On the Linnean Manuscript of the 'Museum Ulricæ.' By Sylvanus Hanley, Esq., F.L.S.

[Read Dec. 3, 1858.]

Not the least important result of the investigations of the Committee appointed by the Linnean Society to examine the condition of the collections and manuscripts of Linnæus, was the rediscovery of a written copy of the 'Museum Ulricæ.' The volume was manifestly, from internal evidence, a legible transcript of the original manuscript of that work, with alterations and interpolations in the peculiar handwriting of the author. It was, indubitably, the unpublished catalogue so often mentioned in the tenth edition of the 'Systema,' and contains descriptions of certain species alluded to as defined, yet, strangely enough, omitted in the printed edition. It is worthy of notice for many reasons: it corrects the frequent misprints; explains the many fallacious allusions to preceding species, their sequence being very different; it exhibits those early synonyms, which, culled from comparison with the actually described specimens, had been eventually supplanted by supposed better representations; above all, it imparts to us those original headings, or diagnoses (condensed from the subsequent details), which had been suppressed, of old, in favour of those already published in the 'Systema.'

This wholesale substitution, adopted by Linnæus, as a ready method of avoiding a tedious revision of all the headings, when he absorbed in the more comprehensive groups of his 'Systema' the members of manuscript genera he had determined to reject, involved a serious amount of confusion; for, oftentimes, the species of the two works, although designated by the same appellations, were totally distinct; and the combination of the diagnosis of the one with the details of the other displayed an array of features not known to be associated in any object in nature.

The generic arrangement exhibited in the manuscript differs essentially from that which appeared in the final edition of his 'Systema Naturæ.' As a whole, it is decidedly inferior, yet it segregates certain natural groups, such as Lyra and Cassida, the value of which have been acknowledged by all modern naturalists. The following list and sequence of the genera comprised in it, cannot, indeed, be regarded as an entire system, for certain groups, viz., Chiton, Lepas, Teredo, Sabella, and the typical forms of Mya, Mactra, and Anomia, were not at that period represented in the Museum; but it is not devoid of interest, since it manifests a transitional stage in the progressive advance to that matured scheme which was finally elaborated in the pages of his revised 'Systema.'

Dentalium.

Patella.

Nerita.

Helix.

Turbo.

Trochus.

Turricula.

Buccinum.

Lyra.

Morion.

Conus.

Voluta.

Strombus (not that of the 'Systema').

Harpago (=Strombus).

Murex.

Cassida.

Cypræa.

Bulla.

Haliotis.

Nautilus.

Cymbium (=Argonauta).

Spondylus.

Ostrea.

Pecten.

Arca.

Pinna.

Mytilus.

Solen.

Tellina.

Chama (not that of the 'Systema').

Cunnus (=Venus).

Pholas (not that of the 'Systema').

Trunculus (=Donax).

Bucardium (=Cardium).

Besides the four genera (Chiton, Lepas, Teredo, Sabella) that were excluded from this catalogue, either from the absence of specimens, or from mistrust of their being veritable Testacea, six of the remaining 32, namely, Pholas, Mya, Mactra, Chama, Anomia, and Serpula, were likewise omitted, not being yet eliminated from Solen, Bucardium, Spondylus, Ostrea, and Dentalium. To counterbalance these, we find no less than eight subsequently abandoned groupings:

Turricula (an undefined amalgam of the long-spired species of Buccinum, Murex, and Strombus).

Lyra (the Harpa and Purpura of the Lamarckian school).

Morion (an unnatural compound of Eburna, Auricula proper, Pythia, &c.).

Strombus (a combination of the immature members of the received genus with Pyrula, Fasciolaria, and other allied forms).

Cassida (nearly the modern Cassis).

Pecten (equal to Lima and Pecten).

Chama (the Tapes of recent conchologists).

Pholas (chiefly composed of Artemis and Lucina).

It may be remarked, moreover, that the simple univalves commence, and the bivalves close the series; the exact converse of the order in which they are marshalled in the two principal editions of the 'Systema Naturæ.'

I feel assured, after a careful study of the manuscript, that the names eventually allotted to the shells of the 'Museum' did not result from a careful comparison of the royal specimens with the typical examples in the private collection of our author, but were attached to the species, either from the identity of the written and printed synonymy, or from the general accordance of their described features with the meagre characteristics enumerated in the prior publication.

The erased nomenclature of the species, however, was very dissimilar, and was scrupulously based upon a supposed identity of the specimens with those delineated by Rumphius, Klein, and d'Argenville. Assuredly at that period of his career, our author entertained the same profound respect for the laws of priority which is professed by all modern naturalists; and I hesitate not to affirm that, from the crude and inharmonious theories of his predecessors, he eliminated a system of Conchology that was better suited to the requirements of the age he lived in than any more elaborate arrangement would have been. For simplicity attracts the student, whom a more complex (even if more natural) method would repel; and for the collection of an adequate mass of materials wherewith, eventually, to build up a more symmetrical and widely-based structure, a multitude of comparatively unskilled labourers is more efficacious than a small knot of the most erudite architects.

Before inviting the attention of my readers to the original headings of the 'Museum Ulricæ,' and to my brief account of the variations in the written copy from the text of the printed version, I must premise, that it has not been my practice invariably to notice, in the summary, such trifling differences of construction as the preferential use of the ablative for the nominative case, where the verbal change involved no alteration of the precise meaning.

Museum Ludovicæ Ulricæ Reginæ.

CONCHYLIA.

CHITON, LEPAS.

Nothing relating to these two genera was found in the copy.

PHOLAS.

The Pholas of the manuscript is perfectly dissimilar to that of the 'Systema.' Our author had evidently, when he first wrote the 'Museum Ulricæ,' not appreciated the remarkably striking characteristics of this group, having located the only species he then knew (for P. candidus seems a subsequent discovery) with the Solens.

P. candidus. Not mentioned in the manuscript.

P. crispatus. Sol. ovatus, obtusissimus, cardinis dente depresso rotundato.

The Appendix to Lister was not cited; "Habitat in Anglia, Suecia," was appended to the description, which in many respects was inferior to the published one. The account of the hinge was merely "Cardo dente dilatato rotundato extus excavato."

MYA.

The three incongruous forms assorted as Myæ were not so united in the MS.; the second being very properly placed with the Mussels, the other two ascribed to Solen.

M. Lutraria. Sol. ovali-oblongus, cardine laterali dilatato semiorbiculato.

In lieu of the reference to Lister (whose work does not appear to have been consulted by our author at the period when this portion of his manuscript was written), plate 45, figure N, of Rumphius was quoted as illustrative. The published account of the hinge is much more complete than the written one, which was apparently drawn up from a worn specimen; it ran as follows: "Cardo extus vix gibbus, intus constans laminis 2 semiorbiculatis concavis introrsum spectantibus."

By a slip of the pen, in my "Ipsa Linnæi Conchylia," I had termed Brown's figure of the Linnean Mya lutraria, L. oblonga, instead of L. elliptica.

M. perna. Myt. lævis, cardine terminali unidentato.

The intended name was M. Magellanicus.

M. vulsella. Sol. oblongus, linguæformis, cardine terminali dilatato semiorbiculato.

"Pinna linguaformis subfalcata" was written after the reference to the 'Museum Tessinianum;' hence it seems that Linnæus did not himself consider that he had used the binomial method in that work, or he would have quoted it as P. lingulata.

"Rumph. 148. t. 46. f.a," and "Gualt. t. 90. f.h," were the unpublished synonyms.

SOLEN.

Testa valvulis utrinque hiantibus. Cardo dente unico inflexo recurvo.

The Mya lutraria, M. vulsella, and Pholas crispatus were originally included in this genus.

S. vagina. S. linearis rectus, cardinibus unidentatis.

"Habitat in Indiæ littoribus arenosis: in mari Rubro (Hasselquist)" was the recorded locality in the MS., where the European shell delineated by Gualtieri was not then included: "Klein, 163. t. 11. f. 65" (a copy from the cited figure of Rumphius) was its substitute.

S. siliqua. S. linearis rectus, cardine altero bidentato.

The wretched drawings of Argenville were not quoted; but "Bonan. 2. f. 56" (error for 57), "Plane. t. 3. f. 6," and "List. Ang. 192. t. 5. f. 37," were cited instead.

S. ensis. S. linearis subarcuatus, cardine altero bidentato.

The final remark was not in the MS.

S. cultellus. S. ovali-oblongus curvatus.

"Habitat in Amboinæ littoribus arenosis" is an addition of the MS. The intended name (derived from Rumphius) was cultriformis.

S. radiatus. S. ovalis, cardinis costa tereti.

"Habitat in littoribus arenosis Xulii(?) Amboinæ" is an addition to the published account. The intended specific name was violaceus, an appellation bestowed upon it by Rumphius: "solida" was an emendation.

S. strigilatus. S. ovalis, oblique striatus.

"Bonan. 2. f. 76" (error for 77) was an unpublished synonym.

S. anatinus. S. ovatus membranaceus, costa falcata.

Rostrum anatis was the intended name.

TELLINA.

Testa altero latere inflexa. Cardo dentibus aliquot, raro lateralibus.

T. gargadia. T. antice rugosa, rima dentata.

The absurd "marginis posticum latus remotum" was a misprint for (dens) "marginis posticus, latus, remotus."

T. lingua-felis. T. subovata scabra.

"Klein, t. 11. f. 62" (cited in the 'Systema'), and "d'Arg. t. 25. f.G" (the description of which suits better than the drawing) are the additions of the MS.: "sesquilatiore" was the printed emendation of "latiore."

T. virgata. T. ovata, striis transversis retrorsum imbricatis, dentibus lateralibus.

The erroneous reference to d'Argenville was not present: "Klein, 158. Tellina virgata Rumphii" had been added by Linnæus. A very large portion of the printed account is wanting in the MS., to wit—"æquales. Intus radiis obsolete incarnatis picta." "Labris rugosis et scabris," "hymene tectis. Anus est rima concava," "primores," "transversi cum cavitate pro oppositis dentibus," "longitudinalem." The "retrorsum" was originally "sursum"; "dextrum" was "sinistram"; "Tertius dens" was "Altera testa."

T. gari. T. ovalis, striis transversis retrorsum imbricatis, dentibus lateralibus nullis.

The G in the reference to Rumphius, and the F in the reference to d'Argenville were misprints for D and I, and were so published in the 'Systema:' the "primoribus" was an emendation.

T. albida. T. ovalis, lævis, nymphis prominulis. "Primores" was an emendation. The species was unnamed.

T. foliacea. T. antice scabra, rima serrata.

The Rumphian name "folium" was the intended appellation: "Klein, 162. t. 11. f. 64" was cited, as in the 'Systema': "aciatum" was the reading for the printed "acutum."

T. planata. T. ovata plana, transversim striata, marginibus acutis.

The erroneous reference to Gualtieri (whose figure C looks more like the species than his G) is not to be found in the manuscript. The species was not named.

T. lævigata. T. ovata lævis, nymphis intractis.

The figure of T. chloroleuca in Rumphius was not quoted, neither was the hence-derived appellation attached: the "radiato" and "primoribus" were also subsequent additions.

T. radiata. T. ovali-oblonga, longitudinaliter substriata, sutura postica canaliculata. "Obsoletis" and "primores" were subsequent emendations.

T. rostrata. T. oblonga, antice angulato-rostrata.

The T. rostrata of the final edition of the 'Systema' was assuredly the T. Spengleri, and with that shell solely will the printed account in the 'Museum Ulricæ' accord. But the five earlier lines of the description (save "et albus"), and the detailed dentition (except "fossula distinctus"), with the varieties a, b, g, and the same synonyms as in the tenth edition of the 'Systema,' appear in the MS. with the name T. petasunculus attached. Whether designedly or not, there was a pictorial definition of T. vulsella in the earlier 'Systema;' and if an author be not allowed to amend his description, T. vulsella is better entitled than T. Spengleri to the name rostrata. "Margo exterior parum repandum est" was written in the MS.

T. remies. T. rugosa, suborbiculata.

The expressions "hians," "primores," "remoti," and the last five words of the details were absent; "utrinque" followed "duo": "non" in place of "vix" was the earlier reading.

T. scobinata. T. scabra orbiculata.

"Primores," and "in altera testa profunda fossula distinctus," were not in the copy.

CARDIUM.

Cardo dentibus baseos binis, marginis solitariis remotis acutis. Valvulæ gibbæ, hinc figura cordis.

Bucardium was the epithet applied in the written copy to the members of this genus, to which the Solen bullatus of the 'Systema' was correctly referred. Mactra had not then been separated.

C. costatum. Buc. sulcis costis elevatis membranaceis.

The original description has been somewhat enlarged in the press, by the addition of "brevissimis," "et extrorsum flexis," "fossula distinctus; at vero ille sub anno quasi duplex"; "minus vero ad latera sulcata," moreover, was simply "ad alterum latus": the only expression omitted in printing was "reflexus," which followed "Anus margine."

C. Cardissa. Buc. compressum, valvis carinatis, natibus contiguis.

"Colum. Aqu. 19. t. 16" (cited also in the 'Systema') was quoted in the MS. from which the "vix," "subcontigui," "remotus, validus, fossula distinctus," were absent. The "Rima" was termed "subrotunda" instead of "cordata."

C. hemicardium. Buc. subquadrilaterum: valvulis carinatis, umbonibus distantibus.

"Fasciis" was a misprint for the original "facies": "sulcis convexis" was written "sulcis excavato-rugosis." There was no specific appellation.

C. medium. Buc. subcordatum subangulatum; valvulis angulatis sulcatis lævibus.

The prefatory remarks were the only portion of the printed description to be found in the MS. The species was not named, but was quoted in the 'Systema' before the publication of its details.

C. aculeatum (misprinted "muricatum"). Buc. subcordatum, sulcis convexis, linea cava exaratis, versus apicem dentatis.

The intended name was verum.

C. echinatum. Buc. subcordatum, sulcis acutis exaratis linea elevata ciliata aculeis inflexis plurimis.

"List. Ang. 188. t. 5. f. 33, Pectunculus echinatus," "Bonan. 2. t. 90," "Gesu. Aq. 131, 132," "Faun. Suec. 1339," "Rondel. Aq. 22," were the original synonyms, to which our author had subsequently added "Klein, 139. t. 10. f. 40." "Alba" followed "gibba"; "parum antrorsum inflexis" was the reading for the printed "erectis subulatis"; "extrorsum" for the "uti extus": "brevioribus. Anus lævis, sutura simplici prominula," "recurvi," "fossula distinctus," were emendations.

C. tuberculatum. Buc. subcordatum, sulcis obtusis nodosis transversim striatis.

"Gualt. t. 71. f. m." was a correct additional synonym.

C. isocardia. Buc. cordatum, sulcis imbricatis squamis fornicatis.

"Klein, 138. isocardia fragum" had been interpolated by Linnæus; hence the name, which was not in the original. The "fossula distincti" has replaced the earlier "validi."

C. fragum. Buc. subcordatum subangulatum, sulcis notatis semicirculis elevatis.

By the addition of "mala" to the erroneously cited figure of Gualtieri, our author has virtually repudiated it. "Spinosæ" followed "Pruni;" the fallacious "s. rubris" was not present, nor "sæpe" either; "anteriore" stood in the place of "postico," and "postico" in that of "antico." The descriptions of the "rima" and "anus" have been added: "recurvati" and "fossula distincti" were amplifications.

C. Unedo. Buc. subcordatum, sulcis lunulis coloratis.

C. muricatum. Buc. subrotundum sulcatum, lateribus muricatis.

C. magnum. Buc. oblongum, sulcis angulatis latere serratis.

I had hoped to have found the 19 a misprint, but the MS. and the printed copy agree precisely in every particular.

C. flavum. Buc. subovatum sulcatum, latere altero scabrum, altero dentatum.

The redundant "subovata" was not in the copy, where the remark was made that the species resembled the shell subsequently termed Chama cor, the figure of which (Gualt. t. 71. f. E.) had been cited, but erased in the MS. The ideal hence derived is a very different shell from the one supposed identical. No mention is made of lateral teeth: was it then a veritable Cardium?

C. lævigatum. Buc. ovatum, striis læviusculis longitudinalibus.

I do not consider this (the B. striatum of the MS.) to be identical with the C. lævigatum of the 'Systema.'

C. serratum. Buc. ovale læve, antice serratum.

"Ovata" stood in the place of the printed "obovata": "curvatus" and "parvi" were subsequent to the MS.

C. triste. Buc. ovatum læve, rima anoque obsolete striatis.

The 'Museum' was referred to for this shell previously to the publication of the details. Curious to relate, the species was wholly omitted in the twelfth edition of the 'Systema.' It was, in all probability, a Mactra, which genus had not been constituted at the period when the description of C. triste was issued.

C. pectinatum. Buc. subcordatum, striis hinc longitudinalibus, illine transversalibus.

The erroneous reference to Gualtieri was not present in the written copy.

Mention was made in the 'Systema' of a Solen bullatus, for a more detailed account of which the reader was referred to the 'Museum Ulricæ.' No such species appeared in the published edition; but the omitted shell (a veritable Cardium) was thus described in the unprinted version:—

Buc. bullatum. B. subrotundum, antice crenato-hians.

Rump. 143. t. 44. f. N. Pecten bullatus.

Testa subrotunda, inflata, gibba, fragilis, pellucida, substriata, rufo nebulosa, antice hians, margine serrato. Umbones tumidi, obtusi, reflexi. Rima minima brevissima. Ani regio obsoleta. Dens cardinis fere unicus, minimus. Marginales solitarii, remoti, compressi, majores.

DONAX.

Trunculus was the proposed name of this genus, which was thus characterized:—

Testa compressa, antice obtusissima, retusa. Cardinis dentibus 2, marginis unicus.

D. scortum was wisely omitted.

D. pubescens. Trun. antice spinis ciliatus.

D. rugosa. Trun. antice rugosus, marginibus crenatis.

The printed "cuneiformis" has replaced the earlier "majuscula"; and "crenulatis" was originally "undulatis." "Intus subviolacea est" was not in the written copy.

D. trunculus. Trun. antice lævis, marginibus crenatis.

The reference to Klein was not in the original, but "d'Arg. t. 25. f. L." was quoted (as in the twelfth edition of the 'Systema'). The last seven words printed were not in the copy. The intended name was gibbus.

D. CUNEATA. Trun. cuneiformis, marginibus integerrimis.

The final remark was not in the copy, where "parva, ovata," preceded "cuneiformis." The then unpublished details were quoted in the 'Systema.'

D. scripta. Trun. ovatus lævis scriptus.

The erroneous citation of Gualtieri (a misprint for 88. f. Q.) was not in the copy, and, as the figure represents the D. trunculus in the page opposite, I suspect was carelessly placed here by the printer, when our author had inserted it in his revised proof. I suspect this error often occurred, as for instance in Tellina planata and radiata, where Gualtieri's figure (added during revision) was attached to the former instead of to the latter. "Margo interne crenulatus," and nearly the entire account of the teeth, were emendations.

D. muricata. Trun. ovatus, striis muricatis, margine denticulato.

"Postice solitarii" followed the final "utrinque": "primores" was an emendation.

VENUS.

This genus (as a whole) was not to be found in the manuscript System. Its components were distributed into three groups, two of which bore names that were subsequently allotted to forms very remote from those therein so designated.

Cunnus. Testa subrotunda. Rima nymphis instructa. Dentes cardinis 4, lateralibus divaricatis versus latera. This contained the bulk of the Veneres, all except Nos. 63, 66, and those referred to Pholas and Chama.

Pholas. Testa lenticularis. Rima fissa, destituta nymphis. Dentes cardinis 1 s. 2, marginalis tantum intra anum. V. Pennsylvanica, incrustata, punctata, edentula, exoleta, scripta, pectinata, ziczac were its constituents.

Chama. Testa ovalis cum angulo. Cardo dentibus 4 confertis, quorum unus in singula valvula bifidus. In this were located V. literata, rotundata, decussata.

V. Dione. Cun. cordatus, antice pubescenti-spinosus.

The same references to Petiver, Olearius, and Lister were present as in the 'Systema.' The final remark was an addition. The proposed name was C. Veneris.

V. marica. Cun. subcordatus, decussatim striatus, pube lamellosa.

V. Dysera. Cun. testa subcordata, sulcis transversis reflexis, labiis concavis incumbentibus.

Neither "Huic rugæ, &c.," "lævis," nor the synonym of Lister were in the original.

V. Chione. Cun. subovatus, lævis.

The erroneous reference to d'Argenville was not inserted in the MS., from which "lanceolatis," likewise, was absent.

V. maculata. Cun. testa ovato-cordata lævis.

"Lanceolata" and "ovato-oblongus" have been additions. The observation that it was difficult to distinguish this shell (which was not named in the MS.) from the following, would mislead one, since the remark referred to two unpublished species, which it originally preceded.

V. meretrix. Cun. subcordatus glaber, labris gibbis, nymphis apice hiantibus.

C. vulgatus was the name originally designed.

V. castrensis. Cun. suborbiculatus glaber, characteribus scriptus.

V. Meroe. Cun. sutura postica hians.

V. Fimbriata. Cun. subrotundus decussatus rugosus, longitudinaliter striatus.

D'Argenville was not referred to.

V. reticulata. Cun. subcordatus, striis crenatis decussatis, ano cordato.

V. tigerina. Cun. suborbiculatus, striis crenatis decussatis, ano ovato.

The name was an error, having been derived from the "Lingua tigerina" of Rumphius (his figure G., not H.): fuliginosus was the one originally intended.

V. prostrata. Pho. orbiculata, transverse striata, labiis scabro-membranaceis.

The unpublished details had been previously referred to in the 'Systema.'

V. Pennsylvanica. Pho. glabra, rugosa, antice sulco longitudinali.

"Habitat in Pennsylvania," and "subdiaphana," were the unprinted additions. The "margo interne crenatus," "nates sub-recurvatæ," and "color intus versus marginem violaceus," were not in the copy. The last character (so utterly inappropriate to the features of Lucina P.) was, I suspect, intended for punctata on the page opposite.

V. incrustata. Pho. glaberrima lævissima, punctis excavata.

The details were referred to in the 'Systema' before their publication.

V. punctata. Pho. longitudinaliter sulcata.

The G in the reference to Rumphius was a misprint for the written D, from which figure ("Chama pectinata") our author had proposed to borrow the specific name, but subsequently had preferred the published designation. "Klein, 147. Actinobolos æquilatera" has been added to the MS. by Linnæus.

V. exoleta. Pho. decussatim striata.

The original synonymy and details have been so transmuted in the press, that it is manifest that the amended (!) species was perfectly distinct from the shell originally designed. The name of the latter was clathrata, and the declared sculpture was not merely "transversim," but "et longitudinaliter" likewise (in place of "striis retrorsis"). The reference (added by Linnæus) was not to Gualtieri, but to Lister, 335, f. 172, and its copy in Klein (t. 10. f. 52), both which would have more appropriately been assigned to V. reticulata. The V. exoleta having been previously defined in the 'Systema,' this confusion becomes of little importance.

V. ziczac. Pho. striis transversis membranaceis erectis.

The number which indicates the position of this species in the 'Museum' has been subsequently ('Syst.' ed. 12) referred to V. cancellata, yet, judging from the generic appellation (and consequent dentition), it could scarcely have been that well-known species. The "lentiformi" of the 'Systema' (ed. 10), where the name ziczac first appeared, forbids the annexation; but, although the details of the 'Museum' were there referred to, the obnoxious word was not mentioned in that publication. The following are the printed emendations (?): "lævis, et quasi excisa," "compressa," "variat colore albissimo."

V. pectinata. Pho. sulcis longitudinalibus nodosis, antice antrorsum ramosa.

The additional synonym of "Gualt, D. 75, f. A." appears in the MS., where "quam reliquæ" follows "orbiculata," and in place of "In area antica" may be read "et a primo sulco." The details there terminate with the word "lanceolatum," "Ramosa" was the intended name.

V. scripta. Pho. striata, postice angulo recto circumscripta.

The incorrect figure of d'Argenville was not indicated.

V. edentula. Pho. subgloboso-lenticulata rugosa edentula.

V. literata. Cha. transversim striato-ovata.

The earlier reading of confertim was "profunde"; "striis crenulatis antice et postice," "lanceolata," and "tres s." were absent.

V. rotundata. Cha. transversim striata ovata absque angulo.

The printed additions are "varius in variis," "aut albis," "lanceolata," and the final remark. There was no name attached in the MS.

V. decussata. Cha. testa ovata, decussatim striata.

"Sæpe" and "minimus" are the sole printed additions.

Probably the V. Phryne of the 'Systema' was designed by the following unpublished description:—

Cun. venosus. C. subcordatus lævis lateribus rugosis. Testa cinerea, nuce coryli major, gibba, glabra, antice et postice transversim sulcata. Margo exterius tantum denticulatus, non vero apex externus, aut margines laterales.

The V. macrodon answers fairly enough to this definition.

SPONDYLUS.

This very natural genus was confused with Chama, and thus characterized:—

Testa imbricata. Cardo e callo gibbo oblique inserto fossula obliqua.

S. Gæderopus. S. imbricatus auritus, cardine dentato.

"Rumph. t. 48. f. 1," "Gualt. t. 99. f. E. F. G," "Bonan. 2. f. 21," "Rondel. c. 40. p. 41," were the additional synonyms of the MS. The "ad cardinem truncata" was an emendation for the previous "breviore": the "superiore" a misprint for the written "inferiore": the final remark was not present.

S. Regius. S. spinosus sulcatus inauritus cardine dentato.

No name was attached to this species: the previous one had been termed Pectinites.

S. plicatus. Not mentioned in the manuscript.

CHAMA.

The members of this genus were included in Spondylus, except cordiformis, which was referred to Bucardium.

C. gigas. Sp. plicatus squamosus, ano hiante crenato.

The species as originally defined was more comprehensive in its details than when printed; for the restricting "decussatim" had not been added, and "Gualt. t. 93. f. B." was an additional synonym. The printed additions were "obsoletis," "Margine reflexo," "exteriore duplicato longiore," and the final remark. S. imbricatus was the intended name.

C. hippopus. Sp. plicatus muricatus, ano retuso clauso dentato.

"Arg. t. 26. f. H." was an additional synonym of the MS.: the printed 20 should have been 10, as written: "ut in præcedente" was an emendation: S. asper was the proposed name.

C. Lazarus. Sp. imbricatus.

Seba was not cited: "obliquam" followed "fossam" in the MS. "Elevatis," "longitudine testæ," "productiore," "instar auris" formed no portion of the early description.

C. antiquata. Sp. subcordatus, sulcis perpendicularibus transversim striatis.

No name was attached to the original details, which appear to have been altered ("in aliis minimum cordatum impressum fuscum"), and the synonym of Bonanni added, in order to comprise that species (Cardita sulcata) which had been pictorially defined in the 'Systema.' "Gibba" was preceded by "admodum": "obsoletis" was not present. Cardita bicolor, var. unicolor was probably intended.

C. semiorbiculata. Sp. semiorbiculatus compressus, decussate striatus, rudis.

"Interior" was the earlier reading of "primarius."

C. cordata. Sp. cordatus, transversim striatus, hinc elongatus, compressus.

C. oblonga. Sp. oblongus, antice angulatus, dentibus anticis acutis.

"Unico" (error for "unicus") originally preceded "in altera valvula."

C. cordiformis. Buc. subrotundum læve, umbonibus recurvatis.

The brief description in the 'Systema' had evidently been copied in the manuscript by our author himself, who cited Gualt. t. 71. f. E. as the sole synonym. The specimen had apparently been added to the collection, subsequently to the drawing up of the first catalogue.

ARCA.

Testa crassa, umbonibus distantibus intus fornicatis. Cardo planus, masticatus dentibus numerosis minimis æqualibus transversis.

A. tortuosa. A. oblonga obliqua, valvula altera oblique carinata.

"Nates, &c." and "Cardo, &c." were the printed additions to the earlier description. The 'Systema' synonyms of Klein (t. 8. f. 16) and Bonanni (2. f. 128) were present in the manuscript.

A. Noæ. A. oblonga angulata hians.

This manuscript furnishes us with the additional synonyms of

"Aldrov. 3. p. 513." and "Sloan. Hist. 2. p. 257. Musculus Matthioli," besides the previously published references to Lister (368. n. 208) and Bonanni (2. t. 32). The formation of the hinge was not, however, indicated, and the passage commencing with "Nates" has been enlarged from "Umbones remotissimæ, area interjecta concava, ad angulum rectum striata. Margo exterior in medio hians, apertura barbata."

The intended specific epithet was A. Noemi.

A. antiquata. A. testa oblique cordata, transversim sulcata, antice angulo compresso, rima intra rhombum transversim striata.

The admixture of two species (at the least) in the published edition resulted from the amalgamation of two earlier descriptions. To the above diagnosis belonged the printed details with the following important changes. In place of "extus striata longitudinaliter sulcis crenatis," the reading was simply "intus striata longitudinaliter," and in lieu of "interjecto spatio rhombeo plano," merely "rima patens."

The proposed name for this shell, from a supposition of its identity with the Pecten virgineus of Rumphius, was A. virginea. The other species which Linnæus referred to the same numerals of the 'Systema' was not named, but was thus characterized:—

A. (Sys. n. 144). A. cordata, sulcis nodosis, rima decussatim striata.

List. Hist. ... Pecten polyleptoginglymus, &c.

Gualt. t. 87. f. C.

Testa reliquis magis gibba, albido-flavescens, sulcis xxx obtusis, transversim nodosis: nodis transversis, obtusissimis, imbricatis. Intus albida. Margo dentibus xxx argutiusculis. Rima sulco rhombeo circumscripta, disco decussatim vix manifeste striato. Umbones distantes ad neutrum latus flexi.

A. senilis. A. oblique cordata, octosulcata, lævis, antice hians, rima obtusangule striata.

Lister (without numerals!) was referred to in illustration; the early unimproved account of the beaks and ligamental area ran as follows: "Umbones distantes, oblique incurvati. Rima hians striata transversim ad angulos acutos": "et profunde immersis" was an addition.

A. granosa. A. subcordata, sulcis muricatis, rima obtusangule striata, utrinque angulum formante.

The name was evidently borrowed from Rumphius, whose Pecten granosus ("143. t. 44. f. K.") was referred to in the manuscript, though neither quoted in the printed copy nor in the 'Systema' (ed. x.). "Bonan. 2. n. 73," and Lister (without numerals) were also cited.

A. decussata. A. lenticularis, decussatim substriata, apicibus reflexis.

For a detailed account of this shell, to which no specific name was attached in the MS., the 'Museum Ulricæ' was referred to, previous to its publication.

A. pallens. A. lenticulari-subobliqua, decussatim striata, rima brevi.

This was the type referred to in the 'Systema.'

A. pectunculus. A. lenticularis sulcata, decussatim rugosa.

"Arg. t. 27. f. B," and Lister without numerals appended, were the unpublished synonyms. The expressions "leviter," "exteriore tenui; sulcata," "in arcum," were not parts of the original copy, which contained, however, the unprinted paragraph "latere interiore margine prominente notato." There was no specific name attached to either this or the next species.

A. glycimeris. A. lentiformis, transversim substriata, rima lævi.

The 'Chama glycimeris Bellonii' of Lister (t. 247) was an unprinted synonym.

The following suppressed description of an unnamed Ark that was allied to, if it were not, fusca or barbata, was found in the manuscript. The 'Museum' had been referred to in the synonymy of the latter in the 'Systema,' but the species was not mentioned in the published version.

Arca ovalis, compressiuscula, apicibus subcontiguis.

Testa rudis, ferrugineo-fusca, longitudinaliter striata, striis quasi ex punctis callosis concatenatis, alternis striis majoribus ovatis, parum obliqua, minus lateribus gibba, rotunda absque angulis. Margo æqualis, edentulus. Apices recurvi fere tangunt se invicem. Rima dentibus minutissimis, antice longius extensa, nec recta.

OSTREA.

The very natural genus Pecten was separated from the unsymmetrical oysters, with the following definition:—

PECTEN. Testa subrotunda, altera planior, basis transversa, anguli transversi (auriculæ) ad basin. Cardo cavitas conica, striis utrinque 3 longitudinalibus obliquis.

The genus OSTREUM, enlarged by the addition of the true oysters confounded with the Mytili, the Meleagrinæ, Aviculæ, and the Anomia placenta, was thus characterized:—

O. maxima. Pec. radiis 14 rotundatis longitudinaliter striatis.

In place of Gualtieri, "List. Ang. 184. t. 5. f. 29. Pecten maximus," and "Faun. Suec. 1343" were referred to: these synonyms had been added subsequently to the description.

O. Jacobæa. Pec. radiis 14 angulatis, fornicis longitudinaliter striatis.

The cited drawing of Gualtieri was not mentioned.

O. ziczac. Pec. radiis 18 explanatis.

No specific name was attached to this, the preceding, and the next two species.

O. striatula. Pec. radiis 16 obliteratis, transverse membranaceostriatis, margine integerrimo.

O. minuta. Pec. radiis 20 convexis.

O. pleuronectes. Pec. radiis 12 duplicatis, extus lævis.

O. obliterata. Pec. radiis 24 duplicatis, extus lævis.

O. radula. Pec. radiis 6 convexis decussate striatis, margine crenato, auriculis æqualibus.

O. plica. Pec. radiis 16 convexis læviusculis, decussato-striatus.

No specific name was appended to either this, the next, or the two preceding species.

O. pallium. Pec. radiis 12 convexis, striatus, scaber, squamis imbricatus.

This with the remainder of the Pectens (as far as flavicans) formed a group characterized by "Auricula altera intus ciliato-spinosa."

O. nodosa. Pec. radiis 9 nodoso-vesicularibus.

O. pes-felis. Pec. radiis 9, lævis, fornice squamis fornicatis.

The printed diagnosis, or heading, was evidently drawn up from a different shell.

O. pellucens. Pec. radiis 9, lævis, fornice squamis cochleari-hemisphæricis.

No name was attached to this or the next shell.

O. sanguinea. Pec. radiis 22 scabris, semiauritus.

The reference was not to plate 74 (as printed) of Gualtieri, but to plate 73. "Purpureus nigro undatus" was written after the indicated colouring.

O. varia. Pec. radiis 30 scabris explanatis.

"Et omnia cadem" followed "sanguineæ"; "striis compressis echinatis" was not present; "color pallidior" was in the place of "concolor."

O. pusio. Pec. radiis 40 filiformibus.

O. glabra. Pec. radiis 10 lævibus planiusculis, internis striis elevatis duplicatis.

Gualtieri's rude drawing was not quoted.

O. opercularis. Pec. radiis 20 subrotundis, decussate striato-scaber, operculo convexiore.

O. gibba. Pec. radiis 20 glabris, gibbus.

Brown's drawing was not quoted.

O. flavicans. Pec. radiis 8 striatis, margine altero rotundato.

As in the 'Systema,' the next two shells, along with this, formed a group distinguished as having the "Valvulis altero latere magis gibbis." No names had been appended to this, the three preceding, and the two following species.

O. fasciata. Pec. radiis 20, auriculis æqualibus exoletis.

The "gibba" of the borrowed diagnosis was not, it may be observed, in the original.

O. lima. Pec. radiis 22, imbricatis squamis, altero margine rotundato, auriculis obliteratis.

The "gibba" of the borrowed heading was not in the original diagnosis. The final remark was likewise absent.

O. isognomon. The entire account of this species was added to the copy in the Linnean handwriting. "Klein, 128. t. 8. f. 15. Isognomon" and "Cardo ut ephippo" had been omitted in printing.

O. malleus. O. trilobum.

"Transverso ad marginem" was a subsequent addition.

O. folium. O. ovatum, lateribus obtuse plicatum.

Klein's copy (t. 8. f. 22.) of the indicated figure in Rumphius was cited, in the handwriting of Linnæus: the "cavitate conica" was an emendation.

O. edule. O. subrotundum semiorbiculatum, valvula altera plana integerrima.

There was no semicolon after "opaca," but a comma after "latiore." The original sole synonym was the omitted one of "Gualt t. 102. f. B."

O. semiauritum. O. semiauritum ovatum læve, basi obliqua.

Linnæus himself had added this species to the earlier catalogue.

O. ephippium. O. submembranaceum curvum, cardine octosulcato.

In addition to the published Ostreæ, the following description of the shell subsequently termed O. perna (Syst. ed. 12.) was found in the manuscript:—

O. rugosum, inæquale, tumidiusculum, cardine octocrenato.

Testa perniformis, obovata, substantia ligni antiqui, tumidiuscula, superficie obsolete rugosa, inæquali interne livida. Cardo transversus, margine inflexo, notatus crenis obtusis circiter 8.

ANOMIA.

The single species here mentioned was comprehended in Ostreum.

A. placenta. O. orbiculatum planum pellucidum.

Reference was made, by a long periphrasis, to plates 225, 226 of Lister's 'Historiæ'; Seba was not quoted: "intra discum testæ adnatis" was absent.

MYTILUS.

Testa opaca, læviuscula. Cardo nullis dentibus instructus, sed fossula obliqua intra marginem.

This definition very properly excluded the oysters which had been erroneously inserted in this genus. Only the Mytili and Modiolæ of Lamarck were left as members; for margaritiferus and hirundo were transferred to Ostreum!!

M. frons. Ost. acutum plicatum, labio altero scabro.

M. crista-galli. Ost. acutum, plicatum, labio utroque scabro.

The reading of the MS. was not "secundum marginem insculptus," but "secundum marginem Mytilus."

M. hyotis. Ost. subacuto-plicatum imbricatum squamis compressis, labio utrinque glabro.

M. margaritiferus. Ost. semiauritum, imbricatum tunicis, basi transversum.

"Bonan. 2. f. 1." was the omitted synonym. The description of the hinge was not at first inserted.

M. unguis. M. subrotundus, longitudinaliter striatus, pellucidus.

This ambiguous species was not named, but placed next to Ostrea edulis. I entertain but little doubt of its being a young Perna.

M. lithophagus. M. cylindricus.

Neither Gualtieri nor d'Argenville was referred to, which confirms my idea that the species of the 'Museum' (termed coriaceus in the manuscript) was not the Mediterranean Lithodomus.

M. bilocularis. M. striatus, cardine fornicato.

M. exustus. M. striatus, dorso angulato.

M. edulis. M. lævis, subcurvatus, cardine terminali mutico.

The printed synonyms are additions. From the "crassa," and the "absque denticulo," it is by no means improbable that some large exotic species was intended. The proposed name was niger; and that word originally formed part of the heading, but had been erased by Linnæus.

M. ungulatus. M. læviusculus, valvis obliquis postice dilatatis, antice apice.

"Lineis" was "tunicis" in the original. I do not consider that the details of this species (the M. rusticus of the MS.) pertain, even generically, to the ungulatus of the 'Systema.'

The large Mytilus represented by Gualtieri was not quoted: the reference, on the contrary, was to the two Modiolæ depicted by Rumphius ("Rump. 151. t. 46. f. B. C.") and to their Kleinian names ("Klein, 127. Musculus acutus vulgaris, a. b."); and to that genus, rather than to Mytilus, does the account of the suture, and the final remark, apply.

M. modiolus. M. lævis, cardine sublaterali, margine dorsali dilatato.

The erroneous, yet approximate, synonyms of Rumphius and Gualtieri (the 4 H's of whose engraving represent 4 different shells) were not quoted in the original. The species (for want of a good figure) was not clearly defined until the twelfth edition of the 'Systema.'

M. viridis. M. lævis membranaceus, cardine terminali.

M. ruber. M. rugosus, valvulis obliquis, postice dilatatis, margine antico apicem æquante.

The preceding mussel spoken of was not viridis, but ungulatus. The reading was not "brevissimo, compresso," but "brevissime compresso."

M. hirundo. Ost. valvis bilobis, lobo anteriore angustiore longiore.

"Bonan. 2. f. 57" (error for 58) and "List. 220. f. 55" were quoted.

PINNA.

The definition was not precisely similar in words to that of the 'Systema,' but the sense varied but little. It ran as follows:—

Testa oblonga, membranaceo-fragilis, basi angustata. Cardo nullus, sed valvis altero latere coadunatis ut una appareat.

P. rudis. P. rugosa squamis fornicatis per seriem digestis.

The name of this shell, identified (I think wrongly) by our author with the one he had termed rudis in the 'Systema,' was originally fornicata.

P. nobilis. P. squamis canaliculato-tubulosis subimbricatis.

P. muricata. P. striata, squamis concavis ovatis acutis.

"List. Hist. t. 370. no. 215," and "Sloan. Hist. i. p. 254," were present among the original synonyms.

P. rotundata. P. squamis obsoletis, testæ margine rotundato.

P. saccata. P. nuda saccata erectiuscula.

P. digitiformis. P. nuda digitiformis incurva.

P. lobata. P. nuda lobata.

In addition to the printed species, an anomalous Pinna, which I doubt not was the Lingula anatina, is here described.

P. viridis. P. ovalis, basi compressa.

Generis dubii huc relata, donec certiora determinentur.

Testa utraque ovali-oblonga, viridis, intus magis pallida; quasi compressa, et fere naviculata, acutior.

ARGONAUTA.

The intended name of this genus was Cymbium, the one applied to it by Gualtieri.

A. Argo. Cym. carina dentata.

"Bonan. 1. f. 13," and "Klein, 3. t. 1. f. 3," were the unprinted synonyms. The intended specific epithet was C. papyraceum.

NAUTILUS.

There was no definition of either this, or of the preceding genus, in the written catalogue.

N. Pompilius. N. apertura cordata, anfractibus contiguis.

The unprinted synonyms were "Bonan. 1, f. 1, 2," "Breyn. Polyth. 14," "Pet. Amb. t. 3. f. 7," "Pet. Gaz. t. 99. f. D," "Klein, 2. t. 1. f. 1, 2," and "Bellon. Aquat. 318. t. 382." Seba was not quoted.

N. spirula. N. apertura orbiculari, anfractibus distantibus.

The I in the reference to Rumphius was a misprint for the written 1; "Bon. 1. f. 39," "Breyn. Polyth. 21. f. 2," "Klein, 5. t. 1. f. 6," and "Petropol. Mus. 532. n. 6," were the unprinted synonyms: "tubo" was an emendation.

CONUS.

Testa oblonga, cylindrica, deorsum attenuata. Apertura longitudinalis. Labium edentulum. Os non reflexum. Columella integra.

This most natural genus had the precise limits ordinarily assigned to it.

C. marmoreus. C. conicus fuscus, maculis ovatis albis.

"Bonan. 3. f. 123" was an additional synonym; the "versus basin transverse striata," and "subtruncata, apice prominulo," with the account of the variety, were not found in the MS.

C. imperialis. C. pictus fasciis flavis cingulisque linearibus albo fuscoque articulatis.

The "obconica" was simply "conica"; there was no description of the spire.

C. literatus. C. conicus albus punctis fuscis.

The spire was not described: the reference to d'Argenville was I, not Q.

C. virgo. C. striis convexis lævibus, basi cærulescente.

"Longa" was originally "magna": the erroneous reference to Gualtieri was not inserted.

C. capitaneus. C. conicus, basi fusca, spiræ anfractibus adscendentibus.

At least two species were confused; but, from the heading, it is clear that C. generalis, rather than C. capitaneus, was the typical form: the latter was the variety g.

The V in the reference to Rumphius was a misprint for the written Y: "Gualt. t. 20. f. G." and "Pet. Gaz. t. 27. f. O." were additional synonyms. "Notata lituris undatis fuscis" was not in the manuscript.

C. princeps. C. flavus, lineis fusco-purpureis longitudinalibus ramosis.

"Sub" preceded "convexa."

C. Ammiralis. C. basi punctato-scaber.

After "summus" was written "cingulo albo"; after "ordinarius," "cingulo nullo"; Seba was not quoted; "pruniformis" was the earlier reading for "conico-convexa, pyriformis." The variety a. was described as "circumdata lineis numerosis albis nigro articulatis, quarum quæ cylindrum distinguit a spira latior maculis albis nigrisque majoribus alternantibus." The variety g. was not originally present in the catalogue, but was interpolated by Linnæus. "Hæc pretiosissima ut vendita fuerit 500 florenis" was the final remark.

C. nobilis. C. subcylindricus lævis glaber, spira acuta argute canaliculata.

"Cacumen" was a misprint for the written "acumen."

C. Genuanus. C. pictus cingulis linearibus albo fuscoque articulatis.

A strange confusion took place between the details of C. senator and C. Genuanus. The published description belonged to the former, the synonym the latter, and should have preceded the following brief description:

"Testa conica, pallida, glauca, oblongiuscula. Lineæ 19 transversæ fusco-nigræ s. purpurascentes albo interruptæ, alternæ sæpe angustiores. Spira subconica, obtusa."

C. glaucus. C. emarginatus, basi striatus, spiræ inermis anfractibus convexis.

C. monachus. C. gibbus acutus, fusco-cærulescente nebulosus, basi striatus.

Bonanni was not quoted in the written copy.

C. minimus. C. cinerascens, punctis oblongis cinctus.

The original description has been much altered by Linnæus. It ran as follows: "Testa ovata, glauco-cinerea, gibba, striæ transversales plus 30 punctis fuscis oblongis. Spira convexa, alba, maculis fuscis magnis transversis." The cited figure does not even suit these meagre characteristics, which might have been equally applied to C. glaucus.

C. rusticus. C. ovatus, basi rugoso-scaber, spira conica convexa.

The variety was not noticed, and d'Argenville was not quoted in the original catalogue. "Flavo et glauco" should have been "flavo aut glauco," as written.

C. mercator. C. ovatus, albus fasciis reticulatis flavis.

C. betulinus. C. subemarginatus, basi rugosus, spira planiuscula mucronata.

Seba was not cited.

C. figulinus. C. emarginatus, basi rugosa, spira convexa acuta.

An additional synonym, "Rump. t. 31 (error for 33, there being no number 1 in that plate) f. 1," was indicated.

C. Ebræus. C. ovatus albus fasciis nigris ex maculis transversis.

"Pet. Gaz. t. 99. f. 12." was quoted.

C. stercus-muscarum. C. emarginatus, basi striatus, spiræ anfractibus canaliculatis.

Of the two species confounded under this designation the C. arenarius appeared as a variety in the manuscript. Of the typical form "Spira lævi," "Pet. Gaz. t. 75. f. 1," and "Rumph. Mus. t. 33. f. Z," were cited as illustrations; the other synonyms were ascribed to "Var. α. coronatus spinis obtusis." The colouring was not mentioned.

C. varius. C. scabro-coronatus, elongatus, spira coronata acuta.

C. granulatus. C. scaber inermis, striis lævibus.

The original size indicated was "magnitudine coryli."

C. magus. C. subcylindricus, fasciis longitudinalibus albo punctatis.

The erroneous figure of d'Argenville was not referred to; and the 32, Q (as in the 'Systema'), not 34, A, of Rumphius was quoted as illustrative. The final remark had been interpolated by Linnæus.

C. striatus. C. ovato-oblongus gibbus nebulosus, striis tenuissimis parallelis fuscis.

The "Cæterum testa minus ante convoluta est," is a press addition. "Pet. Gaz. t. 98. f. 9." was correctly cited.

C. textile. C. pictus venis reticulatis luteis, maculis luteis fuscisque.

The intended name (C. drador) was an amusing specimen of conchological Latin: it was of course borrowed from d'Argenville's appellation of "Drap d'or." "Columella ad postica quasi replicata est" was added in the printing; the "luteo" was originally "albo"; the "subconica" was "anfractibus subconicis"; and there was no mention of a variety.

C. aulicus. C. pictus venis reticulatis fasciisque longitudinalibus interruptis fuscis.

"Columella postice replicata est," and the objectionable "obovato-sub," were not in the copy. No figures were cited in the original catalogue.

C. spectrum. C. cærulescens, flavo-nebulosus, punctis striisque alboluteis.

The original description did not comprise those characteristics which are so much at variance with the essentials of the C. spectrum of authors. The following passages were omitted: "gibba, minus arcte convoluta" (this replaced "conica"), "Columella postice striata et replicata. Intus testa sub-cærulescens," "mucrone cingulis granulato."

C. bullatus. C. flavus, albo nebulosus.

The account of the variety, and the "vix tuberculata," were absent from the manuscript.

C. geographus. C. oblongus gibbus coronatus.

The Rumphian name was the one attached to this species in the written copy.

C. terebellum. C. scaber inermis, striis tuberculatis.

The synonyms attached to the published details were "Gualt. Test. t. 25. f. L.—Arg. Conch. t. 16. f. P.—Rumph. t. 33. f. EE." Now these harmonize with both the heading and the description, and clearly indicate the C. Nussatella of the 'Systema'!

The details attached to the published synonyms (which latter belonged to the C. terebellum of the 'Systema,' and to which were joined "Gualt. t. 23. f. O.—"Bonan. 3. f. 57.—Pet. Amb. t. 13. f. 24,") ran as follows:

"Testa cylindracea, glabra, antice angustior, desinens in spiram attenuatam, anfractibus 3. Basis truncata, tennis. Columella non torta, sed involuta. Color pallidus."

CYPREA.

Testa ovata lævis involuta. Apertura linearis, utrinque dentata. Spira occultata intra testam.

C. mappa. C. subturbinata characterisata, macula longitudinali dentata.

"Pet. Amb. t. 16. f. 2." was an omitted synonym. The terminal remark is an improvement upon the earlier "Noscitur linea utrinque dentata in superficie scripta."

C. Arabica. C. subturbinata characterisata, macula longitudinali simplici.

"Denticulis testaceis" and the description of the variety were additions by the hand of Linnæus.

C. Argus. C. subturbinata subcylindrica, maculis annularibus.

The synonyms of Petiver (t. 97. f. 6) and Bonanni (f. 263), quoted in the 'Systema,' were also present in the MS., where "2. s. 1" was in the place of "duabus." The "pallidis" was a misprint for the written "pallidæ." The account of the variety was subsequent to the copy.

C. testudinaria. C. obtusa cylindrica, extremitatibus depressis.

"Pet. Amb. t. 8. f. 7." was an unprinted synonym.

C. carneola. C. subturbinata pallida, fasciis incarnatis.

C. talpa. C. subturbinata violacea, fasciis pallidis.

"Pet. Amb. t. 16. f. 1." was an unprinted synonym: "pallide flavescens" was the earlier reading for "testacea." The final remark was not in the copy.

C. Amethystea. C. subturbinata, dorso violaceo.

Rumphius was not originally cited as illustrative.

C. Vanelli. C. subturbinata, maculata punctis lutescentibus.

"Obsoletis" was originally in the place of "acutis": the "sæpe lutescentibus" was an addition of the press. C. Ovum Vanelli was the intended designation.

C. lota. C. subturbinata alba, denticulis subulatis.

C. fragilis. C. subturbinata gibba fragilis, obsolete fasciata.

Linnæus himself inserted this heading, with the first three lines of the printed details, in the manuscript copy. Neither the reference, nor the longer account of the variety (evidently a different species) appeared there.

C. caput-serpentis. C. obtusa triquetro-gibba, postice obtusiuscula.

"Fusis" was the earlier reading for "confertis."

C. Mauritiana. C. obtusa triquetro-gibba, postice depresso-acuta.

"Pet. Gaz. t. 96. f. 8. ex Insula Mauritii" was added in the manuscript: "fuscus" was the earlier version of "fusco-testaceus."

C. vitellus. C. subturbinata livida, maculis albis.

The published reference was substituted for "Bonan. 3. f. 254," a more characteristic figure: "maxima ex parte distincta, sed" followed "Spira." "Albida," not "alba," was the tint at first ascribed to the base.

C. mus. C. obtusa subovalis gibba cinerea, fascia longitudinali fusca.

Our author himself inserted the account of this species in the manuscript. Seba was not quoted. "Habitat in Carthagena" was appended to the description.

C. tigris. C. obtusa ovata, postice obtusa.

In the synonym of Rumphius, 36 is a misprint for 38: the erroneous reference to the H of Gualtieri was not in the copy, where "Pet. Gaz. t. 96. f. 7" was indicated as illustrative. The printed additions were "aut alba," "fusco-ferrugineis" (in lieu of "fuscis"), and "s. alba, quasi exarata; postice subcylindrica, truncata"; the previous words "Linea, &c." of that sentence were also absent from the original description, but had been inserted by the hand of Linnæus. "Postice" preceded "planiusculo," and "subviolaceo" followed "nitore."

C. lynx. C. oblongo-ovata, linea flavescente, postice acutiuscula.

No variety was mentioned in the written copy.

C. Isabella. C. obtusa cylindrica, extremitatibus luteis.

"Pet. Amb. t. 16. f. 16." was cited in the manuscript, where the final remark was wanting.

C. onyx. C. umbilicata, subtus fusca.

Neither of the synonyms was quoted in the copy.

C. succincta. C. umbilicata, labio interiore utraque extremitate rotundato.

The entire account of this shell (the C. bicincta of the MS.) was added to the copy by our author.

C. ziczac. C. umbilicata, subtus lutea punctis fuscis.

None of the cited figures were referred to in the original, where "interiore" stood in the place of the printed "utroque fusco."

C. hirundo. C. umbilicata, supra cærulescente.

"Sparsis", "s. fusca", "necnon macula, &c." were emendations of the press: "postice" preceded "fere marginato" in the original.

C. asellus. C. umbilicata alba, fasciis tribus fuscis.

"Pet. Amb. t. 16. f. 18." and "Pet. Gaz. t. 97. f. 11." were cited in the copy as illustrative.

C. cribraria. C. umbilicata, maculis albis.

"Margo" preceded "adscendens" in the copy, in which "livide flavo" was found in place of "luteo": "flavicantibus" was omitted. The intended name was C. Argiolus.

C. errones. C. umbilicata, macula testacea æquali.

Erratica was the original specific appellation.

C. moneta. C. marginate-nodosa.

"Pet. Gaz. t. 97. f. 8." and "Pet. Amb. t. 16. f. 8." were omitted in printing; "subflavescente" followed "convexo"; "subtus planiuscula" and "incisis" were absent. In place of the final remark (added, however, by the hand of our author), there originally stood "Noscitur tuberibus quinque elevatis."

C. annulus. C. marginata annulo flavo.

The "s. rotundata" was added in printing.

C. erosa. C. marginata flava albo-punctata.

"Undique aspersa" and "Macula fusca notat medium utriusque lateris" are the printed emendations.

C. helvola. C. marginata, postice crenata, subtus flava immaculata, supra albo punctulata.

The final remark was unwritten, and the size not mentioned: "marginis gibbi" was "margine exteriore gibbo", and "subcrenati" was "latere subcrenato."

C. stolida. C. marginata variegata cinereo testaceoque.

"Quinque" and "adspersis" were not in the original.

C. ocellata. C. marginata lutea, ocellis nigris.

C. flaveola. C. marginata fulva, albo punctata.

C. poraria. C. marginata subviolacea, albo punctata.

C. pediculus. C. transversim sulcata.

"List. 168. t. 3. f. 17." and "Barr. t. 1326. f. 28." were cited in addition to the printed synonyms. The last four words of the description were not in the copy.

C. nucleus. C. sulcata punctata tuberculis, rostrata.

"Pet. Amb. t. 16 f. 11." was cited as illustrative.

C. staphylæa. C. punctis elevatis sine striis, subrostrata.

The printed "minus" has been substituted for the earlier "vix"; "lutea" for "flava"; and "totam basin" for "maximum partem baseos."

C. globulus. C. rostrata lævis.

The printed additions were "alba s.", "extremitate utraque" (in place of "postice"), "Superficies punctis vix manifestis notata", and "excurrentes in strias".

BULLA.

Testa subrotunda, inflata, lævis. Apertura oblonga, non utrinque dentata. Spira obsoleta. Columella obliqua.

The Murex ficus and rapa of the printed edition were originally located in this genus, from which Auris Midæ, Auris Judæ, and achatina were excluded: the two former were placed in Morion, the last in Buccinum.

B. ovum. B. birostris, labio dentato.

"Arg. t. 21. f. A." "Pet. Gaz. t. 94. f. 7." "Pet. Amb. t. 8. f. 6." were additional references in the written copy: "magnitudine ovi gallinacei", "apice et basi producta", were emendations during the printing. The "dilatata" was originally modified by a "parum."

B. volva. B. birostris, rostris elongatis striatis.

"List. t. 711. f. 63" had been added to the copy by the hand of Linnæus. The mode of reference (not, as in the earlier writings, by sections and chapters) evinces that this addition was, in all probability, subsequent to the publication of the work.

B. verrucosa. B. angulata, aucta utrinque puncto osseo.

The correct synonyms of "Arg. t. 21. f. M." and "Pet. Gaz. t. 97. f.22." were found in the manuscript: the printed emendations were, "magnitudine ovi passerini", "uti anterius", and "granis duobus" for the earlier "punctis."

B. gibbosa. B. angulata, cingulo elevato.

"Bonan. 249", "List. t. 711. f. 64", "Pet. Gaz. t. 15. f. 5", were cited in the copy: "præcedentis magnitudine", "solidiorque", with the modification of "cylindrica" by a preceding "sub", were press emendations.

B. naucum. B. rotundata pellucida.

The size was not at first mentioned.

B. ampulla. B. rotundata opaca.

The printed "nulla" replaced the earlier "descendens, nuda", and "pallido-testacea" the written "albida." The "antice, nullus vero postice" was an emendation of the press.

B. physis. B. spira obtusa, lineis crispata.

"Sæpe", "hiansque", "tenue", and the name, are not to be found in the written copy: "apicem" was the reading for the printed "ventrem, aduatum."

B. amplustre. B. spira elevata, fasciis incarnatis.

B. pallida. B. spira elevata acuta, corpore cylindrico.

So very many changes has this puzzling species experienced in the works of our author, that it has been thought advisable to transcribe the written description from the manuscript copy:—

Testa ovato-cylindrica, glabra. Spira convexo-conica, mucronata. Columella multum torta. Color lividus, longitudinaliter grisco undulatus.

This evidently was a very different shell from the four-plaited, pale pink, and often variegated specimen described in the printed copy. The description of the outer lip, the name, and the terms "solida", "lævigata, obsoletior" were, likewise, additions of the press.

B. canaliculata. B. cylindrica lævis, spiræ anfractibus canaliculatis.

The entire account of this species was added to the manuscript in the Linnean handwriting.

B. achatina. Buc. glabrum, apertura integra.

"Colum. Aphr. 18. t. 16" was the omitted synonym: "vel inæqualiter ovata" and the entire account of the base (merely described as "vix manifeste emarginata") were the printed additions.

B. Auris-Midæ. Morion ovali-oblongum, spira rugosa, labio interiore bidentato.

Figure 122 of Klein's seventh plate was correctly quoted as illustrative: "crudæ" preceded "niger."

B. Auris-Judæ. Morion oblongus, spira lævi, labio interiore tridentato.

B. solidula. B. ovata opaca striata, spira elevata.

I do not doubt, from the "ovata", that Tornatella flammea was the shell originally here intended; for the inharmonious account of the inner lip (as well as of the outer one) was not found in the manuscript,—from which, too, the erroneous reference to Bonanni was at first absent. The "acutiuscula" was "obtusiuscula": the "postice rotundata, antice acuta" was an improvement upon the earlier "pone gibba."

B. livida. B. spira elevata obtusa, corpore cylindrico.

This heading makes no mention of the columellar plication of the shell so named in the 'Systema,' and confirms my surmise of their distinctiveness. The name livida was not originally attached to the description, but had been added (together with "obsoletis") by Linnæus, from a mistaken identification.

There has evidently been some error in the comparison with Voluta Caffra. I suspect that Conus bullatus was meant, as the contrasting characters answer admirably. "Differt a B. pallida et livida, quod testa solida—anfractus spiræ canaliculati". This passage shows that "fragilis et spiræ anfractus obtusæ" referred to livida, not to Caffra.

VOLUTA.

Testa oblonga, subconvexa, basi emarginata, replicata in canalem rectum. Columella plicata oblique. Labio integro.

The genus appears to comprehend precisely the same members as in the published edition. They were arranged in sections exactly corresponding with the Lamarckian genera of Oliva, Voluta, Mitra, and Marginella.

V. porphyria. V. spira basi obliterata, labio medio retuso.

Linnæus spoilt his excellent earlier description by his attempted emendations. The interpolated "Faux sæpius rufescens" (misprinted virescens), and the reference to Gualtieri's figure O. (O. erythrostoma), formed no part of the original version.

The "Varictas fere sola est V. Olivæ" was an afterthought.

V. Oliva. V. spiræ basi reflexa.

The synonyms were thus distributed. To var a, Rumph. t. 39. f. 2, and Gualt. t. 23. f. B; to var. g, Rumph. t. 39. f. 3; to var. e, Arg. t. 16. f. R; to var. d ("Cæsius atro-undatus," not "Fusco undulatus" as printed), Rumph. t. 39. f. 4. The expressions "ponderosa" and "magis sulcatum" were not in the original.

V. Ispidula. V. spira adscendente, margine unico.

"Pet. Gaz. t. 59. f. 8," cited in the 'Systema,' was also written in the manuscript: not so the "Varietas forte præcedentis V. Olivæ." None of the drawings exhibit the produced spire, which must have resembled that of O. jaspidea. The earlier name was ispida.

V. glabella. V. ovata lævis, labii margine reflexo, basi rotundata.

The reference to Gualtieri (a doubtful figure) was not originally inserted. The intended name was V. polita.

V. Caffra. V. fusiformis lævis.

The absurdity of asserting, in relation to this and the next species, that each resembled the other, but was larger, arose from the circumstance that when our author, in revising the labours of his amanuensis, added "sed major," he omitted to erase it from the following species.

V. vulpecula. V. fusiformis angulata inermis, transversim striata.

Of the ample details the first two paragraphs only were found in the manuscript. The proposed name was V. picta.

V. plicaria. V. fusiformis, angulis antice subspinosis.

The intended appellation angulata was changed from an erroneous impression of the identity of the species with the Turricula plicata of Rumphius. "Mucronatis" and "albidus" were emendations. "Bonan. 8. f. 65" was referred to, as in the 'Systema'.

V. pertusa. V. fusiformis, labro denticulato, striata punctis pertusis.

V. denticulata was the name originally proposed for this Mitre.

V. Mitra. V. fusiformis lævis, labro denticulato.

The final paragraph was not in the manuscript, where "Bonan. 3. t. 119, 120", and "Klein, 36. Mitra episcopi", the former cited in the 'Systema', the latter a mere name, were quoted as illustrative.

V. musica. V. spinis obtusiusculis, columella plicis 8.

The reference to the letters X. and Y. of Gualtieri (neither of which are illustrative) stood not thus in the original: the characteristic Z. of that work was the figure really cited. The printed edition has been enlarged by an "ob" before "ovato" the addition of "solida", and the description of the lips.

V. vespertilio. V. spinis acutis, columella plicis 4.

The only printed additions are "ob" before "ovato", "s. glauca", and "fuscis lineis" in place of the "saturatius."

V. Æthiopica. V. spinis fornicatis cingentibus apicem papillarem.

"Habitat in mari Pacifico", "Pet. Amb. t. 7. f. 5" (copied from Rumphius, t. 31. f. B.), and "Bonan. t. 3 f. 1" (cited in the 'Systema') were the unprinted additions.

V. cymbium. The entire account of this shell was in the handwriting of Linnæus, and inserted at a later period than the mass of species. The decided reference to Gualtieri was not in the manuscript.

V. olla was not mentioned in the written catalogue.

In addition to the species published in the 'Museum,' the following were also characterized in the manuscript:—

V. faba. V. ovata, antice subplicata, labii exterioris margine reflexo, basi rotundata.

Bonan. 3. f. 49.

Testa magnitudine vix fabæ, ovalis, lævis, antice subplicata, livida, punctis fuscis aspersa. Spira testæ ¹/₂ brevior, subplicata. Labium exterius reflexum, basi rotundatum integrum.

This was evidently the shell so designated in the 'Systema.'

V. granulata. V. fusiformis, sulcis longitudinalibus, striisque transversalibus.

Rumph. Mus. t. 29. f. V.

Arg. Conch. t. 12. f. V.

Testa facie antecedentis, sed sulci et striæ contrariæ, fusiformis, sulcis longitudinalibus elevatis obtusis, striis transversalibus exaratis. Color cinereus, fasciis linearibus 2 rubris ex punctis. Spira longitudine ventris. Apertura præcedentis.

This was the V. sanguisuga of the 'Systema.'

The preceding species referred to was

V. lima. V. fusiformis, sulcis transversis, striisque longitudinalibus.

Rumph. Mus. t. 28. f. T.

Testa fusiformis, scabriuscula, striis longitudinalibus secundum testam, et sulcis secundum anfractus adscendentibus margine acutiusculis. Color albidus sulcis elevatis rubris—albidus sulcis elevatis flavis albo interruptis. Spira longitudine ventris. Apertura oblonga, intus alba. Basis acuta, emarginata. Labium exterius integrum; interius nullum. Columella dentibus 4 obliqius.

These features fairly enough suit the Mitra filosa, generally, and with reason, supposed to be the V. filaris of the 'Mantissa.' The cited figure however, seems M. gracilis of Reeve.

BUCCINUM.

The species which compose this group in the 'Museum' were originally separated under many generic designations.

1. Buccinum. Testa ovata, ventricosa. Apertura integra, semilunaris, superne extrorsum, postice introrsum.

2. Cassida. Testa ovata, gibba. Cauda reflexa oblique. Apertura longitudinalis, obliqua.

3. Lyra. Testa ovata, ventricosa. Apertura ovata, patens, pone submarginata. Labium interius nullum. Columella compressa, nitida.

4. Turricula. (No definition: evidently intended for all the turreted shells.)

5. Morion. Testa oblonga, inermis. Apertura oblonga, labio interiore reflexo unidentato.

In the first were located the Dolia, and B. echinophorum; in the second the Cassides, with B. papillosum and arcularia; in the third the Harpæ and Purpuræ; in the fourth the Terebræ; in the fifth B. glans, spiratum, glabratum.

B. undosum was located in Murex.

B. perdix. B. umbilicatum subsulcatum, basi recta.

The proposed name was B. pennatum, adopted from Rumphius: "lunari-patula" was not in the manuscript.

B. pomum. B. exumbilicatum, labio utroque dentato.

"Barr. Ic. t. 1325. f. 12" (cited in the 'Systema'), and "Klein, 95. Semicassis, striata, costosa", were the additional synonyms of the manuscript: "s. sulcata", "nullum, interne", "at vero in adultioribus accrescit planum album", were subsequent emendations.

B. dolium. B. emarginatum subsulcatum rugosum, labio exteriore reflexo dentato.

The Dolium fimbriatum, or, as Deshayes prefers it, D. Minjac (the Malay name was Bia Minjac in Rumphius, who preceded Adanson), was assuredly the shell described in the 'Museum', as the recorded dentation of the outer lip clearly manifests. An excellent figure of it in Petiver ("Gaz. t. 99. f. 11") was cited in the original copy, where the drawing of Gualtieri was not referred to.

B. echinophorum. B. (changed to Cassida) tuberibus ("quaterna serie" interpolated) nodosum.

The reference to Rumphius was correctly written 1, not I, in the original, where "albido-flavescens" was the indicated colouring. The printed emendations were "quadruplici s. quintuplici", instead of "triplici", and the entire account of the aperture, which at first ran simply as follows, "Labium exterius crassius, margine tenuiore, interne subrugosum, obsolete dentatum."

B. tuberosum. B. tuberibus gemina serie nodosum.

The entire published account of this species had been interpolated by Linnæus in the written copy, with the exception of the "color pallidus." The "nodis anterioribus" was a misprint for "nodis acutioribus."

Gualtieri's admirable figure of the Cassis tuberosa of authors was not, however, cited, which confirms my statement that the species of the 'Museum' was not the Cassis usually so designated.

B. cornutum. Cas. acuminibus antice cingentibus, superficic reticulata.

The I in the reference to Rumphius was a misprint for the written 1: "maculata" was originally "maculis griseis."

B. rufum. Cas. nodis sparsis.

"Pyri" was a misprint for the written "pugni". Neither the "maculis fuscis" nor the "Variat tota albo colore" were originally present. The Rumphian name rubra was the one written.

B. flammeum. Cas. longitudinaliter striata, antice subnodosa.

To the solitary synonym our author had added "List. t. 1004. f. 69" and "Sloan. Hist. 2. p. 242. n. 2". The final remark was not in the copy.

B. testiculus. Cas. lævis, striis longitudinalibus, sulcis transversalibus.

"Vix ullus" was at first "nullus": "læve" was not present.

B. decussatum. Cas. lævis, striis decussatis, labio exteriore dentato.

"Bonan. Clas. 3. t. 157" was an additional synonym.

B. areola. Cas. glabra, spira papillosa.

The erroneous references to Gualtieri, and to the figure 2 of Rumphius, were not present in the original, nor was there any allusion made to the sculpture of the inner lip.

B. erinaceus. Cas. subsulcata, antice nodosa, labio edentulo, postice extrorsum denticulato.

The entire account of this Cassis was interpolated by Linnæus in the pages of his amanuensis.

B. glaucum. Cas. glabra, antice muricata, labio dentato, postice extrorsum denticulato.

The superfluous A in the reference to Gualtieri was a misprint: "inferne" was "interne": the "acuminata" and "marginatum" were emendations.

B. vibex. Cas. glabra, labio edentulo, postice extrorsum denticulato.

The figures 8 and 9 of Rumphius were not cited.

B. papillosum. Cas. papillis decussatis, labio tenui, extus denticulato, fauce glabra.

"Rectum" followed "exterius" in the written copy, wherein "s. albidus" and "antice sinu excavata" were not to be found.

B. glans. Morion labio exteriore denticulato, interiore bidentato.

"Labium exterius margine postico denticulato" was omitted in printing.

B. arcularia. Cas. longitudinaliter sulcata, labio exteriore tenui, interiore maximo.

B. costatum. Lyra costis longitudinalibus, antice prominulis, alternis obsoletis.

This diagnosis but ill suits the Many-ridged Harp, which, of late, has been considered identical.

B. harpa. Lyra costis longitudinalibus antice mucronatis.

The shell is described in the MS. as "striata subtilissime longitudinaliter", and "Pet. Amb. t. 2. f. 2", "Pet. Gaz. t. 48. f. 13" (the latter quoted also in the 'Systema') are there substituted for the reference to Gualtieri. The printed additions are considerable; to wit, "costæ vero striis transversis", "anfractibus costis mucronatis", "denticulatum."

B. Persicum. Lyra læviuscula, labii margine crenulato.

The erroneous citation of Grew (t. 9. f. 5, 6) in the 'Systema' had been adopted in the manuscript.

B. patulum. Lyra muricata spinis obtusis.

Neither the erroneous reference to Gualtieri, plate 51. f. A (which was designed for Purpura hæmastoma), nor the "color interne rufescens", is to be found in the manuscript.

B. smaragdulus. Lyra glaberrima, columella denticulata.

Neither the erroneous reference to d'Argenville, nor the specific name derived from his figure, is to be found in the MS. The proposed appellation was L. vitrea. "Simillima Cassid, lapillo, sed glabra, et columella crenata" is the unprinted remark.

B. spiratum. Morion umbilicatus, anfractibus distinctis canaliculo.

The specified colouring was "alba, maculis longitudinalibus fuscis"; "pone bifidum" followed "integrum." The intended name was M. canaliculatus.

B. glabratum. Morion umbilico descendente flexuoso.

d'Arg. Conch t. 12. f. G.

"Testa oblonga, acuminata, obtusiuscula, glaberrima, anfractibus confluentibus, Neritarum maximarum pondere. Color albo-flavescens, nitidus. Apertura obliqua, profunde emarginata. Labium exterius integerrimum. Labium interius antice reflexum adnatum, dein solutum brevius flexuosum, descendens ad basin. Sulcus profundus distinguit basin testæ. Umbilicus pone labium interius descendens ad basin sulco".

B. virgineum. I can find no account of this shell in the written copy.

B. undosum. The nearest approach to this species seems the variety B. of the Murex succinctus (the shell so named in the 'Mantissa').

M. lævis, sulcis transversis lævibus, angulo marginali.

d'Arg. Conch. t. 12. f. N. Bon. 3. f. 47.

Testa ovata, absque tuberculis magnitudine nucis, exarata sulcis transversis pallidis, eminentibus vero lineis luteis. Spira obtusa, anfractibus rotundatis. Cauda teretiuscula. Apertura ovata, margine crasso, nec alia costa laterali crassa.

Var. B. Rugis s. angulis obliteratis 5 longitudinalibus.

B. maculatum. Turricula elongata, anfractibus lævibus integerrimis.

The l. of Gualtieri, and the reference to d'Argenville, were printed emendations.

B. crenulatum. Turric. elongata, anfractibus margine crenatis.

The reference to Gualtieri was an emendation.

B. strigilatum. Turric. elongata, oblique striata.

B. duplicatum. Turric. elongata emarginata, anfractibus bipartitis striatis.

STROMBUS.

This genus, rendered more natural by the omission of S. lividus and ater (assigned to Turricula), appeared under the designation of Harpago with the following definition:—

Testa depressa, nodosa. Apertura longitudinalis. Labium antice dilatatum ultra basin.

The Strombi of the manuscript were the young of this genus (erased by Linnæus) and certain Lamarckian Fusi, Pyrulæ, and Fasciolariæ.

S. chiragra. Har. labii spinis lævibus 6, extimis recurvis, fauce striata.

"Bar. Icon. 327. f. 1." was an additional synonym.

S. scorpius. Har. labii spinis nodosis 7, fauce striata.

The published account was enlarged by the following passages, which are not to be found in the written copy: "crenulato cincta", "lato, brevi", "s. incarnata", "s. testaceo-nebulosus". "Distinctum" was originally "obscuro", and "repandus, inflexus" was "denticulatus."

S. lambis. Har. labii spinis lævibus 7, fauce lævi.

"Bar. Icon. t. 1326. f. 7" was the synonym omitted in printing. The name was borrowed from d'Argenville.

S. millepeda. Har. labii spinis lævibus 10.

"Anteriora" was "posteriora" in the manuscript.

S. lentiginosus. Har. labio inermi integro rotundato, angulis pluribus nodosis.

The "aut marginatum" was "fragile, diaphanum", so that a young shell appears to have furnished the materials for description.

S. gallus. Har. labio inermi mucronato, cingulo dorsali spinoso.

S. Auris-Dianæ. Har. labio inermi muricato, cauda recurva, lobo incurvato.

The "32. f. II." was a misprint for the written "17. f. O." The printed additions are "usque" and "Color testaceo et albido nebulosus."

S. pugilis. Har. labio inermi obtuso, spira spinosa distincta, basi emarginata.

"Nitida", and "sed spira albida", were not found in the original.

S. Luhuanus. Har. labio obtuso, antice posticeque emarginata.

Few of the details were present in the original copy, but appear to have been added, to discriminate the species from the allied gibberulus. "Spira obtusa brevis" was added by the hand of Linnæus; "sæpe subplicati", "postice lobo obsoleto instructum", "intus", "Columella nigricans", "Cauda nulla, sed postice emarginata", were all absent from the MS.

S. gibberulus. Har. labio inermi dorso lævi, spira repanda.

The printed additions are "subtus planiuscula", "læves", "fuscum", and the final remark.

S. Latissimus. Har. labio inermi rotundato, spira subnodosa breviore, dorso lævi.

S. epidromis. Har. labio inermi dilatato, dorso lævi, spira subnodosa.

The S. epidromis, as it originally stood in the manuscript, was a recognizable species, and precisely identical with the shell so named in the 'Systema'; for the erroneous reference to Gualtieri was not present, neither was "carinato," nor any of the discordant details from "interius" to the termination. As the printed description now stands, it would suit S. emarginatus or succinctus, at the least, equally well. I doubt not our author, when correcting the press, forgot his own species, and added the partial essentials of one species to those of another.

S. Canarium. Har. labio inermi dilatato, dorso spiraque lævibus.

The erroneous reference to plate 37 of Rumphius was not present in the written copy, which contains the additional synonyms of "Pet. Gaz. t. 98. f. 11", and "Klein, t. 4. f. 73": the latter was not there originally. The early description has been improved, in the press, by the addition of "obovata", "Faux lævis, alba", and "longitudinaliter subundulatus."

S. vittatus. Har. labiis inermibus, spiræ anfractibus vitta interstinctis.

S. urceus. Har. labiis inermibus striatis, dorso nodoso.

The erroneous reference to Gualtieri was not present in the original, but in place of it the 37. W. of Rumphius (S. mutabilis): "Spira testa brevior, plicato-subnodosa" was, likewise, absent. "Klein, 49, urceus fimbriatus" (a name for Rumph. t. 37. f. F & W) was interpolated by our author.

S. ater. Turricula labiata.

Neither the reference to Rumphius, nor the "et postice emarginatum" were found in the original. This confirms my expressed belief that the Museum species (to which no name was at first attached) was distinct from that of the 'Systema.'

S. lividus. Turric. labiata, anfractibus serie subspinosa.

This was located in a section of Turricula distinguished as having the outer lip dilated and rounded.

Besides the above, the following unprinted details were found in the manuscript:—

The Strombus gigas was described at length under the appellation of Harpago gigas.

Har. labio inermi rotundato, dorso spiraque subulato-spinosis.

Gualt. t. 34. f. A. Bar. Icon. 1727. f. 7.

Testa gibba, maxima, magnitudine capitis. Cauda obtusa. Spira spinis patentibus, subulatis, validis. Anfractus desinens in dorso spina. Series in dorso spinarum maximarum ferme conicarum. Labium dilatatum, rotundatum, spira longius, vix adnatum spiræ. Faux glabra, nitida, incarnata. Color pallidus.

The Strombus dentatus? was also defined (without a specific appellation) by the following characters:—

Har. labio dentato, testa lævis, plicato-nodosa.

Testa simillima reliquis, longitudine articuli digiti, lævis, flavescens, subplicata, plicis antice acuminatis nodis. Spira acutiuscula, similiter plicata, nodosa. Labium exterius minus dilatatum, postice margine dentatum et interne fuscum, striatum. Labium internum crassum, integrum, læve.

The Strombus palustris, although not published until the twelfth edition of the 'Systema,' had been already defined in the 'Museum' as Turricula cornea.

Tur. decussatim rugosa, labio dilatato.

Rumph. 101. t. 30. f. Q. Strombus palustris.

Testa crassa, rudis, pyramidalis, cornea aut plumbea, anfractibus 12 et ultra, secundum spiras transversim aliquot striis exarata, longitudinaliter subplicata, adcoque sine spinis rugosissima. Labium dilatatum, rotundatum, concavum, edentulum.

MUREX.

The definition of this genus ran as follows:—

Testa subovata, spinosa. Apertura coarctata, ovata, desinens in canalem tubuloso-conniventem.

This was evidently designed for the Murices proper. The other species of the 'Museum' were distributed in the groups of Cassis, Turricula, Bulla, and Strombus. The last was defined as follows; "Testa obverse conica, nodosa, labium exterius angulum transversalem superne formans; interius nullum. Columella incurva. Cauda integra."

M. haustellum. M. caudatus, subinermis, nodosus.

"Suturis" was originally "costis". The printed emendations are "gibbis, adglutinatis", "costati et nodosi", "subtus rima longitudinali clausa", "margine", and the final remark.

M. tribulus. M. caudatus spinis subulatis trifariis.

"Olear. Mus. t. 39. f. 1" was cited in the transcript, to which Linnæus had added "Bonan. 269" and "List. t. 902. f. 22", all which synonyms are present in the 'Systema.' The printed additions are "suturis 3 longitudinalibus, adglutinatis, incrassatis", "secundum suturas: superficies transversim striis elevatis distinctis", "recta".

M. cornutus. M. caudatus, spinis subulatis serie gemina.

The s. in the reference to Rumphius was a misprint for the written 5: "Pet. Gaz. t. 68. f. 12" (as in the 'Systema') was present in the copy. The expressions "striata", "conicæ", "obliquo situ", and the final remark, are the printed additions.

M. trunculus. M. subcaudatus, spinis simplici serie.

The description of the tail and account of the variety were not originally present: "suturis" was, at first, "plicis", and "adglutinatis" was "antrorsum adnatis".

M. ramosus. M. dædaleus triangularis, spira longitudine ventris.

Had the original manuscript been printed, the multitude of species confused under this appellation would have been somewhat lessened. For the cited figures of M. inflatus (Rumph. t. 26. f. A. and Gault. t. 38. f. A), with that of another short-spired Murex (Arg. t. 19. f. C), were separated from the rest, and quoted for a M. unguis-odor, the brief definition of which was "M. dædalens triangularis, spira ventre breviore."

The published details, and the drawings of the longer-spired and more slender-bodied Murices (Rumph. t. 26. f. l; d'Arg. t. 19. f. E, H.), appeared as M. lichenoides.

I consider, then, that in that event the M. adustus (Arg. t. 19. f. H.), which would tolerably suit the definition, would have been considered the typical form, and M. axicornis (Rumph. t. 26. f. l, and d'Arg. t. 19. f. E.), the variety γ.

M. scorpio. M. dædaleus quadrangularis, spira subcapitata.

The ill-judged final remark was not in the copy.

M. saxatilis. M. dædaleus quinquangularis, spira contigua.

The idea of this being a mere variety was not expressed in the original.

M. rana. M. angulatus subdepressus, costis lateralibus.

The R. of d'Argenville was properly referred to the variety B. The "alba", "sulcis transversis", and "Dorsum anfractum simplici cingulo aculeato" were not in the copy.

M. lampas. M. angulatus tuberculis nodosis, cauda flexuosa, labio interiore lævi.

The earlier reading of "una alterave ruga" was "uno alterove denticulo."

M. femorale. M. angulato-triqueter: angulis antrorsum acuminatis.

The intended name was M. triqueter. Grew's engravings (f. 7, 8) of the species were correctly cited, and the erroneous reference to Rumphius was not inserted. The printed additions were unimportant—"exarata", "repando", "sub" before "edentula", and "levissime".

M. lotorium. M. angulatus, tuberculis conicis, cauda flexuosa, labio interno rugoso.

"Subter" was a misprint for the written "inter": the "ut in proximis" was a printed addition.

M. rubecula. M. angulatus, sulcis moniliformibus, costis lateralibus, dorsalique.

"Gualt. t. 49. f. 1" was rightly cited as illustrative: "ex" preceded "lineis".

M. reticularis. Cas. inæqualis gibba reticulata, cauda elongata.

The erroneous reference to Rumphius was not present in the manuscript. As corroborative of my expressed belief in the identity of the species described in the 'Museum' with the Triton ! mulus, it may be observed, that our author has wholly separated this and the allied anus from the true Tritons and Ranellæ, and that the original heading corresponds accurately with the peculiar characteristics.

M. anus. Cas. inæqualis, gibba nodosa, labris rugosis.

"Pet. Gaz. t. 74. f. 9" and "Pet. Amb. t. 6. f. 4" were the unprinted synonyms. The "rugis reticulato-intertextis", "irregularis", and "patens" were emendations.

M. ricinus. M. ecaudatus, ore utrinque dentato.

"Æqualibus, ad labium majoribus" was not in the copy.

M. capitellum. M. ecaudatus ovatus, columella rugosa, labio edentulo, superficie inermi rugosa.

"Alba" followed "edentula", and "Umbilicus ad basin" terminated the description in the original: the word "striis" was a subsequent introduction.

M. turbinellus. M. ecaudatus, turbinatus, columella dentata, spinis explicatis.

The printed additions are "anteriores", "nodulosa", "alba", "Cauda vix ulla", and "Variat colore albo spira longiore".

M. Ceramicus. M. ecaudatus, utrinque acuminatus, columella dentata, spinis conicis.

"Rumph. t. 49. f. L." was an unpublished synonym.

M. nodus. M. ecaudatus ovatus, labio denticulato.

As "Gualt. t. 28. f. R." was quoted, and "aut nigris, conicis, obtusiusculis" (a character which probably belonged to some distinct species erroneously supposed to be a variety) was not inserted in the manuscript, I feel convinced that the Purpura hystrix of authors was the species designed in the 'Museum Ulricæ.'

M. hystrix. M. ecaudatus edentulus, fauce lævi.

M. mancinella. M. ecaudatus, edentulus fauce striata.

This original heading, and the absence of the erroneous synonym from the MS., confirm the received opinion of the identity of the Museum species (not that of the 'Systema') with Purpura mancinella.

M. hippocastanum. M. ecaudatus edentulus, fauce edentula integra, spinis serie triplici.

Gualtieri's erroneously cited figure was not indicated in the manuscript. No specific name had been originally attached to the description.

M. melongena. M. ecaudatus edentulus fauce patula lævi, spinis serie duplici.

"Bonan. 3. f. 186" had been added to the synonymy by our author. The details were less copious than in the published edition, "apice solo acuminatus" being the meagre substitute for the entire description from "Spira" to the end.

M. ficus. Bul. caudata, striis reticulatis, spira obtusa.

"Pet. Amb. t. 6. f. 9" was an omitted synonym. The shell described in the 'Museum' was assuredly not the ficus of most writers.

M. rapa. Bul. caudata, striis longitudinalibus, spira acuta.

M. fusus. Turric. caudata lævis, labio dentato.

"Bonan. f. 121" and the name had been added to the MS. by Linnæus.

M. Babylonius. Turric. caudata, transversim angulo sulcata, labio marginali versus basim sinu exciso.

M. colus. Turric. caudata striata, labio exteriore crenato.

The printed emendations were "longa" and "s. angulati." The name was added by Linnæus. The following unnamed Turricula succeeded the species in the manuscript copy:—

T. caudata striata, longitudinaliter sulcata.

Testa parva, striis plurimis secundum anfractus. Anfractus scabri, sulcis longitudinalibus 15. Color anfractuum superne griseus inferne pallidus. Apertura ovata. Rostrum baseos rectum, testæ dimidio brevius. Labium tantum exterius integrum. An filia præcedentis?

M. morio. Strom. spira subnodosa, labio exteriore intus rugoso.

The synonymy, as might be expected (for Seba was unknown to Linnæus when the descriptions were written), was not in the original.

M. cochlidium. Strom. spira pyramidata, anfractibus planis.

The reference to Seba, the name, and the "Cauda subulata, longitudine testæ" were not present.

M. canaliculatus. Strom. spira subconvexa, anfractibus distantibus.

The "Anfractus distincti canaliculo per omnes spiras," the name, and the reference to Seba, were the printed additions. "Habitat in Canada. Kalm." was appended.

M. Aruanus. Strom. incurvus spinosus ventricosus, angulo obsoleto.

The objectionable name (for assuredly the Buccinum Aruanum of Rumphius suits not "spinosus") was not present in the original, but had subsequently been added by our author, who seems to have erased the original "Habitat in Canada. Kalm." I doubt not that Pyrula carica was intended.

M. perversus. Strom. inversus.

The wretched engraving of Gualtieri was not cited.

M. Tritonis. Cas. pyramidalis lævis, columella dentata.

"Bonan. 3. f. 188" stood in the place of Seba. The printed additions were "plerisque", "et suturis variis alternis crassis", and the specific epithet. "Genus difficile eruitur" was written after the description, and the following note erased:—"Ad genus retuli ob labium interius adnatum in quibusdam latius, ob suturas verrucosas, ob caudam canaliculatam parum elevatam, ob labium postice dentatum, quæ omnia affinitatem arguunt."

The Triton nodiferus was probably designed by the following description, which succeeded that of M. Tritonis:—

Cas. (corrected by Linnæus to Murex) Neptuni. C. pyramidalis nodosa, columella dentata.

Testa maxime facie statura et colore præcedentis. Anfractuum angulus summus nodis prominentibus, unde et spira nodosa evadit, quod non in præcedente. Apertura præcedentis. Labium interius magis dilatatum, maximeque planum. Columella non dentata. Habitat Constantinopoli. Edw. Carleson.

M. trapezium. Strom. spira nodosa, labio denticulato, columella rugosa.

M. aluco. Turric. recurvirostra, spinosa, serie simplici.

Gualtieri was not cited, and the reference was to "N. Strombus tuberosus" (Cerithium aluco), not O. (C. nodulosum) of Rumphius. The inner lip was described as "non adnatum, sed prominens": "s. fuscis", and "Variat cauda recta, &c.", were not in the original.

Besides the published species, the following had been written, but omitted in printing:—

Turricula alba. T. alba recurvirostra, anfractibus margine crenulatis.

Bon. 3. t. 84. Rumph. t. 30. f. K. Pet. Gaz. t. 56. f. 4. d'Arg. Conch. t. 14. f. P. Gualt. Test. t. 57. f. D.

Testa lævis. Anfractus circiter 15, margine subcrenati. Color albus, sæpius saturatior ad marginem anfractuum. Apertura ovata, rostro canaliculato, recurvo. Labium interius adnatum, dente unico obsoleto.

This was evidently identical, from its synonymy, with the M. vertagus of the 'Systema.'

Turricula senticosa. T. reflexo-emarginata, costis reticulatis.

d'Arg. Conch. t. 12. f. O.

Testa gibba, costis sæpius 12 perpendiculari-obliquis, intertextis striis lamellosis transversis ad anastomosases muricatis, unde admodum scabra evadit. Anfractus ventricosi, sæpius x. Color griseus. Apertura ovata, interne striata, emarginata, parum reflexa.

Evidently this was identical with the M. senticosus of the 'Systema.'

M. oleagineus. M. angulis sulcis inæqualibus, labio interiore rugoso, costis alternis.

Gualt. Test. t. 49. f. G. d'Arg. Conch. t. 13. f. M.

Habitus et structura rubeculæ, at octies major, nec vivide pictus, sed colore testaceo fasciis fuscis longitudinalibus. Apertura intus saturate crocea, rugis albis.

Apparently this was the Triton pileare of authors,—not the Mediterranean shell (T. corrugatus) termed M. pileare in the 'Systema.'

M. pileus Helveticus. M. angulis rotundatis, tuberculis conicis, apertura utrinque canaliculata.

d'Arg. Conch, t. 12. f. D. Rumph. t. 28. f. D.

Testa ovata, admodum inæqualis, adspersa nodis conicis tuberculatis inæqualibus. Costæ latere antico membranaceæ, primæ 2 oppositæ, reliquæ alternæ. Color flavus. Apertura hians, antice et postice canaliculatæ, faux intus striata. Labium exterius dentatum, intus dilatato-membranaceum.

This suits very fairly the Triton lampas of authors; far better, indeed, than does the M. Lampas of the 'Museum Ulricæ.'

M. subulatus. M. ecaudatus, pyramidalis.

Testa subulata instar turris, anfractuum undecim, reticulata striis elevatis decussantibus punctis contiguationem eminentibus. Costæ oppositæ et alternæ. Color albus, maculis flavescentibus. Apertura ovata, Labium exterius crassum, intus dentatum. Interius dentato-glabrum.

Both Triton! maculosus and Ranella candisata approach the ideal portrait, yet neither of them precisely agrees.

Under the name of Trochus turritus our author appears to have first described his Murex radula.

Trochus exumbilicatus, pyramidatus, anfractibus duplici serie muricatis.

Gualt, t. 58. f. F.

Testa elongata, flavescens s. testacea. Anfractus 16, connexi sutura crenulata, dorso duplici serie instructi punctis eminentibus pallidis. Apertura subtetragona, subtus in canalis rudimentum desineus.

The Murex Neritoideus of the 'Systema' was thus described.

Lyra Neritoides. L. testa nodosa subrotunda.

Gualt.

Testa crassa, ponderosa, alba cum rubedine tincta, figura Neritæ, magnitudine juglandis, cincta anfractibus 5 e nodis obtusis crassiusculis. Labium interius depressum, longitudine pictum macula ferruginea.

TROCHUS.

Testa conica. Apertura quadrangularis, basi columella contorta, sinu descendens.

The last five words had been substituted for "absque sinu evidente."

T. maculatus. T. contorto-umbilicatus conicus, vertice subnodoso.

The printed description and the synonymy are so very dissimilar to the written one, that I entertain no doubt that an early definition of T. Niloticus (with references to "Olear. Mus. t. 9. f. 5" and "Bonan. 3. f. 102") was transmuted into that of a granular species, by the addition of "quasi granis exasperata," &c.

T. solaris was not mentioned in the manuscript.

T. perspectivus. T. crenato-umbilicatus convexus obtusus: margine acuto.

"Bonan. 3. f. 27, 28" was quoted, as illustrative: "costa crenata" not "costa concava", was the earlier reading.

T. hybridus. T. crenato-umbilicatus, convexus, undique obtusus.

The proposed name was T. spurius. The "absque carina, rotundata" was "absque angulis, glabra": "albo, flavoque" preceded "variegata".

T. Pharaonius. T. umbilicatus subovatus striatus, punctis globulosis, labio dentato.

"Habitat in mari rubro, frequens. D. Hasselquist." was written: the final remark was absent.

T. Magus. T. umbilicatus convexo-conicus nodosus.

The "cinereo nebulosa" was a manuscript emendation by Linnæus.

T. muricatus. Except that "obverse" precedes "ovata", both the diagnosis and the details are precisely similar to the printed account.

T. scaber. T. umbilicatus subovatus, sulcis alternis majoribus moniliformibus.

The erroneous figure of d'Argenville was not cited in the original, nor, indeed, was any name attached to the description. The whorls were said to number from 6 to 8 (not 4 or 5); and the aperture was termed "ovata," not "subrotunda." "Pallida", the final remark, and the present construction and enlargement of the passage relative to the inner lip (which at first ran thus, "Labium posticum coadunatum, sinu postico excisum"), had been added by Linnæus himself.

T. labio. T. exumbilicatus ovatus striato-tuberculatus, labio dentato.

The erroneous figure of d'Argenville was not cited; "variegata" was the earlier reading of "marmorata"; "aliquot" of "et punctis"; "externo" of "margine". Linnæus himself had enlarged the account of the inner lip from the earlier "postice sinu excisum" to its present length.

T. zizyphinus. T. umbilicatus conicus, striis papillosis.

This is clearly not the imperforated zizyphinus of the 'Systema.' Gualtieri was not referred to; "ambitu marginati", and "in aliis clausus", were not in the copy: "columella parum obliqua" was an addition in the Linnean handwriting.

T. telescopium. T. exumbilicatus pyramidatus, striis exaratus; labio postice recurvato, spirali, integro.

"Bon. 92", and "Klein 26. Pseudotrochus striatus", were the additional synonyms of the MS.

T. dolabratus. T. umbilicatus, labio postico recurvato sulcato, ovato-pyramidalis, glaber.

The whorls were at first called imbricated. The "basis rotundata", and "in superioribus vero unica", had been added by Linnæus.

TURBO.

Testa conica. Apertura orbicularis, integra.

T. personatus. T. exumbilicatus inermis convexus, labio postice diducto.

The I of the reference to Rumphius was a misprint for the written 1. A drawing of Gualtieri (t. 64. f. O), which accords not with the description of this species, was an additional synonym. The name had been added subsequently. Turbo cidaris agrees in most respects.

T. petholatus. T. exumbilicatus ovatus lævis, anfractibus sursum obsolete angulatis.

The written version furnishes us with the additional synonyms of "Gualt. t. 64. f. F.", and "Klein 40. t. 2. f. 51."; the latter (also cited in the 'Systema') was added by our author when he admitted the at first excluded 5. 6 of the synonym of Rumphius. The admission of the rounded-whorled variety? was evidently an afterthought.

T. chrysostomus. T. exumbilicatus subovatus rugosus striatus, spinis fornicatis.

"Klein 41. t. 7. f. 126" (cited in the 'Systema'), and the printed "in superiore serie majoribus", had been added by Linnæus in the original account.

T. tectum-Persicum. T. exumbilicatus subovatus, spinis obtusis reflexis, subtus papillosus.

"Forte sola varietas sequentis a loco" has been remarked by our author, who did not admit in his MS. the deceptive figure of d'Argenville.

T. pagodus. T. exumbilicatus conicus spinis obtusis concatenatis, subtus papillose striatus.

Neither "acuminata", nor the inappropriate "rotundata", were in the original account of this well-known species.

T. calcar. T. exumbilicatus depressus, anfractibus supra spinis fornicato-compressis scabris.

To his printed synonyms Linnæus has added "Gualt. t. 65. f. N. P.", "List. Hist. t. 608. f. 46", and "Klein t. 1. f. 27". The "fornicatis" was an emendation.

T. marmoratus. T. exumbilicatus subovatus nodosus lævis.

T. pica. T. umbilicatus lævis conicus denticulo umbilicali.

"Habitat in Barbados, Jamaica", which corrects the stated locality of the 'Systema,' and "Bonan. 29, 30", "Pet. Gaz. t. 70 f. 9", were the additional particulars of the manuscript copy.

T. argyrostomus. T. umbilicatus subovatus, striatus lineis dorsalibus.

The erroneous references to Gualtieri and d'Argenville, were not present: "os argenteum variegatum" was written after the reference to Rumphius, which name belongs to figure 3, not to 4, whose colouring, moreover, excludes it from being illustrative. The intended specific name was "os variegatum."

T. margaritaceus. T. exumbilicatus subovatus, (? angulo) dorsali elevato, ore postice diducto.

Rumphius was not referred to in the original, where "subtilissimis" was in the place of "variis": the printed "margine albo" was a subsequent emendation.

T. delphinus. T. umbilicatus depressus hispidus, spinis ramosis.

"Pet. Amb. t. 3. f. 1", and "Grew Mus. t. 11. f. 5, 6", were also cited.

T. distortus. T. umbilicatus muricatus undique spinulis brevibus.

The final remark was not in the original.

T. scalaris. T. cancellatus conicus, anfractibus distantibus.

"Pretium immensum, sæpe 100 ducatorum", was the final remark instead of the printed one. "Pet. Amb. t. 2. f. 9", was an additional synonym in the written version.

T. clathrus. T. cancellatus pyramidatus, anfractibus contiguis lævibus.

All the synonyms of the tenth edition of the 'Systema,' together with "Johnst. t. 11. f. 9", were present in the MS., but most of them, together with the final remark, had been subsequently added to the copy by our author.

T. crenatus. T. cancellatus pyramidatus, anfractibus contiguis supra crenatis.

The details of the 'Museum' were referred to before their publication. "Pyramidalis" was the earlier reading for "turrita"; "sæpe" was absent: "transversim" preceded "crenati."

T. uva. T. cancellatus ovatus, anfractibus contiguis imbricatis.

"Pet. Gaz. t. 27. f. 2. Olivaris" was the unpublished additional synonym, and the intended name was borrowed from that work. "Longitudinalibus" was "transversis" in the copy, where "ut latus planum non conspiciatur exterius distincta linea" terminated the account of the volutions: the colouring ("alba") was not indicated.

T. corneus. T. umbilicatus, anfractibus teretibus decussatim striatis, oris margine reflexo.

The "s. cornea", the name, and the "vix manifeste" had been added to the original account, which latter was referred to previous to its publication.

T. imbricatus. T. pyramidalis, anfractibus deorsum subimbricatis.

The "præcedentibus tribus", here mentioned, were not those which the species now follows, but nos. 358, 359, 360, after which it was placed in the MS. "Grisea" had been added by Linnæus.

T. replicatus. The entire account of this shell was interpolated in the MS. by Linnæus.

T. acutangulus. T. pyramidalis, sulco unico acuto majore.

The last four words of the details were written subsequently to the earlier description, to which no name was then appended.

T. duplicatus. T. pyramidalis, sulcis 2 acutis.

"Bonan. 3. f. 114", and "List. 160. t. 3. f. 7", were additional synonyms; both, however, were quoted in the 'Systema.' The "color albus", and the term "obtusiores", were in the Linnean handwriting.

T. terebra. T. pyramidatus, sulcis 6 acutis.

"Bonan. 3. f. 115" was in the place of the doubtful figure of Rumphius; the indicated colouring was simply "pallida": the "obsoletum" was an afterthought.

HELIX.

Testa cochleata, lævis. Apertura subrotunda segmento circuli exempto.

Except scarabæus and amarula, the members of this genus were located in the same group as in the published edition.

H. scarabæus. Morion ovatus subanceps, labio utroque tridentato.

The "ovata, adeo" has replaced the earlier "ita", and "angulata" the original "articulata". The account of the aperture was not inserted in the manuscript, wherein "List. Hist. 577. f. 31" and "Klein 11. t. 1. f. 23", had been inserted in the Linnean handwriting.

H. lapicida. H. marginata perforata convexa carinata.

"Cincta" was a press emendation. The only written synonym was "Faun. Suec. 1298".

H. oculus-capri. H. marginata perforata subcarinata.

"Pet Gaz. t. 76. f. 6." was indicated as a synonym. The name was Latinized from the "l'œil de bouc" of d'Argenville who has, however, represented an utterly different shell.

H. carocolla. H. submarginata imperforata carinata, labio interiore recto.

D'Argenville's figure was, evidently, not at first considered sufficiently illustrative to be referred to: it was not cited in the written copy. "Conicoplaniuscula" was the reading for "convexa", "segmento circuli" (the ¹/₄ without any sequence was absurd) for "semiovata": the size, as usual, was not given.

H. cornu-militare. H. marginata imperforata subcarinata, labio interiore explanato.

The deceptive figure of Gualtieri was not at first cited.

H. cornea. H. marginata convexa umbilicata, spira plana.

"Faun. Suec. 1304" was in place of the reference to 'Lister's English Conchology,' a work apparently unknown to our author when he first drew up the Museum Catalogue. I doubt the identity of this shell (the intended name for which was tabellaris) with the cornea of the 'Systema.'

H. cornu-arietis. H. utrinque depressa.

"List. Hist. t. 136. f. 40" was written by our author in the manuscript copy.

H. ampullacea. H. subrotunda, sursum ventricosior glabra.

The original reading of "anfractus superne ventricosi" was "abdomen superne ventricosius". The erroneous reference to Gaultieri was not at first attached to the description. The species of the Museum was evidently distinct from that of the 'Systema.'

H. glauca. H. subrotunda acuminata, labro postice marginato.

H. citrina. H. umbilicata convexa obtusa.

The final remark was an afterthought.

H. arbustorum. H. marginata perforata convexo-acuminata, ore suborbiculari, margine duplici, antice elongato.

"Faun. Suec. 1295" was the only synonym; the work of Lister on English Conchology not having been at first known to Linnæus.

H. ungulina. H. marginata perforata spiralis convexa, ore suborbiculato.

The "Gualt." was a misprint for the written "Rumph."

H. lutaria. H. ovata-oblonga umbilicata, interne coloratiore.

"Habitat frequens in lutosis fluviis, lacubus." May not the Valvata piscinalis be the shell intended?

H. perversa. H. ovato-oblonga subperforata glabra.

"Pet. Gaz. t. 44. f. 7", and "Grew. Mus. t. 10. f. 9" cited in the 'Systema', were also referred to in the MS. "Alba", and "in quibusdam", were interpolations in the Linnean handwriting: H. sulphurata was the intended designation.

H. ianthina. H. subrotunda obtusa patula diaphana.

The entire account of this beautiful shell was written by Linnæus subsequently to the labours of his amanuensis: the twelve last printed words were not present. The cited figure of Gualtieri was not admitted, as a representation, but only alluded to in the final remark of "Confer Gualt. t. 64. f. O." "List. Hist. t. 572. f. 23", and "Sloan. Jam. 2. p. 239. t. 1. f. 4" were indicated as delineations.

H. nemoralis. H.

"Habitat ubique in Europæ nemoribus", and "Argen. t. 32. f. 8", were the unprinted additions. Lister's English Conchology was not, of course, mentioned. "Flavescens" and "nigro-purpurascens", were not in the original.

H. hæmastoma. H. imperforata subrotunda fusca fascia longitudinali subrecta alba, ore purpureo.

H. decollata. H. elongata lævis truncato-mutilata.

"Pet. Gaz. t. 66. f. 1", and "Habitat in Arabia. Hasselquist. Santa Cruz. Petiv." were the unprinted additions. The entire account was in the handwriting of our author.

H. amarula. Nerita edentula oblonga, anfractibus multifariam denticulatis.

Our author was evidently puzzled as to the generic position of this peculiar-looking shell, for he has written "Habitu accedit ad Volutas vespertiliones, ore Helicibus, sed labium interius planum, et affinitas cum antecedenti fiat, ut hic relinquatur." The preceding shell alluded to was N. corona.

H. Neritoidea. H. convexa longitudinaliter striata.

The erroneous reference to Gualtieri was not present in the written copy.

H. perspicua. H. convexo-ovata, labio interiore nullo, apertura ad apicem usque pervia.

The then unpublished details of both this and the preceding were referred to in the tenth edition of the 'Systema.' Patens was the proposed specific appellation.

H. haliotoidea. H. depresso-planiuscula obtusissima, ore ovali dilatato.

None of the cited figures were at first accepted by our author, who only added that of Rumphius to the earlier description, and wholly omitted the rest. "Transverse" preceded "striata".

NERITA.

Testa subrotunda, obtusa. Labium interius planum, transversim truncatum, depressum.

The generic arrangement was similar to that of the printed version.

N. canrena. N. edentula umbilicata, spira mucronata, labio reflexo bifido.

When Linnæus first described this shell, under the appellation of N. musica, he did not admit a single one of the cited figures as illustrative.

N. glaucina. N. edentula convexa, umbilico simplici semiclauso gibboso dicolore.

None of the deceptive figures were at first referred to, but had been added at subsequent period; and that of Rumphius again erased. N. luteola was the intended name.

N. albumen. N. edentula subrotunda, umbilico teretinsculo.

The present heading agrees with the subsequent details, which could not be affirmed of the printed one borrowed from the 'Systema.' The MS., in some degree, clears up the extraordinary confusion in which the Linnean species was enveloped. There were two N. albumens in the written copy. The shell here described (assuredly not the lobed albumen of the 'Systema') was originally termed hepatica or luteola (for both had been erased). The true albumen was described as "edentula subrotunda, umbilico subcordato labri interioris lobo explanato" and the only figure referred to was "Rumph. t. 22. f. B." "Klein 13. Platystoma vitellum compressum" was also mentioned. This description was suppressed, and the other species retained, with the erroneous designation, and the faulty synonymy, attached. Nor was this the only change. In order to include the Natica vitellus of authors ("Rumph. t. 22. f. A. Valvata lævis prima s. vitellus" had been quoted by our author) the "aut lutea", "aut maculis albis", had been added to the earlier description: so, likewise, had been "Apertura rotundata, semicordata", and "glabrum, planiusculum, nitidum." I suspect, then, that whilst the ideal of the albumen of the 'Systema' was any hemispherical or flattened Natica with a labial lobe (such as Nat. albumen, didyma, olla, &c.), the albumen of the 'Museum', as printed, was composed of Natica rufa ("Rumph. 22. f. D." was quoted in the MS.) and vitellus (for A, not B, of Rumphius was the letter indicated in the MS.).