Part 2 — CHAPTER VIToC

CHAPTER VIToC

Summary and Conclusions

Some of the principal characteristics of the Jewish immigration to the United States have been presented in the preceding pages. The Jewish immigration has been shown to consist essentially of permanent settlers. Its family movement is incomparable in degree, and contains a larger relative proportion as well as absolute number of women and children, than any other immigrant people. This in turn is reflected in the greater relative proportion as well as absolute number of those classified as having "no occupation". The element of dependency thus predicated is another indication of the family composition of the Jewish immigration. Its return movement is the smallest of any, as compared both with its large immigration and the number of total emigrants. The Jewish immigrants are distinguished as well by a larger relative proportion and absolute number of skilled laborers, than any other immigrant people. In these four primary characteristics the Jewish immigrants stand apart from all the others.

It is with the neighboring Slavic races emigrating from the countries of Eastern Europe and with whom the Jewish immigrants are closely associated that the contrasts, in all these respects, are strongest. The Slavic immigrants are chiefly male adults. Their movement is largely composed of transients, as evidenced by a relatively large outward movement and emphasized by the fact that the vast majority of them are unskilled laborers. An exception, in large measure, must be made of the Bohemian and Moravian immigrants who present characteristics strongly similar to those of the Jewish immigrants.

The division into "old" and "new" immigration brings out even more clearly the exceptional position of the Jews in regard to these characteristics. Although the Jewish immigration has been contemporaneous with the "new" immigration from Eastern and Southeastern Europe, and is furthermore essentially East-European in origin, its characteristics place it altogether with the "old" immigration.[140] Most striking, however is the fact that in all of these respects—family composition, and small return movement (both indicating permanent settlement) and in the proportion of skilled laborers—the Jewish immigration stands apart even from the "old" immigration.

Further confirmation may be obtained, in the study of the characteristics of the Jewish immigration, of the principle established in the preceding sections that the rejective forces of governmental oppression are responsible for the largest part of this immigration. The large family movement of the Jewish immigration is a symptom of abnormal conditions and amounts almost to a reversal of the normal immigration, in which single or married men without families predominate. Even the family movement of the "old" immigrants may largely be attributed to the longer residence of their peoples in the United States as well as to their greater familiarity with the conditions and customs of the United States. That so large a part of the Jewish immigrants is composed of dependent females and children creates a situation of economic disadvantage for the Jewish immigrants, all the stronger because of their relative unfamiliarity with the language or the conditions facing them in this country.

Again, the Jews respond slowly and incompletely to the pressure of unfavorable economic conditions in this country. This was emphasized by the almost complete lack of response to the panic of 1907, as well as expressed in the small, practically unchanging return movement of the Jews to their European homes.

The pressure upon the Jewish artisans, or skilled laborers, in Eastern Europe is reflected in the predominance of this class among the Jewish immigrants to this country. That so useful an element in Eastern Europe with its still relatively backward industrial development—a fact that was given express recognition by the permission accorded the Jewish artisans in Alexander II's time to live in the interior of Russia—should have been compelled to emigrate indicates that the voyage across the Atlantic was easier for them than the trip into the interior of Russia, access to which is still legally accorded to them.

That the oppressive conditions created particularly in Russia and Roumania and operating as a pressure equivalent to an expulsive force does not explain the entire Jewish immigration to this country is evident from the preceding pages. In a great measure, the immigration of Jews from Austria-Hungary is an economic movement. The existence, however, of a certain degree of pressure created by economic and political antisemitism has however been recognized. The Jewish movement from Austria-Hungary shares largely with the movement from Russia and Roumania the social and economic characteristics of the Jewish immigration which we have described. A strong family movement and a relative permanence of settlement, especially as compared with the Poles, and a movement of skilled laborers must be predicated of the Jewish immigrants from Austria-Hungary, though undoubtedly not to the same degree as in the case of the Jewish movements from Russia and Roumania.

It is also clear that the forces of economic attraction in the United States do not play an altogether passive part in the Jewish immigration. The very fact of an immigrant-nucleus formed in this country and serving as a center of attraction to relatives and friends abroad—a force which increases in direct and multiple proportion to the growth of immigration—is an active and positive force in strengthening the immigration current. This was early understood by the Alliance Israélite Universelle which had acted upon this principle in the seventies and had prophetically sought to direct a healthy movement of Jewish immigrants to this country in the hope of thereby laying a foundation for future Jewish immigration to this country. This current, however, once started and growing only by the force of its increasing attraction, would reflect in its movement almost wholly the economic conditions in this country. That so large a part of the Jewish immigration, and so many of the phenomena peculiar to it, find their explanation, for the largest part of the thirty years, in the situation and the course of events in the countries of Eastern Europe leads to the inevitable conclusion that the key to the Jewish immigration is to be found not in the force of economic attraction exercised in the United States but rather in the exceptional economic, social and legal conditions in Eastern Europe which have been created as a result of governmental persecution.

Reviewing the various phases of the history of Jewish immigration for these thirty years, we are enabled to see more closely its nature. The study of the immigration, its movement and its social and economic characteristics, in comparison with those of other immigrant peoples, has revealed in it a number of distinguishing traits. In the causes of the emigration of the Jews, in the pressure exerted upon their movement as reflected in their rate of immigration, in their family movement, in the permanence of their settlement, and in their occupational distribution have been found characteristics which mark them off from the rest of the immigrant peoples. The number of these characteristics and the degree in which they are found in the Jewish immigration, put it in a class by itself.

The facts of governmental pressure amounting to an expulsive force, and reflected in an extraordinary rate of immigration, in a movement of families unsurpassed in the American immigration, the largest part economically dependent, in an occupational grouping of skilled artisans, able to earn their livelihood under normal conditions, and in a permanence of settlement in this country incomparable in degree and indicating that practically all who come stay—all these facts lead irresistibly to the conclusion that in the Jewish movement we are dealing, not with an immigration, but with a migration. What we are witnessing to-day and for these thirty years, is a Jewish migration of a kind and degree almost without a parallel in the history of the Jewish people. When speaking of the beginnings of Russian Jewish immigration to Philadelphia, David Sulzberger said: "In thirty years the movement of Jews from Russia to the United States has almost reached the dignity of the migration of a people," he used no literary phrase. In view of the facts that have developed, this statement is true without any qualification.

This migration-process explains the remarkable growth of the Jewish population in the United States, within a relatively short period of time. In this transplantation, the spirit of social solidarity and communal responsibility prevalent among the Jews has played a vital part.

The family rather than the individual thus becomes the unit for the social life of the Jewish immigrant population in the United States. In this respect the latter approaches more nearly the native American population than does the foreign white or immigrant population. One of the greatest evils incident to and characteristic of the general immigration to this country is thereby minimized.

Again, the concentration of the Jewish immigrants in certain trades explains in great measure the peculiarities of the occupational and the urban distribution of the Jews in the United States. The development of the garment trades through Jewish agencies is largely explained by the recruiting of the material for this development through these laborers.

These primary characteristics of the Jewish immigration of the last thirty years will serve to explain some of the most important phases of the economic and social life of the Jews in the United States, three-fourths of whom are immigrants of this period.

Of all the features of this historic movement of the Jews from Eastern Europe to the United States, not the least interesting is their passing from civilizations whose bonds with their medieval past are still strong to a civilization which began its course unhampered by tradition and unyoked to the forms and institutions of the past. The contrast between the broad freedom of this democracy and the intolerable despotism from whose yoke most of them fled, has given them a sense of appreciation of American political and social institutions that is felt in every movement of their mental life.

FOOTNOTES:

STATISTICAL TABLESToC

TABLE IA

PARTICIPATION OF JEWS IN OCCUPATIONS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1897[1]ToT

Group of occupation Total Jews Per cent of total

Agricultural pursuits 18245287 40611 .2

Professional service 988813 71950 7.5

Personal service[2] 5150012 277466 5.4

Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits 5169919 542563 10.5

Transportation 714745 45944 6.4

Commerce[2] 1256330 452193 36.0

Total 31525106 1430727 4.5

[1] Compiled from Rubinow, p. 500.

[2] Cf. Rubinow, note, p. 500.

TABLE IB

PARTICIPATION OF JEWS IN OCCUPATIONS IN THE PALE OF JEWISH SETTLEMENT, 1897[1]ToT

Group of occupation Total Jews Per cent of total

Agricultural pursuits 6071413 38538 .6

Professional service 317710 67238 21.1

Personal service[2] 2139981 250078 11.6

Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits 1573519 504844 32.1

Transportation 211983 44177 20.8

Commerce[2] 556086 426628 76.7

Total 10870692 1331503 12.2

[1] Compiled from Rubinow, p. 500.

[2] Cf. Rubinow, note, p. 500.

TABLE II

JEWISH IMMIGRATION AT THE PORTS OF NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA AND BALTIMORE, JULY TO JUNE, 1886 to 1898[1]ToT

Year New York Philadelphia Baltimore Total

1886 19548 1625 — 21173

1887 30866 2178 — 33044

1888 26946 1935 — 28881

1889 23958 1394 — 25352

1890 26963 1676 — 28639

1891 47098 2719 1581[2] 51398

1892 66544 4677 5152 76373

1893 29059 4322[3] 1941 35322

1894 23444 3833 1902 29179

1895 21422 3672 1097 26191

1896 27846 3016 1986 32848

1897 17362 1613 1397 20372

1898 19222 2121 2311 23654

Total 380278 34781 17367 432426

[1] Table II and all succeeding tables are arranged from July 1st to June 30th, the fiscal year.

[2] Baltimore statistics begin October.

[3] Philadelphia figures for August missing.

TABLE III

JEWISH IMMIGRATION AT THE PORT OF NEW YORK, JULY, 1885, TO JUNE, 1886, BY MONTH AND COUNTRY OF NATIVITY[1]ToT

Month Russia Austria-Hungary Roumania Others Total

July 1130 354 58 107 1649

August 1512 448 33 121 2114

September 945 185 20 119 1269

October 785 236 12 216 1249

November 1347 589 21 80 2037

December 574 249 17 62 902

January 565 202 4 26 797

February 492 228 16 44 780

March 1077 444 35 66 1622

April 639 309 28 55 1031

May 791 521 31 70 1413

June 3017 1365 210 93 4685

Total 12874 5130 485 1059 19548

[1] Compiled from reports of the United Hebrew Charities of New York.

TABLE IVA

JEWISH IMMIGRATION AT THE PORT OF PHILADELPHIA, 1886 TO 1898, BY COUNTRY OF NATIVITYToT

Year Russia Per cent Austria-Hungary Per cent Roumania Per cent Others Per cent Total

1886 1218 75 196 12 33 2 178 11 1625

1887 1699 78 262 12 86 4 131 6 2178

1888 1432 74 232 12 97 5 174 9 1935

1889 1129 81 125 9 42 3 98 7 1394

1890 1424 85 184 11 34 2 34 2 1676

1891 2447 90 [1] — [1] — 272 10 2719

1892 3929 84 561 12 47 1 140 3 4677

1893 3025 70 519 12 43 1 735 17 4322

1894 2951 77 422 11 77 2 383 10 3833

1895 1983 54 624 17 73 2 992 27 3672

1896 1538 51 875 29 60 2 543 18 3016

1897 1049 65 355 22 32 2 177 11 1613

1898 1611 76 382 18 64 3 64 3 2121

Total 25435 73 4737 14 688 2 3921 11 34781

[1] Immigrants from Austria-Hungary and Roumania were this year grouped under "all others" in the original tables.

TABLE IVB

JEWISH IMMIGRATION AT THE PORT OF BALTIMORE, 1891 TO 1898, BY COUNTRY OF NATIVITYToT

Year Russia Per cent Austria-Hungary Per cent Roumania Per cent Others Per cent Total

1891 1423 90 [1] — [1] — 158 10 1581

1892 4328 84 618 12 52 1 154 3 5152

1893 1388 70 232 12 19 1 302 17 1941

1894 1465 77 209 11 38 2 190 10 1902

1895 592 54 187 17 22 2 296 27 1097

1896 1013 51 576 29 40 2 357 18 1986

1897 908 65 307 22 28 2 154 11 1397

1898 1757 76 416 18 69 3 69 3 2311

Total 12874 74 2545 15 268 2 1680 9 17367

[1] Immigrants from Austria-Hungary and Roumania were this year grouped under "all others" in the original tables.

TABLE V[1]

JEWISH IMMIGRATION AT THE PORTS OF NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA AND BALTIMORE, 1886 TO 1898, BY COUNTRY OF NATIVITYToT

Year Country of nativity Ports Total

New York Philadelphia Baltimore

1886 Russia 12874 1218 — 14092

Austria-Hungary 5130 196 — 5326

Roumania 485 33 — 518

1887 Russia 21404 1699 — 23103

Austria-Hungary 6636 262 — 6898

Roumania 1977 86 — 2063

1888 Russia 18784 1432 — 20216

Austria-Hungary 5753 232 — 5985

Roumania 1556 97 — 1653

1889 Russia 17209 1129 — 18338

Austria-Hungary 4873 125 — 4998

Roumania 1016 42 — 1058

1890 Russia 19557 1424 — 20981

Austria-Hungary 6255 184 — 6439

Roumania 428 34 — 462

1891 Russia 39587 2447 1423 43457

Austria-Hungary 5890 [1] [1] 5890

Roumania 854 [1] [1] 854

1892 Russia 55996 3929 4328 64253

Austria-Hungary 7464 561 618 8643

Roumania 641 47 52 740

1893 Russia 20748 3025 1388 25161

Austria-Hungary 5612 519 232 6363

Roumania 493 43 19 555

1894 Russia 16331 2951 1465 20747

Austria-Hungary 5285 422 209 5916

Roumania 501 77 38 616

1895 Russia 14152 1983 592 16727

Austria-Hungary 5236 624 187 6047

Roumania 423 73 22 518

1896 Russia 17617 1538 1013 20168

Austria-Hungary 8380 875 576 9831

Roumania 644 60 40 744

1897 Russia 11106 1049 908 13063

Austria-Hungary 5010 355 307 5672

Roumania 456 32 28 516

1898 Russia 11581 1611 1757 14949

Austria-Hungary 6569 382 416 7367

Roumania 587 64 69 720

Total ——— 380278 34781 17367 432426

[1] See note to Tables IVa and IVb. For Tables VI and VII, see pp. 93 and 94.

TABLE VIII

JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES, 1881 TO 1910, ABSOLUTE NUMBERS AND PERCENTAGES, BY DECADE AND COUNTRY OF NATIVITYToT

Country of nativity Absolute numbers Percentages

Total 1881-1890 1891-1900 1901-1910 1881-1890 1891-1900 1901-1910

Russia 1119059 135003 279811 704245 69.9 71.1 72.1

Austria-Hungary 281150 44619 83720 152811 23.1 21.3 15.7

Roumania 67057 6967 12789 47301 3.6 3.2 4.8

United Kingdom 42589 — — 42589 — — 4.4

Germany 20454 5354 8827 6273 2.8 2.3 .7

British North America 9701 — — 9701 — — 1.0

Turkey 5081 — — 5081 — — .5

France 2273 — — 2273 — — .2

All others 15436 1078 8369 5989 .6 2.1 .6

Total 1562800 193021 393516 976263 100.0 100.0 100.0

TABLE IX

JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA, 1881 TO 1910, BY YEAR AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARRIVING EACH YEARToT

Year Jewish immigrants Per cent of total

1881 3125 0.3

1882 10489 0.9

1883 6144 0.5

1884 7867 0.7

1885 10648 1.0

1886 14092 1.3

1887 23103 2.1

1888 20216 1.8

1889 18338 1.6

1890 20981 1.9

1891 43457 3.9

1892 64253 5.7

1893 25161 2.2

1894 20747 1.9

1895 16727 1.5

1896 20168 1.8

1897 13063 1.2

1898 14949 1.3

1899 24275 2.2

1900 37011 3.3

1901 37660 3.4

1902 37846 3.4

1903 47689 4.3

1904 77544 6.9

1905 92388 8.2

1906 125234 11.2

1907 114932 10.3

1908 71978 6.4

1909 39150 3.5

1910 59824 5.3

Total 1119059 100.0

TABLE X

JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA, 1887 to 1910, BY DECADE AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARRIVING EACH DECADEToT

Decade Jewish immigrants Per cent of total

1881-1890 135003 12.1

1891-1900 279811 25.0

1901-1910 704245 62.9

Total 1119059 100.0

TABLE XI

JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA AT THE PORT OF NEW YORK, JANUARY 1, 1891 TO DECEMBER 31, 1891, AND JANUARY 1, 1892 TO DECEMBER 31, 1892, BY MONTHToT

(From reports of United Hebrew Charities of New York City, 1891 and 1892)

Month Jewish immigrants

1891 1892

January 2179 3276

February 2185 3057

March 3150 2397

April 2714 1468

May 1225 1620

June 8667 4028

July 8253 5673

August 9109 4842

September 9422 1729

October 5255 416

November 3792 121

December 4310 198

Total 60261 28834

TABLE XII

TOTAL IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA, 1881 TO 1910, AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTALToT

Total immigrants Jewish immigrants Per cent of total

1881 5041 3125 Est.

1882 16918 10489

1883 9909 6144 at

1884 12689 7867

1885 17158 10648 62.0

1886 17800 14092 79.2

1887 30766 23103 75.1

1888 33487 20316 60.4

1889 33916 18338 54.1

1890 35598 20981 58.9

1891 47426 43457 91.6

1892 81511 64253 78.8

1893 42310 25161 59.5

1894 39278 20747 52.8

1895 35907 16727 43.2

1896 51435 20168 39.2

1897 25816 13063 50.6

1898 29828 14949 50.1

1899 60982 24275 39.8

1900 90787 37011 40.8

1901 85257 37660 44.2

1902 107347 37846 35.3

1903 136093 47689 35.0

1904 145141 77544 53.4

1905 184897 92388 50.0

1906 215665 125234 58.1

1907 258943 114932 44.4

1908 156711 71978 45.9

1909 120460 39150 32.5

1910 186792 59824 32.1

Total 2315868 1119059 48.3

TABLE XIII

TOTAL IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA, 1881 TO 1910, BY DECADE, AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTALToT

Decade Total immigrants Jewish immigrants Per cent of total

1881-1890 213282 135003 63.3

1891-1900 505280 279811 55.4

1901-1910 1597306 704245 44.1

Total 2315868 1119059 48.3

TABLE XIV

IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES FROM THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1899 TO 1910, BY ANNUAL PERCENTAGE OF CONTRIBUTION OF PRINCIPAL PEOPLES[1]ToT

Finnish German Jewish Lithuanian Polish Russian

1899 9.9 8.8 39.8 11.2 25.4 2.7

1900 13.8 5.9 40.8 11.3 25.4 1.3

1901 11.7 6.6 44.2 10.0 25.2 .8

1902 12.9 8.0 35.3 9.3 31.5 1.4

1903 13.8 7.7 35.0 10.6 29.1 2.6

1904 6.9 4.9 53.4 8.8 22.4 2.7

1905 9.0 3.6 50.0 9.5 25.5 1.8

1906 6.2 4.8 58.1 6.4 21.4 2.4

1907 5.5 5.2 44.4 9.6 28.2 6.2

1908 4.0 6.4 45.9 8.5 24.2 10.4

1909 9.3 6.5 32.5 12.1 31.4 7.6

1910 8.0 5.4 32.1 11.6 34.1 7.9

Total 8.5 5.8 43.8 9.6 27.0 4.4

[1] From Immigration Commission: Emigration Conditions in Europe, p. 338.

TABLE XV

RATE OF IMMIGRATION OF PEOPLES PREDOMINANT IN THE IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA, 1899 TO 1910[1]ToT

People Population in Russia 1897 and in Finland 1900 combined Average annual immigration to U.S. from Russia and Finland 1899-1910 Ratio of immigration to population

Jewish 5082343[2] 63794 1 to 79

Finnish 2352990 12348 1 to 191

Polish 7865437 39282 1 to 200

German 1721387 8401 1 to 205

Lithuanian 3077436 14062 1 to 212

Swedish 349733 1135 1 to 308

Russian 75434753 6530 1 to 11552

[1] Ibid., p. 339.

[2] The figure for the Jewish population in Russia as given in Emigration Conditions in Europe, p. 339, is incorrect. See Goldberg, Jüdische Statistik, pages 266 and 270.

TABLE XVI

RATE OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA, PER 10000 OF JEWISH POPULATION, 1899 TO 1910ToT

Year Ratio of immigration

1899 47

1900 72

1901 74

1902 74

1903 93

1904 152

1905 181

1906 246

1907 226

1908 141

1909 77

1910 117

Total 125

TABLE XVII

JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM ROUMANIA, 1881 TO 1910, BY DECADE AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARRIVING EACH DECADEToT

Decade Jewish immigrants Per cent of total

1881-1890 6067 10.4

1891-1900 12789 19.1

1901-1910 47301 70.5

Total 67057 100.0

TABLE XVIII

JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM ROUMANIA, 1881 TO 1910, BY YEAR AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARRIVING EACH YEARToT

Year Jewish immigrants Per cent of total

1881 30 [1]

1882 65 .1

1883 77 .1

1884 238 .3

1885 803 1.2

1886 518 .8

1887 2063 3.1

1888 1653 2.5

1889 1058 1.6

1890 462 .7

1891 854 1.3

1892 740 1.1

1893 555 .8

1894 616 .9

1895 518 .8

1896 744 1.1

1897 516 .8

1898 720 1.1

1899 1343 2.0

1900 6183 9.2

1901 6827 10.2

1902 6589 9.8

1903 8562 12.8

1904 6446 9.6

1905 3854 5.7

1906 3872 5.8

1907 3605 5.4

1908 4455 6.6

1909 1390 2.1

1910 1701 2.5

Total 67057 100.0

[1] Below one-tenth per cent.

TABLE XIX

TOTAL IMMIGRATION FROM ROUMANIA AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM ROUMANIA, 1899 TO 1910, AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTALToT

Year Total immigrants Jewish immigrants Per cent of total

1899 1606 1343 83.6

1900 6459 6183 95.7

1901 7155 6827 95.4

1902 7196 6589 91.6

1903 9310 8562 91.9

1904 7087 6446 91.0

1905 4437 3854 86.8

1906 4476 3872 86.5

1907 4384 3605 82.2

1908 5228 4455 85.2

1909 1590 1390 87.4

1910 2145 1701 79.3

Total 61073 54827 89.8

TABLE XX

RATE OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM ROUMANIA, PER 10000 OF JEWISH POPULATION, 1899 TO 1910[1]ToT

Year Ratio of immigration

1899 51

1900 238

1901 262

1902 253

1903 329

1904 246

1905 148

1906 149

1907 138

1908 171

1909 53

1910 65

Total 175

[1] For Jewish population in Roumania cf. Ruppin, The Jews of To-Day, p. 39.

TABLE XXI

JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 1881 TO 1910, BY DECADE AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARRIVING EACH DECADEToT

Decade Jewish immigrants Per cent of total

1881-1890 44619 15.9

1891-1900 83720 29.8

1901-1910 152811 54.3

Total 281150 100.0

TABLE XXII

JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 1881 TO 1910, BY YEAR, AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARRIVING EACH YEARToT

Year Jewish immigrants Per cent of total

1881 2537 .9

1882 2648 .9

1883 2510 .9

1884 3340 1.2

1885 3938 1.4

1886 5326 1.9

1887 6898 2.4

1888 5985 2.1

1889 4998 1.8

1890 6439 2.3

1891 5890 2.1

1892 8643 3.1

1893 6363 2.3

1894 5916 2.1

1895 6047 2.2

1896 9831 3.5

1897 5672 2.0

1898 7367 2.6

1899 11071 3.9

1900 16920 6.0

1901 13006 4.6

1902 12848 4.6

1903 18759 6.7

1904 20211 7.2

1905 17352 6.2

1906 14884 5.3

1907 18885 6.7

1908 15293 5.4

1909 8431 3.0

1910 13142 4.7

Total 281150 100.0

TABLE XXIII

TOTAL AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 1881 TO 1910, BY DECADE AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTALToT

Decade Total immigrants Jewish immigrants Per cent of total

1881-1890 353719 44619 12.6

1891-1900 592707 83720 14.1

1901-1910 2145266 158811 7.4

Total 3091692 281150 9.1

TABLE XXIV

TOTAL AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 1881 TO 1910, AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTALToT

Year Total immigrants Jewish immigrants Per cent of total

1881 27935 2537 Est.

1882 29150 2648 at

1883 27625 2510

1884 36571 3340 9.0

1885 27309 3938 14.4

1886 28680 5326 18.6

1887 40265 6898 17.1

1888 45811 5985 13.1

1889 34174 4998 14.6

1890 56199 6439 11.5

1891 71042 5890 8.3

1892 76937 8643 11.2

1893 57420 6363 11.1

1894 38638 5916 15.3

1895 33401 6047 18.1

1896 65103 9831 15.1

1897 33031 5672 17.2

1898 39797 7367 18.5

1899 62401 11071 17.7

1900 114847 16920 14.7

1901 113390 13006 11.5

1902 171989 12848 7.5

1903 206011 18759 9.1

1904 177156 20211 11.4

1905 275693 17352 6.3

1906 265138 14884 5.6

1907 338452 18885 5.6

1908 168509 15293 9.1

1909 170191 8431 5.0

1910 258737 13142 5.1

Total 3091692 281150 9.1

TABLE XXV

PERCENTAGE OF ANNUAL IMMIGRATION FROM AUSTRIA-HUNGARY CONTRIBUTED BY PRINCIPAL PEOPLES, 1899 TO 1910[1]ToT

Year Polish Jewish Ruthenian

1899 18.7 17.7 2.2

1900 19.9 14.7 2.5

1901 17.9 11.5 4.7

1902 18.9 7.5 4.4

1903 18.2 9.1 4.8

1904 17.1 11.4 5.3

1905 18.4 6.3 5.2

1906 16.5 5.6 5.9

1907 17.6 5.6 7.0

1908 15.7 9.1 7.2

1909 21.4 5.0 9.0

1910 22.6 4.9 10.2

Total 18.6 7.8 6.2

[1] From Emigration Conditions in Europe, p. 373.

TABLE XXVI

RATE OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, PER 10000 OF JEWISH POPULATION, 1899 TO 1910[1]ToT

Ratio of immigration

1899 53

1900 83

1901 63

1902 62

1903 90

1904 97

1905 84

1906 72

1907 91

1908 74

1909 41

1910 63

Total 74

[1] For Jewish population in Austria-Hungary cf. Ruppin, The Jews of To-Day, pp. 38-39.

TABLE XXVII

JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1881 TO 1910, BY DECADEToT

Decade Jewish immigrants Per cent of total

1881-1890 193021 12.3

1891-1900 393516 25.2

1901-1910 976263 62.5

Total 1562800 100.0

TABLE XXVIII

JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1881 TO 1910, BY SIX-YEAR PERIODToT

Period Jewish immigrants Per cent of total

1881-1886 77105 4.9

1887-1892 243687 15.6

1893-1898 167566 10.7

1899-1904 396404 25.4

1905-1910 678038 43.4

Total 1562800 100.0

TABLE XXIX

JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES, 1881 TO 1910ToT

Year Jewish immigrants Per cent of total

1881 5692 .4

1882 13202 .8

1883 8731 .5

1884 11445 .7

1885 16862 1.1

1886 21173 1.3

1887 33044 2.1

1888 28881 1.8

1889 25352 1.6

1890 28639 1.8

1891 51398 3.3

1892 76373 4.9

1893 35322 2.3

1894 29179 1.9

1895 26191 1.7

1896 32848 2.1

1897 20372 1.3

1898 23654 1.5

1899 37415 2.4

1900 60764 3.9

1901 58008 3.7

1902 57688 3.7

1903 76203 4.9

1904 106236 6.8

1905 129910 8.3

1906 153748 9.9

1907 149182 9.6

1908 103387 6.6

1909 57551 3.7

1910 84260 5.4

Total 1562800 100.0

TABLE XXX

TOTAL IMMIGRATION AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1881 TO 1910, BY DECADE AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTALToT

Decade Total immigrants Jewish immigrants Per cent of total

1881-1890 5246613 193021 3.7

1891-1900 3687564 393516 10.7

1901-1910 8795386 976263 11.1

Total 17729563 1562800 8.8

TABLE XXXI

TOTAL IMMIGRATION AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1881 TO 1910, BY YEAR AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTALToT

Total immigrants Jewish immigrants Per cent of total

1881 669431 5692 .9

1882 788992 13202 1.7

1883 603322 8731 1.4

1884 518592 11445 2.2

1885 395346 16862 4.3

1886 334203 21173 6.3

1887 490109 33044 6.7

1888 546889 28881 5.3

1889 444427 25352 5.7

1890 455302 28639 6.3

1891 560319 51398 9.2

1892 579663 76373 13.2

1893 439730 35322 8.0

1894 285631 29179 10.2

1895 258536 26191 10.1

1896 343267 32848 9.6

1897 230832 20372 8.8

1898 229229 23654 10.7

1899 311715 37415 12.0

1900 448572 60764 13.5

1901 487918 58098 12.1

1902 648743 57688 8.9

1903 857046 76203 8.9

1904 812870 106236 11.8

1905 1026499 129910 12.6

1906 1100735 153748 13.4

1907 1285349 149182 11.6

1908[1] 782870 103387 13.2

1909[1] 751786 57551 7.7

1910[1] 1041570 84260 8.1

Total 17729563 1562800 8.8

[1] Only immigrant aliens taken these years.

TABLE XXXII

TOTAL AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1881 TO 1910, BY NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF INCREASE OR DECREASEToT

Year Total immigrants Jewish immigrants

Increase (+) or decrease (-) Increase (+) or decrease (-)

Number Per cent Number Per cent

1881 — — — —

1882 + 119561 + 17.9 + 7509 + 131.9

1883 - 185670 - 23.5 - 4471 - 33.9

1884 - 84730 - 14.0 + 2714 + 31.1

1885 - 123246 - 23.8 + 5417 + 47.3

1886 - 61143 - 15.5 + 4491 + 26.7

1887 + 155906 + 46.7 + 11871 + 56.1

1888 + 56780 + 11.6 + 4163 + 12.6

1889 - 102462 - 18.7 - 3529 - 12.2

1890 + 10875 + 2.4 + 3287 + 13.0

1891 + 105017 + 20.9 + 22759 + 79.5

1892 + 19344 + 3.4 + 24975 + 48.6

1893 - 139933 - 24.1 - 39051 - 51.1

1894 - 154099 - 35.0 - 6143 - 17.4

1895 - 27095 - 9.5 - 2988 - 10.2

1896 + 84731 + 32.8 + 6657 + 25.4

1897 - 112435 - 32.8 - 12476 - 38.0

1898 - 1533 - .7 + 3282 + 16.1

1899 + 82416 + 36.0 + 13761 + 58.2

1900 + 136857 + 43.9 + 23349 + 62.4

1901 + 39346 + 8.8 - 2666 - 4.4

1902 + 160825 + 33.0 - 410 - .7

1903 + 208303 + 32.1 + 18515 + 32.1

1904 - 44176 - 5.2 + 30033 + 39.4

1905 + 213629 + 26.3 + 23674 + 22.1

1906 + 74236 + 7.2 + 23838 + 18.2

1907 + 184614 + 16.8 - 4566 - 3.0

1908 - 502479 - 39.1 - 45795 - 30.7

1909 - 31084 - 4.0 - 45836 - 44.3

1910 + 289784 + 38.5 + 26709 + 46.4

TABLE XXXIII

SEX OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910[1]ToT

Year Total Number Per cent

Male Female Male Female

1899 37415 21153 16262 56.5 43.5

1900 60764 36330 24434 59.8 40.2

1901 58098 32345 25753 55.7 44.3

1902 57688 32737 24951 56.7 44.3

1903 76203 43985 32218 57.7 42.3

1904 106236 65040 41196 61.2 38.8

1905 129910 82076 47834 63.2 36.8

1906 153748 80086 73662 52.1 47.9

1907 149182 80530 68652 54.0 46.0

1908 103387 56277 47110 54.4 45.6

1909 57551 31057 26494 54.0 46.0

1910 84260 46206 38054 54.8 45.2

Total 1074442 607822 466620 56.6 43.4

[1] From Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration.

TABLE XXXIV

SEX OF JEWISH IMMIGRANT ADULTS[1] AT THE PORT OF NEW YORK, 1886 TO 1898[2]ToT

Year Total Number Per cent

Male Female Male Female

1886 14212 9598 4614 67.5 32.5

1887 22223 13872 8351 62.4 37.6

1888 19456 11691 7765 60.1 39.9

1889 17155 9946 7209 58.0 42.0

1890 19449 11524 7925 59.3 40.7

1891 33343 20980 12363 62.9 37.1

1892 43155 25338 17817 58.7 41.3

1893 18314 9715 8599 53.0 47.0

1894 13142 6404 6738 48.7 51.3

1895 12366 6275 6091 50.7 49.3

1896 17052 9703 7349 56.9 43.1

1897 10226 5447 4779 53.3 46.7

1898 11530 6560 4970 56.9 43.1

Total 251623 147053 104570 58.4 41.6

[1] Sixteen years of age and over.

[2] From Reports of United Hebrew Charities of N.Y. City.

TABLE XXXV

AGE OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910[1]ToT

Year Total Number Percentage

Under 14 14 to 44 45 and over Under 14 14 to 44 45 and over

1899 37415 8987 26019 2409 24.0 69.5 6.5

1900 60764 13092 44239 3433 21.6 72.8 5.6

1901 58098 14731 39830 3537 25.4 68.6 6.0

1902 57688 15312 38937 3439 26.5 67.5 6.0

1903 76203 19044 53074 4085 25.0 69.6 5.4

1904 106236 23529 77224 5483 22.1 72.7 5.2

1905 129910 28553 95964 5393 22.0 73.9 4.1

1906 153748 43620 101875 8253 28.4 66.2 5.4

1907 149182 37696 103779 7707 25.3 69.5 5.2

1908 103387 26013 71388 5986 25.1 69.1 5.8

1909 57551 15210 38465 3876 26.5 66.7 6.8

1910 84260 21869 57191 5200 26.0 67.9 6.1

Total 1074442 267656 747985 58801 24.9 69.6 5.5

[1] From Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration.

TABLE XXXVI

AGE OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS AT THE PORT OF NEW YORK, 1886 TO 1898[1]ToT

Year Total Number Percentage

Adults Children[2] Adults Children[2]

1886 19548 14212 5336 72.7 27.3

1887 30866 22223 8643 72.0 27.3

1888 26946 19456 7490 72.2 27.8

1889 23958 17155 6803 71.6 28.4

1890 26963 19449 7514 72.1 27.9

1891 47098 33343 13755 70.8 29.2

1892 66544 43155 23389 64.8 35.2

1893 29059 18314 10745 63.0 37.0

1894 23444 13142 10302 56.1 43.9

1895 21422 12366 9056 57.7 42.3

1896 27846 17052 10794 61.2 38.8

1897 17362 10226 7136 58.9 41.1

1898 19222 11530 7692 60.0 40.0

Total 380278 251623 128655 66.2 33.8

[1] From Reports of United Hebrew Charities of N.Y. City.

[2] Children under sixteen.

TABLE XXXVII

SEX OF TOTAL AND JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910[1]ToT

Year Total immigrants Jewish immigrants

Per cent Per cent

Male Female Male Female

1899 62.6 37.4 56.5 43.5

1900 67.8 32.2 59.8 40.2

1901 67.9 32.1 55.7 44.3

1902 71.9 28.1 56.7 43.3

1903 71.5 28.5 57.7 42.3

1904 67.6 32.4 61.2 38.8

1905 70.6 29.4 63.2 36.8

1906 69.5 30.5 52.1 47.9

1907 72.4 27.6 54.0 46.0

1908 64.8 35.2 54.4 45.6

1909 69.2 30.8 54.0 46.0

1910 70.7 29.3 54.8 45.2

Total 69.5 30.5 56.6 43.4

[1] From Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration.

TABLE XXXVIII

SEX[1] OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS,[2] 1899 TO 1910[3]ToT

People Total Number Per cent

Male Female Male Female

Irish 439724 210686 229038 47.9 52.1

Jewish 1074442 607822 466620 56.6 43.4

Bohemian and Moravian 100189 57111 43078 57.0 43.0

French 115783 67217 48566 58.1 41.9

German 754375 448054 306321 59.4 40.6

English 408614 251421 157193 61.5 38.5

Scandinavian 586306 362467 223839 61.8 38.2

Scotch 136842 86938 49904 63.5 36.5

Finnish 151774 100289 51485 66.1 33.9

Polish 949064 659267 289797 69.5 30.5

Slovak 377527 266262 111265 70.5 29.5

Lithuanian 175258 123777 51481 70.6 29.4

Magyar 338151 244221 93930 72.2 27.8

Ruthenian 147375 109614 37761 74.4 25.6

Italian North 372668 291877 80791 78.3 21.7

Italian South 1911933 1502968 408965 78.6 21.4

Croatian and Slovenian 355543 284866 50677 84.9 15.1

Greek 216962 206306 10656 95.1 4.9

Total[4] 9555673 6641367 2914306 69.5 30.5

[1] Arranged in order of percentage of females.

[2] Excluding all races with an immigration below 100,000.

[3] From Statistical Review of Immigration, p. 49.

[4] Total includes all races.

TABLE XXXIX

AGE[1] OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS,[2] 1899 TO 1909.ToT

People Number Per cent

Total Under 14 14 to 44 45 and over Under 14 14 to 44 45 and over

Jewish 990182 245787 690794 53601 24.8 69.8 5.4

Bohemian and Moravian 91727 18965 67487 5275 20.7 73.6 5.8

German 682995 116416 520437 46142 17.0 76.2 6.8

Scotch 112230 17157 85123 9950 15.3 75.8 8.9

English 355116 52459 262334 40323 14.8 73.9 11.4

Italian, South 1719260 201492 1416075 101693 11.7 82.4 5.9

Scandinavian 534269 51220 457306 25743 9.6 85.6 4.8

Polish 820716 77963 723226 19527 9.5 88.1 2.4

Slovak 345111 32157 302399 10555 9.3 87.6 3.1

Finnish 136038 12623 119771 3644 9.3 88.0 2.7

Italian, North 341888 30645 297442 13801 9.0 87.0 4.0

Magyar 310049 27312 270376 12361 8.8 87.2 4.0

Lithuanian 152544 12004 137880 2660 7.9 90.4 1.7

Irish 401342 20247 363797 17298 5.0 90.6 4.3

Ruthenian 119468 5537 110705 3226 4.6 92.7 2.7

Croatian and Slovenian 295981 12711 273685 9585 4.3 92.5 3.2

Greek 177827 7314 168250 2263 4.1 94.6 1.3

Total[3] 8213034 1013974 6786506 412554 12.3 82.6 5.0

[1] Arranged in order of highest percentage of children.

[2] Excluding all races with an immigration below 100,000, except the Bohemian and Moravian.

[3] Total includes all European races.

TABLE XL

SEX,[1] 1899 TO 1910, AND AGE,[2] 1899 TO 1909, OF SLAVIC AND JEWISH IMMIGRANTSToT

Group Sex—per cent Age—per cent

Male Female Under 14 14 to 44 45 and over

Polish 69.5 30.5 9.5 88.1 2.4

Ruthenian 74.4 25.6 4.6 92.7 2.4

Russian 85.0 15.0 7.5 90.0 2.5

Slovak 70.5 29.5 9.3 87.6 3.1

Croatian and Slovenian 84.9 15.1 4.3 92.5 3.2

Bohemian and Moravian 57.0 43.0 20.7 73.6 5.8

Jewish 56.6 43.4 24.8 69.8 5.4

[1] From Statistical Review of Immigration, p. 49.

[2] From Emigration Conditions in Europe, p. 25.

TABLE XLI

A. SEX OF ROUMANIAN IMMIGRANTS,[1] 1899 TO 1910, AND OF IMMIGRANTS FROM ROUMANIA,[2] 1900 TO 1910ToT

Group Total Number Per cent

Male Female Male Female

From Roumania 59467 31968 27499 53.8 46.2

Roumanian 82704 75238 7466 91.0 9.0

B. AGE OF JEWISH AND ROUMANIAN IMMIGRANTS[3] 1899 TO 1909ToT

Race Total Number Number Per cent

Under 14 14 to 44 45 and over Under 14 14 to 44 45 and over

Jewish 68505 1476 63997 3032 24.8 69.8 5.4

Roumanian 68505 1476 63997 3032 2.2 93.4 4.4

[1] From Statistical Review of Emigration, pp. 44-48.

[2] From Emigration Conditions in Europe, p. 23.

[3] Ibid., p. 25.

TABLE XLII

SEX AND AGE OF "OLD" AND "NEW" IMMIGRATION (JEWISH EXCEPTED), AND OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1899 TO 1909[1]ToT

Group Total Sex—per cent Age—per cent

Male Female Under 14 14 to 44 45 and over

Old immigration 2273782 58.5 41.5 12.8 80.4 6.8

New immigration (Jewish excepted) 4949070 76.3 23.7 9.7 86.2 4.1

Jewish immigration 990182 56.7 43.3 24.8 69.8 5.4

[1] From Emigration Conditions in Europe, pp. 23-26.

TABLE XLIII

JEWISH IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION, 1908 TO 1912[1]ToT

Year Jewish immigrant aliens[2] Jewish emigrant aliens[3] Number departed per 100 admitted

1908 103387 7702 7

1909 57551 6105 10

1910 84260 5689 7

1911 91223 6401 7

1912 80595 7418 9

Total 417016 33315 8

[1] From Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration.

[2] See note, page 93.

[3] Emigrant aliens are aliens whose permanent residence has been in the United States and who intend to reside permanently abroad.

TABLE XLIV

TOTAL AND JEWISH EMIGRANT ALIENS AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH IMMIGRANT ALIENS OF TOTAL IMMIGRANT ALIENS, 1908 TO 1912[1]ToT

Year Emigrant aliens Immigrant aliens

Total emigrant aliens Jewish emigrant aliens Per cent. Jewish of total Total immigrant aliens Jewish immigrant aliens Per cent. Jewish of total

1908 381044 7702 2.0 782870 103387 13.2

1909 225802 6105 2.7 751876 57551 7.7

1910 202436 5689 2.8 1041570 84260 8.1

1911 295666 6401 2.1 878587 91223 10.4

1912 333262 7418 2.2 838172 80595 9.5

Total 1438210 33315 2.3 4293075 417016 9.7

[1] From Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration.

TABLE XLV

EUROPEAN IMMIGRANT ALIENS ADMITTED[1] AND EUROPEAN EMIGRANT ALIENS DEPARTED, 1908, 1909 AND 1910[2]ToT

People Immigrant aliens admitted Emigrant aliens departed

Number Per cent of total admitted Number Per cent of total departed Number departed for every 100 admitted

Jewish 236100 10.2 18543 2.5 8

Croatian and Slovenian 78658 3.4 44316 5.2 56

English 101611 4.4 11152 1.5 11

German 192644 8.3 35823 5.0 19

Greek 86257 3.7 21196 2.9 25

Irish 93090 4.0 5728 .8 6

Italian, North 77661 3.3 47870 6.7 62

Italian, South 457414 19.8 255188 35.7 56

Lithuanian 51129 2.2 7185 1.0 14

Magyar 78910 3.4 50597 7.1 64

Polish 269646 11.7 82080 11.4 30

Ruthenian 55106 2.3 6681 .9 12

Scandinavian 113786 4.8 11193 1.5 10

Slovak 70717 3.0 41383 5.8 59

Total[3] 2297338 713356 32

[1] All peoples with an inward movement of less than 50,000 excluded.

[2] From Emigration Conditions in Europe, p. 41.

[3] Total for all races, including Syrians.

TABLE XLVI

JEWISH IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION, RUSSIA, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND ROUMANIA, 1908 TO 1912[1]ToT

Year Russia Austria-Hungary Roumania

Immigrant aliens Emigrant aliens Number departed per 100 admitted Immigrant aliens Emigrant aliens Number departed per 100 admitted Immigrant aliens Emigrant aliens Number departed per 100 admitted

1908 71978 5439 7 15293 1758 11 4455 158 3

1909 39150 3989 10 8431 1398 16 1390 87 6

1910 59824 3295 5 13142 1409 10 1701 101 6

1911 65472 3375 5 12785 1827 14 2188 78 3

1912 58389 4448 7 10757 2121 19 1512 122 8

Total 294813 20546 7 60408 8513 14 11246 546 5

[1] From Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration.

TABLE XLVII

POLISH IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION, RUSSIA AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 1908 TO 1912[1]ToT

Year Russian Poles Austro-Hungarian Poles

Immigrant aliens Emigrant aliens Number departed per 100 admitted Immigrant aliens Emigrant aliens Number departed per 100 admitted

1908 73122 18187 25 59719 28048 47

1909 37770 8421 22 336483 10292 28

1910 63635 6705 10 60565 9609 15

1911 40193 12276 30 27515 18499 67

1912 51244 14701 28 30649 22546 73

Total 265964 60290 22 214931 88994 41

[1] From Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration.

TABLE XLVIII

"OLD" AND "NEW" (JEWISH EXCEPTED) AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION, 1908 TO 1910[1]ToT

Class Immigrant aliens Emigrant aliens Number departed per 100 admitted

Old Immigration 599732 79664 13

New immigration (Jewish excepted) 1461506 615549 42

Jewish immigration 236100 18543 8

Total 2297338 713356 32

[1] From Emigration Conditions in Europe, p. 42.

TABLE XLIX

EUROPEAN IMMIGRANT ALIENS,[1] 1907, AND EUROPEAN EMIGRANT ALIENS, 1908[2]ToT

People Immigrant aliens 1907 Emigrant aliens 1908

Number Per cent. of total Number Per cent. of total Number departed per 100 admitted

Jewish 149182 12.1 7702 2.0 5

Bulgarian, Servian and Montenegrin 27174 2.2 5965 1.6 22

Croatian and Slovenian 47826 3.9 28584 7.5 60

English 51126 4.1 5320 1.4 10

German 92936 7.5 14418 3.8 15

Greek 46283 3.7 6763 1.8 14

Irish 38706 3.1 2441 .6 6

Italian, North 1564 4.2 19507 5.1 37

Italian, South 242497 19.6 147828 38.8 60

Lithuanian 25884 2.1 3388 .9 13

Magyar 60071 4.9 29276 7.7 48

Polish 138033 11.2 46727 12.3 33

Scandinavian 53425 4.3 5801 1.5 11

Slovak 42041 3.4 23573 6.2 56

Total 1237341[3] 381044 32

[1] All peoples with an inward movement of less than 25,000 omitted.

[2] From Emigration Conditions in Europe, pp. 39-40.

[3] All European immigrants, including Syrians.

TABLE L

TOTAL EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED[1] AND TOTAL OF THOSE ADMITTED DURING THIS PERIOD IN THE UNITED STATES PREVIOUSLY, 1899 TO 1910[2]ToT

People Number admitted In United States previously

Number Per cent of admitted

Jewish 1074442 22914 2.1

Bohemian and Moravian 100189 4066 4.1

Croatian and Slovenian 355542 43037 12.8

English 408614 103828 25.4

Finnish 151774 17189 11.3

French 115783 33859 29.2

German 754375 86458 11.5

Greek 216962 12283 5.7

Irish 439742 80636 18.3

Italian, North 372668 56738 15.2

Italian, South 1911933 262508 13.7

Lithuanian 175258 6186 3.5

Magyar 337351 39785 11.8

Polish 949064 65155 6.9

Ruthenian 147375 18492 12.5

Scandinavian 586306 86700 14.8

Scotch 136842 27684 20.2

Slovak 377527 71889 19.0

Total[3] 9220066 1108948 12.0

[1] All peoples with an immigration below 100,000 omitted.

[2] From Emigration Conditions in Europe, p. 51.

[3] Includes all European peoples entered and Syrians.

TABLE LI

OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910[1]ToT

Group Number Per cent

No occupation 484175 45.1

Skilled laborers 395823 36.8

Professional 7455 .7

Miscellaneous 186989 17.4

Total 1074442 100.0

[1] From Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration.

TABLE LII

JEWISH IMMIGRANTS REPORTING OCCUPATIONS, 1899 TO 1910[1]ToT

Group Number Per cent

Professional 7455 1.3

Skilled laborers 395823 67.1

Laborers 69444 11.8

Merchants and dealers 31491 5.3

Farm laborers 11460 1.9

Farmers 1008 .2

Miscellaneous 8051 1.3

Total 590267 100.0

[1] From Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration.

TABLE LIII

JEWISH IMMIGRANTS ENGAGED IN PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS[1]ToT

Occupation Number

Actors 232

Architects 108

Clergymen 350

Editors 84

Electricians 359

Engineers 484

Lawyers 34

Literary and scientific persons 385

Musicians 1624

Officials (gov.) 18

Physicians 290

Sculptors and artists 357

Teachers 2192

Others 938

Total 7455

[1] From Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration.

TABLE LIV

JEWISH IMMIGRANTS REPORTING SKILLED OCCUPATIONS, 1899 TO 1910[1]ToT

A. Principal skilled occupations

Occupation Number Per cent of total skilled

Tailors 145272 36.6

Carpenters, joiners, etc.[2] 40901 10.3

Dressmakers and seamstresses[2] 39482 10.0

Shoemakers 23519 5.9

Clerks and accountants 17066 4.3

Painters and glaziers 16387 4.1

Butchers 11413 2.9

Bakers 10925 2.8

Locksmiths 9385 2.4

Blacksmiths 8517 2.2

Total 322867 81.5

B. Other skilled occupationsToT

Occupation Number

Tinners 6967

Watch and clockmakers 4444

Tobacco workers 4350

Hat and capmakers 4070

Barbers and hairdressers 4054

Weavers and spinners 3971

Tanners and curriers 3715

Furriers and fur workers 3144

Bookbinders 3009

Masons 2507

Plumbers 2455

Saddlers and harness makers 2311

Milliners 2291

Metal workers (other than iron, steel and tin) 2231

Machinists 1907

Jewelers 1837

Millers 1390

Mechanics (not specified) 1203

Upholsterers 1109

Photographers 1013

Iron and steel workers 604

Textile workers (not specified) 436

Others 13938

Total 72956

Grand total 395823

[1] From Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration.

[2] Seamstresses are included with dressmakers; cabinetmakers and woodworkers (not specified) with carpenters and joiners.

TABLE LV

OCCUPATIONS OF TOTAL EUROPEAN AND JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1909, AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL[1]ToT

Group Total immigrants Jewish immigrants Per cent of total

Professional 803222 6836 8.5

Skilled laborers 1247674 362936 29.1

Farm laborers 1290295 9633 0.1

Farmers 841466 908 1.1

Common laborers 2282565 66311 2.9

Servants 890093 61611 6.9

No occupation 2165287 445728 20.6

Miscellaneous 172652 36219 21.0

Total 8213034 990182 12.1

[1] From Emigration Conditions in Europe, p. 27.

TABLE LVI

TOTAL EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS[1] AND IMMIGRANTS WITHOUT OCCUPATION, 1899 TO 1910[2]ToT

People Total immigrants Without occupation (including women and children) Per cent of total

Jewish 1074442 484175 45.1

Bohemian and Moravian 100189 39700 39.5

Croatian and Slovenian 355542 37219 11.1

English 408614 158616 38.8

Finnish 151774 28766 18.9

French 115783 45745 39.5

German 745375 296082 39.7

Greek 216962 19244 8.9

Irish 439724 63456 14.4

Italian, North 372668 76046 20.4

Italian, South 1911933 440274 23.0

Lithuanian 175258 33718 19.2

Magyar 338151 78875 23.3

Polish 949064 200634 21.1

Ruthenian 147375 18915 12.9

Scandinavian 586306 111212 18.9

Scotch 136842 47634 34.9

Slovak 377527 87280 23.1

Total 9555673[3] 2506713 26.2

[1] All races with an immigration below 100,000 omitted.

[2] From Statistical Review of Immigration, p. 52.

[3] Total includes all races.

TABLE LVII

OCCUPATIONS OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS[1] REPORTING EMPLOYMENT, 1899 TO 1910[2]ToT

People Number reporting employment Per cent

In professional occupations In skilled occupations Laborers, including farm laborers Miscellaneous

Jewish 590267 1.3 67.1 13.7 18.0

Bohemian and Moravian 60489 1.3 40.8 28.5 29.4

Bulgarian, Servian and Montenegrin 90991 .1 3.3 92.0 4.6

Croatian and Slovenian 298324 .1 5.0 86.4 8.5

English 249908 9.0 48.7 14.1 28.1

Finnish 123008 .3 6.0 67.2 26.5

French 70038 9.3 34.5 26.0 30.2

German 458293 3.5 30.0 37.7 28.8

Greek 197718 .3 7.7 86.2 5.8

Irish 376268 1.3 12.6 35.2 50.9

Italian, North 296622 1.1 20.4 66.5 12.0

Italian, South 1471659 .4 14.6 77.0 7.9

Lithuanian 141540 .1 6.7 76.1 17.2

Magyar 259276 .5 8.6 77.5 13.4

Polish 748430 .2 6.3 75.3 18.1

Roumanian 75531 .2 2.7 93.8 3.3

Russian 69986 1.4 9.1 82.7 6.8

Ruthenian 128460 .1 2.0 80.6 17.4

Scandinavian 475094 1.2 20.5 43.8 34.5

Scotch 89208 5.7 57.9 12.1 24.3

Slovak 290247 .1 4.4 80.0 15.5

Total 7048953[3] 1.4 20.2 79.3 19.1

[1] All races with an immigration below 50,000 omitted.

[2] From Statistical Review of Immigration, p. 53.

[3] Total includes all races.

TABLE LVIII

OCCUPATIONS OF SLAVIC AND JEWISH IMMIGRANTS REPORTING EMPLOYMENT, 1899 TO 1910[1]ToT

People No. reporting occupations Per cent

In professional occupations In skilled occupations Common Laborers (including farm laborers) Miscellaneous

Jewish 590267 1.3 67.1 13.7 18.0

Bohemian and Moravian 60489 1.3 40.8 28.5 29.4

Bulgarian, Servian and Montenegrin 90991 .1 3.3 92.0 4.6

Croatian and Slovenian 298324 .1 5.0 86.4 8.5

Polish 748430 .2 6.3 75.3 18.1

Russian 69986 1.4 9.1 82.7 6.8

Ruthenian 128460 .1 2.0 80.6 17.4

Slovak 290247 .1 4.4 80.0 15.5

[1] From Statistical Review of Immigration, p. 53.

TABLE LIX

OCCUPATIONS OF "OLD" AND "NEW" IMMIGRATION (JEWISH EXCEPTED) AND OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1899 TO 1909[1]ToT

Occupations "Old" immigrations "New" immigration (Jewish excepted) Jewish immigration

Number Per cent Number Per cent Number Per cent

Professional 56406 2.5 17080 .3 6836 .7

Skilled laborers 442754 19.5 441984 8.9 362936 36.7

Farm laborers 138598 6.1 1142064 23.1 9633 1.0

Farmers 40633 1.8 42605 .9 908 .1

Common laborers 402074 17.7 1814180 36.7 66311 6.7

Servants 424698 18.7 403784 8.2 61611 6.2

No occupation 678510 29.8 1041049 21.0 445728 45.0

Miscellaneous 90109 4.0 46324 .9 36219 3.7

Total 2273782 100.0 4949070 100.0 990182 100.0

[1] From Emigration Conditions in Europe, p. 29.

TABLE LX

ILLITERACY OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910[1]ToT

Year Jewish immigrants 14 years of age and over Jewish immigrant illiterates[2] 14 years of age and over Per cent illiterate

1899 28428 5637 19.5

1900 47672 10607 22.2

1901 43367 10119 23.3

1902 42376 11921 28.1

1903 57159 14980 26.2

1904 82707 18763 22.6

1905 101357 22770 22.4

1906 110128 29444 26.7

1907 111486 31885 28.6

1908 77374 23217 30.3

1909 42341 12201 28.8

1910 62391 17963 28.8

Total 806786 209507 26.0

[1] From Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration.

[2] Those who could neither read nor write.

TABLE LXI

SEX OF JEWISH IMMIGRANT ILLITERATES, 1908 TO 1912[1]ToT

Year Jewish immigrants 14 years of age and over Jewish immigrants illiterates 14 years of age and over

Number Per cent

Male Female Male Female Male Female

1908 43270 34104 9455 13762 21.9 40.4

1909 23452 18889 4832 7369 20.6 39.0

1910 35272 27120 7593 10370 21.5 38.2

1911 38018 31370 6453 10304 16.9 32.8

1912 32706 27799 5637 9498 17.2 34.2

Total 172718 139282 33970 51303 19.7 36.8

[1] In order to ascertain the number of males and females, 14 years of age and over, the number of Jewish immigrants under 14 years of age were distributed equally between the sexes. Subtracting these respectively from the number of males and females, we obtain the above totals. Cf. Report of New York State Commission on Immigration, 1908, p. 171.

TABLE LXII

ILLITERACY OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS,[1] 1899 to 1910[2]ToT

People Immigrants 14 years of age and over Immigrant illiterates 14 years of age and over

Number Per cent

Jewish 806786 209507 26.0

Bohemian and Moravian 79721 1322 1.7

Croatian and Slovenian 320977 115785 36.1

English 347458 3647 1.0

Finnish 137916 1745 1.3

German 625793 32236 5.2

Greek 208608 55089 26.4

Irish 416640 10721 2.6

Italian, North 339301 38897 11.5

Italian, South 1690376 911566 53.9

Lithuanian 161441 79001 48.9

Magyar 307082 35004 11.4

Polish 861303 304675 35.4

Ruthenian 140775 75165 53.4

Scandinavian 530634 2221 .4

Scotch 115788 767 .7

Slovak 342583 82216 24.0

Total[3] 8398624 2238801 26.7

[1] All peoples with an immigration below 100,000 excluded, except the Bohemian and Moravian.

[2] From Statistical Review of Immigration, p. 51.

[3] Total for all races.

TABLE LXIII

ILLITERACY OF "OLD" AND "NEW" IMMIGRATION (JEWISH EXCEPTED) AND OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1899 TO 1909[1]ToT

Classed Immigrants 14 years of age and over Immigrant illiterates 14 years of age and over

Number Per cent

Old immigration 1983618 52833 2.7

New immigration (Jewish excepted) 4471047 1667754 37.3

Jewish immigration 744395 191544 25.7

Total 7199060 1912131 26.6

[1] From Emigration Conditions in Europe, p. 30.

TABLE LXIV

ILLITERACY OF PEOPLES FROM EASTERN EUROPE, 1899 TO 1910[1]ToT

People Immigrants 14 years of age and over Illiterates

Number Per cent

Jewish 806786 209507 26.0

Lithuanian 161441 79001 48.9

Polish 861303 304675 35.4

Russian 77479 29777 38.4

Ruthenian 140775 75165 63.4

[1] From Statistical Review of Immigration, p. 51.

TABLE LXV

SEX OF ILLITERATES OF PEOPLES FROM EASTERN EUROPE, 1908[1]ToT

Race Number illiterates 14 years and over Per cent.

Male Female Male Female

Jewish 9455 13762 21.9 40.4

Lithuanian 4215 2897 53.4 63.4

Polish 14573 8813 36.7 42.9

Russian 5820 828 40.1 50.8

Ruthenian 4203 1836 49.6 57.4

[1] From Report of New York State Commission on Immigration, 1908, p. 171.

TABLE LXVI

DESTINATION OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910, BY DIVISION[1]ToT

Division Jewish immigrants Per cent

North Atlantic States 923549 86.0

North Central States 110998 10.3

South Atlantic States 25149 2.3

South Central States 8324 .8

Western States 6384 .6

Total 1074404[2] 100.0

[1] From Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration.

[2] 27 were destined for Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico, and 11 were tourists.

TABLE LXVII

DESTINATION OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 to 1910, BY PRINCIPAL STATESToT

State Jewish immigrants Per cent of total

New York 690296 64.2

Pennsylvania 108534 10.1

Massachusetts 66023 6.1

Illinois 59931 4.7

New Jersey 31279 3.2

Ohio 20531 1.9

Maryland 18700 1.7

Connecticut 16254 1.5

Missouri 12476 1.2

Minnesota 7029 .7

Wisconsin 6369 .6

Michigan 5970 .6

Rhode Island 5023 .5

All others 31989 3.0

Total 1074404[1] 100.0

[1] Cf. note 2 of table LXVI.

TABLE LXVIII

PERCENTAGE OF JEWISH AND TOTAL IMMIGRANTS DESTINED FOR EACH DIVISION, 1899 TO 1910[1]ToT

Division Per cent of total immigrants Per cent of Jewish immigrants

South Atlantic States 67.5 86.0

North Central States 22.4 10.3

South Atlantic States 2.7 2.3

South Central States 1.8 .8

Western 5.6 .6

Total 100.0 100.0

[1] From Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration.

TABLE LXIX

PARTICIPATION OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS IN DESTINATION OF TOTAL IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910, BY DIVISIONToT

Division Total immigrants Jewish immigrants Per cent Jewish of total

North Atlantic 6368243 923549 14.5

North Central 2116327 110998 5.2

South Atlantic 254936 25149 9.9

South Central 167437 8324 5.0

Western 532824 6384 1.2

Total 9439757 1074404[2] 11.4

[1] From Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration.

[2] Cf. note 2 of table LXVI.