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Lectures on the French Revolution

INDEX

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Adams, John, 23 Agra, bishop of, 308-9 Aiguillon, Duc de, 99, 154 Alsace, 206, 208, 211 Amsterdam, 329 Anglas, Boissy d', 293, 337-8 Archives, Austrian, 364 Argenson, d', 8-9 Argenteau, Mercy, 147 Armand, Colonel, the Marquis de la Rouerie, 302-3 Arneth, 364 Artois, Comte d', 59, 69, 178-9, 204, 339 Auckland, Lord, 320 Aulard, 371-2 Baillon, 183, 187, 189 Bailly, 71, 74, 88 Bâle, peace of, 327 Barante, 355 Barbaroux, 267 Barentin, 55 Barère, 99, 117, 257, 273, 289, 295, 332, 335 Barnave, 91-3, 109, 191, 195, 200 Barras, 298, 344 Barthélemy, 337, 365 Bastille, 84, 85 Batz, Baron de, 354 Baudot, 280 Bazire, 271 Beaumetz, 128 Bécard, 85 Beccaria, 18 Belgium, 330 Bentham, 106 Bernier, 307-9 Bertrand, 246 Besenval, 84 Beurnonville, 217 Billaud-Varennes, 284, 274, 280-2, 294-5, 333-5 Blanc, Louis, 349-50 Bonchamps, Marquis de, 305, 310-312 ff. Bordeaux, archbishop of, 102 Bouillé, Marquis de, 174-5, 181, 367 Bouillé, de, the younger, 185 Bourbon, House of, 260, 337, 340 Bourdon, 298 Breteuil, 83, 175, 231 Bridport, Lord, 339 Brissot, 205, 209, 226, 243, 259 Broglie, Marshal de, 80 Brunswick, Duke of, 211, 231 Brussels, 221 Burke, Edmund, 29, 31, 126, 183, 204, 213 Buzot, 249, 267, 334, 367 Cabanis, 268 Calonne, 45, 178-9 Cambacérès, 274, 299, 337, 341 Cambon, 293-4 Campan, Madame, 128 Camus, 105 Carlyle, 358 Carnac, 339 Carnot, 258, 274, 290, 318, 324-6, 334 Carnot the younger, 359 Carrier, 93, 315, 333, 334 Cassagnac, Granier de, 349 Castlereagh, Lord, 324 Cathelineau, 304, 308, 310-11 Cazalès, 75, 110, 193 Cérutti, 92 Chabot, 264 Charette, 237, 304, 307, 310-14, 335, 339-40 Charleroi, 328 Charles, Archduke, 328 Chartres, Duc de, 257 Chateaubriand, 115, 348, 353 Chatelet, Duc de, 101 Chatham, 26-7 Chaumette, 272, 276-7, 278, 280 Chauvelin, 318-19 Choiseul, Duc de, 181, 185 Cholet, battle of, 313 Chouans, Chouannerie, 302, 303, 339-340 Clerfayt, 216-17, 221-2 Clermont, Count Tonnerre de, 82, 98, 102, 230 Clermont, 188-90 Cloots, Anacharsis, 277 Coburg, Prince of, 320, 325-6, 328 Coffinhal, 294, 297, 299 Collot, 289, 292 Condé, 325 Condorcet, 261, 267-8 Cook, Captain, 149 Corday, Charlotte, 265-7, 349 Cordeliers, the, 128, 227, 229 Cormatin, 335, 341 Corsica, 322 Cottereau, 302 Courier, Paul Louis, 348 Courmenin, 354 Couthon, 286, 297-8 Croker, 350 Custine, 220, 253 Cuvier, 357 Damas, 188, 189, 191 Danton, 84, 226, 234, 238, 241, 242-4, 257, 261, 273-8, 282-3, 318, 349, 352, 372 Dareste, 359 Daunou, 341 Delauney, 85, 86 Delessart, 202, 208-9 Desaix, 325 Desèze, 252 Desmoulins, Camille, 84, 226, 248, 280, 282 Diderot, 31 Domat, 2 Dreux-Brézé, 74 Drouet, 186-8, 191-2 Droz, 346-7, 350 Dumouriez, 209, 215, 221, 222-3, 262, 319, 366 Dunkirk, 320, 326 Dupont de Nemours, 51, 62, 116 Duport, 98, 99, 100, 155 Égalité, Prince, 221 Eglantine, Fabre de, 277 Elbée, de, 303, 305 Elizabeth, Princess, 181, 246 Émigrés, the, 129, 178, 201, 240, 260, 313-14, 338-40 Estaing, Count, 127, 136 Favras, Marquis de, 145 Féderés, the, 229 Fénelon, 3, 4 Fersen, Count, 176, 182-4, 188, 206, 213, 365-7 Feuillants, 194, 226, 230 Fleurus, battle of, 290, 328 Fontenoy, Madame de, her note to Tallien, 293 Fouché, 289 ff., 324 Foulon, 90 Fouquier-Tinville, 332, 335 Fox, 259, 320 Francis, king of Hungary, 209 Franklin, 126 Frederic William, 211, 219 Fréron, 226 Gabourd, Amédée, 354 Garat, 254 Genoude, 353 George III., 202, 259, 320, 329 Gobel, 171, 277 Godoy, Manuel, 329 Goethe, 218 Goguelat, 189 Gouvion, General, 182-3 Gower, Lord, 155, 318 Grégoire, bishop of Blois, 171, 278 Grenville, 318, 320 Guadeloupe, 322 Guizot, 355 Gustavus III., 178 Guyot, bishop of Agra, 309 Hamilton, Alexander, 34, 36 Hanriot, 295-6, 299 Hauranne, Duvergier de, 357, 359-60 Hayti, island of, 322 Hébert, 272, 276, 281 Herbois, Collot de, 247, 274, 295, 333-335 Hervilly, de, 236, 238, 338 Hoche, 244 Hohenlohe, 329 Holland, 260, 329 Hood, Lord, 315 Howe, Lord, 322 Hunolstein, 363 Isnard, 205, 228, 337 Jansenists, the, 2, 169 Jefferson, 92, 126 Jourdan, 326, 328 Joyeuse, Villaret, 322-3 Jurieu, 2 Kaiserslautern, battle of, 329 Kaunitz, 126, 203, 207-8, 212 Kellermann, 217-28 Kléber, 312-13, 314, 325 Klopstock, 126 Korff, Madame de, 184 Kozsiusko and the Polish insurrection, 328 Laboulaye, 359-360 Lafayette, General, 32, 38, 88, 124, 130, 134, 137, 152, 182, 183, 196, 201, 229-30, 233 Lally Tollendal, 88, 90-91, 101, 110, 143, 230, 346 La Marck, 131, 147, 155 Lamartine, 345, 347-8 Lamballe, Princess de, 245 Lameth, 109, 155 Lanfrey, 360 Langres, bishop of, 111, 118, 133 La Jaunaye, treaty of, 335 Lanjuinais, 103, 144, 252, 261, 264, 337, 340 Lasource, 262 Latour Maubourg, 191 Lavallée, 359 Lavergne, 215 Lavoisier, 91 Lecointre, 333 Legendre, 226, 228, 264, 298, 333 Léonard, 181, 185, 188 Leopold, 177-8, 202-3, 208, 367 Le Quesnoy, 326 Lescure, 305, 308, 311, 313-15 Lewis XIV., 337 Lewis XVI., 40-43, 49, 72, 75, 87, 89, 118, 140, 170, 180-90, 195, 198, 204, 206, 227, 228, 231, 232, 233-5, 236-7, 242, 251-3, 255, 346 Lewis XVII., 338 Lewis XVIII., 313, 339 Liancourt, Duc de Rochefoucauld, 87, 233 Limon, 213 Longwy, 215, 242 Louchet, 332 Louis Philippe, 223 Louvet, 250 Lubbock, Sir John, 352 Lubersac, bishop of Chartres, 100, 159 Luckner, General, 229 Luxemburg, Duke of, 61 Lyons, 315, 327 Machault, 42 Mack, Colonel, 325 Mailhe, 251 Maillane, Durand de, 293, 295 Maillard, 129, 131-2, 244 Malesherbes, 42, 252 Mallet du Pan, 212, 361 Malmesbury, 328 Malouet, 51, 54, 230, 346, 366 Mandat, 235 Mantua, 178, 179 Manuel, 248 Marat, 93, 113, 128, 226, 241, 262, 266, 333-5, 353 Marceau, 312, 325 Maret, 275, 319 Marie Antoinette, 55, 59, 131, 138, 140, 141-2, 177-8, 197, 180, 200, 206-7, 213, 275, 348, 363-4 Marigny, 311 Martin, Henry, 359 Masséna, 274, 325 Maulevrier, Count Colbert de, 343 Maultrot, 3 Maurepas, 43 Maury, Cardinal, 110, 147 Mayence, 312 Menou, 343 Mentz, 326 Mercier de la Rivière, 13 Merlin, 288, 341 Michelet, 351, 360 Mirabeau, 37, 62, 63, 64, 82, 105, 110, 125, 131, 148, 151, 153, 154, 156-7, 347, 361 Moellendorf, Marshal, 329 Mons, 328 Montagu, 322, 323 Montalembert, 356 Montciel, Terrier de, 226, 229 Montesquieu, 7, 220 Montlosier, 65, 144, 366 Montmédy, 180 Montmorin, 153 Moreau, 274, 325 Morris, 82, 230 Mounier, 60, 61, 95, 109, 111, 118, 122-3, 132-3, 137, 143 Mousson, 251 Murat, 344 Nantes, 311, 333 Napier, 313 Naples, 321 Napoleon Bonaparte, 61, 115, 216, 236, 259, 274, 316, 325-6, 344 Narbonne de Lara, Count, Minister of War, 201-2, 208 Necker, 43, 46, 47, 49, 56, 64, 70, 73, 75, 83, 88, 101, 124, 135 Neerwinden, 325 Ney, Marshal, 325 Niebuhr, 355, 369 Noailles, 87, 99 Orange, the Prince of, 329 Orleans, the Duke of, 135-6, 253 Orleans, the Duchess of, 349 Paine, Tom, 126, 249 Pamiers, bishop of, 175 Panis, 226, 281 Panizzi, 358 Paris, archbishop of, 81, 167 Penthièvre, Duc de, 339 Pétion, 201, 226, 235, 249, 267 Pichegru, 329, 337 Pilnitz, declaration of, 202 Pitt, 210, 216, 254, 314, 318, 321, 329, 338, 346 Pius VI. and the Civil Constitution of the clergy, 170, 172-3 Plain, the deputies of the, 291 Poland, 320 Polignac, the Duchess of, 65, 83, 88 Pontécoulant, 349 Portugal, 321 Précy, 269 Priestly, 248 Prieur, 274 Provence, the Count of, 48, 50, 145-6, 181, 337 Prussia, 329 Puisaye, Count de, 265, 313, 338 Quiberon, battle of, 340 Quinet, 360 Ranke, 371 Raynal, Abbé, 18 Rebecqui, 251 Reinhard, 200 Reynier, 325 Richelieu, Duc de, 135 Rigby, Dr., 86 Robespierre, 117, 226, 270, 273, 275, 278, 280, 284, 285, 294, 298, 299-300, 330, 332, 351 Rochefoucauld, La, Duke de Liancourt, 87, 233 Rochejaquelein, Henri de la, 305, 309, 314 Roederer, 225, 236-7 Roland, 228, 238, 243, 249, 251, 264 Roland, Madame, 225, 267, 367 Romeuf, 183, 188 Romilly, Sir Samuel, 94 Romme, 277, 336 Rouerie, Marquis de la, 302-3 Rousseau, 14-17, 285, 333, 348 Royer Collard, 122 Saint Victor, 348 Sainte Marie, Miomandre de, 138 Santerre, 226-8, 235 Sardinia, the king of, 220 Sauce, 189 Saumur, 308 Savenay, 315 Scheldt, opening of the, 318 Séchelles, Hérault de, 269, 271, 281 Sémonville, 275 Sergent, 226 Serre, De, 114 Sieyès, 67, 101-2, 110, 119, 121, 159-62, 163, 249, 261, 340-41 Simolin, 208 Smith, Adam, 22 Sombreuil, 246, 338-40 Sorel, 367, 371 Spain, 260, 321, 329, 337 Spencer, Lord, 329 St. Cyr, 325 St. Just, 251, 273, 280-81, 290, 295, 297 St. Ménehould, 186-7 St. Priest, 130, 135-6, 355 Staël, Madame de, 137, 201 Stofflet, 305, 310-11, 314-15, 335, 339 Swiss Guard, 238 Sybel, Heinrich von, 356, 360-70 Taine, 93, 353, 360, 367, 370-71 Talleyrand, bishop of Autun, 69, 75, 79, 110, 156, 167, 171, 319, 347, 365-6 Tallien, 243, 281, 292, 295, 332, 337, 340 Tallien, Madame, 331 Talmond, Prince de, 314 Target, 116 Ternaux, Mortimer, 360 Thibaudeau, 341 Thierry, 353 Thiers, 357, 369 Thouret, 119, 123 Tocqueville, 157, 350, 356, 359-60 Torfou, 312 Torquemada, 352 Toulon, 315, 321 Toulouse, archbishop of, 46, 148 Tourzel, Madame de, 245 Tronchet, 252 Turgot, 10, 11, 14, 42 Tuscany, 337 Ushant, 290 Vadier, 295 Valenciennes, 312, 325 Valmy, 216, 218 Vancouver Island, 149, 150 Varennes, 120, 179, 189 Vendée, La, 260, 303-4, 334, 337 Verdun, 215, 244 Vergniaud, 209, 225, 223, 231, 238, 249, 253, 261, 267 Versailles, the march to, 129-30 Villaret-Joyeuse, 290 Villiaumé, 353 Vincent, 273, 276 Virieu, 99 Volney, 123 Voulland, 297, 298 Washington, 126 Wattignies, 326 Weber, 246, 365 Webster, Daniel, 25 Weissenburg, 327 Westermann, 226, 238, 281 Wilson, James, 35, 36 Windward Islands, 322 Wurmser, 327 York, the Duke of, 325-6, 328-9, 339

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THE HISTORY OF FREEDOM AND OTHER ESSAYS

EDITED WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY

JOHN NEVILLE FIGGIS, Litt.D.

SOMETIME LECTURER IN ST. CATHARINE'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE

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REGINALD VERE LAURENCE, M.A.

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HISTORICAL ESSAYS AND STUDIES

EDITED BY

JOHN NEVILLE FIGGIS, Litt.D.

SOMETIME LECTURER IN ST. CATHARINE'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE

AND

REGINALD VERE LAURENCE, M.A.

FELLOW AND LECTURER OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE

SOME PRESS OPINIONS.

GUARDIAN.—"The publication of the literary remains of Lord Acton is gradually showing the world his true greatness as an historian, and for this we owe our warmest thanks to Mr. Figgis and Mr. Laurence. The two volumes before us reveal better than anything that has yet been published the extent of Lord Acton's knowledge and the force of his mind.... Powerful and closely reasoned essays and lectures, which bear on every page the stamp of learning and judgment and righteousness, which are worthy of a great scholar and a good man."

TIMES.—"These volumes must be regarded, not as the support of an existing reputation, or as a bid for the establishment of posthumous renown, but as the record and memorial of a rare and attractive personality. The accurate, insatiable, and broad-minded student is revealed; the generous champion of a noble cause which has suffered temporary defeat is seen on the field of his eager endeavour in controversy with Popes and Cardinals for the sake of freedom and truth; and the principles which he brought to the study of history or elicited from his observation of men and affairs throughout the centuries are set forth for all to read. The resulting picture of the great student, the partisan striving for impartiality, is admirably put together in a sympathetic and lucid introduction supplied by the editors."

ATHENÆUM.—"We have said enough to indicate the varied attractions of this volume. It shows us, indeed, the great scholar at his best, in his wide knowledge, sound judgment, and intense but restrained moral fervour. It is a book which does more than add to our information: it strengthens and inspires."

SPECTATOR.—"These thirty-seven lectures, essays, and reviews are but a small part, the editors tell us, of Lord Acton's literary 'output.' Let us say at once that they are sufficient to convince us, if we had needed conviction, of the prodigious learning, the consummate literary ability, and the unfailing candour of the writer."

Mr. Oscar Browning in the CAMBRIDGE REVIEW.—"The perusal of the volumes before us will confirm the opinion already formed by those who are best acquainted with Lord Acton, that he was one of the most distinguished men of his age, and that he claims to be placed in the first rank of English historians."

ACADEMY.—"We can imagine no better mental training for any reader of history than a study of Lord Acton's methods of inquiry and criticisms as exemplified in these learned treatises. The teacher of history will find that these two volumes have a value as books of reference, which will aid his judgment on many constantly recurring historical problems—a reference made easy by the admirable indexes, which in themselves are a testimony to the immense range of Lord Acton's erudition."

DAILY NEWS.—"The present volumes, prefaced by an admirable editorial essay, contain a large number of the writings by which Acton won the reputation of the most learned Englishman of his time, together with addresses and unsigned articles that are little known.... The articles and reviews which he contributed to the pages of the English Historical Review are reprinted in these volumes, and contain the ripest and most valuable work of his life. There is, indeed, nothing like them in English historical literature."

NATION.—"It is no exaggeration to say that Lord Acton's Essays are the book of the season, and that their publication is an event. Their author stood in the first rank of Gelehrte. His reading was immense, his memory unfailing. He added to his learning a considerable knowledge of affairs and an almost passionate moral energy. The former kept him in touch with life, the latter with principle; he lived in the world of men without descending to its level; he raised and inspired. The works of such a man are of public, it is not too much to say of European, interest."

MORNING POST.—"Nobody can read these two volumes, so massive in their learning, so moving in their grave and eloquent appeal, without feeling the moral grandeur of the life of which they form the most adequate commemoration. Only one of the papers printed in this collection, an address upon the causes of the Franco-Prussian War, positively sees the light for the first time, but we question whether any one of the other essays was known to the general reading public, or whether there are ten historical experts in the country who had tracked Lord Acton through the many devious periodicals in which he deposited the results of his genius and industry. These volumes, then, to all intents and purposes form a new book. It is to them, and not to the 'Cambridge Lectures,' that we should look for Lord Acton's most finished literary work, for the expression of his deepest convictions upon the most profound problems of faith and morals, and for the most convincing proofs of the wide span of his interests and the inexhaustible arsenal of his knowledge. They enable us to understand the animating conception which guided his life of arduous toil, and indicate the lines of a historical apologetic for the Catholic Church more just, original, and profound than any which the writers of the Ultramontane School have offered."

DAILY TELEGRAPH.—"There is so much of fine thought and brilliant expression in these volumes, and so diverse a variety of themes, that it is difficult to do more than indicate the treasures which they offer to intelligent readers."

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LECTURES ON MODERN HISTORY

EDITED WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY

JOHN NEVILLE FIGGIS, Litt.D.

SOMETIME LECTURER IN ST. CATHARINE'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE

AND

REGINALD VERE LAURENCE, M.A.

FELLOW AND LECTURER OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE

SOME PRESS OPINIONS.

TIMES.—"The treatment is personal, fresh, and original throughout. Lucidity is unfailing. Learning is marshalled behind every paragraph, and almost behind every sentence, and yet is never obtrusive. The lectures are equally adapted to illuminate the scholar and to introduce the novice to the study of the mighty scheme of human affairs in its dynamic flow. The selection of detail is governed by consummate judgment; and frequently information drawn from sources alien to the matter in hand is dropped into its place with a sureness and precision which astonishes; controversial questions, when introduced, are legitimately brought forward as an illustration of historical method, and not as the diversions and digressions of an overstocked mind."

ENGLISH HISTORICAL REVIEW.—"Three hundred years of European history are covered in these nineteen lectures, masterpieces of lucid statement, of suggestive and stimulating criticism. Everywhere, whether the lecturer be sketching the salient features of the sixteenth century or of the eighteenth, whether he be dealing with Italy or America, we feel the sureness of touch of one who is familiar with every detail. Although we may often not agree with his trenchant judgments, with his paradoxes, or even with his interpretation of the teaching of history, we are made to feel that his ample knowledge would never have been at a loss for weighty arguments in answer to every objection."

TRIBUNE.—"The pages abound in indispensable corrections of popular and pedagogic errors, and in revelations of new facts. No one could do this so well as Acton, because no historical scholar who ever lived kept himself so well abreast of Continental research or so completely in touch with the world of scholars. All archives were open to him, and all archivists put their knowledge at his disposal; wealth, social position, and leisure gave him advantages denied to almost every other scholar."

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