INDEX The numbers refer to the pages.

A

À (Fr.), 237

A (indefinite article), 183

Aau, aautch, (interjection,) 163

Ablaut. See Gradation.

About, 336

Absente (preposition), 210

Abstract v. concrete, 45, 52;

sentences, 98

Academy, 390

Accent, effect of, 208, 338;

vacillation of, in loan-words, 388.

See also Stress.

Accusativus, meaning of the word, 392;

general force of, 128, 130;

‘free,’ 129;

‘attached,’ 129;

‘cognate,’ 129;

of space, 129;

of time, 129;

predicative, 130;

of direction, 130, 308;

after compound verbs, 131;

accusative with infinitive, 215, 281;

accusative with infinitive after licet, 292;

verbs with double, 281

Acetum (Lat.), 31

Ach (Ger.), 32

Ache (substantive and verb), 144

Action of the human mind conscious and unconscious. See Mind.

Açvas (Sans.), 65

Adder, 283

Adjective, general category of, 343;

used as substantive, 207, 348;

denoting action with dependent case, 355;

used with adverbial force, 359;

French, in f, 39;

theory to explain origin of, variable, 239;

as psychological predicate, 274;

as psychological subject, 274;

predicatival (gramm.), 280;

as grammatical predicate, 290;

indefinite, 104.

See also Substantive.

Adverbs, origin of, 358;

in e (A.S.), 224;

adverbial genitives, 175, 177;

adverbial expressions, 176;

adverbial s, 216;

without corresponding adjective, 360;

some developed in meaning independently of corresponding adjective, 180;

v. conjunctions, 344

Æftermest, 145

Æschylus v. Aischulos, 390

After: ‘I am after going,’ 392

Aftermost, 145

Aftumists (Goth.), 145

Agan, 11

Aged, agèd, 236

Aïeuls, aïeux (Fr.), 235

Aigin (Goth.), 189

Aiws (Goth.), 201

Albeit, 211

Alderman, 319

Alopecy, 390

Alphabet, origin of, 368;

imperfect, 5, 366;

phonetic, 370

Also, as, 236

Altogether, 325

Always, 325

Amant (Fr.), 232

Amends, 250

American usages and vocabulary contrasted with English, 416

Amicissimus, 347

Amid (adverb), 358

Anagramme (Fr.), gender, 245

Analogy, 11, ch. v.;

‘false,’ 83;

produces normal as well as abnormal forms, 83;

combined with original creation, 165;

influence on spelling, 378;

influence of change in function on, ch. xii.;

v. phonetic development, 182

Analysis. See Grammatical, and Sentence.

And, copulative combinations with, 328

Anecdotage, 143

Anothergaines, 143

Ἀπὸ κοινοῦ, 305

Aposiopesis, 312

Appas, appâts, (Fr.), 235

Apposition, source of concord, 300.

See also Relative clause.

Ardeo (Lat.), 211

Arm, 65, 193

Article, pleonastic use of, 156;

omitted in prepositional phrases, 176

As, 236, 274, 344;

‘as good as,’ 335

Ascian, axian, 38

Ass, 62

Assiette (Fr.), 388

Assimilation, 35, 38;

of final and initial consonants, 337

Association between memory pictures of sound and of position, its nature, 26

Attacher, attaquer, (Fr.), 232

Attributes, degraded predicates, 114;

predicative, 117;

in the vocative, 298

Auburn, 57

Auger, 318, 338

Autrui (Fr.), 251

Awfully, 180

B

Babble, 212

Backbite, 206

Backslide, 333

Bahuvrîhi compounds, 339

Bait, 49

Ball, 57

Band (Ger.), 234, 235

Bandog, 317, 338

Bang, 163

Bank (Ger.), 235

Bar, 56

Barley-corn, 66

Barn, 317

Bask, 266

Baudet (Fr.), 67

Bay, 57, 62

Be (verb), as copula, 279

Beast, 243

Become—make, 265

Bed, 66

Before, 344

Beggar, 179

Behalf, on my, 148

Bein (Ger.), 68

Belfry, 197

Belly, 66

Berstan (A.S.), 88

Bescheiden-beschieden (Ger.), 232

Best, 35

Biche (Fr.), 388

Billy-ruffan, 198

Birch-birk, 403

Bird, 38, 63

Bishop-dom, -ric, 317, 338

Bitter, 57

Blackguard, 337

Blae, 57

Blavo (Span.), 57

Blood, 58

Blue, 57

Board, 49

Bogus, 414

Bond-bondage, 196

Boom, 163

Boss, 415

Botany and its terms applied to express relationship of languages, 13

Bound, 194

Bourgogne, 274

Bourn, 38

Böse (Ger.), 237

Both ... and, 282

Box, 48

Bracci, braccia, 235

Breadth, 182

Breakfast, 205

Brebis (Fr.), (gender), 244

Brid, 38

Bridal, 317

Bride, 38

Bridegroom, 317

Bright, 416

Brimstone, 320

Brock, 65

Bron (Dutch), brunnen (Ger.), 38

Broom, 49

Brother, 173, 235

Bug, 401

Bull, 49

Bur, 339

Burgher, 64

Burn, 38

Burst, 88

Burthen, 143

Busk, 266

Butler, 64, note

Butter (verb), 65

Butterfly, 329

By, 139

Bye-law, 50

C

Cackle, 165

Cadedis (Gasc.), 162

Call, construction of to, 288

Can (verb), 28, 275

Canadian French, 382

Canoe, 415

Canon, 49

Cantata, 231

Canyon, 415

Caput (Lat.), 66

Car (Fr.), 214

Carelessness of utterance, 8

Carousal, 196

Cases, 127.

See under various names of cases.

Castra (Lat.), 250

Categories in grammar, 3;

artificial, 7;

psychological and grammatical, ch. xv.;

how arrived at, 343

Caterwaul, 320

Causatives, 265

Cause (Fr.), 232

Causes of change in language, how they operate, 8;

of sound-change, 34

Ch in French loan-words from Latin, 387

Chaire, chaise, (Fr.), 233

Champagne, campaign, 389

Change in language, causes of, 8;

classification of, 11;

change in meaning, 10, ch. iv.;

change in function, influence on analogical formation, ch. xii.;

change in function does not always entail change in form, 210.

See also Sound-change, Meaning, Usage, Differentiation, Development.

Chaperon, 385

Cherry, 86

Chess, 383

Chiefly, mainly, 237

Child’s language, 60;

how acquired, 36;

its influence, 17

Chinee, 86

Chit-chat, 164

Chose (Fr.), 232

Church—kirk, 403

Classes and species, nothing but abstractions, 14

Classification, when and how far rational, 14

Clean, 57

Climate, influence of, 8

Cloths, clothes, 235

Coach, 49

Cock, 57

Collective nouns, 247

Color, colour, 389

Combination of ideas, the means whereby language expresses, 92

Comparative, formation of, 79, 199;

double, 154;

for positive, 154;

and superlative in German, 334;

ditto in Sanscrit, 346, note.

Comparison of development of language with that of species, how far correct, 13;

how far incorrect, 16

Complex sentences, 119

Component parts of ‘derived words’ not present in their original form, 341

Composition, illustrated and classified, 316

Compound verbs in Latin and German, 275

Compounds, originally significant part of, assumes form of derivative, 197;

one language separates what another regards as, 321;

no phonetic demarcation possible between syntactical groups and, 322;

criterion, 323, 334;

ditto for inflected languages, 327;

dvandva, 329;

develop in meaning without the simplex being affected, 329;

influence of isolation on formation of, 331;

compounds followed by word dependent on part of, only, 335;

phonetic isolation, effect on formation of, 335

Compare (Ital.), 38

Concord, ch. xvii.;

not expressed, 292;

variation of, 293;

whence arisen, 299;

spreads beyond proper area, 299;

absence of, in elliptical sentences, 306

Concrete. See Abstract.

Conjunctions, 344, 361, 363

Connection between successive cases of sound-utterance only psychical, 26

Connecting words, do they form a distinct grammatical category? 279.

See also Link-words.

Connotation v. denotation, 350

Considering (preposition), 210, 362

Constructio πρὸς σύνεσιν, 241

Contamination, ch. viii.;

difference between, and formation by analogy, 141;

in words, 141;

in syntax, 145;

doubtful example of, 275

Contents of a word, ‘material’ v. ‘formal’ or ‘modal,’ 74

Convergence of forms of different function causes that difference to be overlooked, 204

Cool, 28, 31

Co-ordination v. subordination, 283

Cope, 193

Copula, 271;

number of, with predicate in plural, 293;

psychological, more extensive than grammatical, 272.

See also Connecting words and Be.

Copulative combinations, 327;

compounds, 329

Copy (in Chaucer), 59

Corn, 63, 415

Corral, 415

Correlation of ideas, 74

Corvus, 44 note

Could, 379

Cows, kine, 235

Cowslip, 317

Crack, 165

Crackle, 165

Crane, 11, 44, 56

Cray-fish, 197

Creation, original, ch. ix., 10

Crevasse, 415

Crimp, 161

Critique (Fr.), 234

Crocodilus (Lat.), 38

Crown, 57

Crumple, 161

Cubit, 66

Cup, 65

Cupboard, 337

Cur (Lat.), 213

D

Daisy, 318

Dans (Fr.), 237

Darkling, 216

Dash, 163

Dative, 129;

predicative, 287;

with infinitive in Latin and Greek, 291

Dawn, 172

Day, 171, 378

Debt, 379

Declension, history of, in Teutonic, 200.

See also Phonetic development.

Dedans (Fr.), 237

Demonstrative, irregular concord of, 296

Demori (Lat.), 211

Denotation v. connotation, 350

Deperio (Lat.), 211

Deponent verbs, 265

Derivation of our words, 218, 321

Derselbe (Ger.), 321

Descent, meaning of the term and influence of, in language, 15;

difference between linguistic and physical, 16

Determinant, various functions of, 116

Development, of language, ch. i., its essence, 9;

of meaning in primary and derivative, 179;

effect of phonetic development on, 181.

See also Meaning.

Diadème (Fr.), 245

Dialects, origin of, 18;

difficulty of classification, 18;

criterion for distinction of, 22.

See also Language.

Die—kill, 265

Differentiation, of language, ch. ii.;

of one language into more than one, more accurate statement, 15;

why not greater than actually it is found to be, 16;

tendency to, and that to unification, not successive, 22;

of meaning, ch. xiv.;

in form, coinciding with differentiation in function, 189

Ding-dong, 164

Direction, indication of, 308

Displacement of usage, 9;

in etymological grouping, ch. xiii.;

in syntactical distribution, ch. xvi.

Dissimilation, 38

Dogme (Fr.), 245

Doins (O.Fr.), 144

Doleo, with accusative and infinitive, 215

Doff, 320

Don, 320

Donate, 414

Donkey, 57

Double genders, 234

Doublets, 230, 389

Doubt (verb), 211

Douce, 393

Dour, 393

Drab, 57

Drink, drench, 265

Drudo, 388

Dubitative mood, expressed by future tense, 261

During, 345

Dutiable, 414

Dvandva, compounds, 329

E

Each, 320

Eáge (A.S.), 84

Eatable, 390

Economy, of expression, ch. xviii.;

of effort, 8

Ee-sound, formation of, 31

Either, or, 282

Elder, 193

Elements of speech-utterance, we are generally unconscious of, 27

Erila (O.H.G.), eller (M.H.G.), 38

Ell, 66

Elliptical sentences, 302;

in how far correctly so called, 308

Else, 176, 358

Emphase (Fr.), 388

En (Fr.), 237

Enfold, 333

Énigme (Fr.), 245

Enjoy, 67

Entwine, 333

Environment, influence of, on development of language, 15

Épigramme (Fr.), 245

Ere, 363

Erkenntniss (Ger.), 234

Erle (Ger.), 38

Ernstlich, ernsthaft, (Ger.), 237

Été (Fr.), 85, 244

Etiquette, 385

Etymological grouping, influences on spelling, 378.

See also Grouping.

Ever, 47

Evolution. See Comparison.

Examen (Lat.), 49

Executive, 28

Execution, 28

Expatiate, 59

Extravagant, 59

Eye, 65

Ezzih (O.H.G.), 38

Ἥμισυς. Ὁ ἥμισυς τοῦ χρόνου, 148

F

F, 10, 32

Facility of utterance, 34

Façon (Fr.), 231

Fadrein (Goth.), 249

Faith, 61

Falconer, 64

Fall (autumn), 415

Fall—lie, 258;

fall—fell, 265

Fare thee well, 148

Fashion, 231

Father, 71, 173

Fatherhood, 241

Feather, 66

Feckless, 393

Fiend, 349

Feodor (Russ.), 10

Filth, 182

Find, 67

Finfi (O.H.G.), 38

First utterances not reproduceable at will, 167

Fish, 63

Fix, 415

Fizz, 163

Flos (Rom. lang.), 244

Fluobra (O.H.G.), 38

Folks, 248

Foot, 56, 66, 86, 181, 189

Foreign influence, effect of, 7

Forget-me-not, 321

Forgetive, 60

Forlorn, 174, 186

Form, 56

Formal contents of a word, 74

Formal groups, 76

Formation of new groups, ch. xi.

Fortnight, 319

Foudre (Fr.), 234

Fowl, 63

Fox, 57

Fräulein (Ger.), 242

Frequentative verbs, 160

Friend, 349;

“I am friends with him,” 148

Frôfor (A.S.), 38

Fromage (Fr.), 67

Frugi (Lat.), 210

Fruit, 62

Frumentum (Lat.), 62

Fulhans (Goth.), 189

Furlong, 319, 338

Future tense, 260;

formation of, in French and in Latin, 341.

See also Tense.

G

G (A.S.), becomes y or w, 172

Gafulgins (Goth.), 189

Gallows, 250

Gas (Dutch), 158

Gash, 161

Gaudeo, with accusative and infinitive, 215

Gender, grammatical, recognised by concord, 239;

originally probably corresponded with natural, 240;

differentiation of, 234;

change of, 242;

follows that of allied groups, 244;

remaining traces of, in English, 245;

double, 234

Genealogical terms applied to relationship between languages, 13

Genitive, meaning of the word, 392;

the case, 127, 129;

partitive, 134;

subjective and objective, 174-175;

isolation of meaning of, 177, 323;

with infinitive in Greek, 291;

old genitive singular feminine, 323

Gens (Fr.), 241, 248

Gentlemanlike, 212

Γέρανος, 44, note

German silver, 330

Gerrymander, 414

Gerund, construction of, in Latin, 148;

or verbal nouns as present participle, 215

Gerundive, sometimes active in meaning, 264

Gesicht (Ger.), 235

Gesticulation, 302

Gesture-language, 166

Gew-gaw, 164

Gh, 35

Ghostly, 61

Glass, glare, 188

Glorioso (Ital.), 38

Gnat, 35

Go, 57

Go-betweens, 326

Good-bye, 162, 321

Good-natured, 212

Goose, 56

Gospel, 319

Gossip, 337

Gradation of vowel-sound, effect of, on development of meaning, 181

Grain, 44

Grammars, all incomplete, 6;

historical, comparative, descriptive, their province, 1;

deal in abstractions, 2;

draw lines of demarcation where historian of language traces connection, 9

Grammatical analysis v. logical analysis, 268

—— categories, how arrived at, 343

—— and psychological categories, ch. xv.

—— relations and logical relations not sharply separated, 12

—— rules, their nature, 12

—— system inadequate, 7, 270

Grave, 193

Green, 144

Greenland, 326

Groundsel, 318

Groups, of ideas in the mind, 3, 73, 76;

modal and material, 76, 170, 178;

formation of new, ch. xi.;

changes in, 171.

See also Phonetic Development, Syntax, and Numerals.

Grouping, mainly governed by function of the words, 206;

displacement in etymological, ch. xiii.

See also Inflection.

Γρύς, 44, note

Gubernatorial, 414

Guerre, 388

Guess, 415

Gypsy dialects, 391

H

Hab’ und Gut (Ger.), 327

Hale, 192

Hallelujah, 163

Halibut, 319

Hammock, 415

Hand, 58 (Ger.), 202

Handiwork, 318

Harrow, 162

Head, 56, 65, 66

Headlong, 216

Health, 182

Hear, 59

Heart, 65

Helter-skelter, 164

Hemel (Dutch), 235

Hercules v. Heracles, 390

Hereabouts, 216

Hickory, 415

Hide, 194

Hie, hier (Ger.), 184

Higgledy-piggledy, 164

High-spirited, 212

History of language, its task, 4, 9

Historic present, 257

Hláfmesse (A.S.), 43

Hoarhound, 319

Hole, 193

Hominy, 415

Homographs, 193, note

Homophones, 193, note

Honor v. honour, 389

Horn, 70

Horreo, with accusative and infinitive, 215

Horse, 71

Hosannah, 163

Hotch-potch, 164

House, 43, 46

Humility, 61

Hungersnot (Ger.), 325

Hurly-burly, 164

Hurrah, 163

Hurtle, 161

Hussy, 318

I

I, a diphthong, 28

Ideal, ideell, 389

Ideas, groups of, 73

Idioms translated or borrowed, 392

Igitur (Lat.), 208

Il (Fr.), sentences beginning with (neut.), number of the verb, 295

Ill, sick, 237;

in compounds, 334

Imitation, tendency to, 8

Impersonal verbs, have they a subject, 101

Impertinent, 49

Impossible, 35

Income, 28

Indefatigable, 38

Indefinite adjectives and pronouns, 104

Individual peculiarities, 5;

their effect, 8;

only the individual has real existence, species and classes are abstractions, 14;

consciousness as to change in language, 8

Infinitive, case of nomen actionis, 356;

used as noun, 357;

active, passive and neuter, 264;

of exclamation in Latin, 312

Infitias ire, with accusative and infinitive, 215

Inflection, 93;

origin of, ch. xix.;

influence of phonetic development on new grouping in, 198;

convergence of systems of, in three degrees, 200;

terminations of, in loan-words, 391

Influence, of one language on syntax in another, 391

“—— over,” 213

Insect, 61

Instead of, 362

Interjections, 16, 345;

psychological predicates, 166

Interjectional phrases, 100

Interrogative pronouns and adverbs, 104

Intonation in Chinese and Scandinavian, 94

Intransitive verb passive, 265

Invoice, 250

Inwards, 176, 216

Ipse (Lat.), 212

Irnan (A.S.), 38

Isolation and unification, ch. x.;

formal and material, 178;

syntactical, 177;

semasiological, criterion for compound, 323;

four ways of effecting, 323;

syntactical and formal, contributes to form compounds, 331;

phonetic, has same effect, 335

It, for cognate accusative, 130

“It is ... who,” 273

J

Jackanapes, Jack-a-lantern, 328

Jactito (Lat.), 145

Jamdudum (Lat.), 149

Jiminy, 162

K

K, sounds of, 32

Kaladrius (M.H.G.), 39

Κατ’ ἐξοχήν, 53, 63

Keen, 28, 31

Keeper, 179

Κέραμος, 244

Kill—die, 265

Kingdom, 338

Kinsman, 331

Kiss-me-quick, 321

Κισσός, 244

Kit-kat, 164

Klein (Ger.), 49

Kleinheit, kleinigkeit (Ger.), 236

Knecht (Ger.), 35

Knight, 35

Know, 35;

—learn, 258

Κύανος, 244

Κυπάρισσος (Mod. Gk.), 245

L

Laden (Ger.), 235

Lady, 318

Lady-day, 323

Lammas, 43, 318

Lance-knight, 197

Language, first production of, without thought of communication, 166;

when can it be said to exist, 168;

have animals got it, 168;

of each individual the parallel of individual plant in Botany, 13;

difficulty of observation of any given state of, 6;

but incomplete expression of thought, 71, 302;

language and writing, ch. xxi.;

changes in, 8;

of two kinds, 24;

‘a language alters,’ two meanings of this phrase, 36;

a further development of dialect, 21;

‘regular’ v. ‘irregular,’ 78.

See also Standard Language and Speech.

Lasso, 415

Last, 35

Laws of sound-change, are they absolute, 39;

meaning of the term, 40

Lay, 193

Learn—know, 258

Leastest, 145

Length, 182

Lengthy, 414

Leoman, 337

Lesser, 85, 145

Letters (Dutch), 235

Lettre (Fr.), 250

Levee, 415

Li (Russ.), 214

Lie—fall, 258

Linguistic form, influence of, 391

Link-words, 93.

See also Connecting words.

Liquorice, 198

Literary language, 23.

See also Standard language.

Loan (verb), 414

Loan-words, causes of adoption, 384;

often at first superfluous 227, 231;

for technical terms, 392;

borrowed from dialects 227;

the same from two different dialects, 389;

borrowed from language in which they are already loan-words, 389;

two distinct kinds of changes in, 387;

retaining their inflection, 391;

their suffixes, 390

Locus (Lat.), 234

Long measure, 321

Lumber, 415

Lump (Ger.), 234

Lose (verb), 186

M

Mailable, 414

Mainly, chiefly, 237

Make, become, 265

Malheureux (Fr.), 321

Man, 181, 189

Man-o’-war, 321, 331

Μάραθος, 244

Marble, 38

Marter, 38

Mash, 161

Match, 48

Materials, names of, 251

Material contents of a word, 74

Matter groups, 76

Maurgins (Goth.), 188

Maybe, 211, 321

Mead, meadow, 87

Mean, 48

Meaning, of same word never identical in the mind of two speakers, 51;

change of, chs. iv., xiv.;

narrowing and widening, 43;

transference of, is ‘occasional’ or ‘usual,’ 44;

test for occasional or usual, 59;

occasional, does not always include all the elements of usual, 57;

how specialised, 56;

test for independence of derived, 50;

if inaccurately conceived how corrected, 61;

of existing word encroached upon, 237;

change of, in syntax, 70, and ch. vii.;

change of, affects construction of verbs in Latin, 211.

See also Development, Compound.

Membra, membri, (Lat.), 235

Mémoire (Fr.), 234

Memory pictures, their nature and growth, 33;

of sound and of position, 25;

alone connect the several utterances of the same sound by the same speaker, 33;

we are unconscious of their existence, 27;

unstable and shifting, 35;

their development, 168

Mer (Fr.), 244

Metaphorical expressions, 57

Metathesis, 37

Métier (Fr.), 32

Midriff, 319

Migration of tribes, effect on language, 22

Mildew, 318

Milt, 142

Mind, conscious and unconscious action of the human, 3

Mine, 215

Minnow, 144

Minuit (Fr.), 244

Mixture in language, ch. xxii.;

two meanings of this expression, 381;

how it arises, 381

Mobile, movable, 237

Moccasin, 415

Modal contents of a word, 74;

modal groups, 76

Mood and tense, 261;

potential, 260

Moon, 43

More, 85

Mother, 173

Mouse, 86, 181

Movements of vocal organs, control of, 30

Murderous, 390

N

N, displacement of, 283

Name, various constructions of the noun, 289

Nanu (Sans.), 214

Ne (Lat.), 214

Νεανίας, 245

Near, 362

Neck, 66

Needs, 176

Negation, pleonastic, 154

Negative particle after verbs of denying, 155

—— sentences, 102

Neighbour, 319, 339

Neuheit, neuigkeit (Ger.), 236

Nevertheless, 321, 335

Newfoundland, 322, 326

News, 250

Newt, 283

Nickname, 283

Nigh, 362

Night, 35

Nightingale, 318

Nightmare, 318

Noce (Fr.), 250

Nomen (Lat.), construction of, 289

—— actionis, 355;

inexpressive of voice, 262

—— agentis with dependent case, 355.

See also Noun.

Nominative, in predicate, 290;

with infinitive, 290, 291;

stands instead of pure stem or ‘absolute case,’ 289, 292

None, 320

Nonne (Lat.), 214

Nostril, 339

Notwithstanding, 345

Noun as predicate, its case, 290;

used as verb, 207, 351.

See also Substantive.

Nul (Fr.), 155

Number, 247 (see also Plural, Singular, There);

referring to abstracta, 250;

‘neuter,’ corresponding to neuter gender, 251, 253.

See also Quisque.

Numerals, 252, 344, 393;

ordinals, 326

Nursery language, 164

O

Object, grammatical, origin of, 112

Occasional meaning, 44

Octo (Lat.), 35

Oddity, 390

Œils, yeux, (Fr.), 235

Of, off, 363

Of mine, 215;

of in adverbial expressions, 176

Offal, 334

Office (Fr.), 234

Offset, 334

Once, 358

One and all, 328

Onomatopoiesis, 160

Onset, 333

Onslaught, 333

Opossum, 415

Optative, expressed by future tense, 261

Orange, 283

Orchard, 318

Oreste (O.Fr.), 143

Origin of language, conditions of creation not different from those of historic development, 11, 157

Original creation, ch. ix.;

nature of, 158;

conditions of, 159;

combined with analogical formation, 165

Ὄρνις, 63

Οὐκ οῦν, 214

Output, 334

Outrance, à, (Fr.), 385

Overflow, 333

Overlook, 133

Overreach, 133

Overtake, 133

Owe, 11

P

P, 32;

p, pf, 387

Pagan, 49

Paille (Fr.), 234

Pale, 193

Palliolum (Lat.), 38

Palsangguné (Fr.), 162

Par (Fr.), 214

Παρά, 133

Parataxis, 121

Participles, 353;

present, 137, 179, 263;

agreement of, when used as predicate, 295;

‘misrelated,’ 137;

participial constructions, 138.

See also Tense.

Parts of speech, ch. xv.;

see also under names of.

Passive, 204, 277;

of intransitive, verbs, 265;

formation of, 266;

in Scandinavian, 211;

when acknowledged in formal grammar, 265;

and active voice differ only syntactically but express the same actual relation, 262.

See also Voice.

Past tense. See under Tense.

Pastime, 388

Pauser, 64

Pea, 86

Pein (Ger.), 387

Pen, 66

Pensioner, 64

People, 248

Pereo (Lat.), 211

Period of construction and of decay, 342;

of roots, 158

Periphrastic “It is ... who,” 273

Person, vacillation in use of, with copula, 294

Personal terminations, probable origin of, 300

Pfeffer (Ger.), 387

Pfingsten (Ger.), 387

Phonetic science, 29;

compensations, 36, note;

alphabet, 5, 370;

spelling, 27, 366

—— development of word-groups, 182;

causes convergence of same cases in different systems of declension, 201;

of different cases in same system, 202;

formation of new modal groups, 198;

confluence of forms, two effects of, 192;

differentiation, its effect on development of meaning, 181;

change influences formation of compounds, 335.

See also Compounds.

Phrases, entire, coalesce into a compound word, 321

Physical organs, their linguistic action, 4

—— phenomena of linguistic activity, 5

Pig, 62

Pin, 50

Place-names, 56, 64, 330

Πλάτανος (Mod. Gk.), 245

Pleonasm, 153;

in negation, 154;

pleonastic article, 156

Plume (Fr.), 49

Plupart (Fr.), 298

Pluperfect tense formation in Latin, 341

Plural, formation, 79;

with force of singular, 249;

and singular mixed in one sentence, 287, 293.

See also Number.

Poetry, rich in synonyms, 228;

Icelandic, 228

Poisonous, 390

Point, 57

Politique (Fr.), 234

Popular etymology, 10, 195, 386

Portuguee is correct, 86

Positive for comparative, 154

Post, 48, 50

Potential mood, 260

Poulterer, 64

Præsente (as preposition), 210

Præterito-præsentia, 258

Prairie, 415

Preach, predict, 389

Predicate, logical, psychological, grammatical, 95;

grammatical and logical when identical, 268;

often distinguished by stress, 272;

by inverted construction, 273;

psychological alone expressed, 311;

in negative sentences, 273;

grammatical, often no more than copula, 279;

extension of, 114;

in plural after copula in singular, 293;

vice versâ, 294;

participle as, concord of, 295;

in concord with apposition instead of with subject, 295,

with noun compared with subject, 296,

with genitive dependent on subject, 298;

in relative clause agreeing with the noun which it qualifies instead of relative pronoun which is subject, 297.

See also Subject.

Predicatival attribute, case of, 290

Prefix be, 131

Preliminary statement of psychological subject, 274

Prepositions, 210, 361;

Latin, 133;

Greek, 133, 183;

German, 213;

‘personal,’ in Welsh, 277;

verbs compound with, 275;

post position of, 275;

pleonastic use of, 153, 277;

do prepositions ‘govern’ cases, 132

Prepositional phrases, 176

Present. See Tense.

Priest, 349, 389;

priester (Dutch), 387

Printing, influence of, 406

Prior, 38

Privy councillor, 329

Prófecto, (Lat.), 208

Pronoun, 344;

interrogative, 104, 272;

demonstrative, 272;

relative, 272;

ditto, omitted, 115;

indefinite, 104;

personal, declension of, 202;

reflective, 209

Proper names, 46, 63

Proportion in analogical formation, 79

Prove, probe, 389

Provide, 236

Psychological and grammatical categories, ch. xv.

Psychical organisms, their importance, 4;

how observable, 6;

the only permanent element in speech, 26

Puns, 48

Pursuer, persecutor, prosecutor, 237

Purvey, 236

Q

Quagmire, 337

Quarter-sessions rose, 198

Quatre-vingts (Fr.), 393

Questions, rhetorical, 107;

different forms of, 105

Quin (Lat.), 213

Quinque (Lat.), 38

Quisque (Lat.), singular with verb in plural, 251

R

Racoon, 415

Radical (Fr.), 49

Ranch, 415

Real, reell, 389

Rear, 181

Receipt, 379

Recreant, 49

Reign, 379

Relative, relation, (substantive), 226

Relative pronoun, 296;

omitted, 115, 277 note, 305.

See also Predicate.

Repetition of subject. See Subject.

Republic, 212

Respect, 236

Rhythm, 379

Rhone (gender in Ger.), 244

Riddle, 86

Righteous, 197

Rinnan (A.S.), 38

Ritter (Ger.), 180, 234

Roots, 165;

so-called period of, 158

Roundabouts, 326

Rosary, 69

Rumple, 161

Run, 38

S

Sachant (Fr.), 232

Sail, 58

Sake, 194

Sandhi, 337

Sanglier (Fr.), 67

Savant (Fr.), 232

Scales, 250

Scandinavian intonation, 94

Schème (Fr.), 245

Schlecht, böse, (Ger.), 67, 237

Science of language, 2

Scholar, 64

Scot-free, 319

Sea-horse, 330

Secure, 136

See (Ger.), 234

See-saw, 164

Seethe, sodden, 186

Sehr (Ger.), 67

Self, as suffix, 208, 321

Senatorial, 414

Sennight, 319

Sentence, definition of, 92;

consisting of one word, 98;

without verb, 280, 309;

consists usually of two parts, 268;

extension of simple, 108;

when psychologically simple, 269;

complex, 119;

grammatically simple but logically complex, 270;

vice versâ, 282;

main and subordinate, with common element, 306;

that cannot be analysed, 285;

of demand, 102;

negative, 102;

interrogatory (two kinds of), 103;

of surprise, 106;

and phrases coalesce into compound-words, 321

Sentir (Fr.), 136

Separate, sever, 236

Serra, serro, (Portug.), 236

Serviceable, useful, 237

Sessions, 250

Set, sit, 265

Settle, 194

Sever, separate, 236

Shade, 45, 87

Shallop, 383

Shallow, 233

Shambles, 250

Shamefaced, 197

Shay, 86

Shed, 194

Sheer, 194

Sheet, 56

Shoal, 233

Shoddy, 414

Shop, 180

Shoulder, 66

Shred, 403

Sick, 237, 415

Siesta, 231

Silly, 97

Since, 139, 363

Sing-song, 164

Singular with force of plural, 248.

See also Plural and Number.

Sir, 349

Sirloin, 197

Sisclar (provençal), 144

Sit, set, 265

Skatte-ter (Dan.), 235

Slap, slip, slop, 161, 163

Sloop, 383

Slight, 67

Smash, 161

Snip, snap, 164

Sodden, 186

Soixante-dix (Fr.), 393

Solidarity, 392

Sore, 67

Sort (Fr.), 244

Sound, 48, 195

Sounds of a language and their representation in writing, 5 (see also Phonetic, Writing, Spelling);

not easily influenced by dialects, 393

Sound-change, 10, ch. iii., or sound-shifting in Teutonic, 19 (see also Verner’s law);

causes of, 34;

rate of, 37;

laws of, are they absolute, 39;

and sound interchange, 39;

two effects of, 191;

effect of, on grouping of words, 171

Sound utterance, connection between successive cases of, only psychical, 26.

See also Speech.

Sovereign, 197, 379

Sparrow-grass, 198

Species and classes nothing but abstractions, 14

Speech, 5;

elements of, utterance, 24;

of intermediate districts, 21

Spelling, English, 27, 367, 368;

French, 27;

German, 367;

Sanscrit, 367;

advantages of fixed, 374;

influence of analogy on, 378.

See also Writing.

Spem habeo, with accusative and infinitive, 215

Spiritual, 61, 389

Spry, 415

Square, 389

Squaw, 415

Squarson, 144

Squash, 161

Squire, esquire, 234

Stage, influence on standard language, 397, 413

Stan (A.S.), 84

Stamp, 62

Stampede, 415

Stand, 57;

—step, 258

Standard language, ch. xxiii.;

what is it, 395;

how fixed, 396;

in English, 397;

in Germany, 396 (see also Stage);

American, 410;

complexity of, 410;

influence of, 4;

action and reaction between, and individual dialects, 402;

conditions required to create need of, 405;

two standards for each language, 401;

develops by borrowing from natural language, 403;

even standard language, will break up into dialects, 408

Steht, es—nicht dafür, (Ger.), 392

Step, stand, 258

Stile, 193

Stoop, 415

Straightways, 176

Stress, on psychological predicate, 96, 272;

in compound words, 322.

See also Accent.

Stupeo (Lat.), 211

Subject, logical, grammatical, psychological, 95;

grammatical and logical, when identical, 268;

how indicated originally, 96,

by emphasis, 273,

by inverted construction, 97, 273;

precedence of, in consciousness of speaker, 97;

subject and predicate not the same for speaker and hearer, 100;

differently conceived by different speakers or hearers, 271;

preliminary statement of psychological, 274;

repetition of, 300;

subject in singular with verb in plural, 286.

See also Predicate.

Subordination v. co-ordination, 283

Substantive, 343;

how distinguished from adjective, 347;

used as adjective, 349.

See also Noun.

Suegra (Span.), 245

Suffixes: origin of, 338;

in loan-words, 390;

applied to syntactical groups, 326;

able, 219;

ard, 390;

ate, ation, 220;

ble, 219;

dom, 91, 236;

ed, 212, 319 (note), 333;

in weak verbs, 380;

er, 64;

er, est, 199;

ery, 390;

ful, 91, 223;

hood, 236;

ian, 390, 391;

ing, 137, 178;

ism, 391;

ist, 390;

le, 160;

less, 223;

ling, long, in adverbs, 216;

ly, 208, 340;

μα, gender of derivatives in Romance languages, 245;

ment (Fr.), 208;

ness, 224, 236;

no, 188;

o (It. third person plural), 143;

ough, 142;

s, 79;

self, 208;

some, 91;

tas (Lat.), té (Fr.), 85;

th, 178;

tion, 222 note;

tism, 86;

waru (A.S.), 249;

y, 91

Sultana, 390

Superfluity, how it arises, 226;

how obviated, 227, 229

Superlative for comparative, 154

Sûr (Fr.), 136

Surcease, 196

Synecdoche, 58, 68

Synonyms, 226;

in poetry, 228

Synovya (Russ.), 236

Syntax, fundamental facts of, ch. vi.;

change of meaning in, ch. vii.;

of one language influencing that of another, 391;

syntactical distribution, displacement of, ch. xvi.;

syntactical groups with suffixes, 326;

syntactical co-ordination expressive apart from the meaning of the co-ordinated words, 323

T

T, sounds of, 32;

in Latin t or z in German, 387

Tail, 66

Taper, 388

Technical terms, loan-words for, 392

Tense, 253;

origin of, expression, 256;

logically complete scheme of, 253;

deviations from the same, 256;

tenses in Hebrew, 259;

tense relation often expressed by different verbs, 258;

compound tenses, 259;

tense absolute, 255, 258;

present, for future, 256, 257, 260;

ditto for past, 257;

historic present, 257;

past for future, 256, note;

past for present, 257;

past tense and past participle, 88;

future, 260;

tense and mood, 259, 261;

formation of, in French and Latin verbs, 341

Terrapin, 415

Th, two sounds of, 28

Than, then, 236

That, 248, 283, 363

Theodore, 10

There, sentences beginning with, number of the verb, 295

Thing, 10

ðiudans (Goth.), 188

Though, 35, 139, 143

ðyrl (A.S.), 339

Tiber (gender in Ger.), 244

Tick-tack, 164

Till, 152, 362

Tiresome, 415

Tittle-tattle, 164

Titmouse, 319

Tobacconist, 86

Toboggan, 415

Tongue, 56

Tooth, 181, 189

Topmost, 347

Touaille (Fr.), 388

Towards, 216

Train, 56, 57

Transferred epithets, 136

Translations, 51

Transpire, 67, 415

Trapano (Ital.), 144

Travail, 235

Triers (O.Fr.), 143

Tuesday, 318

Turtur (Lat.), 38

Twice, 358

Twilight, 319

U

U, formation of oo-sound, 31

Ugh, 163

Umlaut, effect of, on development of meaning, 181

Un (Fr.), sound of, 183

Unawares, 176

Unco’, 394

Understand, 67

Undertaker, 179

Underwriter, 334

Unification, in declension, 186;

in verbs, 187;

direction of, 188;

order of, 186;

three rules, 186, 187;

sometimes disadvantageous, 191.

See also Differentiation.

Uniformity, advantage of, 191

Until, 152

Unwalkative, 60

Upstairs, 325

Upwards, 176

Usage, displacement of, 9, 17;

occasional v. usual, 45

Use, 237

Useful, serviceable, 237

Usher, 64, and note

Usual v. occasional meaning, 44

Usui (Lat.), 210

V

Vaaban (Dan.), 235

Val (Fr.), 244

Valeur (Fr.), 85

Veal, 388

Verb, 265, 343, 352;

in Latin, construction of, 211;

compound with adverb, 333;

derived from French, 196;

with two accusatives, 288;

of incomplete predication, 281

Verdorben, verderbt (Ger.), 236

Verner’s law, 172, 185

Villain, 49

Vocabulary, American v. English, 416

Vocal organs, we are unconscious of their action, 29;

control of their movements, 30

Vogel (Dutch), 235

Voice, 261;

passive, 261;

middle, 265-267;

not expressed or implied in nomen actionis, 264;

distinction of, purely syntactical, 262.

See also Passive.

Voile, 250.

Vouchsafe, 206

Vowels, formation of, 31.

W

Wairilos (Goth.), 38

Was (in Slavo-Ger.), 393

Was, were, 185

Wealth, 182

Weary, 223

Wednesday, 318

Wegs (Goth.), 201

Weil (Ger.), 139

Weiss, ich (Ger.), 257

Welcome, 213

Weleras (A.S.), 38

Well, 193

Welladay, 162

Werden (Ger.), 315

Werwolf, 318

Where, 344

Whereabouts, 216

While, 139, 344

Whole, 193, 379

Wigwam, 415

Will-o’-the-wisp, 321

Wirken auf (Ger.), 213

Wiseacre, 196

With, 323

Withstand, 323

Words, reproduced from memory or formed by analogy, 217;

word-formation, rise of, ch. xix.;

a word consists of unbroken series of sounds, 27;

division of sentence into, 81, 182;

ditto in child’s consciousness, 80;

now considered simple may have been compounds, 342

Works, 250

World, 318

Wormwood, 320

Worser, 145

Writing, 27;

and language, ch. xxi.;

in how far can it represent speech, 366;

written language, influence of, on standard, 399

X

X, two sounds of, 28

Y

Yawn, 144

Yeoman, 318

You, ye, 88

Z

Ziegel (Ger.), 387

Zounds, 162

Zufrieden (Ger.), 325

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