Volume 1 — APPENDIX II. TO CHAPTER IV. THE ALPHABETS OF PRINCE L-L. BONAPARTE (MR. A. J. ELLIS) AND MR. H. SWEET.

Prince L-L. Bonaparte’s Alphabet, as edited (and amplified) by Mr. A. J. Ellis in palæotype (“Early English Pronunciation,” pp. 1293-1307, and 1352-1357).

The Vowels (as heard in European languages only).

1. a (in fAther).

2. a⸲ (in Gaelic math, “good”).

3. aʌ (in Fr. dent, Port. lã).

4. Ǝ (in Eng. thE book).

5. `a⸲ (in Dan. mand, “man”).

6. ah (in Eng. ass).

7. ə (in Eng. charActer).

8. æ (in Eng. man).

9. aʌ (in Port. cAma).

10. ɐ (in Eng. pOllute).

11. œ (in Gael. laogh “calf”).

12. œ⸲ (in Gael. mAOdal, “tripe”).

13. ᴔ (in Eng. bird).

14. ɹ (in Eng. ear)

15. ɹ (not found)

16. ’h (in Eng. opEN, Germ. muttER).

17. ‘’h (not found).

18. ‘h (in Dan. hat’, Eng. bit’).

19. əh (not found)

20. ɑ (in Fr. diAble).

21. Œ (in Roumanian tatĂ, “father.”)

22. E₁ (not found)

23. E (in Finnic pää, “the head”).

24. e₁ (not found)

25. e₁ (in Fr. père, Germ. fett).

26. e₁⸲ (in Gael. freumh, “root”).

27. e₁ʌ (in Fr. vin).

28. e (in Eng. bed).

29. e (in Fr. dé, Germ. Ehre).

30. eʌ (in Port. sENha, “sign”).

31. e¹ (in Port. cEar, “to sup”).

32. e¹ (in Dan. een, “one”).

33. y (in Welsh dyn, “man”).

34. Y₂ (in Polish bYli, “they have been”).

35. i (in Eng. milk).

36. i¹ (in Eng. fill).

37. i (in Eng. bee).

38. i⸲ (in Gael. sINNsreadh, “ancestors”).

39. iʌ (in Port. sim, “yes”).

40. ’j (in Eng. gate).

41. ɔ (in Eng. God).

42. ɔh (not found)

43. A (in Eng. all).

44. ah (not found).

45. o₁ (not found).

46. o₁ (in Germ. Gott).

47. o₁⸲ (in Gael. didOmhnaich, “Sunday”).

48. o₁ʌ (in Fr. bon).

49. o (in Eng. more).

50. oh (in Esthonian wõlg, “debt”).

51. o (in Eng. Omit).

52. oʌ (in Port. sOnho, “dream”).

53. oh (not found).

54. uh (in Port. o, “the”).

55. o¹ (in Dan. stor, “great”).

56. u₁ (in Finnish Suomi).

57. u (in Eng. book).

58. u (in Eng. pool).

59. u⸲ (in Gael. déanADH, “doing”).

60. uʌ (in Port. um, “one”).

61. ’w (in Eng. home).

62. u¹ (in Swed. skuld, “cause”).

63. u¹ (in Lap. jUkkim, “I parted”).

64. U (in Swed. hus, “house”).

65. y (in Fr. lune, Germ. brÜder).

66. yʌ (in Basque sü̃ hĩa, “son-in-law”; Albanian hü̃ni, “he entered”).

67. I (in Dan. nYde, “to enjoy”).

68. æh (in Lap. buÖrre, “good”).

69. əh (in Fr. veuf).

70. əhʌ (in Fr. un).

71. œ (in Germ. böcke).

72. ə (in Fr. feu).

73. əʌ (not found).

74. œ¹ (in Gael. keayn, “sea”).

75. ə¹ (in Swed. sYster).

76. ’l (in Bohemian vlk, “wolf”).

77. ’r (in Bohemian prst, “finger”).

Consonants.

Labials.

He.[223]

78. p[224] (in Eng. pea).

79. pȷ (in Kasikumuk p’orun, “glass”).

80. pp (in Italian coppa).

81. pꞁh (in Bav. Germ. pfard).

82. ⌊pꞁh (in Thush p`e, “side”).

83. wh (in Eng. which).

84. pj (in Pol. gap, “lounger”).

85. pw (in Fr. pois).

86. pwj (in Fr. puits).

Se.[225]

87. b (in Eng. bee).

88. bȷ (in Kasikumuk b’ar, “pond”).

89. bb (in Ital. gobba).

90. ‘p (in Saxon Germ.).

91. w (in Eng. wine).

92. bj (in Pol. jedwaB, “silk”).

93. bw (in Fr. bois).

94. bwj (in Fr. buis).

Ne.[226]

95. m (in Eng. me).

96. mh (in Eng. tempt).

97. mm (in Ital. fiamma).

98. mȷ (in Kas. ’maq, “thirst”).

99. b⸲ (in Westmoreland sebm, “seven”).

100. w⸲ (in Erse saṀrad, “summer”).

101. mj (in Polish karM, “feeding”).

102. mw (in Fr. moi).

103. mwj (in Fr. muid).

Hc.[227]

104. ph (whispered bh; ? in Greek φ).

Sc.[228]

105. bh (in Spanish haba).

106. bhw (Dutch w).

Ht.[229]

107. prh (whispered brh).

St.[230]

108. brh (made by children with the lips).

109. ɯ (in Eng. veRy).

110. ɹw (in Eng. our occ.).

Labio-Dentals.

He.

111. P (not found).

Se.

112. B (lower lip against the teeth).

Hc.

113. f (in Eng. foe).

114. ff (in Ital. schiaffo).

115. f (not found).

116. ·fh (not found).

117. fj (in Guernsey fyaïz, “flee ye”).

118. fw (in Fr. foie).

119. fwj (in Fr. fuite).

Sc.

120. v (in Eng. vine).

121. vȷ (in Kas. ‘warta, “plate”).

122. vv (in Ital. avventura).

123. ⌊v (in Dan. KjöBenhavn).

124. v (not found).

125. ‘v (Dutch v).

126. vH (not found).

127. vj (in Pol. paW, “peacock”).

128. vw (in Fr. voix).

Nc.[231]

129. v⸲ (in Erse feiṀ,“mild”).

Labio-Linguals.

He.

130. ˎp (in Abasian aTà, “hay”).

131. ˎpˎp (in Ab. yTa, “sit down”).

Se.

132. ˎb (in Ab. aDỳ, “field”).

Sl.[232]

133. ˎlw (in Gaelic Lamh, “hand”).

Dentals.

He.

134. ˎˎt (in Erse Talain, “earth”).

135. ˎˎtj (in Erse tirm, “dry”).

Se.

136. ˎˎd (in Erse donn, “brown”).

137. ˎˎdj (in Erse dia, “God”).

Hc.

138. th (in Eng. thin).

139. c (not found).

Sc.

140. dh (in Eng. then).

141. c (not found).

Hl.[233]

142. Ʇh (not found).

143. Ʇ (in Manx ooyL, “apple”).

Alveolo-Dentals.

Hc.

144. c (in West Nyland Finnish metsä, “forest”).

145. ⸲th (in Ital. viZio).

Sc.

146. c (in Albanian Zot, “lord”).

147. ⸲dh (in Span. liD).

Double Alveolars.

Hc.

148. ˎs (in Ital. lo Zio).

149. ˎsˎs (in Ital. pazzo).

150. .ˎs (in Ab. aca, “granary”).

151. ɾ̣ɾ̣ (in Ab. aC´abyrg, “truth”).

152. .ɾ̣ (in Ab. ácá, “wild cherry”).

153. .ɾ̣ȷ (in Kas. čabre, “much”).

154. ˎsj (in Pol. siaC´, “to sow”).

155. ˎsw (in Abasian aC´a, “apple”).

156. .ˎsw (in Ab. ac`, “ox”).

Sc.

157. ˎz (in Ital. lo zelo).

158. ˎzˎz (in Ital. rozzo).

159. ˎzj (in Pol. jedz´, “go”).

160. ˎzw (in Ab. az´y, “some one”).

Alveolars.

He.

161. ˎt (in Fr. tas).

162. ˎtȷᴶ (in Kas. t’ai, “colt”).

163. ˎtˎt (in Ital. matto).

164. tꞁh (in Dan. til, “to”).

165. tȷꞁh (in Kas. ja’t‘olṣa, “red”).

166. ⌊tꞁh (in Thush t‘uix, “salt”).

167. ˎtj (in Russ. poot’, “way”).

168. ˎtw (in Fr. toi).

169. ˎtwj (in Fr. étui).

Se.

170. ˎd (in Fr. doux).

171. ˎdȷ (in Kas. d’oxlu, “freshness”).

172. ˎdˎd (in Ital. Iddio).

173. ‘d (in Saxon).

174. ˎdj (in Russ. loshad’, “horse”).

175. ˎdw (in Fr. doigt).

176. ˎdwj (in Fr. conduire).

Ne.

177. ˎn (in Fr. nain).

178. ˎnȷ (in Kas. n’ak, “blue”).

179. ˎnˎn (in Ital. canna, “reed”).

180. d⸲ (in Irish bean, “woman”).

181. ˎnj (in Russ. lên’, “tench”).

182. ˎnw (in Fr. noix).

183. ˎnwj (in Fr. nuit).

Hc.

184. s (in Eng. so).

185. ss (in Ital. cassa).

186. sȷsȷ (in Kas. ṣ’ât, “hour”).

187. sH (= the Arab. ص).

188. sj (in Pol. koś,“mow”).

189. sw (in Fr. soie).

190. swj (in Fr. suie).

Sc.

191. z (in Eng. zeal).

192. zz (in Hungarian azzal, “with the”).

193. .z (in Ab. zaqa, “how much”).

194. zj (in Pol. leź, “go up”).

195. zw (in Fr. rasoir).

196. zwj (in Fr. dix-huit).

Nc.

197. zh⸲ (not found).

Hl.

198. lwh (not found).

Sl.

199. ˎl (in Fr. lait).

200. lȷ (in Kas. l’ap, “shine”).

201. ˎlˎl (in Ital. stella).

202. ˎlj (in Russ. korol’, “king”).

203. ˎlw (in Fr. loi).

204. ˎlwj (in Fr. lui).

St.

205. ˎr (in Span. rey).

Whishes (Chuintantes).

Hc.

206. sh (in Eng. she).

207. shȷ (in Kas. š’arabuču [š’], “fellow-countryman”).

208. shsh (in Ital. pesce).

209. shȷshȷ (in Kas. ṣ̆’oldi, “green”).

210. .sh (in Ab. aša, “rope”).

211. shj (in Russ. vosh’, “louse”).

212. shw (in Fr. choix).

213. shwj (in Fr. chuinter).

214. shwshw (in Ab. aṣ̌`, “plane-tree”).

215. .shw (in Ab. aš`, “door”).

Sc.

216. zh (in Eng. pleasure).

217. zhzh (in Hung. a’zseb, “the pocket”).

218. .zh (in Ab. aža, “hare”).

219. zhj (in Basque [Soule] jin, “come”).

220. zhw (in Fr. joie).

221. zhwzhw (in Ab. aẓ̌`, “cow”).

222. .zhw (in Ab. ž`aba, “ten”).

223. zhwj (in Fr. juin).

Ht.

224. rsh (in Polish przez, “through”).

St.

225. rzh (not found).

Palatal Whishes.

Hc.

226. ˎsh (in Ital. pece).

227. ˎshˎsh (in Ital. caccia).

228. .ˎsh (in Ab. ača, “quail”).

229. ɾ̣hɾ̣h (in Ab. ač̣´y, “mouth”).

230. .ɾ̣h (in Ab. ač`y, “horse”).

231. .ɾ̣hȷ (in Kas. č’an, “early”).

232. ˎshj (in Russ. noch’, “night”).

233. ˎshw (in Louisiana Creole choui, “to cook”).

234. ˎshwj (in Trinidad Creole chouite, “to cook”).

Sc.

235. ˎzh (in Ital. regio).

236. ˎzhˎzh (in Ital. maggio).

237. ˎzhj (in Basque [Soule] espundja, “sponge”).

238. ˎzhwj (in Louisiana Creole néjuî, “needle”).

Double Palatals.

Hc.

239. ʇs (in Basque otso, “wolf”).

Palatals.

Hc.

240. t (in Eng. tea).

241. ⌊t (in Dan. huset, “the house”).

242. Jh (in Eng. hue).

243. tj (in Hung. tyúk, “hen”).

244. tjtj (in Hung. a’ tyúk, “the hen”).

Se.

245. d (in Eng. do).

246. dd (in Sardinian beddu, “beautiful”).

247. ⌊d (in Span. lado).

248. ⌊d⌊d (in Jutland Gud, “God”).

249. J (in Eng. yet).

250. JJ (in Hung. ejjel, “night”).

251. dj (in Hung. gyöngy, “pearl”).

252. djdj (in Hung. a’ gyöngy, “the pearl”).

Ne.

253. n (in Eng. no).

254. nh (in Eng. tent).

255. J⸲ (in Basque [Roncal] azkoỹa, “badger”).

256. nj (in Fr. digne).

257. njnj (in Hung. a’ nyul, “the hare”).

258. njh (not found).

Hc.

259. ˏs (in Sp. Basque su, “fire”).

Sc.

260. ˏz (in Port. zagal, “young shepherd”).

Hl.

261. lh (in Eng. felt).

262. ljh (in Saintongeais glas, “knell”).

Sl.

263. l (in Eng. low).

264. lj (in Ital. figlio).

265. ljlj (in Hung. melly, “which”).

Ht.

266. ↋ʰ (not found).

267. h (= Arab. ح).

268. hȷ (in Kas. ḥ’olu, “orphan”).

269. hȷhȷ (in Kas. ḥ´i, “pigeon”).

270. rH (in Kas. ḥ˘aba, “fish”).

St.

271. r (in Eng. “ray”).

272. rr (in Ital. terra).

273. ↋ (= Arab. ع).

274. rj (in Lusatian wuhor´, “eel”).

275. rw (in Fr. roi).

276. rwj (in Fr. bruit).

Ultra-Palatals.

The whole of this set of letters comes originally from Lepsius’s Alphabet, and “must be considered, therefore, very doubtful.”

He.

277. T (in Sansk.).

Se.

278. D (in Sansk.).

Ne.

279. N (in Sansk.).

280. Nh (in Dravidian).

Hc.

281. sh (in Sansk.).

282. Thh (in Drav.).

Sc.

283. zh (theoretical).

284. Dhh (in Drav.).

Hl.

285. Lh (in Drav.).

Sl.

286. L (in Sansk.).

Ht.

287. Rh (theoretical).

St.

288. R (in Sansk.).

289. Rhh (in Drav.).

Gutturo-Labials.

He.

290. p (in Peruvian).

291. wjh (in Ab. ih´y, “speak”).

Se.

292. b (not found).

293. wj (in Fr. huile).

Hc.

294. fh (not found).

Sc.

295. vh (not found).

Gutturo-Dentals.

Hc.

296. th (in Surgut Ostiak kat’, “day”).

297. thth (in S. Ost. wat’t’ak, “without”).

298. thj (in Low S. Ost. sit̄’a, “gunpowder”).

299. thjthj (not found).

Sc.

300. dh (in S. Ost. âd’an, “morning”).

301. dhdh (in S. Ost. wad’d’ax, “without”).

302. dhj (in High S. Ost. sid̄’a, “gunpowder”).

303. dhjdhj (not found).

Guttural Whishes.

Hc.

304. ˏˏsh (in Tempiese Sardinian la chjai, “the key”).

305. ˏˏshˏˏsh (in Temp. Sard. vecchju, “old”).

306. ˏˏshwj (in Picard kyuir, “leather”).

Sc.

307. ˏˏzhwj (in Temp. Sard. la ghjesgia, “the church”).

308. ˏˏzhwjˏˏzhwj (in Temp. Sard. ogghji, “to-day”).

Gutturo-Palatals.

He.

309. t (= Arab. ط).

310. tj (in Basque [Labourd] ttorttoil, “turtle-dove”).

Se.

311. d (= Arab. ض).

312. dj (in Basque [Labourd] yaun, “lord”).

Ne.

313. n (not found).

Hc.

314. ˏs (not found).

315. s (in Basque [Labourd] su, “fire”).

Sc.

316. ˏz (not found).

317. z (in Basque [Labourd] Jesus).

Double Guttural.

Hc.

318. ˏkh (in Gaelic mac, “son”).

Gutturals.

He.

319. k (in Eng. key).

320. kȷ (in Kas. k’orn, “nest”).

321. kk (in Ital. bocca).

322. kꞁh (in Upper Germ. komm).

323. kȷꞁh (in Kas. k‘’ala, “white”).

324. ⌊kꞁh (in Thush k’ok, “foot”).

325. Hh (in Germ. hand).

326. HhHh (in Hung. ahhoz, “thereto”).

327. H (in Eng. hand).

328. ; (= Arab. hemza).

329. kj (in Ital. la chiave).

330. kjkj (in Ital. occhio).

331. Hhj (in Florentine Ital. la chiave).

332. kw (in Fr. quoi).

333. Hwh (an ordinary whistle).

334. Hw (a voiced whistle).

335. kwj (in Fr. biscuit).

Se.

336. g (in Eng. go).

337. gg (in Ital. veggo).

338. ‘g (in Ostiak argem, “I sing”).

339. H’w (in Span. huevo).

340. gj (in Ital. la ghianda).

341. gjgj (in Ital. ragghiare).

342. gw (in Fr. goître).

343. gwj (in Fr. aiguille).

Ne.

344. q (in Eng. singer).

345. qh (in Eng. sink).

346. H‘h⸲ (in Scutari Albanian halk, “multitude”).

347. qj or qɈ (in Sanskr.)

Hc.

348. kh (in Germ. dach).

349. x (existence doubtful).

350. khkh (in Sassarese Sard. palchi, “because”).

351. khȷkhȷ (in Kas. x´’ot, “shade”).

352. khH (not found).

353. kjh (in Germ. milch).

354. kwh (in Scotch loch).

Sc.

355. gh (in Germ. tage).

356. x (existence doubtful).

357. ghgh (in Sass. Sard. olganu, “organ”).

358. .gh (existence doubtful).

359. gjh (in Germ. selig).

360. gwh (in Germ. auge).

Nc.

361. gh⸲h (in Avar ẋonkodize [ẋ] “to snore”).

Hl.

362. lh (not found).

363. lhh (in Welsh llaw, “hand”).

364. lhhj (not found).

365. lwh (not found).

Sl.

366. l (in Pol. łamac, “to break”).

367. lhh (theoretical voiced Welsh ll).

368. lhhj (not found).

369. lw (not found).

Hl.

370. krh (= Arab. خ).

371. .rh (not found).

Sl.

372. grh (= Arab. غ).

373. .r (= Newcastle “burr”).

374. ⌊r (in Jutland var, “was”).

375. r (in Parisian Paris).

376. rr (in Parisian irregulier).

Ultra-Gutturals.

He.

377. K (= Arab. ق).

378. Kȷ (in Kas. q’apa, “hat”).

Sc.

379. G (not found).

380. Gw (not found).

Ne.

381. Q (not found).

Hc.

382. kh (in Dutch nacht).

383. khȷ (in Kas. x̣’ort, “pear”).

384. .kh (in Kas. x̣’ata, “house”).

385. Kwh (not found).

Sc.

386. Gh (in Dutch God).

387. Gwh (not found).

Ht.

388. Ꞁh (not found).

St. 389.

Ꞁ (in Dan. ret, “right”).

390. ȴꞀ (in Dan. var, “was”).

J denotes palatalized or mouillées characters, w labialized or veloutées characters, wj labio-palatalized or mixtes characters, ⌊ a weakened consonant, a doubled letter or group of letters an emphasized consonant, a prefixed . a semi-emphasized consonant, prefixed ˎ an alveolarized or dentalized or “advanced” consonant, a prefixed ˏ a “retracted” consonant, and ȷ a semi-palatalized or semi-mouillée consonant.[234]

MR. SWEET’S NARROW ROMIC ALPHABET AND LIST OF SYMBOLS.[235]

1. a (in father).

2. ɐ (in bat).

3. ɑ (broad a).

4. ɒ (broad ɐ).

5. A }

Ɐ } (varieties of ɐ).

6. æ (in men).

7. əe (in man).

8. æh (in turn).

9. əeh (in opener).

10. b (in bee).

11. bh (German w).

12. bhj (palatalized bh).

13. d (in day).

14. dh (in then).

15. dhj (palatalized dh).

16. D (palatal d).

17. e (close e).

18. ə (French close eu).

19. e (variety of open e).

20. ə (variety of French open eu).

21. eh }

eh } (German unaccented e).

22. f (in fee).

23. g (in go).

24. gh (voiced kh).

25. ghr (trilled gh).

26. ghw (labialized gh).

27. gj }

G } (palatalized g).

28. h (general diacritic).

29. H (aspirate).

30. Hh (open glottis).

31. i (narrow i).

32. i (wide i).

33. ih (Welsh u).

34. ih (wide ih).

35. j (in you).

36. jh (voiceless j).

37. jhw (labialized jh).

38. kh (Scotch ch).

39. khr (trilled kh).

40. khw (labialized kh).

41. kH (aspirated k).

42. kj }

K } (palatalized k).

43. l (in lee).

44. lh (voiceless l).

45. L (palatal l).

46. Ꞁ (guttural l).

47. m (in may).

48. mh (voiceless m).

49. n (in now).

50. nh (voiceless n).

51. n (nasality).

52. N (palatal n).

53. o (close o).

54. o (open o).

55. oh (between o and ə).

56. oh (between o and ə).

57. ɔ (open o in all).

58. ɔh (between ɔ and œ).

59. ɔ (open o in not).

60. ɔh (between ɔ and œ).

61. œ (open French eu).

62. œ (wide œ).

63. p (in pay).

64. ph (voiceless bh).

65. phj (palatalized ph).

66. pH (aspirated p).

67. q (in sing).

68. qh (voiceless q).

69. q (French nasality).

70. r (in red).

71. r (trilled letter).

72. rr (trilled r).

73. rh (voiceless r).

74. rhr (trilled rh).

75. rj (palatalized r).

76. R (laryngal r).

77. Rh (voiceless R).

78. s (in say).

79. sj (palatalized s).

80. sh (in fish).

81. shj (palatalized sh).

82. shw (labialized sh).

83. t (in tea).

84. th (in thing).

85. thj (palatalized th).

86. tH (aspirated t).

87. T (palatal t).

88. u (narrow u).

89. uh (Swedish u).

90. u (English u).

91. uh (wide uh).

92. v (in vie).

93. ʌ (denotes voice).

94. ʌh }

‘ʌ } (whisper).

95. w (in we).

96. wh (in why).

97. w (labialization).

98. x (glottal catch).

99. y (French u).

100. y (wide y).

101. z (in zeal).

102. zh (in rouge).

103. (a)I (denotes length).

104. a II (extra length).

105. a· (stress or force).

106. a¨ (extra stress).

107. a: (half stress).

108. a̿ (level force).

109. a᷾ (increasing force).

110. a͐ (diminishing force).

111. — (level tone).

112. / (rising tone).

113. \ (falling tone).

114. ∨ (falling and rising tone).

115. ∧ (rising and falling tone).

116. [i] (glide).

117. ‘z (whispered s).

118. aˏ (inner or away from the teeth).

119. aˎ (outer).

120. r† (protruded).

121. r⸸ (inverted or cerebral).

122. * (denotes simultaneity of two sounds it comes between).

123. eˡ (raised tongue).

124. oˡ (narrowed lip-opening).

125. — (beginning of sound-group on weak stress).