Chapter XVII · (continued 2)

Its effects. 71. In its principle, which was apparently that of preserving obedience, the prohibitory system might seem to have untouched many great walks of learning and science. It is of course manifest that it fell with but an oblique blow upon common literature. Yet, as a few words or sentences were sufficient to elicit a sentence of condemnation, often issued with little reflection, it was difficult for any author to be fully secure; and this inspired so much apprehension into printers, that they became unwilling to incur the hazard of an obnoxious trade. These occupations, says Galluzzi, which had begun to prosper at Florence, never recovered the wound inflicted by the severe regulations of Paul IV. and Pius V.[1439] The art retired to Switzerland and Germany. The booksellers were at the mercy of an Inquisition, which every day contrived new methods of harassing them. From an interdiction of the sale of certain prohibited books, the church proceeded to forbid that of all which were not expressly permitted. The Guinti, a firm not so eminent as it had been in the early part of the century, but still the honour of Florence, remonstrated in vain. It seems probable, however, that after the death of Pius V., the most rigorous and bigoted pontiff that ever filled the chair, some degree of relaxation took place.

Restrictions in England. 72. The restraints on the printing and sale of books in England, though not so overpowering as in Italy, must have stood in the way of useful knowledge under Elizabeth. The Stationers’ Company, founded in 1555, obtained its monopoly at the price of severe restrictions. The Star Chamber looked vigilantly at the dangerous engine it was compelled to tolerate. By the regulations it issued in 1585, no press was allowed to be used out of London, except one at Oxford, and another at Cambridge. Nothing was to be printed without allowance of the council; extensive powers both of seizing books and of breaking the presses were given to the officers of the crown.[1440] Thus every check was imposed on literature, and it seems unreasonable to dispute that they had some efficacy in restraining its progress, though less, perhaps, than we might in theory expect, because there was always a certain degree of connivance and indulgence. Even the current prohibition of importing popish books, except for the use of such as the council should permit to use them, must have affected the trade in modern Latin authors beyond the bounds of theology.

Latin more employed on this account. 73. These restrictions do not seem to have had any material operation in France, in Germany, or the Low Countries. And they certainly tended very considerably to keep up the usage of writing in Latin; or rather, perhaps, it may be said, they were less rigorously urged in those countries, because Latin continued to be the customary tongue of scholars. We have seen that great license was used in political writings in that language. The power of reading Latin was certainly so diffused, that no mystery could be affected by writing it; yet it seemed to be a voluntary abstaining from an appeal to the passions of the multitude, and passed better without censure than the same sense in a modern dress.

Influence of literature. 74. The influence of literature on the public mind was already very considerable. All kinds of reading had become deeper and more diffused. Pedantry is the usual, perhaps the inevitable, consequence of a genuine devotion to learning, not surely in each individual, but in classes and bodies of men. And this was an age of pedants. To quote profusely from ancient writers, seemed to be a higher merit than to rival them; they furnished both authority and ornament, they did honour to the modern, who shone in these plumes of other birds with little expense of thought, and sometimes the actual substance of a book is hardly discernible under this exuberance of rich incrustations. Tacitus, Sallust, Cicero, and Seneca (for the Greeks were in comparison but little read), and many of the Latin poets, were the books that, directly, or by the secondary means of quotation, had most influence over the public opinion. Nor was it surprising that the reverence for antiquity should be still undiminished; for, though the new literature was yielding abundant crops, no comparison between the ancients and moderns could as yet fairly arise. Montaigne, fearless and independent as he was, gave up altogether the pretensions of the latter; yet no one was more destined to lead the way to that renunciation of the authority of the former which the seventeenth century was to witness. He and Machiavel were the two writers who produced the greatest effect upon this age. Some others, such as Guevara and Castiglione, might be full as much read, but they did not possess enough of original thought to shape the opinions of mankind. And these two, to whom we may add Rabelais, seem to be the only writers of the sixteenth century, setting aside poets and historians, who are now much read by the world.

INDEX.

Aberlard, Poetry of, 17

Academies, Italian Literary, 229

Academy del Cimento, The, 831

—— French, Established, 630

—— Neapolitan, 112

Afra Behn, Plays of, 808

Agricola, The first Mineralogist, 227

—— Works of, 103

Agrippa, Cornelius, 192

Augustine, Antonio, 201

Alamanni, 202

Alciati, Andrew, 201

Aldine Editions, The, 109

Aldus, Press of, 125

Algebra, Descartes on, 650

—— Earliest Work on, 118

Alchemy, Study of, 58

Amadis de Gaul, The, 66, 152

Aminto, Passo’s, 351

Amyot, His Translations, 371

Ana, The, 820

Anatomy, Fallopius on, 397

—— Leaders in studying, 842

Andreæ, John Valentine, 532, and note

Anglo-Saxon, Change of, to English, 22

Antiquaries, Society of, founded, 405

Apianus, Cosmography of, 228

Apology, Jewell’s, 272

Arabic, Rise of Study of, 399

Arcadia, Sir Philip Sydney’s, 383

—— Character of, 383

—— Walpole on, 383

Aretin, Leonard, 44

—— Plays of, 211

Argensola, The Brothers, 570

Arianism in Italy, 181

Ariosto, Satires of, 203

Aristotle countenanced by Melancthon, 189

—— Veneration shown for, 189

Arithmetic of Sacro Bosco, 56

Arnauld on true and false ideas, 725

Art of Rhetoric, Cox’s, 219

Ascham, His Character of Cambridge, 168

—— Writings of, 372

Astronomy in Middle Ages, 58

Augsburg, Confession of, 173

—— Diet of, 259

Averroes on the Soul, 93

Avis aux Refugiéz, 772

Ayala, Balthazar, on War, 315

Bacon, Lord, 468

—— Conception of his Philosophy, 469

—— Essays of, 293, 529

—— his fame on the Continent, 489

—— his Instauratio Magna, 469

—— —— Analysis of, 469

—— ignorant of Mathematics, 488

—— Nature of his Philosophy, 472

—— Novum Organum, 478

—— Plan of Philosophy, 469

Bacon, Roger, 57

Balbi, Catholicon of, 40

Baldi, Sonnets of, 319

Ballads, Early Spanish, 59

Balzac, Letters of, 628

Bandello, Novels of, 380

Barbarism, A relapse into, 38

Barbarus, Hermolaus, 111

Barclay, his works, 642

Barlæus, Gaspar, 589

Barrow, Sermons of, 703

Basson, Sebastian, 463

Bath, Adelard of, 56

Bayle on the Comet, 819

—— his Dictionary, 819

—— Philosophical Commentary of, 700

Beaumont, Fletcher and, 611

Bellarmin, Works of, 273

Bellenden, de Statu, 534

Bello Francesco, 113

Belon, Zoology of, 394

Belphegor, Machiavel’s, 215

Bembo, Care of, 159

—— Life of, 217

—— Works of, 159, 201

Berigard, Claude, 463

Benserade, Poems of, 781

Bentley, Richard, the Critic, 682

Berchonius, 59

Beza, Works of, 27

Bible, Cranmer’s, 187

—— First printed, 76

—— Latin Versions of the, 137

—— Mazarin, 77

—— The Authorised Version, 457

Bibles, Early English, 187

Block-books, 75

Blood, Circulation of the, discovered, 665

Boccalini, Trajan, 624

Bodin, compared with Aristotle and Machiavel, 310

Bodleian, Foundation of the, 674

Boehm, Jacob, 464

Boethius, his Consolation of Philosophy, 1

—— Poem on, 13

Boiardo, Works of, 112

Boileau, Works of, 780

Bookselling, Rise of, 121

—— The Universities and, 123

Books, Early, price and form of, 122

—— Number of, printed at close of the Fourteenth Century, 120

—— Price of in Middle Ages, 52

—— Sold by printers, 121

Bossu on Epic Poems, 816

Bossuet, Exposition of Faith, 688

—— other Works, 689

—— Sermons of, 702

Botany, Turner’s, 395

Botero, Giovanni, 301

Boucher, Treatise of, 299

Bouhours, Works by, 813

Bourdalone, Style of, 701

Boyle, Works of, 833

Brahé, Tycho, 387

—— System of, 387

Brandt, Sebastian, 117

Browne, Thomas, 531

—— his Religio Medici, 531

—— William, 581

Bruno, characteristics of his system, 285

Buchanan, de Jure Regni, 296

—— Poetry of, 349

Buda, Royal Library at, 81

Budæus, Budé on, 115

—— his Commentaries, 161

—— Style of, 162

Bunyan, John, 828

Burnet, his Theory of Earth, 841

Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy, 637

Bury, Richard of, 39

Butler, Hudibras of, 783

Byzantine Literature, 48

Cabbala, The Jewishp, 100

Calderon, his Comedies, 593

—— his Tragedies, 595

Calendar, Gregorian, 390

Calisto and Melibœa, Drama of, 128

Calvin, John, 177

—— Institutes of, 177

Camoenss, The Lusiad of, 330

Cancionero General, The, 61

Cardan, Jerome, 193

—— Discoveries of, 221

Carew, Poetry of, 584

Cartesian Theory, The, 655

Casa, Poems of, 318

Casaubon, Isaac, 248, 410

—— Wavering of, 428, 430, note

Cassander, Consultation of, 265

Castalio, Sebastian, 270

Castelvetro, Ludovico, 377

Castile, Rhymes in Language of, 60

—— The Language of, 21

Castillejo, 329

Casuistry, Schemes of, 523

Casuists, English, 527

—— Literature of the, 521

Cathani, Labours of, 276

Catholicon, Balbi’s, 40

Cats, Father, 577

Caxton, First Works of, 79

Celio Magno, Odes of, 319

Celso Minop, 271

Cena de li Ceneri, The, 282

Century, Twelfth, Progress during, 6

Cervantes, his Don Quixote, 638

—— Minor Novels, 640

Cesalpin, System of, 280

Ceva, Poems of, 791

Chapman, his Translation of Homer, 341

Charlemagne, Few schools before, 4

—— Greeks under, 45

—— Work effected by, 4

Charron, Pierre, 529

—— on Wisdom, 529

Chaucer, Gower and, 24

Chaulieu, Poems of, 781

Cheke, Teaching of, 168

Chiabrera, Poems of, 569

—— Style of, 569

Chillingworth, his Religion of Protestants, 436

China, Jesuits in, 401

Chivalry, Effects of, on Poetry, 64

—— Romances of, 215

Christianismi Restitutio, The, 268, note

Christianity, Vindicators of, 699

Chronicle, The Saxon, 23

Chronology, Lydiat’s, 420

—— Scaliger’s, 258

Chrysoloras, Disciples of, 49

Chrysostom, Saville’s, 412

Church, Early Learning in the, 2

—— High, Rise of in England, 427, 435

Cicero, Editions of, 160

Ciceronianus, The, 159

—— Scaliger on the, 160

Cid, The, 597

Citizens, Privileges of, 303

Clarendon, History of, 636

Classics, First Editions of, 231

Clergy, Discipline of the, 261

—— Prejudices of, against profane learning, 2

—— Use of their prejudices, 3

Codex, Chartaceus, 30

Colleges at Alcala and Louvain, 134

—— not derived from Saracens, 9

Colonna, Vittoriap, 202

Columbus, the Anatomist, 398

Columns, Double, use of, 241

Comedies of the Restoration, 807

Comedy, First English, 214

Comenius, Popularity of, 409

Commès, Philip de, 118

Commentators, English, about 1600, 453

Commonwealths, Origin of, 303

Concord, Form of, 267

Congreve, Plays of, 807, 808

Conti, Account of the East by, 72

Controversy raised by Baius, 267

Copernican Theory, The, 386

Copernicus, Labours of, 222

Corneille, Pierre, Plays of, 597

—— Style of, 598

Corneille, Thomas, 799

Cortesius, Paulus, 89

Costanzo, Poems of, 319

Cowley, Johnson’s Character of, 580

Crashaw and Donne, 580

Crellius, Ruanus and, 440

Cremonini, 281

Criticism in the Sixteenth Century, 375

Critics about 1600, 414

Cruquius of Ypres, 236

Cudworth, Ralph, 707

Cumberland, Richard, 747

Daillé on the Fathers, 435

Dalgarno, George, 735

Daniel, his History of England, 635

Dante, Petrarch and, 22

De Bergerac, Novels of, 827

De Gongora, Luis, 572

—— Style of, 572

—— Works of, 572

De Leon, Luis, 328

De Lisle, Map of the World by, 845

De Retz, Memoirs of, 846

De Sevigné, Madame, 812

De Vega, Lope, 353

—— Fertility of, 353

—— Popularity of, 354

—— Style of, 354

—— Versification of, 354

De Villegas, Manuel Estevan, 571

Dead, Dialogues of the, 811

Decline of German Poetry, 20

Defensio Fidei Nicenæ, The, 695

Deistical Writers, 277

Delineation, Arts of, 93

Della Causa, The, 282

Delphin Editions, 680

Denham, Sir John, 579

Descartes, René, 491

—— Attacked by Gassendi, 497

—— Charged with Plagiarism, 505

—— Early Life, 491

—— his Meditations, 495

—— his Mental Labours, 492

—— his Paradoxes, 499

—— his Publications, 492

—— his Superiority, 497

—— Merits of his Writings, 503

—— on Free will, 503

—— on Intuitive Truth, 501

Desportes, Poems of, 335

Deventes, College at, 54

Devotional Works in 1600, 454

Dictionary, Della Crusca, 625

Dodorus, Clusius and, 396

D’Oliva, Perez, 195

Don Quixote, 638

Don Sancho Ortiz, Analysis of, 355

Donne, Crashaw and Cowley, 580

Dramatic Mysteries, Origin of, 105

Drayton, Michael, 581

—— His Polyolbion, 591

Dryden, Early Poems, 787

—— Fables, 789

—— Odes, 790

—— Style of, 821

—— Tragedies, 805

—— Translations, 790

Ductor Dubitantium, Taylor’s, 745

Dunbar, Poems of, 130

Dupin on Ancient Discipline, 686

Du Vair, Works of, 371

Earle, John, Works of, 637

Eastern Languages, Early Study of, 128

Ecclesiastical Polity, The, 289

Elizabeth, Learning under, 249

Encomium Moræ, The, 143

Encyclopædias of Middle Ages, 58

England, Reformed Tenets in, 178

England, Revival of Learning in, 3

English, Use of, 22

Equations, Cubic, Invention of, 220

Episcopius, Works of, 440

Erasmus, Adages of, 139

—— Character of, 139

—— Epistles of, 175

—— First Visit to England, 116

—— His Controversy with Luther, 174

—— Jealousy of, 139

—— Quotations from, 140

—— Testament of, 142

—— Zeal of, 114

Erastianism, Disputes on, 444

Ercilla, The Araucana of, 329

Erpenius, Works of, 671

Essays, Bacon’s, 293

—— Montaigne’s, 290

—— Sir W. Temple’s, 824

Essex, Earl of, 633

Etherege, Plays of, 808

Euclid, Early Translations of, 56

Europe, Language in, in 1400, 25

Eustachius on Anatomy, 397

Evelyn, Works of, 821

Faber of Savoy, 313

Fabricius on the Language of Brutes, 663

Faery Queen, The, 343

—— Style of, 344

—— Superiority of First Volume, 343

Fallopius on Anatomy, 397

Fanaticism, Growth of, 172

Farces, First Real, 107

Farquhar, Plays of, 809

Fenelon on Female Education, 761

—— Works of, 696

Fermat, the Geometer, 651

Fernel, Works of, 220

Ferreira, 331

Ficinus, Works of, 98

Fiction, Popular Moral, 66

Figures in MSS. of Boethius, 55

Filacaja, Vincenzo, 777

Filli di Sciro, The, 592

Fléchier, Style of, 703

Fletcher, Beaumont and, 611

—— Phineas and Giles, 577

Fleury, Ecclesiastical History, 687

Florence, Academy of, 22 9

—— History of, 199

Fontenelle, Character of, 810, 817

—— Poems of, 782

Ford, John, 621

France, Troubadours of, 21

Francesca of Rimini, 26

Franco-Gallia, The, 295

Free will, Molina on, 268

France, Classical Study in, 53

French, Diffusion of, 19

—— During Eleventh Century, 14

—— Early, 13

—— in England, Disuse of, 24

—— Whence it came, 13

Friars, Mendicant, The, 9

Fuchs, Leonard, 226

Fur Prædestinatus, Sancroft’s, 693

Galileo, compared with, Bacon, 486

—— Discoveries of, 653

Gallantry, Effects of on Poetry, 64

—— Probable Origin of, 64

Garnier, 357

Gascoyne, George, 337

Gasparin, Style of, 43

—— Works of, 42, 43

Gassendi, Syntagma Philosophicum of, 710

—— Bernier on, 713

—— Works of, 467, 468

Gemalis Dies, The, 160

Genius, Want of, in Dark Ages, 5

Gentilis, Albenius, 316

—— De Jure Belli, 377

Geology, Rise of the Science, 840

Gerard, Herbal of, 397

German Poetry, Decline of, 20

—— —— of Swabian Period, 19

Germany, Schools in, 89

Gesner, Conrad, 241, 392

—— His Zoology, 392

—— Quadrupeds discovered by, 393

Gilbert, his Treatise on the Magnet, 392

Glanvil, his Scepsis Scientifica, 733

—— the Plus Ultra, 735

Glosa, Nature of the, 61

Glosses, Meaning of, 31

—— Use of, 31

Gloucester, Library of Duke of, 54

Godefroy, James, 775

Gomberville, 641

Gorboduc, Sackville’s, 359

Governor, Sir T. Elyot’s, 195

Gower, Chaucer and, 24

Grammars of the Sixteenth Century, 239 note.

—— Provençal, 14

Greek, better known after 1580, 251

—— Corruption of Language, 47

—— Dawn of in England, 115

—— Early Grammars and Lexicons, 112

—— Latin Translations of, 50

—— Learned by Petrarch, 48

—— Learning in Middle Ages, 45

—— Printing, Early, 84

—— Revival of Study of, 44

—— Study of at Paris, 91

—— Taught by Chrysoloras, 49

—— Taught to Boys, 167

Greeks, Emigration of, to Italy, 52

Grew, Discoveries of, 839

Grocyn, Linaire and, 135

Groot, Gerard, College of, 54

Grotius, De Imperio Circa Sacra, 444

—— De Jure Belli, 544 et seq.

—— his Arrangement, 565

—— his Defects, 565

—— Objections to, 561

—— Religious Doubts of, 428

—— Vindicated against Rousseau, 565

—— Works of, 414

Gruchius, Works of, 255

Gruter, his Collection of Inscriptions, 419

—— his Suspicions, 413

Grymæus, Geography of, 228

Guevara, Treatise of, 194

Guiciardini, History of, 402

Guidi, Poems of, 777

Gymnasium, Roman, 131

Habington, 585

Hales on Schism, 438

Hardy, Plays of, 596

Harmonia Apostolica, Bull’s, 694

Harriott, Works of, 649

Harvey, his Anatomical Discoveries, 665

Havelok the Dane, 18

Hawes, Stephen, 153

Hebraists of the Fifteenth Century, 227

Hebrew, First Printed, 95

—— in the Sixteenth Century, 670

Heinsius, Daniel, 413

Herbert, Lord, of Cherbury, 456, 465

Herrera, Works of, 329

Herrick, Robert, 586

Heterodoxy, Italian, 179

Heywood, Plays of, 622

—— Thomas, 363

Hippocrates, Study of, 224

History, Natural, from 1600-1650, 662

Hobbes, Political Works of, 538

—— The Leviathan of, 506

—— Analysis of, 506 et seq.

Hooft, Peter, 577

Hooke, Works of, 834

Hooker, Ecclesiastical Polity, 289

—— his Theory of Natural Law, 290

Horace, Lambinus’s, 235

Hottoman, Francis, 295

Hudibras, Butler’s, 783

Huet, The Censura of, 715

Hymns, German, 206

Icon Basilice, The, 636

Immutable Morality, Cudworth’s, 745

Index Expurgatorius, The, 407

Ingulfus, History of, 15

Instauratio Magna, The, 469

Irnerius, Works of, 31

Italian, Early, 22

—— Language, Origin of, 10

Italy, Printing in, 83

Jansenism, Rise of, 441

Jansenius, Tenets of, 691

Jesuits, Colleges of the, 262

—— Patronized by Popes, 263

—— Rise of the, 181

—— Rising Influence of the, 261

—— their Popularity, 181

Jewell, Apology of, 272

Joachim, Rhæticus, 388

Jodelle, Father of the French Theatre, 357

John II., Poetry under, 62

—— of Ravenna, 41

—— of Salisbury, 36

Jonson, Ben, 585

—— his Every Man in his Humour, 369

—— Plays of, 609

Journal des Sçavans, The, 817

Julian Period, Invention of the, 258

Jurisprudence, Golden Ages of, 311

—— in 1500, 200

Jurists, Decline of, after Accursius, 32

—— Early, 32

—— Scholastic, 33

Kempis, Thomas à, Works of, 68

Kepler, Discoveries of, 652

King’s Quair, The, 63

Knolles, his History of the Turks, 634

Knowledge, Limited by Sense, 481

La Bruyere, Characters of, 758

La Fayette, Madame, 826

La Fontaine, Fables of, 779

La Forge, Regis and, 714

La Motte le Vayer, 632

La Noue, Works of, 301

Labbe, Philip, 411

Lacteals, Discoveries of the, 668

Land, Views of, 427

Lanfrance and his Schools, 35

Language, A New, formed from Latin, 12

Language, Early Imperfections of, 6

—— Modern, Metres of, 15

Languet, Vindicæ of, 295

Latin becomes a New Language, 12

—— Colloquial Corruption of, 11

—— in the Lower Empire, 11

—— in the Seventh Century, 12

—— Origin of Rhyme in, 16

—— Poems, Mediæval, 210

Latinists, Apology for the, 217

—— in 1600, 415

Laws, Abridgments of, 31

Layamon, Works of, 23

Leaguers, Tenets of the, 298

Learned, Persecution of the, 81

Learning, Decline of in Sixth Century, 2

—— Encouraged by a Pope, 51

—— General, Rise of, 26

—— in England, Revival of, 3

—— in England under Edward VI., 249

Lebrixa, Character of, 86

Legal Study, Importance of, 30

Leibnitz on Roman Law, 775

—— The Protogæa of, 841

Leipsic Acts, The, 819

Leo X., a Patron of Letters, 131

Letters, The Paston, 82

Lexicon, Constantin’s, 237

—— Feirari’s, 672

—— Scapula’s, 238, note.

Libraries, New Public, 230

—— Public, Want of, 169

Library, Bodleian, Founded, 674

—— of Charles V., 39

—— Vatican, Founded, 230

Lilly, his Euphues, 373

—— Popularity of, 373

Lipsius, and other antiquaries, 256

Lister, Studies of, 836

Literature, Checks upon, 407

—— Theological, of Sixteenth Century, 183

Loci Communes, The, 275

Locke on Education, 759

—— on Government, 768

—— on Human Understanding, 736

—— on the Coin, 773

—— on Toleration, 700

Logarithms, Invention of, 645

Logic, Aconcio’s, 286

—— Campanella on, 460

—— Inductive, 481 et seq.

—— Ramus’s, Success of, 288

Lombard, Peter, 7

London, First Theatre in, 360

Lotichius, 347

Love songs, Abelard’s, 17

—— Spanish, 61

Lucan, May’s supplement to, 591

Lully, Raymond, 155

—— his method, 155

Lusiad, The, 330

—— Defects of, 330

—— Excellencies of, 330

Luther, Character of, 182

—— Dangerous tenets of, 148

—— Differences from Zwingle, 172

—— Theses of, 146

Lutrin, The, 780

Lydgate, Works of, 63

Lyndsay, Poems of, 207

Lyrics, Portuguese, early, 117

Machiavel, Nicolas, 196, 211

—— Motives of, 197

—— some of his rules not immoral, 197

—— The Prince, of, 197

—— Works of, 198

Malebranche, Theory of, 717

Malherbe, Poems of, 573

—— Style of, 573

Malpighi, Discoveries of, 840

Manana, de Rege, 299

Mantuan, Works of, 111

Manuscripts, Copying of, 36

Manutius, de Civitate, 253

—— Epistles of, 245

Maps, Early, 94

Maranta on gardening, 395

Margarita, Antoniana, The, 287

Marlowe, Plays of, 360

Marot, Poems of, 206

Marsham, Sir John, 685

Massinger, Philip, 618

Matthiola, System of, 226

Medici, Lorenzo de, 80

Medicine, Early Study of, 58

—— Revival of Greek methods of, 223

Meigret, Orthography of, 219

Melancthon, Early Studies of, 127

—— Tenets of, 266

Melville, Andrew, 253

Memoirs, Political, 301

Mendicant Friars, The, 9

Mendoza, Works of, 208, 673

Mercator, Gerard, 402

Metre, Romances in, 18

Metres of Modern Languages, 15

—— Spanish, 60

Microscope, first used in Anatomy, 842

Milton, John, 586

—— Allegro, 587

—— Compared with Dante, 784

—— Comus, 586

—— Il Penseroso, 587

—— Lycidas, 587

—— Paradise Lost, 783

—— Paradise Regained, 787

—— Samson Agonistes, 787

—— Sonnets, 588

Minot, Lawrence, 24

Mirandola, Picus of, 101

—— Credulity of, 101

—— Literary Works of, 102

Miscellanies of Politian, 95

Moliére, Plays of, 799

Montaigne, Essays of, 290

—— Characteristics of, 291

Montesquieu, Bodin compared with, 310

Moralities, Early, 107

Morals, Italian writers on, 292

More, Henry, 709

More, Utopia of, 137

Morgante Maggiore, The, 97

Morison, Robert, 837

Motion, Laws of, 658

Mun, Thomas, on Foreign Trade, 773

Muretus, Marc Antony, 233

Mysteries, Desire to explore, 99

—— Early English, 105

Naudé, Gabriel, 534

Napier, Works of, 645

Nizolius, Marius, 286

Norris, Essay of, 725

Northern Seas, Discoveries in, 401

Nosce Teipsum, The, 340

Novum Organum, The, 478

Numencia, The, of Cervantes, 356

Numerals, Arabic, 55

Numismatics, Works on, 257

Oceana, Harrington’s, 766

Opinion, Religious, in Fifteenth Century, 67

Opitz, Martin, 575

—— Followers of, 576

Optics, Discoveries in, 660

Opus Magnus, Bacon’s, 57

Oracles, The History of, 811

Orientalists, Celebrated, 844

Orlando Furioso, The, 150

—— a continuation of Boiardo, 150

—— its popularity, 150

—— its want of seriousness, 150

—— Style of, 151

Orlando Innamorata, The, 112

Ortelius, Works of, 401

Otway, Plays of, 806

Oxford, University of, founded, 8

Paley, Compared with Puffendorf, 707

Pallavicino, Ferrante, 625

Pantheism, Bruno and, 283

Papal Power, Decline of, 425

Papal Power, Discussion of, 274

Paper, Cotton, First use of, 28

—— Invention of, 28

—— Linen, as old as 1100, 29

—— —— First use of, 28

—— —— Known to Peter of Clugni, 29

—— of mixed materials, 29

Papias, Vocabulary of, 36

Papyrus, Use of the, 28

Paracelsus, Theophrastus, 191, 463

—— his extravagances, 192

—— his impostures, 192

Paradise Lost, Milton’s, 783

Parchment, Use of, 28

Paris, University of, founded, 6

—— increase of, 8

Paruta, Paolo, 302

Pascal, Malebranche and, 724

—— Provincial letters of, 744

—— Thoughts of, 697, 725

Pastor Fido, Guarini’s, 351

Pastourelles, Early, 18

Patrizzi, 281

Pearson on the Creed, 704

Peele, Greene and, 362

Pelletier, Algebra of, 385

Pellican, 227

Perkins, his Cases of Conscience, 527

Perrault, Charles, 816

Petavius, the Jesuit, 421

Peter Martyr, Epistles of, 156

Petrarch, Dante and, 22

—— Latin Poems of, 41

—— Restoration of Letters by, 40

—— Style of, 41

Philology, Stephens’s Works on, 243

Philosophy, Consolation of, 1

—— Scholastic, Defeat of, 188

—— Scholastic, Origin of, 7

—— Speculative, 188

—— Stanley’s History of, 707

Pibrac, 335

Pilgrim’s Progress, The, 828

Pinelli, Occupations of, 404

Platonists, Aristotelians and, 74

Poem, Early, on Boethius, 13

Poetry, Early English, 62

—— German, Decline of, 20

—— German, of Swabian Period, 19

—— Provençal, 16

Poets, Early Spanish, 203

—— Elizabethan, 342

—— Minor, from 1650-1700, 790

Poggio, Bracciolini, 42

—— on the Views of Rome, 72

Politian, Works of, 95, 105

Political Philosophy in the Sixteenth Century, 294

Polyglott, Walton’s, 843

Pontanus, Works of, 111

Popery, Taylor’s Dissuasive from, 690

Port-Royal Writers, 679

Poynet on Politique Power, 296

Prerogative Argument, 485, note.

Press, The, of Aldus, 125

Printing, Effects of, on Reformation, 124

—— Invention of, 75

—— Progress of, 79

—— Restraint of, 124

Progress in the Tenth Century, 4

Prophesying, Taylor’s Liberty of, 449

Prose-writers under Elizabeth, 373

Protestantism Extinguished in Italy, 260

—— And Spain, 261

Protestants, use of the Term, 173

—— The Religion of, 426

Provençal Grammar, 14

Psalter, Early Printed, 77

Publications, Early European, 85

Puffendorf, his Theory of Politics, 762

—— The Law of Nature, 753

Pulci, Works of, 97

Purbach, Discoveries of, 78

Quevedo, Satires of, 571

—— Visions of, 825

Rabelais, 216

Racine, Plays of, 793, 802

—— Style of, 798

Raleigh, his History of the World, 635

Ramus, Peter, mentioned by Bacon, 191

—— Peter, New Logic of, 190

Ramusio, Voyages of, 400

Rapin, René, on Gardens, 792

—— Critical Works of, 815

Ray, Works of, 835, 838

Reading and Writing, Ignorance of, 25

Réflexions sur l’Eloquence, Les, 815

Reformation, Burnet’s History of the, 846

—— Origin of the, 146

Regiomontanus, 93

Regnard, Plays of, 802

Regnier, Statues of, 574

Religion, Differences of, Effects of, on Poetry, 66

Republic, Analysis of the, 302

Reuchlin,, 104

—— The Monks and, 145

Reviews, Early, 817

Rhetoric, Cox’s Art of, 219

Rhetorique, Wilson’s Art of, 379

Rhyme, Origin of in Latin, 16

Ribeyro, Works of, 205

Richard of Bury, 39

Richelieu, his Care for Liberty, 426

Rienzi, The Story of, 52

Rivinus, System of, 838

Rochefoucault, 757

Roger Bacon, Works of, 57

Roman Laws, never wholly unknown, 31

Romances, Metrical, 18

—— of Chivalry, The, 65

Rome, Loss of Learning on Fall of, 1

—— Conversions to, 263

—— Supremacy of, 422

Ronsard, Poems of, 333

Roscelin, Story of, 7

Rose, Bishop of Senlis, 298

Rosmunda, The, 132

Rota, Bernardino, 320

Rowley, Thomas, 83

Royal Society, Origin of the, 832

Ruanus, Crellius and, 440

Rueda, Lope de, 212

Ruel, Studies of, 226

Rymer on Tragedy, 823

Sachs, Hans, Dramas of, 213

Sackville, Works of, 336

St. Evremond, 812

Salmasius, Works of, 412, 415

Salvator, Rosa, Satires of, 778

Sanchez, Minerva of, 244

—— Sceptical Theory of, 285

Sansons, Maps of the, 844

Santeul, Latin Poems, 793

Sarpi, Fra Paolo, 423

Saville on Roman Militia, 257

Saxon Chronicle, The, 23

Scaliger, Joseph, 247

—— as a Critic, 375

Scaliger assists Gruter, 419

Scarron, Roman Comique of, 826

Schools, Early teaching in, 136

—— Greek Taught in, 251

Science in Sixteenth Century, 645

Sciences, Academy of, at Paris, 832

—— of Middle Ages, 55

Scioppius, Work of, 416

Scot, Reginald, 278

Scotland, Learning in about 1550, 253

Scotus, 91

—— Reasonings of, 92

Scripture, Early Translation of, 85

Sebonde, Raymond de, 69

—— Real Objects of, 70

Secchia Rapita, The, 568

Secular Variation, Law of, 176

Segrais, Novels of, 827

Seicentisti, Opinions on the, 566

Selden, De Jure Naturali, 528

Semi-Pelagian School, The, 439

Sermons, Donne’s and Taylor’s, 454

—— Latimer’s, 184

Serra, Antonio, 537

Servetus, Labours of, 180

—— Life of, 269

Servitude, Domestic, 303

Shadwell, Plays of, 808

Shakspeare, William, 364, 602

—— As You Like it, 369

—— Comedy of Errors, 365

—— First Writings, 364

—— Historical Plays, 368

—— Love’s Labours Lost, 365

—— Lear, 604

—— Lucrece, 340

—— Measure for Measure, 603

—— Merry Wives of Windsor, 603

—— Midsummer Night’s Dream, 365

—— Pericles, 605

—— Poems, 340

—— Roman Tragedies, 606

—— Romeo and Juliet, 366

—— Sonnets, 582

—— Twelfth Night, 602

—— Two Gentlemen of Verona, 365

—— Venus and Adonis, 340

Shirley, Plays of, 621

Skelton, Works of, 154

Smith, Teaching of, 167

Societies, German Literary, 575

Socinianism, Rise of, 181

Sonnets, Shakspeare’s, 583

Soto, Dominic, 289

South, Sermons of, 704

Southern, Plays of, 807

Spain, Pastoral Romances of, 117

Spanish Language, Origin of, 10

Spenser, his Sense of Beauty, 344

—— Resembles Ariosto, 344

—— Shepherd’s Kalendar of, 337

—— Style of, 345

Spregel, the Dutch Ennius, 576

Spinosa, Ethics of, 726, 746

—— Politics of, 764

Stampa, Gaspara, 321

—— her Love for Collalto, 321

—— her Second Love, 322

—— her Style, 322

Statics, Galileo’s, 657

Stephens, Thesaurus of, 163, 237

—— Works of, 236

Stevinus, Statics of, 391

Strada, his Prolusiones, 627

Sturm on German Schools, 165

Suarez, of Granada, 524

—— on Laws, 544

—— Works of, 525

Surrey, Wyatt and, 207

Surville, Clotilde de, 83

Swift, his Tale of a Tub, 831

Sydney, Algernon, on Government, 767

—— Sir Philip, his Defence of Poesie, 338

—— his Poetry, 339

Syriac, New Testament in, 399

Table Talk, Selden’s, 532

Tacitus of Lipsius, The, 235

Tale of a Tub, The, 831

Talent, Deficiency of Poetical, in Tenth Century, 5

Tasso, Bernardo, The Amadigi of, 323

—— Torquato, 324

—— compared with others, 326

—— his Jerusalem, 324

—— —— Characters of, 325

—— —— Faults in, 325

—— his Styles, 324

—— Virgil and, 326

Tassoni, Alessandro, 568

Taste, Prevalence of Bad, 5

Tauler, John, 25

Taylor, Bishop Jeromy, 447

Telemaque, Fenelon’s, 828

Telesio, System of, 281

Theatre, English, Revival of, 804

—— First French, 107

Theosophists, Paracelsists, and, 463

Thesauri of Grævius and Gronovius, 683

Thesaurus Criticus, Gruter’s, 234

Thomas À Kempis, School of, 55

Tillotson, Sermons of, 704

Toleration, Arguments for, 446

Tournebœuf, or Turnebus, 233

Tournefort, System of, 838

Tractate, Milton’s, 758

Tracts, Statistical, 775

Treatise de Imitatione Christi, 68

Trent, Council of, 182

—— Efforts of, 264

Trinitarian Controversy, The, 268

Turkish Spy, The, 829

Tyndale, Bible of, 187

Tyrannicide, Poynet and, 297

Universities, Rise of, 8

Usher, Chronology of, 684

Usury, Noodt on, 776

Utopia, More’s, 137

Valla, Laurentius, 72

—— Defects of his Work, 73

—— Heeren’s Praise of it, 73

—— Testament, Annotations on New, 73

Valors, Henry, 681

Van Helmont, 669

Vanbrugh, Plays of, 809

Vanini, Writings of, 455

Vatican Library, The, 230

Vesalius, Works of, 224

Victa, Francis, 385

Victoria, Learning of, 44

Vincent of Beauvais, 59

Vinci, Leonardo de, 108

Vocabulary of Papias, 36

Voiture, Poems of, 574

Vondel, 577

Vossius, Gerard, 417

Vulgar Errors, Browne’s, 677

Vulgate, The, 187

—— Authenticity of, 278

Waller, Poetry of, 782

Walton, the Complete Angler, 824

Webster, Plays of, 622

White, Thomas, 706

Wilkins, Bishop, 736

Wit, Whetstone of, The, 385

Witchcraft, Scot on, 278

Writers, Romish, 183

Writing, Rise of Knowledge of, 27

Wyatt, Surrey and, 207

Wycherley, Plays of, 803

Ximenes, Cardinal, 134

Zerbi, Anatomy of, 130

Zwingle, Work of, 147