INDEX.

Aaron, celebrated by Sirach, 193

Achamoth, Gnostic myth of, 161 n.

Adam, occurrence of the word in ‘Proverbs,’ 119

Addison, 145

Age, ascribed to Job, 71; description of, 229 sq.

Agur, 154, 170 sq.

Ahriman, 80

Akabia ben Mahalallel, 300

Akiba, Rabbi, 283

Alexandria, importance of, to Jews, 181

Allegorical view of ‘Job,’ 65; of Koheleth’s portrait of old age, 229 sq.

Alphabet of Ben Sira, 195 sq.

Amenemhat I., 156

Amos, parallels to ‘Job’ in, 87

Amos iv. 13, v. 8, perhaps interpolations, 52, n.

Angels, doctrine of, 44 sq. See also Spirits

Apap, the serpent, 76

Apocrypha, value of the, 179

Aquila, versions of, 277

Arabian theory of angels, 44 n.

Arabic Literature, euphuism in, 206

Arabic Poets, subjectivity, 64; parallels to ‘Job’ in, 100

Arabic Proverbs compared with Hebrew, 134; one quoted, 64

Arabisms, in ‘Job,’ 99, 291 sq.; in Proverbs, 172

Aramaisms, in ‘Job,’ 15 n., 92, 97, 99, 291 sq., 294; in ‘Proverbs,’ 154, 168, 172; in Koheleth, 257

Aristeas, the fragment of, 96

Aristotle, definition of Virtue, 28

Arnold, Matthew, 122

Artaxerxes II. and III., 258

Ashmedai, 80

Assyrian, Discoveries, 5 sq.; Policy of uprooting nations, 73; Theory of Angels, 44 n.

Atomism, doctrine of, 263

Atonement, doctrine of the, 3, 287, 45

Augustine, Saint, quoted, 147, 284

Aurelius, Marcus, mentioned, 289; quoted, 234; compared with Koheleth, 245, 266 sq.

Babylonian, animal fables, 126; physical theology, 52

Bacon, Lord, the New Atlantis, 132; Adv. of Learning, 210

Bagoses, 258

Bede, the Ven., on ‘Job,’ 90

Bedouin prayer, 52

Behemoth, 56

Ben Abuyah, 150

Bereshith Rabba, quoted, 188

Bernstein, on ‘Job,’ 293

Bertholdt, on ‘Job,’ 293

Bible, Milton’s view of the, 253

Biblical criticism, 1 sq.

Bickell, as a critic, 241; on Job (xix. 25-27), 35, 288; on Prov. (xxii. 19-21), 138; on Sirach, 195; on Koheleth (iv. 13-16), 213, (iii. 11) 276, (viii. 10) 220, 276; list of poetical passages in Koheleth, 206; on the text of Koheleth, 273; and passim

Bildad, his home, 15; the advocate of tradition, 17, 23

Binney, Mr., 296

Birthday, Job’s curse of his, 16

Blake, William, quoted, 54; his illustrations to ‘Job,’ 19, 45 n., 50, 56, 59, 65, 106 sq.

Book of the Dead, parallels with ‘Job,’ 39, 76

Böttcher, on ‘Job,’ 68

Bradley, Dean, 215, 229 n., 248

Breton legend of St. Ives, 140

Briggs, Prof., on Elihu’s speeches, 93, 296

Budde, on Aramaisms in ‘Job,’ 291 sqq.

Buddha, 218

Buddhist sayings, 128

Budge, Mr., on Tiamat, 78

Bullinger, on Sirach, 197

Bunsen, quoted, 108 n.

Bunyan, 109

Camerarius, edition of Sirach, 197

Canon, the, final settlement, 233, 281

Carlyle, quoted, 112, 144 n., 246

Ceremonial system, value of, 119 sq.; approved by Sirach, 190

Chabas, M., quoted, 57

Chaldæans, 73; their philosophy known to Job, 51

Chateaubriand, quoted, 65

Chinese proverbs, 129

Christ, never used directly anti-sacrificial language, 3 sq.; Kenotic view of His person, 7; whether Job a type of, 102 sq.; foregleams of, in Prov. viii., 176

Christian doctrine in Koheleth, 248 sq.

Church of England, attitude to Biblical criticism, 1 sq.

Cicero, dialogues, 207

Clement, of Rome, 176

Coleridge, quoted, 108

Constantinople, Councils at, 107, 282

Cosmos, conception of the world as, 52, 161

Cox, Dr., quoted, 46

Daniel, plural authorship of the Book of, 8

Dante, allusions to, 28, 51, 66, 76, 159, 194, 230; quotations from, 45, 54, 130; comparison of the Divina Commedia to ‘Job,’ 111

Davenant, quoted, 252

David, idealisation of, 131 sqq.

Davidson, on Job (xix. 25-27), 34

Dawn, personified, 77

De Jong, on Koheleth, 240

Delitzsch, on the Praise of Wisdom, 163; on the date of Proverbs, 170; on the period of Koheleth, 258; his Hebrew New Testament, 288; and passim

Derenbourg, quoted, 100

De Sanctis, quoted, viii.

Determinism, in Koheleth, 265 sqq.

Deuteronomy, in the reign of Josiah, 6; points of contact with Job, 86; influence on the Praise of Wisdom, 168 sq.; (xxxii. 8) explained, 81 n., 291

De Vere, Aubrey, quoted, 105

Dillmann, on style of Job, 294

Dīn Ibrahim, morality of the, 98

Dragon Myth, 16, 24, 76

Dramatic character of ‘Job,’ 107

Drunkenness, 140, 156

Ebers, Prof., 40, 269

Ecclesiastes, the Book of— (a) Canonicity, 279 sqq.; title, 207 n., 298; date and place of composition, 255 sqq., 271, 278; break in its composition, 204; language, 256; style, 203, 207, 246; how far autobiographical, 209; comparison with Job, 203; with Sirach, 279; its standpoint, 200 sqq.; its pessimism, 215, 251 sq., 301; its relation to Epicureanism, 215, 222, 252, 262 sq.; to Stoicism, 264 (b) Passages explained or emended: (iii. 11, 12), 210, 260, 276, 299; (iii. 17-21), 211; (iv. 13-16), 213; (v. 17), 260; (v. 19), 261; (vi. 9), 261; (vii. 1), 215; (vii. 18), 261; (vii. 27), 219; (viii. 10), 220, 276; (viii. 12), 220; (x. 20), 222; (xi. 9-xii. 7), 300; (xii. 1-7), 226; (xii. 8-14), 229 sqq., 261, 301 Transpositions, 273 sq.; Interpolations, 275, and 211, 213, 224 sq., 226, 229 sq.

Ecclesiasticus, see Sirach

Edwards, Sutherland, on Mephistopheles, 110

Egypt, theory that ‘Job’ was composed in, 75

Egyptian, animal fables, 126 n.; discoveries, 5; incantations, 16; proverbs, 129; influence on Koheleth, 269 sq.

Egyptian-Jewish literature, 181

Elephantiasis, Job’s disease, 22

Elephants, 57

Elihu, genealogy, 42 n.; speeches of, 68, 90 sqq.; their date, 42, 92; their style, 47, 92, 291

Eliphaz, his home, 15; the ‘depositary of a revelation,’ 17

Elohim, the sons of the, 14, 79, 81, 82, 151

Emerson, quoted, 160

Enoch, 297; Book of, 268

Epictetus, 234 n.

Epicureanism, in Koheleth, 240 sq., 252, 262 sq.

Epicurus, 222

Ethics, practical, relation to Hebrew Wisdom, 118 sq.; of the Proverbs, 135 sq.

Euergetes II. Physkon, 180

Ewald, his division of the Book of Proverbs, 134; of the Praise of Wisdom, 162; on the date of Proverbs, 190; on Koheleth, 236 sqq.; and passim

Ezekiel (xiv. 14), 60

Ezra, why not mentioned in Sirach, 193 sq.

Family life, in Proverbs, 136

Farmers, Israelitish goodwill to, 136, 214

Faust, the Hebrew, 150

Fees, whether paid to the ‘Wise Men,’ 124 n.

Fénelon, 67

Friends, Job’s, Emeers, 15; representatives of orthodoxy, 17; their narrowness, 30

Froude, J. A., quoted on Job xxvii., 95 n.

Gamaliel, 280

Geiger, on Koheleth, 238 sq.

Genesis, no protest against Idolatry in, 71; opening chapters of, 6; (xiv. 19-22), 160

Gilchrist, Life of Blake, 107

Ginsburg, Dr., on ‘proportionate retribution’ in Job, 69; on Koheleth, 236; on Eccles. (iii. 12), 210 n.; and passim

Gnostic myth of Achamoth, 161

God, name of, in Koheleth, 201, 217

Godet, 288

Grätz, on Koheleth, 244, 301

Grave, Job’s, 60

Greek influence on Koheleth, 202, 241, 260 sqq.

Green, Prof., of Princeton, on Job, (xix. 25-27), 33, 34 n.; (xxvii.-xxviii.), 94

Gregory the Great, on ‘Job,’ 90

Hai Gaon, Rabbi, on ‘Job,’ 61

Harischandra compared to Job, 63

Harnack, quoted, 263

Harūn ar-Rashid, 131, 296

Hegesias Peisithanatos, 268

Heine, on ‘Job,’ 104

Hellenic movement in Palestine, 181

Hengstenberg, on ‘Job,’ 61; on Koheleth, 249 n.

Herder, on ‘Job,’ 295; on Koheleth, 301

Hezekiah, the Song of, 88; his supposed authorship of Proverbs xxv.-xxix., 142 sq.; his views on medical science, 191

Hillel, Rabbi, a copious fabulist, 128; the School of, on Koheleth, 280

Hitopadesa, quoted, 153

Hitzig, as a critic, 241 n.; on the arrangement of the Praise of Wisdom, 163; and passim

Hooker, 161, 162, 216 sq.

Hosea, parallels to ‘Job’ in, 87

Humboldt, A. von, 46

Humour, touches of, in ‘Job,’ 13, 14, 49, 109, 290; in Proverbs, 148 n.; in Koheleth, 200, 216

Husbandmen, Israelite goodwill to, 136, 214

Ibn Ezra, opinion that ‘Job’ was a translation, 96

Ibycus, the cranes of, 222

Idealism, of the Prophets, 119

Immortality, the hope of, in Proverbs, 122 sq.; attitude of Koheleth to, 216, 251, 301

Inconsistencies in the Canonical Scriptures, 204

Indian, animal fables, 126 n.; proverbs, 129

Inspiration, view of, broadened by literary criticism, 7

Irving, Edward, 162

Isaiah, mythological allusions in, 78; parallels to ‘Job’ in, 84, 87; xxviii., 14, 120 n.

Israel, Job a type of, 58; the word not in Proverbs, 119; Koheleth indifferent to its religious primacy, 199

Israelites, low religious position before the Exile, 6; their sympathy with husbandmen, 136, 214

Italian moralists, their use of ‘Job,’ viii.

Ives, Saint, Breton legend of, 140

Jamnia, Synod of, 233, 280

Jehovah, the name, 71, 72 n.; consistency of the speeches of, in ‘Job,’ 48, 94

Jeremiah, parallels to ‘Job’ in, 86

Jerome, Saint, on metrical character of ‘Job,’ 12 n.; on Epicureanism in Koheleth, 262, 281

Jewish nation, like Job, a byword, 32

Job, the Book of— (a) Proposed title for, 12; divisions of, 12 sq.; perhaps a translation, 96 sq.; probable stages of the growth of, 66 sqq.; date of, 67 sqq., 88, 157; place of composition, 75; effect of removing the interpolations in, 70; Aramaic colouring of, 15 n., 92; whether historical, 60 sq., 183, 290; whether autobiographical, 63; whether a drama, 107; polemical aim of, 65; religious teaching of, 102 sqq.; feeling for nature in, 51; humour in, 13 sq., 49, 109, 290; influence of, on other writers, viii. 83 sq. (b) Author, the greatest master of Hebrew Wisdom, 11; circumstances of his age reflected in xvii. 6-9, 32; a traveller, 75, 97; looks beyond Israel, 65; place of writing, 75 (c) Hero, his name, 62; title given him by the Syrians, 65; his nationality, 13, 59, 117, 170; whether historical, 60 sqq., 103; great age ascribed to him, 71; his grave, 60; dual aspect of, 32; a type, 17, 21, 22, 28, 31, 32, 58, 65 (d) Text. (i.) Passages explained or emended: (vi. 25), 288; (xi. 6), 26; (xiii. 15), 28; (xv. 7), 167; (xvi. 2), 31; (xix. 25-27), 33 sqq., 288 sq.; (xxxiii. 13), 44; (xxxviii. 41), 52 n.; (xxxix. 10), 53 n. (ii.), Passages misplaced, list of, 114; also 38, 39 n., 40 n., 41, 50, 68, 94, 115 (iii.) Passages interpolated, 55 sq., 68 sq., 94, &c.

Joel ii. 17 explained, 32

Joseph, the tax farmer, 182, 191, 213

Josephus, quoted, 190

Joshua ben Hananyah, Rabbi, 230

Kalisch, Dr., on Eccles. iii. 12, 210 n.; his Path and Goal, 265

Kant, on Job’s friends, 37

Kenotic view of Christ’s person, 7, 287

Khîda, a riddle, 125

Kings, First Book of, (iv. 32) 132, (xix. 12) 19

Kleinert, on Job (vi. 25), 288; on the style of Elihu, 293

Klostermann, translation of Eccles. vii., 21, 219

Koheleth, the name, 207, 231; his personality partly fused with Solomon, 208; his originality, 205, 268 sq. See also Ecclesiastes

Koheleth, the Book of, see Ecclesiastes

Koran, quoted, &c., 31, 62 n., 63, 79 n.

Krochmal, N., on Epilogue to Koheleth, 232 sq.

K’sil, = Orion, 77

Kuenen, on the Levitical Law, 3

Lagarde, on the use of ‘Eloah,’ 72 n.

Lamentations, parallels to ‘Job’ in, 86

Landed property, accumulation of, 146

Law, the Levitical, authorship of, 3 sqq.; not enforced in pre-Exile period, 6; identification of, with personified wisdom, 162, 192; Koheleth’s attitude to, 218

Lee, Prof. S., on ‘Job,’ 97, 294

Lemuel, 154, 170 sq.

Letteris, Max, 150

Leviathan, 56

Love for one’s enemies, 147

Lowth, Bp., 16, 61, 107, 186, 237

Lucretius, quoted, 201, 205; compared with Koheleth, 263

Luther, on Job, 61; on Sirach, 197; on Koheleth, 205

Luzzatto, on the ‘God of Job,’ 104; on Koheleth, 238 sq.

Mal’ak Yahvè, 80

Mal’akim, 79, 80, 82

Marduk, the god, 77

Mariolatry, 162 n.

Marvell, Andrew, quoted, 144

Māshāl, 125 sq., 132, 163

Maspero, quoted, 76

Massa, in the Hauran, Israelite colony at, 171

Medical Science, attitudes of Sirach and Hezekiah to, 190 sq.

Meir, Rabbi, the writer of animal fables, 128

Mendelssohn, on Koheleth, 236

Mephistopheles, 110 n.

Merodach, the god, 77

Merx, view of Job, 62, 113

Messianic hope, 119, 188

Midrash, proverbs in, 128

Milton, allusions to, 53, 62, 107, 108, 112, 162, 253; quotations from, 19, 41, 107, 160, 162

Mishnic peculiarities in Koheleth, 256

M’lîça, a dark saying, 125

Mohammed, delight of, in Job, 63; religion of, 98

Mommsen, quoted, 181

Monarchy, view of, in Proverbs, 145; in Koheleth, 222

Monogamy, in Proverbs, 136

Monotheism, of Job, 74; in Proverbs, 130

Morality, of the Proverbs, 135 sq., 177

Moses, authorship of the Law, 3; nature of his work, 6

Mo’tazilites, 98, 162 n., 296

Mozley, quoted, 103

Mussaph prayer, 193

Mythology, in ‘Job,’ 76

Narrative poetry, alien to Hebrew genius, 13

Nature, feeling for, in ‘Job,’ 51; in Sirach, 193

Nebuchadnezzar, 73

Neferhotep, stanzas in honour of, 269

Neubauer, Dr. A., 289

New Testament, attitude to Proverbs, 177

Nowack, on Eccles. (iii. 12), 210 n.

Numerical Proverbs, 153

Old Testament, general remarks on the criticism of, 1 sqq.; need to distinguish between the parts of, 7; critical problems of, not prominent in Christ’s time, 7

Omar Khayyam, 200, 245, 246, 253, 263

Onias, the High Priest, 213

Onkelus, Targum of, 264

Oort, Dr., on proverbs, 127

Orion, 77

Palmer, Major, 52

Parables, in the Old Testament, 126

Paradise, tradition of, 123

Patriarchal Age, whether delineated in Job, 13, 71 sqq.

Paul, Saint, doctrine of the Atonement, 3, 287

Pentateuch, the literary analysis of it, 5 sq.

Peshitto translation of Proverbs, 174

Philo, 151, 161 n., 264

Pisa, Job frescoes at, 106

Pleiades, 52, 290

Plumptre, Dean, 122, 158, 207 n., 212, 245, 263, 265; and passim

Prior, the poet, on Koheleth, 237

Prophetical books, plural authorship in, 8

Prophets, their antisacrificial language, 4; their horizon that of their own times, 8; their relations to the ‘Wise Men,’ 119 sqq., 182 sq.

Proverbs, different names for, 125; no collection of popular, 125; some originally current as riddles, 127

Proverbs, the Book of— (a) The division of, 134; repetitions in, 133, 143; no subject arrangement, 134; the tone of the different parts of, 135, 146, 167, 177; their dates, 130, 133, 145, 149, 152, 165 sqq.; their authorship, 130 sqq., 142, 135, 165 sq.; their form and style, 133, 139, 143. 149, 154, 168; interpolations in, 173 sqq.; transpositions in, 174 (b) Passages explained or emended: (v. 16), 296; (viii. 22), 160; (xiv. 32), 122; (xviii. 24), 137; (xix. 1), 135 n.; (xix. 7), 134; (xxii. 19-21), 138; (xxiii. 18), 123; (xxvii. 6), 148, 296; (xxx. 1-5), 149 sq., 170; (xxx. 15-16), 153; (xxx. 31), 175; (xxii. 1), 170

Psalms, relations of, to ‘Job,’ 84, 88; Psalm viii. 5 parodied in ‘Job’ (vii. 17, 18), 22

Ptahhotep, Proverbs of, 121

Ptolemy Arsacides, Golden Table, 289

Puscy, Dr. quoted, 1

Q’dōshīm, 80, 149 n.

Quinet quoted, 105

Ra, the sun god, 76

Rahab, the helpers of, 24, 76

Raven (in Job xxxviii. 41), 52 n.

Realism of the ‘Wise Men,’ 119

Renan, on the style of Elihu, 47; on Koheleth, 206, 234, 242 sq., 246, 298; and passim

Resh Lakish, Rabbi, quoted, 60

Resurrection, hope of, 34, 75, 188 sq., 251, 301

Retribution, proportionate, 23, 35, 58, 73, 98, 121, 140, 167, 189, 190 n., 200, 219, 251

Riddles, proverbs originally current as, 127

Rig Veda, quoted, 78, 152

Romans, vii. 20 adopted from Proverbs (xxiv. 17, 18), 147

Romaunt of the Rose, quoted, 300

Rossetti, Miss C., 242

Sacrificial system, importance of, in post-Exile period, 4; relations of Job to, 71. See also Law

Salmon, Prof., on Eccles. (ix. 7-9), 262

Samaritans, 194

Sammael, 80

Sandys’, George, translation of ‘Job,’ 106

Satan, the, 14, 79, 80, 109, 188 sq., 297

Schiller, 12

Schultens, Albert, quoted, 61, 97, 99

Sea Life, familiar, 140; cf. 133

Seneca, quoted, 57, 265

Septuagint version, of ‘Job,’ 113, 114, 296; of Proverbs, 173; of Koheleth, 277

Seven Wise Men, of Greece, 119, 124

Shammaites, on Koheleth, 280 sq.

Shedim, 80

Shelley, delight in Job, 112, 253; dislike of Koheleth, 253

Sibyl, the oldest Jewish, 264

Simeon ben Shetach, 282 sq.

Simon II., 180, 181 sq.

Sirach, parentage, 180; early life, 182; a true ‘scribe,’ 185; unacquainted with Greek philosophy, 190; interested in nature and history, 193

Sirach, the Book of— (a) Canonicity, 279 sq., 282 sq.; the name Ecclesiasticus, 197; written in Hebrew, 194, 196; ancient versions of, 297; its date, 180 sqq.; subject arrangement, 183; style, 185; whether autobiographical, 186; parallelisms in, to Proverbs, 184; no philosophical thought in, 182; imperfect moral teaching in, 187; conception of the divine nature, 188 (b) Passages emended or explained; (xi. 16), 188; (xxi. 27), 189 n.; (xxiv. 27), 196; (xxv. 15), 196; (xlvi. 18), 196; (xlviii. 11), 189, 193; (l. 1), 193; (l. 26), 193

Soferim, 238. See also ‘Wise Men’

Solar Myths, 16, 22, 24, 76, 77

Solomon, secular turn of, 72; reputed authorship of Proverbs, 130 sqq., 165, 170; Koheleth’s representative of humanity, 202, 207; reputed authorship of Koheleth, 255, 275

Sophia, Gnostic myth of, 161 n.

Sophocles, 107, 220

Spanheim, quoted, 97

Spenser, the poet, 12

Spinoza, on Job, 61

Spirits, classes of, 44 sq.

Stanley, Dean, on Koheleth, 245, 255

Star worship, 71, 82

Steersmanship, the term, 133

Stickel, quoted, 102

Stoicism, in Koheleth, 240 sq., 264

Swift, 15

Swinburne, quoted, 212

Syrian title for Job, 65

Talmud, on Job, 64; proverbs in the, 128; Sirach cited in, 196; comparison of Koheleth with, 205; on Koheleth, 281

Tasso, 109 n.

Taylor, C., on Job (xix. 26), 289

Taylor, Jeremy, 253

Temple, Bishop, 225

Tennyson, quoted, 212

Theism, argument for, early based on tradition, 23; of the Praise of Wisdom, 167

Theodore of Mopsuestia, 107

Thirlwall, Bishop, quoted, 2

Thomas à Kempis, 231, 249

Thomson, the poet, quoted, 21

Thoreau, quoted, 106, 252

Tiamat, 77

Trades, disparaged in Sirach, 186

Turgenieff, 243

Turner, Studies Biblical and Oriental, quoted, 46

Tyler, on Koheleth, 240, 263 sq.

Unicorn, in Job (xxxix. 10), 53 n.

Utilitarianism of the Wise Men, 121, 137

Uz, locality of, 13 n.

Vaihinger, on Koheleth, 236 sq.

Varuna, Vedic hymn to, 154

Vatke, on date of Proverbs, 1

Vedic hymns, 77, 154. See also Rig Veda

Virtue, Koheleth’s ‘theory of,’ 218

Webbe, George, quoted, 113

Wellhausen, on Levitical Law, 3 sqq.; on Job, 290

Wisdom, the Hebrew, nature of, 117 sq.; personification of, 162, 192

Wise Men, the, 118, 123, 148, 182 sqq.

Women, in Proverbs, 135, 154; in Sirach, 187; in Koheleth, 219, 299

Woolner, quoted, 229

Wordsworth, 162

Wright, Bateson, on Job, 113

Zeno, 265 sq.

Zirkel, on Græcisms in Job, 260 sq.

Zophar, home of, 15; the ‘man of common sense,’ 17

Zwischenschriften, 180

Footnotes

Transcriber’s Notes: Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a predominant form was found in this book. Footnotes have been collected at the end of the text, and are linked for ease of reference.