INDEX.
Francis G. Binnie translation
Abrin, 344, 345, 346, 401
Abrin intoxication, action of body fluids on, 365, 420; leucocytic reaction against, 393, 401
Absorption. See Resorption
Acari, mechanical action of, 3
Acclimatisation. See Adaptation
Acid reaction inside phagocytes, 83, 182
Acid, secretion of, in osmosis, 37, 566
Acidophile microbian flora of stomach, 418
Actinians, digestion in, 53, 82, 85
Actinodiastase, 57, 197
Actinophrys, 14, 18
Adaptation. See also Immunity
Adaptation to toxic substances, 21–27, 30, 342, 390; to saline solutions, 23, 30, 515; to physical conditions, 26, 30–31; of plasmodia to arsenious acid, 31; of pancreatic secretion to kind of food, 64, 65; of phagocytes to destroy micro-organisms, 281, 558, 566; of animals to spinal concussion, etc., 564; of cells, 513
Addiment (syn. Complement), 95
Agglutination in natural immunity, 202, 206; and phagocytosis, 202, 242, 245; in the diagnosis of typhoid, 256, 257, 261, 439; its mechanism, 257; of red blood corpuscles by serums, 258; of red blood corpuscles by ricin, 360; does not prevent growth of micro-organisms, 262
Agglutinative power, transmission by heredity or suckling, 450; not developed parallel with bactericidal power, 483
Agglutinins in immunity, 242, 245, 256–265, 295, 542, 559; characters of, 255, 559; origin of, in immunised animal, 263–265, 294; difference between fixatives and, 255, 265, 559; not the same as protective substances, 268, 269, 294
Albuminoid substances, resorption of, 106–127
Alexins. See also Cytases
Alexins, 87–95, 96, 98, 184, 193, 255, 528, 533, 535, 539
Alimentary canal. See Intestine
Alizarin sulpho-acid, 13, 83, 183
Alligator, 77, 143, 332, 401
Amboceptors (syn. fixatives), 91, 93, 297, 557
Ammocoetes, 77, 78
Amoeba, 14, 18, 23, 547, 549
Amoebo-diastase, 16, 197, 549
Amoeboid cells. See Leucocytes and Phagocytes
Amphibia. See Frog, Axolotl
Amylase, 95; in the urine, 65
Androctonus. See Scorpion
Anopheles and malaria, 129
Antagonism between certain bacteria, 323
Anthrax, 11, 20, 21, 25, 41, 46, 180; immunity of dog against, 149–151, 242; acquired immunity of Scolopendra against, 209; natural immunity of white rat against, 526; protective serums against, 20, 276, 309–311; phagolysis in acquired immunity against, 280; immunisation against, by means of other bacteria, 323; infection by inhalation, 412; by ingestion, 423; immunity against, transmitted to offspring, 445, 447; vaccinations against, 208, 241, 468–471; method, 470; statistics, 471; vaccination against, by heated anthrax blood, 507; vaccines against, 208, 470, 509; phagocytosis in, 521, 523
Anthrax bacillus, action on rabies, 150; bactericidal action of blood serums on, 20, 146, 150, 151, 156, 157, 240; increasing the virulence of, 150; attenuation of, 208, 288; eosinophile transformation in, 198; protective thickening of bacterial membrane in, 242; agglutination of, 203, 242, 260, 264; natural immunity against, 132–140, 143, 147, 149–159, 511, 512; acquired immunity against, 239–242, 276, 277; antagonism between, and certain bacteria, 323; fate of, in Algerian sheep, 512; destruction of, by defibrinated blood, 525
Anthrax, symptomatic: immunity against bacilli of, 171; heredity of immunity against, 452; vaccinations against, 471–473; phagocytosis in, 523
Antiabrin, 401
578Anti-arsenic serum, 390
Anticytases, 112
Anticytase serum, 115, 371
Anticytotoxins, 110, 118, 122, 127, 360
Antidiastase, 109
Antidiastatic serums, 361
Anti-enzymes, 109
Antifixative, 112
Antihaemolysins, 111
Antihaemotoxins, 111, 119, 122
Anti-infective. See Protective
Antileucocidin, 359
Antineurotoxin, 116
Antirennet, 109
Antiricin, 360
Antisepsis, Nature replaces by asepsis, 432
Antiseptics. See also Toxins and Adaptation
Antiseptics and foods, 26
Antiseptic action of the gastric juice, 417
Antispermofixative, 124
Antispermotoxins, 116, 122–126
Antistreptococcic serum, 243–245
Antitetanin, nervous origin of, 390
Antitoxic. See also Protective
Antitoxic unit of Ehrlich, 373, 496; action of non-specific and normal serums and of broth, 365; function of the saliva, 417; function of pepsin and other digestive ferments, 419, 424; action of intestinal flora, 427; property of the body fluids, 531 (see Body fluids, Serums); power of the blood of new-born children, 445
Antitoxins, natural, in normal blood, 111, 204, 444; rarity in body fluids in natural immunity, 204, 532, 533; development of, during immunisation, 354; properties of, 354; present in various fluids of immunised animal, 355, 531; mode of action of, on toxins, 356–362, 371; conditions acting in mixtures of, with toxins, 362; immunity against toxins not in direct constant ratio to amount of, 367–376; effect of using serum from same species, 379; hypothesis as to nature and origin of, 377–402, 562; probable part played by phagocytes in production of, 400–402; rapid regeneration of, after bleeding, 379; augmentation in production of, by pilocarpin, 380; transmission of, by milk to offspring, 449; analogy of, with fixatives, 561; hypersecretion of, 563
Antivenomous property of blood of scorpion, 328; action of serums, 334, 338; serum, action of, 334, 338, 358, 360
Aqueous humour, bactericidal action of, 184, 192; in immunised animals contains no fixative, 217, 222; in immunised animals contains antitoxin, 355
Arsenic; adaptation to, 31, 343, 390; protective serum against, 390; leucocytic reaction against, 396–399; as a remedy against microbial disease, 513
Arsenic acid, action of, on anthrax bacillus, 25
Arsenious acid, adaptation of plasmodia to, 31
Arthropoda. See Clothes-moth, Crayfish, Crustacea, Daphnia, Scolopendra, Scorpion, Spider, Tick
Arthrospores of Hueppe, 254
Ascaris, poor microbian flora in intestine of, 421; phagocytic organs of, 547
Asepsis is Nature’s method, 432
Aspergillosis, 2, 4. See also Mycoses
Atrophic diseases, probably due to a parasite, 3
Atropin, reaction of rabbit and guinea-pig to, 395, 396
Attenuation. See also Vaccination, Vaccines
Attenuation of micro-organisms and viruses, discovery and application of, 208, 247, 288, 508; of micro-organisms by the fluids of immunised animals, 286–289; of toxins, 344
Autodigestion in yeast, 197
Autospermotoxins, 101
Autotoxins, 104
Axolotl, susceptible to tetanus toxin, 330
Bacilli, anaerobic, natural immunity against, 169, 170
Bacillus aërogenes, agglutination in, 264
Bacillus chauraei. See Anthrax symptomatic
Bacillus coli attacks potato, 35; vaccination against, 267; transformation of, into granules, 198; modified growth on certain serums, 259
Bacillus of Doederlein, 429; of Kiel water, 408
Bacillus pyocyaneus, 42, 180, 254, 528; acquired immunity against, 210, 232–236, 301; Pfeiffer’s phenomenon in, 234, 307; special forms of growth in serums from vaccinated animals, 256; agglutination of, 261, 307; susceptibility to the toxins of, 290, 351; action of specific serum on, 307, 358; antagonistic to anthrax bacillus, 323; immunisation against toxin of, 351; a leucocidin from, 359; action of liver on toxin of, 427; heredity of immunity against toxin of, 446
Bacillus ranicida, 140
Bacteria. See Micro-organisms
Bactericidal action of serum, influence of alkalinity or acidity on, 196; function of the tears, 408
Bactericidal property. See also Body fluids, Humoral theory, Serums
Bactericidal property: in blood and other fluids, 20, 146, 150, 151, 156, 157, 184–193, 211, 226, 233, 238, 240, 241, 243, 244, 512, 525–531, 542, 554; of body fluids, theory of osmotic pressure, 193, 213; 579of extracts of glands and exudations, 195; of the saliva, 415; absence of, from the intestinal ferments, 424, 567; of serums, Wright’s method of testing, 483; does not develop parallel with agglutinative, 483; and immunity, absence of parallelism, 554
Bactericidal substance (alexin, complement, cytase): in blood and other fluids, 184–193, 534; source of, in body fluids, 185–193; theory of leucocytic secretions, 187–191; presence in body fluids due to phagolysis, 191; is of phagocytic origin, 185, 192; in body fluids, microphages source of, 187; not resistant to heat, 268; and so distinguished from protective substance, 268; Pfeiffer’s theory of, 534
Bacteriolysis. See Micro-organisms, destruction of
Bacteriolysis, analogy between haemolysis and, 537
Bat, immunity against tetanus of hibernating, 339
Baumès-Colles’ law in syphilis, 436
Behring’s “normal serum,” 496
Bile, function of, 60; salts protective against snake venom, 388; protective function of, 424
Bipinnaria, 70, 518
Blastomycetes. See also Yeast-cells
Blastomycetes, resistance of Daphnia to, 131, 404, 520; fate of, in refractory organism, 172; acidophile, 418
Blood, pepsin in the, 66, 563; precipitins in the, 68, 106, 107, 568; fate of effusions of, 73; bactericidal power of, 184 (see also Bactericidal, Serums); natural antitoxins in normal, 111, 204, 444; stimulant (protective) action of human, 271, 318; immunity conferred by maternal, 447; recognition of, in medico-legal research, 107, 568; from convalescents, protective power of, 437, 441, 443; agglutination of (see Agglutination)
Blood corpuscles, resorption of red, 47, 50, 56, 57, 70, 72, 79–100, 537 (see also Haemolysis); fixation of cytase by red, 194; agglutination of red, by serums, 258; agglutination of red, by ricin, 360
Body fluids. See also Bactericidal, Blood, Humoral theory, Serums
Body fluids, natural immunity and the composition of, 128–131, 146; in natural immunity, absence of antitoxic property in, 204; bactericidal power of, 184–193, 512, 525–531, 542 (see also Body fluids, Serums); antitoxic power of the, 204, 531, 533, 543; protective properties of, 266–280
Boophilus bovis, 247
Bordet’s sensibilising substance, 91, 199, 298, 535, 537, 557
Botulism, protective action of fats against toxin of, 387; action of digestive diastases on toxin of, 420
Bouchard’s theory of acquired immunity, 232, 286; of attenuating power of serums, 286–289
Bouillon de panse, 473
Bovidae, acquired immunity of, against Texas fever, 247, 279; protection of, against tetanus, 494; vaccination of, against rinderpest, 425, 466–468; against rabies, 466; against anthrax, 470; against symptomatic anthrax, 471; against pleuropneumonia, 477–479; ancient methods against pleuropneumonia in, 506
Broth as a protective fluid, 320, 321, 365
Buccal cavity, microbial products in the protection of the, 416; flora of, 414
Buchner’s theory of immunity, 512, 527
Calf lymph vaccine, method of preparation, 456
Carassius. See Goldfish
Carmine, fixation of tetanus toxin by, 388, 394
Cattle. See Bovidae
Cattle plague. See Rinderpest
Cayman. See Alligator
Cellular or histogenic immunity, 335, 336, 340, 563–565
Cellulosase, 86
Cerebral substance, action of emulsions of, on toxins, 386
Cerebral tetanus, 383, 391
Chemiotaxis. See also Hyperleucocytosis, Susceptibility
Chemiotaxis in Infusoria, 19; in plasmodia of the Myxomycetes, 30; of duodenal mucous membrane, 64; of phagocytes, 79, 108, 133, 167, 177, 280; of leucocytes for rennet, &c., 119; positive, in segmentation-cells of frog embryo, 565
Cholera antibody (fixative), 253, 267, 292
Cholera, Asiatic, protective power of blood of convalescents from, 441; vaccinations against, 480–481
Cholera peritonitis, heredity of immunity against, 447, 448; immunity of guinea-pig against, 533
Cholera toxin, alligator resistant to, 333; immunisation against, 350; action of normal serum of goat on, 365
Cholera vibrio. See also Pfeiffer’s phenomenon, Vibrios
Cholera vibrio, adaptation of, to bactericidal substance, 23; susceptibility of larva of Rhinoceros beetle to, 40, 133; immunity of frog against, 142; of guinea-pig against, 163, 533; extracellular destruction of, 165, 212 (see also Pfeiffer’s phenomenon); eosinophile transformation in, 198; arthrospores of, 254; agglutination of, 261, 264; protective action of serums against, 268, 271, 318; 580of human blood against, 271, 318; immunity to, is not insusceptibility to its toxin, 290; origin of protective property against, 291; protective action of various fluids against, 320; antagonism between certain bacteria and, 324; in stomach, 419, 567; susceptible to acids in vitro, 419; in intestine, 423, 567; serum from animals immunised against, 532
Cholesterin. See also Fats
Cholesterin, fixation of toxins by, 387; fixation of saponin by, 389
Chytridium, 12
Cicatrisation of plants, 34
Clasmatocytes, 78
Clavelée (la). See Sheep-pox
Clavelisation against Sheep-pox, 460
Clothes-moths, micro-organisms absent from digestive canal of larvae of certain, 420
Coccobacillus prodigiosus. See under Micrococcus
Cockchafer larva, 70, 326
Complement of Ehrlich, 88, 91, 193, 251, 297
Complementoids of Ehrlich, 115
Concussion, spinal, adaptation to, 564
Conjunctiva, elimination of micro-organisms by the, 408; absorption of toxins by the, 409
Copula of P. Müller, 91
Cornea, protective resistance by the, 409
Crayfish, susceptible to certain toxins, 345; blood of, antitoxic against scorpion venom, 366; poor intestinal flora of, 421
Crickets and micro-organisms, 41, 133; natural immunity against toxins in, 329
Crustacea. See Crayfish, Daphnia
Crustacea, protective function of integument of, 404
Cyprinus. See Goldfish
Cytase of Laurent, 86
Cytases (syn. alexins, complements), 93, 98, 123; elaborated by phagocytes, 197, 252, 539, 549–556; thrown out into plasmas during phagolysis, 95, 99, 102, 197, 252, 551–554; bactericidal power of, 183, 184, 191, 193–198, 217 (see also Bactericidal, Body fluids, Serums); unity or plurality of, in same serum, 193, 197; absorption of, 194, 200; two kinds of, macrocytase and microcytase, 195, 296, 549; characters of the, 197, 549; enzymes other than, in phagocytes, 197; in the immunised organism, 250–255, 296, 317, 554; presence or absence of, how determined, 253; Ehrlich’s and author’s views on, contrasted, 297; compared with fixatives, 555
Cytotoxins, 105 (note), 110, 116
Daphnia, resistance of, to Blastomycetes, 131, 404, 520
Darwin on the extinction of the elephant, 8
Dermis, arrest of micro-organisms in the, 406
Desmon (of London), 91
Diastases. See Digestive ferments, Ferments
Digestion in the higher animals, 49, 59–65; psychical and nervous elements in, 62, 566; extracellular, by secreted juices, 49, 58, 62; the liver of the Mollusca as second organ of, 59; in the tissues, 67; and resorption closely related, 69, 85; by macrophagic organs, 85, 150
Digestion, intracellular. See also Phagocytes, Phagocytosis, Resorption
Digestion, intracellular, 48, 85, 517, 518, 520; in the Protozoa, 13, 30, 49; in Planarians, 49, 71, 82; in Actinians, 53, 82, 85; in Sponges, 69, 517; transition from, to digestion by secreted juices, 49, 58
Digestive ferments, antitoxic function of, 424; action of, on toxin of botulism, 420
Diphtheria, 7, 41, 132, 204; antitoxic power of blood of convalescents from, 443; antitoxic power against, in blood of healthy persons, 444; and in blood of new-born children, 445; heredity of immunity against, 445, 447, 448; influence of anticytase serum on, 371; vaccinations against, 495–503; serum against, 495; standardisation and testing of this serum, 496–498; its protective and antitoxic powers do not develop in equal ratio, 497; its prophylactic use, 498–503; accidents during treatment, 499, 502; statistics, 500–503
Diphtheria toxin, increased susceptibility of immunised guinea-pig to, 290; natural immunity of rat and mouse against, 204, 339; natural immunity of frog against, 330; immunisation against, 344, 347, 349, 353; attenuation of, 344; preventive action of nucleohiston on, 365; action of, on brain of laboratory animals, 386; sets up local lesions in the conjunctiva, 409; pepsin destroys, 419
Diplococcus pneumoniae. See Pneumococcus
Diseases, fear of, and pessimism, 1, 569; atrophic, probably due to a parasite, 3; mechanical element as etiological factor, 3; toxic element as etiological factor, 4; developed on the earth at a very early epoch, 8; and extinction of species, 8; infective, in multicellular plants, 29–39; set up by Fungi. See Fungi
Dog, immunity of, against anthrax, 149–151, 242; action of anthrax bacillus on rabid, 150; immunity of, against streptococci, 167; naturally refractory against a staphylococcus, 266; bactericidal action of blood of, on anthrax bacillus, 150, 151, 156; digestion of gelatine by leucocytes of, 108; enterokynase in lymphoid organs of, 61; digestive fluids of, 62–65; disinfecting power of small intestine of, 422; 581phagocytosis in, 149, 151; haematozoon in, 279
Domestic animals, immunisation of, against disease. See Bovidae, Dog, Goat, Horse, Pig, Sheep, Swine, Vaccines, Vaccinations
Dourine, 2, 247
Drepanidium, 515
Drugs, absorption of, by leucocytes, 400
Duodenum, chemiotaxis of mucous membrane of, 64
“Dust” cells, 75, 411–414
Eel’s serum. See also Ichthyotoxin
Eel’s serum, toxic action of, 20, 111, 563; and precipitins, 68, 106
Effusions of blood, fate of, 73
Ehrlich’s neutral red reaction, 13, 83, 181; classification of leucocytes, 74, 76–78; theory of side-chains or receptors, 120, 381–384, 538, 557, 562–563; compared with theory of phagocytes, 296–299, 538, 558; “immunising unit,” 373, 496
Elephant, extinction of, 8
Elimination of micro-organisms from the body, 43, 46; by the epidermis, 406; by the conjunctiva, 408; by the nasal mucosa, 410
Emys. See Turtle
Endo-enzymes, 197
Endotrypsin of yeast, 197
Enterokynase, 59, 98
Enzymes. See Ferments
Eosinophile leucocytes, secretion by, in bacteriolysis, 187, 542
Eosinophile staining reaction, 198
Epidermis, exfoliation of the, 406
Ernst’s bacillus, immunity of frog against, 140
Erysipelas. See Swine erysipelas
Erysipelas, immunity in, 434
Erysipelas streptococcus, protective action of, against anthrax, 323; its use in malignant tumours, 434
Excretion. See also Elimination
Excretion in relation to micro-organisms, 43, 432; of pepsin in the urine, 65; of pepsin in the blood, 66, 563
Exfoliation of the epidermis, 406
Exudations, bactericidal power of, 185, 193, 195
Farcy, slow evolution of, 406
Fats, protective action of, against toxins, 387
Ferments. See also Intestinal, Digestive, Fibrin-ferment, Gastric juice, Saliva, Trypsin
Ferments, Pasteur on the organised nature of, 2; soluble (diastases or enzymes), in digestion, 49, 55, 57, 108, 109, 197; antitoxic function of digestive, 424; phagocytic, 197, 549–559; hypersecretion of, 563
Fibrin ferment (plasmase), 95, 197, 550
Fishes. See Goldfish
Fishes, phagocytosis in, 135
Fixatives (immunising body, or amboceptor, or sensibilising substance), 88, 92–95, 97, 98, 103–105, 199–202, 296; synonyms of, 91; analogy of, with enterokynase, 98; presence of, in plasmas, 103, 112–114, 217; in protective serums, 269, 438; in mesenteric glands, 98; in spermotoxins, 101; origin of, 103, 294, 537, 556–559; specificity of, 88, 105, 216, 251, 253, 296; rarity of, in normal fluids, 199–201, 250; method of determining whether present in a serum, 199; absent from aqueous humour of immunised animals, 217, 222, 251; in the immunised organism, 250–255; properties of, 251, 253, 255, 554; differ from agglutinative substances, 255, 265, 559; relation of, to phagocytosis, 291, 295; part played by, in Pfeiffer’s phenomenon, 251, 295; and protective substances closely connected, 269, 294, 295, 561; compared with cytases, 555; mechanism of action of, 557
Food substances, absorption of, by other channel than alimentary canal, 67
Foods and antiseptics, 26
Foreign bodies, fate of, in organism, 46, 52, 55, 56, 517
Formed elements, resorption of the, 47, 67–105
Fowl, immunity of, against anthrax, 144, 159; phagocytosis in, 144, 282; bactericidal action of plasma of, on anthrax, 146; blood serum of, and tetanus, 204; immunity of, against tetanus, 204; natural immunity of, against tetanus toxin, 335; influence of removal of parts of brain and cord on tetanus in, 384
Fowl cholera, infection of laboratory animals with, 181; vaccine against, 208; phagocytosis in, 282; action of exudations of fowls vaccinated against, 288; acquired immunity against, 288, 508; failure of bacillus of, to grow in certain media, 510
Friedländer’s bacillus prevents infection by anthrax, 323
Frog, phagocytosis in, 137, 142; immunity of, against anthrax, 137; against Ernst’s bacillus, 140; against bacillus of mouse septicaemia, 141; against cholera vibrio, 142; acquired immunity of, against pyocyanic disease, 210, 301; natural immunity of, against tetanus toxin, 330; against diphtheria toxin, 330; immunisation of, against abrin, 345; absorption of tetanus toxin by brain of, 386
Frog embryo, positive chemiotaxis in segmentation-cells of, 565
Fungi, diseases set up by, 2, 4, 18, 32, 131, 135, 404 (see also Aspergillosis, Mycoses)
582Galactose. See Milk-sugar
Gamaleia’s vibrio. See Vibrio metchnikovi
Gastric juice, antiseptic action of, 417; psychic influence on, 63, 566. See Pepsin
Gelatine, resorption of, 107
Gentilly bacillus. See Pneumo-enteritis
Gerbil, tubercle in, 22, 183
Goat, action of normal serum of, on cholera toxin, 365; vaccination of, against rabies, 466; acquired immunity in, 563
Goldfish, 72, 135
Goose septicaemia. See Spirochaete anserina
“Greek method” of variolisation against small-pox, 507
Gruber’s theory of immunity, 256, 262
Guinea-pig, immunity of, against spirilla, 160, 162; against vibrios, 163, 211–227, 275, 287, 531, 533; against streptococci, 165; against tetanus bacillus, 169; against symptomatic anthrax, 171; against Trypanosomata, 173; acquired immunity against spirilla of recurrent fever, 227–230; against typhoid, 191, 230; against Bacillus pyocyaneus, 234–236; against anthrax, 276, 277; phagocytosis in, 162, 163, 166, 170, 223; hypersusceptibility of immunised, to diphtheria toxin, 290; protective power of serum of immunised, 293; effect of removal of spleen of, 293; antivenomous action of serum of, 338; immunisation of, against cholera toxin, 351; increasing natural susceptibility of, to toxins, 369, 370; reaction of, to atropin, 396
Haematopoietic organs. See also Lymphoid organs
Haematopoietic organs as source of protective substance, 292–294
Haematozoa. See Piroplasma, Trypanosoma
Haematozoon in dog closely allied to that of Texas fever, 279
Haemolysis. See also Blood corpuscles, resorption of
Haemolysis, 79–100, 111, 112, 537; the two substances which act in, 88, 98, 538; analogy between bacteriolysis and, 537
Haemomacrophages, 76, 136
Haptophore atomic group in a toxin, 120, 350, 384
Hedgehog, natural immunity of, against poisons and venoms, 337
Helix pomatia, 70, 134
Heredity of immunity, 445–453, 513
Herpestes. See Mongoose
Hibernation, effects on resistance to toxins, 339
Hippocampus, 135
Histogenic immunity, 336 (see Immunity, cellular)
Hog cholera, resemblance of bacillus of, to that of pneumo-enteritis, 259; serum of animals vaccinated against, 260; agglutination in, 260; protective action of serums against, 272; susceptibility of vaccinated animals to the toxin, 290
Horse. See also Diphtheria
Horse, acquired immunity against cholera vibrio, 222; against streptococci, 244, 245, 313; local reaction to tetanus toxin in, 352; immunised, with poor yield in antitoxin, 373, 375; reaction of, to one unit of toxin, 378; antitoxic power of serum of normal, 380; phagocytosis in, 245, 313; antivenomous action of serum of, 338; vaccination of, against rabies, 466; vaccination of, against anthrax, 470; protective serum against tetanus in, 493
Humoral phenomena in immunity, 184, 250, 290, 437–440, 525–531, 542, 543
Humoral theories of immunity, 184, 525–531, 542, 543; attempts to reconcile with theory of phagocytes, 539
Humours. See Body fluids, Serums
Hyperleucocytosis. See also Chemiotaxis
Hyperleucocytosis during immunisation, 352, 393
Hypersecretion, 563 (see Receptors)
Hypersusceptibility to toxins in immunised animals, 290, 368–374, 564
Hyphomycetes, diseases caused by, 2
Hypopyon, pus of, 96
Ichthyotoxin, 110, 120, 121, 122, 326, 360 (see also Eel’s serum)
Immunisation. See Immunity, acquired, artificial and temporary, Vaccination
Immunisation against toxins, principal methods of, 345–350; by unmodified toxins, 345–346; by modified toxins, 347; by mixtures of toxin and antitoxin, 348; by toxones and toxoids, 349; phenomena produced during, 352–354
Immunising body of Ehrlich, 91, 251; unit of Ehrlich, 373, 496
Immunity, historical sketch, 505–543; summary, 544–569; by attenuated micro-organisms, 2; predisposition or absence of, 7; against infective diseases, 9; definition of, 10; against micro-organisms, 10, 41, 42, 128–206, 207–324; against toxins, 10, 41, 42, 325–341, 342–402; not same as against micro-organisms, 290, 351; in unicellular organisms, 11–28; in multicellular plants, 29–39; in plants, action of manures on, 36; in the animal kingdom, 40–66; cellular or histogenic, 335, 336, 340, 563–565; active (Ehrlich), 378 = isopathic immunity (von Behring); passive (Ehrlich), 378, 453 = antitoxic immunity (von Behring); passive against micro-organisms, 300–324, 560; isopathic (von Behring), 378; 583antitoxic (von Behring), 378; of the skin, 403–407; of the mucous membranes, 407–432; susceptibility in, 565 (see also Hypersusceptibility, Susceptibility); channel of entrance in, 567; applications of theory of, to medical practice and to the research of new organisms, 567–569
Immunity, natural: 10, 17, 18, 30; amongst Invertebrates, 40, 131–135; amongst Vertebrata, 41, 135–174; against micro-organisms, 128–174, 175–206; and composition of body fluids, 128–131; against anaerobic bacteria, 169, 170; part played by inflammation in, 176; importance of microphages in, 177; humoral theory of, 184; agglutination in, 202, 206; against toxins, 325–341
Immunity, acquired: 10, 19, 31; against micro-organisms, 207–249, 250–299; against vibrios, 211–227; against pyocyanic disease, 210, 232–236, 301; against spirilla of recurrent fever, 227–230; against typhoid bacillus, 230; against swine erysipelas, 236–239; against anthrax, 239–242; against streptococcus, 243–247; against Trypanosomata, 247–249, 316; against staphylococcus, 266
Immunity, rapid and temporary: against micro-organisms, 300–324; conferred by specific serums, 301–317; conferred by normal serums, 317–320; conferred by fluids other than serums, 320–322; conferred by non-specific micro-organisms, 322–324
Immunity, artificial, against toxins, 342–402; against bacterial toxins, 343; against vegetable toxins, 344, 365; against snake venom, 345; not in direct ratio to amount of antitoxin in body fluids, 367–376
Immunity acquired by natural means, 433–453; acquired after recovery from infective diseases, 433–444; acquired by heredity, 445–453; conferred by maternal blood, 447; by the yolk, 449; by the milk of the mother, 449
Immunity, acquired: amongst Invertebrata, 209–210; amongst Vertebrata, 210–249; relation of Pfeiffer’s phenomenon to, 224; Bouchard’s theory of, 232, 286; double action of cytases and fixatives in, 250–255, 296, 554; agglutinative substances in, 242, 245, 256–265, 295, 542, 559; protective properties of body fluids in, 266–280; phagocytosis in, 220, 223–226, 245, 280–286, 295; origin of fixative properties in body fluids in, 294; relation between fixatives and phagocytosis in, 291, 295; humoral phenomena in, 184, 250, 290, 525–531, 542, 543; bactericidal power of fluids in, 250; Gruber’s theory of, 256, 262; against micro-organisms, susceptibility to the specific toxin in, 289; principal phenomena associated with, 295–296; against micro-organisms in no ratio to protective power of blood, 372–374; by suckling, mouse the only animal in which, 450, 452; theory of exhaustion of nutrient medium as cause of, 510–512; theory of presence of inhibitory substance, 511, 512; theory of local inflammatory reaction, 512; theory of adaptation of cells in, 513; theory of phagocytes in, 514–525, 539–543; theory of bactericidal power of body fluids, 525–531, 542, 543; theory of antitoxic power of body fluids, 531; theory of extracellular destruction of micro-organisms by leucocytic secretions, 187–191, 533–537, 542; theory of side-chains, 120, 381–384, 538, 557, 562–563; present phase of the question of, 540–543
Immunproteidin of Emmerich and Löw, 254
Infection, agents, mechanical and other, that prevent or aid, 3–5, 170–173, 426 (see also Diseases, Elimination, Micro-organisms)
Inflammation in immunity, 176, 512; Cohnheim on, 518; and phagocytosis, 516, 519–520, 547, 568
Influenza bacillus, cultivation of, in body fluids, 130, 554; vaccination against, 277
Infusoria. See also Trypanosoma
Infusoria, 12–20, 23, 26, 326
Inoculation. See Immunisation, Vaccination
Insects, natural immunity in, 132, 326, 329; acquired immunity in, 209; protective lining of digestive canal of, 421
Insusceptibility of cells of refractory animals, 341
Integument of Invertebrata, protective function of, 404
Intermediary body, 88, 91, 296, 557
Intestine, protective function of the, 422; microbian flora of, 420; antitoxic action of this flora, 427
Intestinal ferments, absence of microbicidal power from, 424, 567; intestinal micro-organisms, favouring and retarding functions of, 426; destruction of toxins by, 427
Invertebrata, natural immunity in the, 40, 131–135, 326–329; acquired immunity in the, 209–210, 301; immunisation of, by specific serums, 301; protective function of integument of, 404
Iodine trichloride in immunisation, 347
Iron, absorption of, by leucocytes, 399
Irritability, part played by, 18, 27 (see also Susceptibility); in plants, 38
Isaria, resistance to infection by, 329
Koch’s phenomenon in tuberculosis, 437
Kupffer’s cells, 75
584Leprosy, etiological factors in, 4
Leprosy bacillus, 75, 411
Leucocidin, and its neutralisation, 359
Leucocytes. See also Phagocytes
Leucocytes (amoeboid cells) in resorption, 47, 73, 175, 514, 515; adaptation of, to virulent bacteria, an education, 281; various categories of, 74–79; soluble ferments of, 95; chemiotaxis of, 119, 177; theory of bactericidal secretions by, 187–191, 533–537, 539, 540, 542; action of leucocidin on, 359; absorption of poisons by, 393–400; situations where there are no pre-existing, 551
Lily of the valley, acquired immunity in, 513, 515
Liver, serum against cytotoxin acting on, 116; protective function of the, 427; of Mollusca an organ of second digestion, 59
Lizard, resistance of, to tetanus toxin, 332
Lugol’s solution in immunisation, 347
Lupus, slow growth of, 406
Lymphocytes. See also Leucocytes, Phagocytes
Lymphocytes, 76, 78
Lymphoid organs. See also Haematopoietic organs, Phagocytic organs
Lymphoid organs, protective function of the, 428; as source of sensibilising substance (fixative), 537
Lymphomacrophages, 76
Macrocytase (alexin, complement), 86, 98, 105, 112, 196, 549; analogy of, with actinodiastase, 86; escape of, during phagolysis, 95, 99, 102, 552; presence of, in spermotoxin, 101; origin of, 103; active for resorption of animal cells, 196, 197, 296; in extracellular solution of red corpuscles, 552
Macrophages, 76, 77, 79, 547; the part they play in resorption, 80–100, 176; staining reactions of, 77; in phagocytosis, 144, 148, 154, 157, 161, 162, 164, 173, 184, 228, 245, 321, 548; act more especially in resorption of animal cells, 176, 196, 548; but intervene specially against human tubercle bacillus in pigeon, 148; against spirilla, 162, 177, 228; and against streptococci, 245; not source of bactericidal substance in body fluids, 187; part played by, in arsenic poisoning, 397; the principal source of antitoxin, 401; of skin, reaction of, against micro-organisms, 407
Macrophagic organs, digestive property of, 85, 150
Malaria, immunity against, 129, 278; protective action of serum in, 278; immunity acquired after, 434
Manures, influence on plant diseases, 36
Marmot, immunity of hibernating, against tetanus, 339
Martin’s broth (bouillon de panse), 473
Massowah vibrio, acquired immunity against, 221; action of specific serum on, 305
Mastzellen, 77
Membranes, protective secretion of, by bacteria, 21, 242
Meriones shawii, 22, 183
Mesenteric glands, 62, 85, 98, 195
Mesoderm, function of amoeboid cells of, 518
Microbicidal. See Bactericidal
Micrococcus prodigiosus, 42, 45; antagonistic to anthrax bacillus, 323; action of vaginal mucus on, 430
Microcytase digests bacteria, 196, 197, 296, 550; in immunity, 218; escape of, during phagolysis, 218, 222, 230, 295, 554; transforms vibrios into granules, 552; action of, on Vibrio metchnikovi, 553
Micro-organisms, minuteness of certain pathogenic, 3; variability in action of, 5; staining reactions of, 13, 83, 181, 183, 198, 213; immunity by attenuated, 2, 509; pathogenic, in healthy persons, 7; adaptation of, to toxic substances, 21, 25; protective secretion of membranes by, 21, 242; defence in plants against, 35; defences of animals against, 545; elimination of, from the body, 43, 46 (see also Elimination); resorption of, 46, 175, 546; antidiastase against enzymes of, 109; natural immunity against pathogenic, 128–174, 175–206; acquired immunity against pathogenic, 207–249, 250–299, 300–324; anaerobic, immunity against, 169, 170; pathogenic animal, 2, 173, 247–249, 277–279, 316; destruction of, an act of resorption, 175, 206 (see Bacteriolysis); presence of, in white corpuscles, 514; adaptation of phagocytes to destroy, 558, 566; mode of entry into phagocytes, 177; digested by phagocytes, 181, 514–525, 536, 539–543 (see Phagocytes, Phagocytosis); transformation into spherical granules, 198 (see also Pfeiffer’s phenomenon); extracellular destruction of, 165, 212, 533–537, 542; modified growth in serums from immunised animals, 256, 259 (see also Agglutination); specific diagnosis of, by modified growth, 256, 259; agglutination does not prevent growth of, 262; changes which they undergo in immunised animal, 289; attenuation of, 208, 286–289, 508; adjuvant and retarding functions of, 170, 426; antagonism between anthrax and certain, 323; antagonism between cholera vibrio and certain, 324; acidophile, 418; exfoliation of epidermis to get rid of, 406; localisation and arrest of, in the dermis, 406; 585destruction of toxins by, 427
Microphages, 77, 78, 79, 148, 152, 154, 162, 164, 172, 185, 245, 548; intervene specially against micro-organisms and in acute infections, 177, 196, 206, 549; source of bactericidal substance in body fluids, 187, 195; granular transformation of vibrios inside, 164, 165, 224 (see also Pfeiffer’s phenomenon)
Microsphaera, 18
Milk, absorption of, 107; precipitins in the differentiation of various kinds of, 107, 568; of immunised animals, antitoxin in, 356; immunity conferred by mother’s, 449, 450, 452; transmission of agglutinative power by, 450
Milk-sugar, adaptation of yeasts to, 26
Mithridates, method of protecting himself against poisons, 343
Mollusca. See also Helix, Phyllirhoë, Thetys
Mollusca, natural immunity in, 134; liver of, an organ of second digestion, 59
Mongoose, immunity of, against snake venom, 339
Monkeys, immunised, with poor yield in antitoxin, 373; immunisation of, against diphtheria toxin, 373; transient acquired immunity against recurrent fever, 434
Monospora, parasite of Daphnia disease, 131, 404, 520
Morphia, adaptation to, 343
Mouse, infection of, by swine erysipelas, 270, 307, 476; the only animal that acquires immunity by suckling, 450, 452; acquired immunity of, against typhoid, 230; natural immunity of, against diphtheria toxin, 204, 339
Mouse septicaemia, immunity of frog against, 141; phagocytosis in, 283; acquired immunity of rabbit against, 509
Mouth. See Buccal cavity
Mucous membranes, immunity of the, 407–432; elimination of micro-organisms by the nasal, 410; protective function of the genital, 429
Mycoses, pulmonary, 413 (see also Aspergillosis)
Mygale. See Spiders
Myriapods. See Scolopendra
Myxomycetes, plasmodia of, 30, 545
Naegeli’s theory of immunity, 512
Nagana disease, 2, 4, 247, 316 (see Trypanosoma)
Narcosis. See Opium
Nasal mucous membrane, elimination of organisms by, 410
Nepenthes, digestive juice of, 355
Nerve centres, susceptibility of, to toxins, 564
Neuroglia cells, their phagocytic function, 75
Neurotoxin, 116
Neutral red, reaction of, 13, 83, 181
Nuclein as a protective substance, 320; vaccinal against plague, 490
Nucleohiston, preventive action of, on diphtheria toxin, 365
Nutrition, certain diseases of, probably due to a parasite, 3; extra-buccal, 67, 69
Oidium albicans, growth of, in serum of immunised animals, 257
Omentum, glands of, 85; bactericidal power of extracts of, 195; phagocytosis of vibrios in, 224
Opium, its action on leucocytes, 225, 231, 236, 306, 307; its influence on immunisation by specific serums, 306; resistance of hedgehog to, 337
Oryctes nasicornis. See Rhinoceros beetle
Osmotic pressure, adaptation of plants to, 37, 39, 566; as cause of bactericidal action of body fluids, 193, 213
Ovum in the Graafian follicle, immunity acquired by the, 448
Oxalic acid, function of, in plants, 37, 566
Oxydases, 96
Pancreatic digestion, 60, 63, 65
Pancreatic juice, antitoxic power of, 424
Pancreatic secretion, its adaptation to kind of food, 64, 65
Paralysis, general progressive, and syphilis, 435
Paramaecia, 13, 16, 17, 19
Parasites in infective diseases, 2, 9 (see also Micro-organisms)
Pasteur’s theory of exhaustion of nutrient medium, 510–512; anthrax vaccines, 208, 470; modification of Willems’ method against pleuropneumonia, 477; vaccines against rabies, 462, 463–464; and Thuillier’s vaccines against swine erysipelas, 208, 473, 509
Pepsin in the urine, 65, 97; in the blood, 66, 563; antitoxic function of, 419; antiseptic action of, 417; chemical composition of, 109
Pessimism and fear of disease, 1, 569
Peyer’s patches, 61; protective function of, 428
Peziza. See Sclerotinia
Pfaundler’s reaction, 259
Pfeiffer’s phenomenon in cholera vibrio, 165, 192, 212–226, 251, 267, 268, 280, 301–307, 534–536; in spirillum of recurrent fever, 229; in typhoid bacillus, 230, 303, 304; in Bacillus pyocyaneus, 234, 307; different in immunised and in normal fluids, 251; conditions for its manifestation, 252, 253, 295, 534
Pfeiffer’s theory of immunity, 534
Phagocytes (See also Leucocytes), amoeboid cells with digestive function, 7, 182, 547; in Sponges, 69; in Vertebrata, 73; various categories of, 74–79; of Bipinnaria and Phyllirhoë, 70; 586chemiotaxis of, 79, 108, 133, 167, 177, 280; the source of the haemolytic ferment, 100; of osseous fishes, 135; of frog, 137; ingest living and virulent bacteria, 142, 177, 179–181, 558, 566; function of, 151, 157, 177, 181, 206, 547, 548, 566; mode of entry of microorganisms into, 177; acid reaction inside, 83, 182; action of opium on, 225, 231; theory of, and side-chain theory compared, 296–299, 538; in defence of animal against poisons, 393–400; in production of antitoxin, 400–402; in the defence of the skin, 407; attempts to reconcile theory of, with humoral theory, 539; history of theory of, 514–525, 539–543; stimulant action of, 532
Phagocytic crisis of Bordet, 314; ferments, 549–558; function of neuroglia cells, 75; organs, 85, 150, 292, 293, 537; of cricket, 133; of Ascaris, 547
Phagocytosis in osseous fishes, 135; in frogs, 137, 142; in fowl, 144, 282; in dog, 149, 151; in rat, 154, 157; in guinea-pig, 162, 163, 166, 170, 223; in horse, 245, 313; in rabbit, 159, 167, 169, 233, 239, 314; effect of removal of spleen on, 150; agents that prevent, 170–173 (see also Opium); neutralisation of toxins not necessary for, 205, 289; and agglutination, 202, 242, 245; ensures natural immunity, 206; action of opium on, 225, 231, 236, 306, 307; action of rabbit’s serum on, 231; in acquired immunity, 220, 223–226, 245, 280–286, 295, 313; relation to fixatives in acquired immunity, 291, 295; in the immunity conferred by specific serums, 303–317; history of, and of the theory of phagocytes, 514–525, 539–543; its application in surgery, 568
Phagolysis, 80, 99, 165; prevention of, 99, 218, 219, 220, 230, 252, 304; its relation to extracellular destruction of bacteria and Pfeiffer’s phenomenon, 218–220, 230, 280, 295, 534; escape of cytases during, 95, 99, 102, 191, 197, 252, 551–554, 560
Philocytase, 91, 92
Phloridzin, its action on natural immunity, 150
Phyllirhoë, two modes of digestion in, 58; resorption by phagocytes of, 70
Pig. See also Swine
Pig, protection of, against tetanus, 493
Pigeon, immunity of, against anthrax, 146; immunity of, against human tuberculosis, 147; immunity of, against influenza bacillus, 130, 554; its blood best culture medium for influenza bacillus, 130, 554; susceptible to swine erysipelas, 476; protective power of serum of, immunised against anthrax, 276, 277, 288; vaccination of, against anthrax, 276, 277
Pilocarpin augments production of antitoxin, 380
Piroplasma bigeminum, 247, 279
Plague, bubonic, rapid immunisation by serum, 312; protective influence of broth against, 321; production of antitoxic serum by, 401; infection by, through the nasal cavity, 409, 411; vaccinations against, 486–492; serum treatment in, 490–492; immunity against, when acquired and duration, 488, 489; statistics on vaccinations against, 488; prophylactic treatment against, 491; Reports of German and English Commissions on, 489
Planarians, digestion in, 49, 71, 82
Plants, immunity in multicellular, 29–39; cicatrisation of, 34; and osmotic pressure, 37, 39, 566; ravages of Sclerotinia amongst cultivated, 32; action of manures on immunity of cultivated, 36; function of oxalic acid in, 37, 566
Plasma, Gengou’s method of preparing, 157, 190
Plasmas. See also Body fluids, Serums
Plasmas, presence of fixatives in, 103; bactericidal power of, 190, 543
Plasmase (fibrin ferment), 95, 197, 550
Plasmodia, intracellular digestion in, 30, 545; chemiotaxis of, 30; adaptation of, to poisons, 30
Pleuropneumonia, bacterium of, 3, 130, 478, 569; vaccinations against, 477–479; action of serum from animals immunised against, 479; vaccinal methods used by savage races against, 506
Pneumococcus, modified growth of, in serums from immunised animals, 256, 262; vaccination against, 262; attenuated by serums from vaccinated animals, 287; agglutination of, 287
Pneumo-enteritis of swine, cocco-bacillus of, 259; action of serum of vaccinated rabbits on bacillus of, 260, 266, 287, 532; acquired immunity against, 260, 275, 311, 532
Pneumonia, fibrinous, relapses separated by periods of immunity, 434
Poisons. See also Toxins
Poisons, absorption of, by leucocytes, 393–400
Polyphagus euglenae, 12
Potato attacked by Bacillus coli, 35
Precipitins in the blood serum, 68, 106, 107; use of, in medico-legal investigations, 107, 568; and in the differentiation of various kinds of milk, 107, 568
Predisposition or absence of immunity, 7
Preventive substances of Bordet (syn. fixatives), 266
Profetta, law of, 453
Protective or anti-infective property. See also Antitoxic, Antitoxins, Blood, Body fluids, Serums
587Protective property, origin of, in serums and other fluids, 291–294; differs from agglutinative, 268, 269, 294; of blood and other fluids in convalescents, 437–444
Protective action of normal serums, 317–320; of fats against toxins, 387; of leucocytes against poisons, 393–400; of flow of a fluid, 431
Protective function of the skin, 404–407; in the respiratory channels, 411–414; of the cornea, 409; of the saliva, 415; of the intestine, 422; of the bile, 424; of the liver, 427; of the lymphoid organs, 428; of the suprarenal capsules, 431; in the urinary organs, 431
Protective substance resistant to heat, 268; and so distinguished from bactericidal substance, 268; closely connected with fixative substance, 269, 294, 295, 561
Protective vaccinations, 454–504
Proteus vulgaris, susceptibility of leucocytes to, 166, 179, 201, 282; eosinophile transformation in, 198; modified growth in certain serums, 259
Protozoa, intracellular digestion in the, 13, 30, 49; adaptation of, to saline solutions, 23, 515; and to physical conditions, 26
Prussic acid, antidote to, 363
Pseudo-diphtheria bacilli, 444
Pseudo-eosinophile leucocytes, secretion by, 187, 542
Pseudo-immunity or resistance, 320
Pus, ferment in, 96
Pyrogallic acid, its action on natural immunity, 150
Rabbit, immunity of, against anthrax bacillus, 159; against streptococci, 167, 168; against tetanus bacillus, 169; against cholera vibrio, 424; against pleuropneumonia, 569; acquired immunity of, against pyocyanic disease, 232; against swine erysipelas, 236–239, 527; against anthrax, 239, 323; against streptococcus, 243–247, 284–286, 312, 314; against pneumo-enteritis, 260, 266, 275, 311, 532; against pneumococcus, 262; against a staphylococcus, 266; against hog cholera, 290; against mouse septicaemia, 509; phagocytosis in, 159, 167, 169, 233, 239, 314, 569; infection by streptococci in, 283; action of serum of vaccinated, on bacillus of pneumo-enteritis, 287; action of agglutinated pneumococci on, 287; vaccinated against hog cholera susceptible to its toxin, 290; immunised against anthrax by means of the erysipelas coccus, 323; immunised against anthrax by products of Bacillus pyocyaneus, 323; infection by anthrax prevented by Friedländer’s bacillus, 323; brain of, very susceptible to action of tetanus toxin, 383; reaction of, to atropin, 395
Rabies, action of anthrax bacillus on, 150; action of normal ox serum on, 365; action of bile on, 425; heredity of immunity against, 446; vaccinations against, 461–466; statistics of vaccinations against, 464–466; in domestic animals, vaccinations against, 466
Rat, immunity of, against anthrax bacillus, 152, 526; against diphtheria bacillus, 204; acquired immunity against Trypanosomata, 247–249, 316; against anthrax, 240; natural immunity of, against diphtheria toxin, 204, 339; bactericidal ferment of phagocytes of, 20, 157; phagocytosis in, 154, 157
Receptors, 93, 120, 296; over-production of, 121, 296, 562; antitoxic and philotoxic functions of, 120; theory of, see Side-chain theory
Recurrent fever. See Spirilla, Spirochaete obermeyeri
Recurrent fever, transient acquired immunity against, 434
Rennet, 109, 119
Reptilia. See Alligator, Turtle, Snake, Lizard
Reptilia, natural immunity of, against tetanus toxin, 331–334
Resistance to disease, 8–10. See Immunity, Pseudo-immunity
Resorption of micro-organisms, 46, 175 (see also Immunity, cellular, Micro-organisms); of the formed elements, 47, 67–105; a true intracellular digestion, 85, 296; of cells in the Invertebrata, 70; of red corpuscles by phagocytes of the Vertebrata, 72, 80 (see also Phagocytes, Phagocytosis); part played by macrophages in (see Macrophages); and digestion closely related, 69, 85; of spermatozoa, 84, 100; of white corpuscles, 84 (see also Leucocytes, Phagocytes); of albuminoid substances, 106–127; of cells and the phenomena in acquired immunity, 296
Respiratory channels, protection by the, 411–414; absorption of poisons by the, 414
Rhinoceros beetle, natural immunity in larvae of, 132, 209, 326, 329; susceptibility to cholera vibrio, 40, 133
Ricin, 344, 360, 446, 449
Rinderpest, action of bile on, 425, 466; vaccinations against, 466–468; Koch’s method of vaccination against, 466; Kolle and Turner’s method of “simultaneous vaccinations” against, 467
Ring-worm, mechanical factor in, 4
Robin (toxalbumin of Robinia pseudacacia), 365; serum of animals vaccinated against, antitoxic, 365; heredity of immunity against, 446
Saccharomyces. See Yeasts
588Saline solution (physiological) as a protective fluid, 320, 365
Saliva, microbicidal property of the, 415; antitoxic function of, on snake venom, 417; psychic influence on flow of, 62, 566
Saponin, haemolytic action of, 389; and cholesterin, 389; and antisaponic power, 390
Saprolegnia. See Fungi
Sarcinae as adjuvant organisms, 426
Sarcinae, acidophile, 418
Sclerotinia, pathogenic action of, 32
Scolopendra, acquired immunity in, against anthrax, 209
Scorpion, natural immunity of, against tetanus toxin, 326; against its own poison, 327; antivenomous property of blood of, 328; supposed suicide of, 327
Scorpion serum, action of antivenomous serum on, 365
Scorpion venom, antitoxic action of crayfish blood against, 366
Scrofula in immunity against tuberculosis, 436
Secretion of bactericidal substance, theory of, 187–191, 533–537, 540, 542
Sensibilising substance of Bordet (fixative), 91, 199, 298, 535, 537, 557
Sensitiveness of plants to osmotic pressure, 37, 566
Septicaemia of goose. See Spirochaete anserina
Septicaemia of mouse. See Mouse septicaemia
Septic vibrio, 170
Serums. See also Blood, Body fluids, Humoral theory, Toxins
Serums, haemolysis by, 83, 87–95 (see also Haemolysis); effect of injections of, 68; increasing haemolytic power of, 90; isotoxic, 104; absorption of, 106; antihaemotoxic, 111, 112; haemolytic or haemotoxic, 111, 112; anticoagulating, 190; anticytase, 115, 371; antispermotoxic, 116, 122–126; bactericidal properties of, 184, 190, 191, 192, 193, 206, 211, 226, 233, 238, 241, 243, 244, 260, 298, 554; influence of alkalinity or acidity on bactericidal action of, 196; agglutination of red blood corpuscles by, 258; agglutination of bacteria by, 256–265, 380; protective power of, in the immunised organism, 266–280, 287, 293, 295, 532; differs from bactericidal power, 268; and from agglutinative power, 268; and is not a measure of acquired immunity, 271, 274, 275; protective, may be only feebly antitoxic, 497; modified growth of bacteria in immunised, 256, 259 (see also Agglutination); resistance to heat of protective substance of, 268; fixatives in protective, 269, 438; their origin, 294; protective and fixative substances contrasted, 269; relations of fixative and cytase in bactericidal action of, 298; stimulating action of, 270–274, 301, 308–320, 365; absence of protective power in specific, 270, 276–279; origin of protective power in, 291–294; theory of attenuation of micro-organisms by immune, 286–289; inactive specific, rendered active by addition of normal serum, 215, 268, 298, 302, 317; protective action of heated normal serum, 273, 318; protective action of non-specific, against toxins, 365; from convalescents, protective action of, 437–444; temporary immunity against micro-organisms conferred by specific, 301–317; conferred by normal, 317–320; conferred by fluids other than, 320–322; phagocytosis in the immunity conferred by specific, 303–306; influence of opium on immunisation by specific, 306; antivenomous action of, 334, 338, 358, 360, 361; antitoxic action of non-specific and normal, 365, 380; anti-arsenic, 390; antileucocidic, 359; antidiastatic, 361; testing and standardisation of antitoxic, 376, 476, 496–498
Sheath, protective. See Membrane
Sheep, natural immunity of, against anthrax, 159, 289; acquired immunity of, against anthrax, 241–3, 289; bactericidal action of blood serum of, 241, 286; protective power of serum of, immunised against anthrax, 276; immunised with blood from dog affected by a haematozoon, 279; vaccination of, against sheep-pox, 460; against rabies, 466; against anthrax, 469; protection against tetanus in, 493; fate of anthrax bacilli in Algerian, 512
Sheep-pox (la clavelée), heredity of immunity against, 452; vaccinations against, 460–461
Side-chains or receptors, theory of, 120, 381–384, 538, 557, 562–563; compared with theory of phagocytes, 296–299, 538, 558
Silver, soluble salts of, absorbed by leucocytes, 400
Skin, immunity of the, 403–407; protective function of the, 404–407; phagocytes in the defence of the, 407
Small-pox, mortality from, in 18th century, 454; vaccinations against, 454–460; vaccination with calf lymph, 456; with contents of pustule of cow-pox, 455; vaccination statistics, 457–459
Snail. See Helix pomatia
Snake, natural immunity of, against snake venom, 333
Snake venom, natural immunity of snakes against, 333; of hedgehog against, 337; of mongoose against, 339; artificial immunity against, 345, 347; action of antivenomous serum on, 358, 360, 361; of other specific serums on, 365; 589of cerebral substance on, 386; protective substances against, 387; action of saliva on, 417; action of bile on, 425; vaccination methods of savage races against, 506
Spermatozoa, resorption of, 84, 100; action of spermotoxin on, 101, 116, 125
Spermotoxin, 101, 116, 125
Spiders, natural immunity of, against tetanus toxin, 326
Spirilla, natural immunity against, 159; acquired immunity against, 227–230, 434; living in stomach of dog, 177; acidophile, 418
Spirochaete anserina, 160
Spirochaete obermeyeri, 160; acquired immunity against, 227–230; Pfeiffer’s phenomenon in, 229
Spleen, function of, 62, 85; action of extract of, on tetanus toxin, 365; effect of removal of, 150, 293; as source of fixative substance, 295, 537
Spleen and other haematopoietic organs as source of protective substance, 292–294; as source of agglutinins, 264; are phagocytic organs, 85, 150, 292
Sponges, digestion of, 69, 517
Staining reactions of cells and micro-organisms, 13, 77, 83, 181, 183, 198, 213
Standardisation of antidiphtheria serums, 376, 496–498; Ehrlich’s method, 496; Pasteur Institute method, 496–497
Staphylococcus, acquired immunity against, 266, 532; protective action of normal serum against, 319
Staphylococcus pyogenes in vagina, 430
Stellate cells of Kupffer, 75
Stimulant action. See also Body fluids, Protective
Stimulant action of serums, 270–274, 301, 308–320, 365; of phagocytes, 532; of normal fluids of the body, 559
Stimulins and their action in serums, 270–274
Stöhr’s phenomenon, 429
Stomach, acidophile microbian flora of, 418
Streptococci, protective sheath formed by, 22; immunity against, 165, 179, 282, 284–286; phagocytosis in immunity against, 245, 313; acquired immunity against, 243–247, 313; agglutination by serum of, 244, 245; reaction of animal organism against, 245–247; antitoxin against, 205; and phagocytosis, 283; action of specific serums on, 287, 288, 312; protective action of various fluids against, 320, 321
Streptococcic serum, action of, on leucocidin, 359
Sturin, bactericidal action of, 183
Suprarenal capsules, protective function of, 431
Susceptibility. See also Chemiotaxis, Hypersusceptibility, Irritability, Sensitiveness
Susceptibility of immunised animals to the specific toxin, 289; of frogs to tetanus toxin, 330; diminution of, in immunised animals, 374–376; in immunity, the part played by, 565; cellular, a general property of living beings, 565–566
Swine. See Pig, Pneumo-enteritis
Swine erysipelas, acquired immunity against, 236–239, 254, 283, 527; agglutination of bacilli of, 262; specific serum of, will not prevent infection, 270; phagocytosis in, 283; action of immune serums on bacillus of, 288, 289; protective action of specific serum against, 307; method of testing strength of serums against, 476; vaccinations against, 473–477; Pasteur’s method, 473; Lorenz’s method, 475; “serum-vaccinations” method, 475; vaccines against, 208, 473, 509
Swine plague, 259, 260
Synapta, 518
Syphilis, immunity in, 435; and general progressive paralysis, 435; law of Profetta in immunity against, 453; law of Baumès-Colles in, 436; transmission of, 452
Tears, microbicidal function of the, 408
Testing of serums. See Standardisation
Tetanolysin of Ehrlich, 349
Tetanospasmin, 362
Tetanus, immunisation against, 344, 347, 492–495; cerebral, in rabbit, 383, 391; difference between antitoxic action of living brain and that of cerebral emulsion on, 383; in fowl, 384; no antitetanic power in serum of convalescents, 443; vaccinations against, 492–495; vaccines against, 493; protective serum treatment against, 493–495
Tetanus antitoxin, hypothesis of nervous origin of, 381–385; nature of, 355; mode of action on toxin, 357, 381; of nerve centres locally restricted in its action, 382
Tetanus bacillus, natural immunity against, 169, 204
Tetanus toxin, natural immunity of spiders and scorpions against, 326; of larvae of Oryctes and of cricket against, 329; of frog against, 330; of reptiles against, 331–334; of fowl against, 335; of hibernating animals against, 339; attenuation of, 344; localisation of, in vascular organs, 336; brain of rabbit very susceptible to action of, 383; fixation of, by substance of nerve centres, 382; by certain parts of brain and cord, 386, 391; by other cells, 391, 392; action of emulsions of frog’s brain on, 386; fixation of, by carmine, 388, 394; absorption of, by leucocytes, 393–395; action of extract of spleen on, 365; 590toxone (tetanolysin) of, 349, 362; local reaction to, in horse, 352; heredity of immunity against, 446, 448, 450
Texas fever, acquired immunity of Bovidae against, 247, 279; attenuation of parasite of, in the tick, 247; haematozoon in dog closely allied to that of, 279
Thetys, 517
Thymus gland, immunising power of, 293
Tick, attenuation of parasite of Texas fever in, 247
Tonsils, protective function of, 428
Torulae as adjuvant organisms, 426
Toxins, immunity against, 10; immunity of unicellular organisms against, 19; adaptation of bacteria to, 21–27; of yeasts to, 20, 26; of plasmodia to, 30; action of, on Infusoria, 19, 326; composition of, 120; neutralisation of, not necessary for phagocytosis, 205, 289; immunity against micro-organism not same as against toxin, 251, 290; protective fixation of, by nerve elements and other cells, 386–400; methods of immunisation by modified and unmodified, 345–347 (see Immunisation); local reaction in immunisation against, 352; action of normal serums on, 365; of non-specific serums on, 365; protective action of fats against, 387; leucocytic reaction against, 393–400; absorption of, by the conjunctiva, 409; by the respiratory channels, 414; destruction of, by the intestinal organisms, 427; attenuation of, 344; natural immunity against, 325–341; artificial immunity against, 342–402; against bacterial, 343; against vegetable, 344, 365; heredity of immunity in phanerogamic, 446, 449; susceptibility of nerve centres to, 564
Toxoids, 349 (see also Toxophore); immunisation by, 350
Toxones, 349, 362; method of immunisation by, 349
Toxophore atomic group in toxin (= toxoid), 120, 350, 384
Trichinae, mechanical action of, 3
Tristeza (syn. Texas fever), 247
Tropidonotus. See Snake
Trypanosoma, 4, 129, 147; brucei, 9; lewisi, 173, 248
Trypanosomata, fate of, in refractory animal, 173; acquired immunity against, 247–249, 316; and agglutinative power, 278
Trypsin, antitoxic power of, 424
Tsetse fly, 4, 9, 129, 247
Tubercle bacillus, formation of sheath by, 22, 183
Tuberculin as a protective substance against cholera vibrio, 320
Tuberculosis, mechanical etiological factors in, 4
Tuberculosis, bacillus of, 22, 42, 143; avian, 41, 148, 149, 182; human, immunity of pigeon against, 147; acquired immunity in, 436; after scrofula, 436; Koch’s phenomenon in, 437
Tumours, malignant, probability of discovery of parasite of, 3; use of erysipelas streptococcus in, 434
Turtle, natural immunity of, against tetanus toxin, 332, 386
Typhoid, protective power of serum of convalescents from, 437–440; its agglutinative power, 439; serum-diagnosis of, 256, 257, 261, 439; immunity against, not acquired by suckling, 450; vaccinations against, 479, 481–486; Wright’s vaccine against, 482; bactericidal power of serum from persons immunised against, 483; statistics of vaccinations against, 483–485
Typhoid bacillus, 23, 143, 191, 198, 203; acquired immunity against, 230; attenuated Pfeiffer’s phenomenon in, 230, 303, 304; agglutination of, 260, 261, 380, 439; resistance to agglutinated, 263; protective action of serums against, 272–274, 293, 317, 319; origin of protective substance against, 292; of agglutinative property against, 294; protective action of various fluids against, 320; passes uninjured through stomach, 418; transmission by suckling, of agglutinative power against, 450
Typhoid infection, experimental, in laboratory animals, 230, 267; influence of anticytase serum on, 371; uncertainty of, by ingestion, 423
Typhoid septicaemia, experimental, heredity of immunity against, 447
Tyrosin, protective action of, 387
Unicellular organisms, immunity in, 11–28; infective diseases of, 12; irritability of, 27; adaptation of, to saline solutions, 23, 515
Unit, Ehrlich’s immunising, 373, 496
Urinary ferments, 66
Urinary organs, protective function in, 431
Urine as a protective fluid, 320, 431; pepsin in the, 65; amylase in the, 65
Vaccination. See also Immunisation
Vaccinations, protective, 208, 241, 267, 454–504, 507; with attenuated micro-organisms, 509
Vaccine against fowl cholera, 208
Vaccines against anthrax, 208, 470, 509; against swine erysipelas, 208, 473, 509; against rabies, 208, 462, 463–464; against symptomatic anthrax, 471; against small-pox, 455–457, 507; against pleuropneumonia, 477; against cholera, 481; against plague, 487, 489, 490; against tetanus, 493
591Vaccinia, supposed micro-organism of, 455–456
Vagina, autopurification of, 429
Variolisation, early use of, 455, 507
Venom. See Snake venom
Ver blanc, syn. cockchafer larva
Vibrio. See also Cholera vibrio, Massowah vibrio, Septic vibrio
Vibrios, acquired immunity against, 211–227; phagocytosis in immunity against, 220, 223–226; granular transformation of, 164, 165, 192, 212–226 (see Pfeiffer’s phenomenon); bacteriolysis (agglutination) of, 256; susceptibility of animals vaccinated against, to the toxins, 290
Vibrio metchnikovi, acquired immunity against, 211, 226, 527, 531; modified growth of, in serums from immunised animals, 156, 262; action of, grown in serum of vaccinated animals, 287; perishes in intestine of dog, 422; action of microcytase on, in hypervaccinated guinea-pigs, 553
Viper. See Snake, Snake venom
Viruses, attenuated, 208, 508; vaccination with, whose nature is as yet unknown. See Small-pox, Sheep-pox, Rabies, Rinderpest
Vitellus of egg of immunised fowl, tetanus antitoxin present in, 356; immunity conferred by, 449
Warlomont’s calf lymph vaccine, 456
Weber-Fechner, law of, 27, 38, 566
Willem’s method of vaccination against pleuropneumonia, 477; Pasteur’s modification of, 477
Wright’s method of vaccination against typhoid, 482; method of testing bactericidal power of body fluids, 483
Yeast-cells, adaptation of, to poisons, 20, 26; to milk-sugar, 26; destruction of injected, by phagocytes, 172; Curtis’s pathogenic, 172; endotrypsin of, 197; autodigestion in, 197; soluble ferments of, 253
Yeasts, diseases due to, 2
Yolk. See Vitellus
Zymase, 197, 550
CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
Page Changed from Changed to
226 justified in thinking that the vibrionicidal property of the blood justified in thinking that the vibriocidal property of the blood
Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.
Used numbers for footnotes, placing them all at the end of the last chapter.