 16 security under, 12 Ephesus, 42 Epicureans, the, 407-409 Etiquette, exactions of, 217 Euclid, 401

Festivals, 261 Field-glass, primitive, 275 Fingers, use of, at meals, 228 Fires, destructive, 98, 133 Floors, 149, 180 Flour-mills, 248 Food, 200, 230, 258 Foreigners, 67 Forum, the, 102 public life in, 214 "Free" towns, 90 Freedmen, 204, 245 wealth of, 205 Freethought, 378-381 "Friends of Caesar," 211 Frontiers, protection of, 12 Fullers, 250 Funeral rites, 439-445 Furniture: beds, 182 chairs and couches, 181 chests, 185 kitchen utensils, 189 lamps, 186 mirrors, 186 silver and glass ware, 188 tables, 183 tripods, 184

Games, 214, 222, 232, 262 Gaul, 37 tribes of, 38 Geographical knowledge, 398-401 Ghosts, belief in, 435-437 Gladiators, 264, 280, 282, 285-288 female spectators at combats, 288 "Golden House," the, 116 "Golden Milestone," the, 105 Goldsmiths, 250 Government, system of, 49 emperor, 50 "knights," 63 provinces, 82-95 Senate, 56 tribunes, 53 Governors, provincial, dress of, 93 duties, 91 emoluments, 94 Greece, indebtedness to, 32 influence of art of, 421 language and culture, 34 scientific thought, 397 Greeks, prominence of, 67 Greeting, manner of 211 Guards, Imperial, 353 Guides, professional, 19 Guilds, trade, 254

Hair, method of wearing, 37, 195 298, 311 Hairpins, 311 Hats, 212 Health resorts, 174 Heating, domestic, 161 Holidays, 254 number of, 260 Homestead, country, 169 Horses, in chariot-races, 275 Hotels, scarcity of, 22 Hour of rising, 195 House, country, 175-179 House, typical town, 143-163 decoration, 150, 164 dining-rooms, 155 doors, 145 exterior, 144 floors, 149 garden, 154, 156 hall, 148 heating system, 161 kitchen, 156 library and picture-gallery, 158 lighting, 145, 150, 153, 160, 186 peristyle, 154 reception-room, 153 roofs, 141, 162 shrine, 157, 376 water-supply and drainage, 160 vestibule, 146 Houses, 131 height of, 131, 139 lighting of, 141 tenement blocks,140

Imperial Guards, 353 Infantry, 339, 352 Inns, 20 Instruments, musical, 430 Interest, rates of, 239 Isis-worship, 373 Italy, 30

Janitors, 209 Janus, Temple of, 110 Jerusalem, 14, 44 Jewelry, female love of, 297, 312 Jews, colony of, 67 rebellious among, 10 toleration shown to, 382 Jove, Temple of, 105 Julius, Basilica of, 106 Jurymen, 217 Juvenal, on marriage, 293

Kissing, excessive, 211 Kitchens, 156, 170, 189 "Knights," order of: composition, 63 dress, 66 occupations, 238 privileges, 64 Knives and forks, absence of, 189, 228

Lamps, 186 Land-tax, 85 Land-travelling, 16-25 Language, 32, 36, 91 of the people, 258 predominance of the Greek, 34 Law-courts, pleaders in, 216 president and jury, 217 Learning, tastes in, 398 Legacies, 314 Legions, number and name of, 341 strength, 339 Life, social, aristocratic, 193-237 middle and lower class, 238-259 Literature, 394-396 literary dependants, 208 Litter, 211 Loafers, 241 Local government, 89 Lugdunum (Lyons), 14, 38 Luncheon, 219

Macedonia, 40 Marriage, 220 betrothal ceremony, 296 divorce, 304 dowry, 299 festivities, 300 two forms of, 290 Juvenal on, 293 legal age for, 294 not based on love, 292, 294 matrimonial freedom, 291 morganatic, 295 wedding ceremony, 297 Mars, Temple of, 118 Martial on country life, 172 Masks: at funerals, 152, 440 theatrical, 268 Mathematics, 401 Mausoleum of Augustus, 120 Meals: breakfast, 200 luncheon, 219 dinner, 226, 229 Medicine, 403 Mediterranean Sea, 46 Milestones, 18, 28 Mines, 37 Mirrors, 186 Money-lending, 238 Morals, 378 Municipal elections, 255 Music, as part of education, 331, 341 fondness for, 430 instruments, 430 Mysticism, 372

Names, family, 194 of slaves, 204 Navy, 12 Nero: musical eccentricities of, 78 persecution of Christians by, 79, 383, 387 personal appearance, 80, 213 powers vested in, 55, 71 reception by, 213 reign, 74 vices and follies 75, 116 New Year's Day, 262 News-sheets, official, 215 Noises, street, 134, 195

Oath of obedience, military, 342 Officials, public, 358 Oratory, school of, 329 Ornament, architectural, 112, 423

Paintings, wall, 325-328 Palatine Hill, 115 Pantheon, the, 121 Papyri, 336 Passes, Alpine, 39 Patriotism, municipal, 90 Paul, St., 34, 42, 80, 197, 383, 413 Pax Romana, the 9, 12 Pedigrees, 152 "People," the, 67, 241 doles of corn and money to, 242 Person-tax, 87 Philosophy, study of, 332-335, 380 Pipes, lead, 160 Pliny the elder, literary industry of, 390-392 Pliny the younger, 236, 294, 305, 321, 392, 435 Plutarch, 334, 395 Police, soldiers as, 14 Polytheism, 364 Population of the city, 101 Portugal, 37 Present-giving, prominence of, 262 Priests, 361 Processions: chariot, 227 funeral, 440 wedding, 300 Proconsuls, 93 Provinces, 30 civilisation of, 31 commerce, 36 contributions by, 85 distinctions between, 35 government, 82-95 language, 32 Public service, 358-360 Publicans (tax-collectors), 89, 240

Record Office, the, 105 Religion, 333, 361-387 attitude of state towards, 361-364, 370 conservatism in, 364, 368 free-thought, 378-381 mixed elements, 370 mysticism in, 372 polytheistic character of, 364 priests, 361 private observances, 375 superstitions in, 371 tolerance in, 381 treatment of Christians, 383-387 Rhodes, 42 Rings, 200 Roads, military, 16 construction and upkeep, 18 variety of traffic, 22 Rome in A.D., 64 appearance, 96-100 baths, 122 extent and population, 100-102 habits of the people, 102 public buildings, 102-129 streets, 130-138 theatres, 123 Roofs 141, 162 Rostra, the, 104

Sandals, 309 Saturn, Temple of, 105 Saturnalia, the, 261 Schools, 321-331 Science, 396-405 Sculpture, 418, 424 Sea-travelling, 25-28 Senate, the, 56, 71 imperial nomination to, 60 qualifications for membership, 59 relations with the emperor, 57, 72 senators' dress, 65 training of members, 62 Senate-House, the, 109 Seneca, 395 Sewers, 130 Ships, 26 Shoes, 197,310 Shops, 133, 141, 222 Shrine, household 159, 376 Sidon, 44 Signs, trade, 251 Slaves, 68, 206, 211, 240 citizenship bestowed on, 204 domestic, 201 dress, 202 licence at Saturnalia, 261 as musicians, 431 names, 204 occupations, 246 treatment, 203 Smyrna, 42 Snails, breeding of, 46 Social life, of aristocrats, 193-237 of middle and lower classes, 238-259 Spain, 36 Spoons, 228 Sports, 178, 263 Statues, 418, 424 Stoics, the, 409-412 Strabo, 379 Streets, 130 narrowness of, 132 noisiness, 134, 195 paving, 137 regulation of traffic, 131 Suicide, attitude regarding, 23 Sun-dials, 191 Superstitions, 371 Surgery, 404

Tarragona, 37 Tarsus, 42 Taxes: collection 89, 240 farming of, 239 land, 85 miscellaneous 88 personal, 87 Temple, description of, 123, 265 Temples: of Concord, 105 Janus, 110 Jove, 105 Mars, 118 Saturn, 105 Vesta, 114 Theatres, 123, 265 actors' status 268 claqueurs, 273 compared with Greek, 266 curtain, 267 decoration, 267 masks and dresses, 268 music and dancing, 270 plays performed, 268, 270-273 scenery, 267 seats, 267 women's presence not encouraged, 266 Tiles, 157, 162 Time, method of telling, 192 Toga: colours of 218 compulsory use on formal occasions 198 distinctive meaning of, 197, 214 Toleration, religious, 381 Tombs, 253, 444 Trade guilds 254 signs, 251 Trade routes, 27 Travelling, land and sea: accommodation, 20 dangers 24, 29 modes, 19 period and routes, 25 speed, 25, 28 "Tribunes of the commons," 53 Tunics, 196, 308 Tyre, 44, 45

Utensils, kitchen, 189

Vehicles, 19 Vesta, Temple of, 114

Water-clocks, 192 Water-supply, 135, 160 Wedding ceremony, 297 Wild-beast fights, 282, 284 Windows, 141, 145, 150, 60 Wine, 233, 241 Women: fondness for jewelry, 297, 312 divorce, 304 domestic virtues, 307 dowry, 299 dress, 308-313 marriageable age, 294 position after marriage, 289, 301 presence at theatres not encouraged, 266 property after marriage, 299, 302 types of, 302, 306 Working-classes, the, 214 competition with slave-labour 246 dress and food 258 language 258 life of 253, 256 professions all ranked among, 258 Writing materials, 323, 337

Youths: coming of age of 218, 382 military training, 338