Book 4 — INDEX
Reading edition
a Sanskrit, 52;
-a in fem., 392;
in pl., 394
abbot, 156
ablaut, see apophony
abstract terms, 429
accent, see stress and tone
accusative, name, 20
actors, 276
adaptation of suffixes, 386 f.
adjective flexion, 129;
concord, 348 f.
African languages, see Bantu
agglutination, 54, 58, 76, 376;
agglutination theory, 367 ff., 375 ff.
agreement, see concord
ambiguities, 319, 341 ff.
America, race mixtures, 203 ff.
American English, 260
American Indian languages, 57, 181, 187, 229, 233, 256, 334, 425, 427, 430
analogy, 70, 93 f., 129 f., 162 f., 289
analytic languages, 36, 334 ff., 422 ff.
anatomical causes of change, 255
aphesis, 273
apophony, 46, 53, 91 ff., 311
aposiopesis, 273
appreciation of languages, 29 ff., 57 f., 60, 62, 319 ff.;
formula, 324
archaic forms, 294
Armenian, 195 f.
article, 378
Aryan, name, 63 f.;
languages, passim
as, root, 49
Ascoli, 192 ff.
assimilation, 109, 168 f., 264 f., 280
auxiliary words, 358
babe, 157
bacco, 171
back-formations, 173, 178
Balkan tongues, agreements, 215
Bantu, 239, 352 ff., 365
-bar, suffix, 377
Basque, 210, 427
Baudouin de Courtenay, 327
Bavarian wo-st bist, 281
Beach-la-Mar, 216 ff.
bead, 175
bhu, root, 49
bilinguism, 147 ff.
biographical or biological science of language, 8
blending, 132, 281 f., 311, 312 f., 390
Bloomfield, 390
boon, 175
Bopp, 47 ff., 56 n.
borrowing of words, 208
bound, 176
bow-wow theory, 413
boys, 146
Bredsdorff, 43 n., 70
Bridges, 286
Bröndal, 200
Brugmann, 92 f.;
on gender, 391
bube, 157
buncombe, 409
cacuminals, 196
Caribbean, 237 ff.
Carlyle, 145
case-system, English, 268 ff.;
in old languages, 337 ff.;
importance, 341
catch, 400
ch becomes f, 168
changes, causes of, 255 ff.
child, 103 ff.;
sounds, 105;
understanding, 113;
classification of things, 114 f.;
vocabulary, 124;
grammar, 128 ff.;
sentences, 133;
echoism, 135;
why learns so well, 140;
influence of other children, 147;
word-invention, 151 ff.;
influence of, 161 ff.;
indirect influence, 178;
new languages, 180 ff.
Chinese, 36, 54, 57, 286, 369 ff.
Chinook, 228 ff.
classification of languages, 35 f., 54, 76 ff.
classifying instinct, 388
clicks, 415, 419
climate, 256
clippings, see stump-words
coalescence of words, 174, 376 ff.
Cœurdoux, 33
Collitz, 45 n., 257, 381
concord, verbal, 335;
nominal, 348;
in Bantu, 352 ff.
concrete words, 429
Condillac, 27
confusion of words, 122, 172
congeneric groups, 389 f.
conjugation, see verb
consciousness, 130;
threshold of, 138
consonant-shift, 43 ff., 195, 197, 204, 256, 258 f.
contamination, see blending
convergent changes, 284 f.
copula, 48 f.
correctness, latitude of, 282 ff.
creation of new words, 151 ff.
Creole, 226 ff.
cuckoo, 406
cultural loan-words, 209
curry favour, 173
curtailing of words, 108, 169 f., 328 f.
Curtius, 83, 94
-d in loved, 51, 381
Darwin, 414
dead languages, 67
decay, 55, 59, 62, 77, 319 ff.
declension, see case-system
Delbrück, 93, 96
dialect, study of, 68;
spoken by children, 147
Diez, 85
differentiations, 176, 272
diminutives, 180, 402
ding-dong theory, 415
divergent changes, 288
doublets, 272
Dravidian influence on Indian, 196
drunken speech, 279
dump, 313
e original in Aryan, 52, 91
ease theory, 261 ff.
echoism, 135;
cf. echo-words
echo-words, 313, 398 ff.
economizing of effort, see ease-theory
effort in speaking, 261 ff., 324 ff.
eglino, 281
emotion, influence on sound, 276
-en in plural, 385
ending, see flexion, suffix
English, Grimm’s appreciation, 62;
foreign influence, 202, 210, 212 ff.;
rapid change, 261;
case-system, 268 ff.;
future tense, 274;
vowel-shift, 243, 284;
word-order, 344 f.;
genitive, 350
entangling, 422
equidistant changes, 284
-er in plural, 386
estimation of languages, see appreciation
Etruscan, 195
etymology, sound laws, 295;
principles, 305 ff.;
object of, 316;
etymology of rag, 300;
of sun, say, see, 306;
of krieg, 307;
of grog, ganz, 308;
of hope, 309;
of nut, stumm, 311;
of mais, maar, men, 315;
of moon, daughter, mother, 318
euphemism, 245 ff.
euphony, 278
exceptions to sound-laws, 296 ff.
exertion in speaking, 261 ff., 324 ff.
expressive sounds preserved, 288
extension of sound laws, 290;
of suffixes, 386 ff.
extra-lingual influences, 278
f for th, 167;
in enough, etc., 168;
in Spanish, 193
fable in Proto-Aryan, 81
fain, 176
fashion in language, 291
father, 117
Feist, 194 ff.
feminine, 391 ff.;
in -i, 394, 402;
cf. woman
Finnic, 197 f., 207
flexion, 35, 54 f., 58 f., 76 ff., 79;
origin of, 377 ff.
foreign languages, mistakes in noting down, 116 f.;
influence of, 191 ff.
forgetfulness, 176
forms, number of, 332, 337;
origin of, 49, 58, 377 ff.
French influence on English, 202, 209, 214;
pronouns and verbs, 422 f.
frequency, influence on phonetic development, 267
-ful, suffix, 376
Gabelentz, 98, 369
ganz, 308
gape, 288
gender, 346 f., 391 ff.
general and specific terms, 274, 429 f.
genitive, name, 20;
group, 351;
s in, 382, 383 n.
geographical distribution of languages, 187;
influence on change, 256
German language, appreciation of, 29, 31, 60;
sound-shift, 43 ff., 195 f., 283;
forms, 341 ff.;
word-order, 344
Germanic, see Gothonic
gibberish, 149 f.
girls, 146
gleam, gloom, 401
glottogonic theories abandoned, 96
Gothonic (Germanic, Teutonic), 42;
sound-shift, see consonant-shift
gradation, see apophony
grammar, children’s, 128 ff.;
foreign influence, 213;
of primitive languages, 421
grammatical elements, origin, 48, 58, 61
Greek linguistic speculation, 19 f.;
vowels, 91;
personal pronouns, 286 n.;
Modern Greek, 301
Grimm, 37, 40 ff., 60 ff.
Grimm’s Law, 43 f.;
see consonant-shift
grog, 308
group genitive, 129, 351;
groups of words with similar meaning, 389
h for f in Spanish, 193;
for s, etc., 263
habaidedeima, 322, 329, 331 f.
Hale, 181 ff.
haplology, 281, 329
harmony of vowels, 280
Hebrew, 21
Hegel, 72 f.
Hempl, 201 ff.
Herder, 27 f.
hereditary aptness for a language, 75, 141
Hermann, 48
Hervas, 22
Herzog, 164 f.
hide, 121
Hirt, 192, 203 f., 382 f.
historical point of view, 32, 42
homophones, 285 f.
-hood, suffix, 376
hope, 309
humanization of language, 327 f.
Humboldt, 55 ff.
hypercorrect forms, 294
I, the pronoun, 123 f.
i denoting small, feminine, near, 402
idioms, 139
imitation, 291 ff.;
of sounds, 398, 413 f.
imperative, 403
incorporation, 58, 79, 425
Indian grammarians, 20;
cacuminals, 196;
cf. American Indian, Sanskrit
indirect ways of obtaining expressions, 438
indissoluble expressions of several ideas, 334, 422 ff., 428 ff.
Indo-European (Indo-Germanic), see Aryan
indolence, see ease-theory
inflexion, see flexion
interjections, 414
interrogative sentences, 137;
particles, 358
invention of words, 151 ff.
irregularities in old languages, 338 f., 379, 425
isolating languages, 36, 76, 366 ff.
Japanese, 243
jaw-breakers, 280
jaw-measurements, 104
Jenisch, 29 ff.
Johannson, 341 ff.
Jones, William, 33
[ju·], 290 f.
Karlgren, 372 f.
Keltic languages, 38, 39, 53;
substratum, 192 ff.
Kuhn, 371
kw becomes p, 168
languages, rise of new, 180 ff.
language-teaching, 145
lapses, 279
Latin, study of, 22 f.;
influence, 209, 215;
forms, 334, 338 f., 343;
word-order, 350
latitude of correctness, 282
law as applied to sound-changes, 297
leaps in phonetic development, 167;
in meanings, 175
Leibniz, 22
lengthening, emotional, 277, 403;
of words, 330
Lenz, 204
Lepsius, 370
Leskien, 93
life as applied to language, 7
lingua geral, 234
linguistics, position of, 64 f., 73, 86, 97
little, 407
little language, 103, 106, 144, 147
living languages, study of, 97
loan-words, sound-substitution, 207;
general theory, 208;
culture, 209;
classes, 211;
with symbolic sounds, 409
loss of sounds, 108, 168, 328 f.
love-songs, 433 f.
Luxemburg, bilinguism in, 148
-ly, suffix, 377
m in adversative conjunctions, 314 ff.;
case-ending, 382
ma, maar, 314 f.
Madvig, 84, 433
magis, mais, 314 f.
makeshift languages, 232 ff.
mamma, 154 ff.
man and woman, 142, 237 ff.
Mauritius Creole, 226 ff.
meaning, delimitation of, 118 f.;
words of opposite meaning, 120;
words with several meanings, 121;
shifting of meaning, 174;
cf. semantic changes
meaningless gibberish, 149 f.;
singing, 436
Meillet, 55, 198 f.
memory, children’s, 143
men, 315
mental states, words for, 401
Meringer, 162 f., 280, 291
metanalysis, 173
metaphors, 431
metathesis, 108, 281
Meyer-Benfey, 256
milk, 158
Misteli, 79
misunderstandings, 282, 286 f., 319
mixed languages, 191 ff.
modern languages, study of, 68;
compared with ancient, 322 ff.
Möller, H., 139, 308, 382
mon, 358
monosyllabic languages, 36, 367 ff.
month, 318
moods, 380
moon, 318
mother, 155, 318
mother-tongue, 146
movement, words denoting, 399
mountains, linguistic changes in, 256 f.
mouth-filling words, 403
Müller, Friedrich, 79, 338
Müller, Max, 88 ff., 414
Murray, 269
mutation, 37, 46
mutilation of lips, 256;
of words, 266
my, 384 f.
-n in mine, 384 f.
names of relations, 118;
proper, 439
nasalis sonans, 92, 317 f.
national psychology, 258
negation, 136;
redundant, 352
neo-grammarians, see young-grammarians
new languages, 180 ff.
Noiré, 415
nominal forms, 337 ff.;
concord, 348 ff.
number in verbs, 335;
in pronouns, 347;
in nouns, 129, 349, 355, 385, 394 f.
numerals, 119;
borrowed, 211;
in succession, 281;
distinct for various classes, 430
nursery language, 179
nut, 311
o original in Aryan, 52, 91
old languages compared with modern, 322 ff.
on, 287
oncle, 271 n.
onomatopœia, 150, 313, 398 ff.
opposite meaning, 120
order of words, see word-order
organism, language as an, 7, 65
organs of speech, used for other purposes, 278;
development, 416, 436
orient, 175
origin of language, 26 ff., 61, 412 ff.;
of grammatical elements, 367 ff.
Osthoff, 93
ox, oxen, 385
palatal law, 90 f.
Panini, 20
pap, 158
papa, 154 ff.
parenthesizing, 350 f.
passive, Scandinavian, 50, 377;
Latin, 50, 381
patter, 407
Paul, 94 f., 162
periods of rapid change, 259
personal forms in verbs, 53, 335, 383
pet-names, 108, 169
philology, 64 f., 97
phonetic laws, see sound changes, sound laws
Pidgin-English, 221 ff.
pittance, 408
Plato, 19, 396
playfulness, 148, 298 f., 432 ff.
plumbum, plummet, plunge, 313 f.
plural, see number
poetry, 300, 431 f.
polysynthetic, 423, 425
pooh-pooh theory, 414
pope, 156
popular etymology, 122
portmanteau words, 313
possessive pronouns, 384 f.
prepositions, 137 f.;
borrowed, 211
prescriptive grammar, 24
preterit, weak, 51, 381
primitive languages, 417 ff.
progressive tendency, 319 ff.
pronouns, 123;
borrowed, 212;
possessive, 384;
French, 422
proper names, 436
prosiopesis, 273
Proto-Aryan, 80 f., 90 f.
punning phrases, 300
pupil, 157
puppet, 157
Pușcariu, 205
question, 137;
word-order and auxiliaries, 357 ff.
quick, 407
r in Latin passive, 381;
sound of r weakened, 244;
r- and n- stems, 339, 390
race and language, 75;
race-mixture, 201 ff.
rapidity of change, 259
Rapp, 68 ff.
Rask, 36 ff., 43, 46
rational, everything originally r., 316
reaction against change, 293
reconstruction, 80 ff., 317
reduplication, 109, 169
relationship between languages, 38, 53;
terms of, 117, 154 ff.
right, 180
roll, 374, 408
Romanic languages, 202, 205 f., 234 ff., 260;
future, 378
root-determinatives, 311
roots, 52, 367 ff., 373 ff.
Rousseau, 26
s in passive, 50, 377, 381;
case-ending, 213, 381 ff.;
in English plural, 214;
in Russian and Spanish, 266;
Latin disappears, 362
Sandfeld, 215
Sanskrit, 33, 67;
vowels, 52, 90 f.;
consonants, 90 f., 196;
drama, 241 f.
savages, languages of, 417, 426 ff.
saving of effort, of space, of time, 264
Scandinavian influence on English, 212, 214;
passive, 50, 377;
article, 378
Scherer, 96
Schlegel, A. W., 36
Schlegel, F., 34 f.
Schleicher, 71 ff.
Schuchardt, 191, 213, 219, 267
scorn, words expressive of, 401
Scotch, 193 n.
screaming, 103
secondary echoism, 406
secret languages, 149 f.
secretion, 384 ff.
semantic changes, 174 f., 274 ff.
Semitic, 36, 52
sentences, 133;
the earliest, 439 ff.;
sentence stress, 272
separative linguistics, 67
seqw-, 306 f.
sex, 146, 237 ff.;
cf. gender
shifters, 123
shortening, 328 f.;
cf. stump-words
signification, how apprehended, 113 ff.;
cf. semantic changes
significative sounds preserved, 267 f., 271, 287
similarities cause confusion, 120 f.
simplification, 332 ff.
singing, 420, 432 ff.
slang, 247, 299 f.
small, words for, 402
smile, 278
so, 250
Société de Linguistique, 96, 412
son, E., 120, 286
songs, primitive, 420, 432 ff.
sound changes, passim;
see especially 161 ff., 191 ff., 242 ff., 255 ff.
sound laws, 93;
in children, 106 f.;
extension and metamorphosis, 290;
destructive, 289;
spreading, 291;
in the science of etymology, 295 ff.
sound-shift, Gothonic, see consonant-shift
special terms in primitive speech, 429 ff.
speed of utterance, 258
spelling pronunciations, 294
splitting, see differentiation
Spoonerism, 280
stable and unstable sounds, 199 f.
Steinthal, 79, 87
strengthening of sounds, 404 f.
stress, Aryan, 93;
Gothonic, 195;
nature and influence of, 271 ff.
stumm, 311
stump-words, 108, 169 f.
substantive, see nominal and flexion
substratum theory, 191 ff.
subtraction, 173
suffixes, origin, 376 f.;
extension, 386 f.;
tainting, 388
suggestiveness, 408;
cf. symbolism
suppletivwesen, 426
Sweet, 97, 161, 264
syllables, number of, 330
symbolism, 396 ff.
syntax, 66, 95;
foreign influence, 214;
blends, 282;
simplification, 340
synthetic languages, 36, 334 ff., 421 f.
ta, 159
tabu, 239 ff., 431
tainting of suffixes, 388
tata, 158
-teer, suffix, 388
Telugu, 301
tempo, 258
Teutonic, see Gothonic
th becomes f, v, 167
they for he or she, 347
this and that, 403
Thomson, 90 n., 267, 427
threshold, under the, 138
ti, 358 f.
time, a child’s conception of, 120
tone, 111;
in Chinese, 369, 370;
in Danish dialect, 371;
in primitive languages, 419
Tooke, Horne, 49
translation-loans, 215
translators introduce foreign words, 210
tripos, 115
twins having separate language, 185 f.
u, French, 192 ff.;
English, 290 f.
umlaut, 37
understanding, a baby’s, 113 f.
units of language, 422
value, influence on phonetic development, 266 ff.
verb, substantive, 48;
flexional forms, 130;
simplification, 332 ff.;
concord, 335
verbal character of roots, 374 f.
Verner, 93;
Verner’s Law, 195, 197 f.
vocabulary, extent of, 124 ff.;
in primitive speech, 429
voicing of consonants, in Gothonic and English, 198;
symbolic, 405
vowel-harmony, 280
vowels, number of Aryan, 44, 52, 91
vulgar speech, 261, 299
wars, influence on language, 260
weak preterit, 51, 381
weakening of words, 266
Wessely, 197
Wheeler, 293
Whitney, 88, 323, 367
Windisch, 208
women as language teachers, 142;
women’s language, 237 ff.
word, what constitutes one, 125, 422 f.
word-division, 132, 173 f.
word-formation, 131;
cf. invention, suffixes
word-order, 344 ff., 355 ff.;
in Chinese, 369 ff.
worthless words or sounds, 266 ff.
Wundt, 98, 258
yesterday, 120
yo-he-ho theory, 415
you for I, 124
young-grammarians, 93
Zulu, see Bantu
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