Front matter

Contents. Glossary Index Bibliography List of Illustrations (In certain versions of this etext [in certain browsers] clicking on the image will bring up a larger version.) (etext transcriber's note)

HOW TO STUDY ARCHITECTURE

HOW TO STUDY ARCHITECTURE

BY CHARLES H. CAFFIN

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS NEW YORK DODD, MEAD AND COMPANY 1917 Copyright, 1917 By DODD, MEAD AND COMPANY, Inc.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author gratefully acknowledges the critical assistance given to him on certain points by Professor William H. Goodyear, W. Harmon Beers and William Warfield; and his indebtedness to Caroline Caffin for compiling the index and to Irving Heyl for several architectural drawings. For some of the illustrations he has put himself under obligations to the following publications, through the courtesy of the Librarian of the Metropolitan Museum of Art—“Histoire de l’Art,” by Perrot et Chipiez; “Assyrian Sculptures,” by Rev. Archibald Paterson; “Monuments Modernes de la Perse,” by Pascal Coste; “Ruins of the Palace of Diocletian at Spalato” by R. Adams, and “The Annual of the British School at Athens.”

CONTENTS

Book I INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER PAGE

IPreliminary Considerations3

IIPrimitive Structures13

Book II PRE-CLASSIC PERIOD

IEgyptian Civilisation25

IIEgyptian Architecture38

IIIChaldæan, Assyrian and Babylonian Civilisation56

IVChaldæan, Assyrian and Babylonian Architecture65

VPersian Civilisation74

VIPersian Architecture80

VIIMinoan or Ægean Civilisation88

VIIIMinoan or Ægean Architecture95

Book III CLASSIC PERIOD

IHellenic Civilisation105

IIHellenic Architecture116

IIIRoman Civilisation147

IVRoman Architecture163

Book IV POST-CLASSIC PERIOD

IEarly Christian Civilisation187

IIEarly Christian and Byzantine Architecture193

IIIMuhammedan, also Called Saracenic Civilisation212

IVMuhammedan Architecture220

VEarly Mediæval Civilisation232

VIEarly Mediæval or Romanesque Architecture241

Book V GOTHIC PERIOD

ILater Mediæval Civilisation263

IIGothic Architecture270

IIIGothic Architecture in France281

IVGothic Architecture in England and Wales287

VGothic Architecture in Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain301

VIGothic Architecture in Italy310

Book VI THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD

IRenaissance Civilisation319

IIRenaissance Architecture in Italy338

IIIRenaissance Architecture in Italy—Continued357

IVRenaissance Architecture in France375

VRenaissance Architecture in Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain391

VIRenaissance Architecture in England and American Colonial Architecture410

Book VII POST-RENAISSANCE PERIOD

IClassical and Gothic Revivals435

IIThe Modern Situation454

Glossary: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, Z479

Index: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Z497

ILLUSTRATIONS

FACING PAGE

Stonehenge. Salisbury Plain, England12

Section and Plan of Treasury of Atreus12

Teocalli or “House of God,” at Guatusco12

Section of Pyramid38

Modelsof Mastabas38

Types of Egyptian Columns38

Temple-Tomb of Rameses II at Abou-Simbel38

Plan of Ramesseum38

Model of Hypostyle Hall at Karnak39

Peripteral Sanctuary, at Philæ39

Temple of Edfou. Entrance to Hypostyle Hall39

Example of Carved Decoration39

“Sargon’s Castle.” Conjectured Restoration66

Part of “Lion Frieze” and “Frieze of Arches”66

Details of Wall Decoration at Koyunjik67

Tomb of Darius I, Persepolis80

Palace of Darius I, Persepolis. Conjectured Restoration80

Type of Persian Columns81

Hall of One Hundred Columns, Persepolis. Conjectured Restoration81

The Palaces of Persepolis. Conjectured Restoration81

Wall Decoration in Palace of Cnossus94

Lion Gateway at Mycenæ94

Plan of Acropolis of Tiryns94

Part of Staircase in Palace of Cnossus95

Council Chamber, with Gypsum Throne, Palace of Cnossus95

Some Temple Plans—Hellenic116

Hellenic Orders (Columns and Entablatures)116

Roman Orders (Columns and Entablatures) 116

Model of the Acropolis 116

Model of the Parthenon (restored)116

The Parthenon117

Temples at Pæstum117

Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens117

Temple of Nike Apteros, Athens117

Portico of the Caryatides, Erechtheion117

Detail of Ornament—Hellenic117

Statues in the Round of Persephone and Demeter from the East Pediment of the Parthenon117

Figures in High Relief from Procession of Worshipers. Frieze of the Parthenon117

Plan of House of Pansa, Pompeii117

Plan of Theatre of Dramyssus117

Roman Forum, Conjectured Restoration162

Maison Carrée, Nîmes162

Arch of Constantine162

Pantheon, Rome162

Section of the Pantheon162

Colosseum, Rome162

Section of Colosseum162

Basilica of Constantine163

Roman Vaulting; from Baths of Diocletian163

Gothic Vaulting; from Salisbury Cathedral163

Theatre of Orange, France. Conjectured Restoration163

Plan of Theatre of Orange, France. Conjectured Restoration163

Porta Aurea—Golden Gate—Palace of Diocletian163

Pont-du-Gard, Aqueduct Near Nîmes163

Peristyle and Court of the House of the Vettii163

Wall Paintings in the House of the Vettii163

S. Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna192

S. Apollinare-in-Classe, Ravenna192

Church of Kalb-Lauzeh, Syria193

Church of Turmanin, Syria193

Tomb of Galla Placidia202

Interior of San Vitale, Ravenna202

Diagram Showing Pendentives202

Section of SS. Sergius and Bacchus, Constantinople202

Section of S. Sophia, Constantinople202

Diagram showing how a dome rests on eight piers enclosing an octagon, by niches or squinches202

Exterior of S. Sophia, Constantinople203

Interior of S. Sophia, Constantinople203

Plan of S. Sophia, Constantinople203

Plan of S. Mark’s, Venice203

Exterior of St. Mark’s, Venice203

Mosque of El Azhar, Cairo220

Suleimaniyeh or Mosque of Suleiman220

Arcades of the Mosque, now Cathedral, of Cordova220

Court of the Lions, Alhambra, Spain220

Palace of Ispahan, Persia. Conjectured Restoration of Pavilion of Mirrors and Gardens221

College of Shah Hussein, Restoration; Ispahan, Persia221

Mosque of Akbur, Futtehpore-Sikri, India221

Taj Mahal, Agra, India221

Pisa Cathedral, Campanile and Baptistry240

Interior of Pisa Cathedral240

S. Ambrogio, Milan240

S. Michele, Pavia240

The Certosa, or Church of the Carthusian Order, Pavia240

Church of Vézelay, France240

Church of Abbaye-aux-Dames, Caen240

Remains of the Church of Cluny Abbey240

Church of the Apostles, Cologne241

Doorway of Salamanca Cathedral241

Anglo-Saxon Tower, Earl’s Barton, Northamptonshire241

Iffley Church, near Oxford241

S. John’s Chapel, Tower of London241

Nave of Durham Cathedral241

Peterborough Cathedral241

English Romanesque Detail241

Sculptured Details from Amiens Cathedral Doorway270

Skeleton Structure, showing method of vaulting, by means of pointed arch, and concentration of thrusts and counter-thrusts270

Gothic Detail270

Gothic Detail270

Gothic Detail270

Gothic Detail271

Gothic Detail271

Gothic Detail271

Exterior and Interior Views of Lichfield Cathedral Showing the Nave Widening271

Notre Dame, Paris, Plan280

Amiens Cathedral, Plan280

Amiens Cathedral280

Notre Dame, Paris280

Rouen Cathedral280

Rheims Cathedral280

Interior of Notre Dame Cathedral281

Interior of Amiens Cathedral281

Interior of Rheims Cathedral281

Hôtel de Bourgtheroulde, Rouen281

House of Jacques Cœur281

Sainte Chapelle, Paris281

Nave of Norwich Cathedral286

Salisbury Cathedral, Interior286

York Minster, West Façade286

Lincoln Cathedral286

Wells Cathedral, West Façade287

Winchester Cathedral287

Henry VII’s Chapel, Westminster287

Westminster Hall, Timber Roof287

Strasburg Cathedral300

Ratisbon Cathedral300

Town Hall of Munster300

Cathedral of S. Gudule, Brussels300

Cologne Cathedral300

Cloth Hall of Ypres300

Town Hall, Louvain301

Town Hall, Brussels301

Mechlin Cathedral301

Antwerp Cathedral301

Toledo Cathedral301

Burgos Cathedral301

Siena Cathedral, Interior310

San Miniato, Florence; Marble Façade310

Cathedral of Florence and Campanile310

Doge’s Palace, Venice310

Siena Cathedral, Campanile attached311

Orvieto Cathedral, West Façade311

Milan Cathedral311

Milan Cathedral, Interior311

Pazzi Chapel, S. Croce, Florence338

Santa Maria Novella, Florence338

Strozzi Palace, Florence338

Caprarola Palace338

Gvimane Palace, Venice339

Basilica Vicenza339

Doge’s Palace, Venice; Renaissance Portal339

S. Maria della Salute, Venice339

Riccardi Palace, Florence356

Palazzo Vecchio, Florence356

Ca d’Oro, Venice356

Vendramini Palace, Venice356

Farnese Palace, Rome356

Court of the Farnese Palace356

Capitol Palaces, Rome357

Library of S. Mark, Venice357

S. Spirito, Florence357

S. Andrea, Mantua357

S. Peter’s, Rome357

Interior of S. Peter’s, Rome357

Château de Blois. Gothic part built by Louis XII374

Maison François I, Paris374

Château de Blois. Part added by Francis I374

Château de Chambord374

Luxembourg Palace375

Plan showing growth of Louvre375

Pavilion de l’Horloge, Louvre375

Castle of Heidelberg390

Another View of the Heinrichsbau390

Bremen City Hall390

Pellershaus, Nüremburg390

Antwerp City Hall390

Liège, Court of Palais de Justice390

College of Santa Cruz, Valladolid391

Court of the Casa de Zaporta391

Court of the College of Alcala de Henares391

Elevation and Plan of uncompleted Palace Charles V391

The Escoriál391

Plan of The Escoriál391

Wollaton Hall, Nottinghamshire410

Banqueting Hall, Whitehall410

Haddon Hall, Derbyshire410

Haddon Hall; the Long Gallery410

S. Paul’s Cathedral, London411

S. Mary-le-Bow, Cheapside, London411

Old Charlton, Kent411

Georgian Chimney piece and overmantel411

Christ Church, Philadelphia428

Home of the Poet Longfellow, Cambridge, Mass.428

Washington’s Home at Mount Vernon429

Another Southern Colonial example, Montgomery, Ala.429

La Madeleine, Paris436

S. George’s Hall, Liverpool436

Panthéon, Paris436

Arc de l’Etoile, Paris436

Opera House, Paris436

State House, Boston436

Capitol at Washington436

City Hall, New York437

St. Thomas, New York437

Houses of Parliament437

Plan of the Houses of Parliament437

Scotland Yard454

Woodburn Hall, New Windsor, N. Y.454

Trinity Church, Boston454

County Buildings, Pittsburg454

The Breakers, Newport, R. I.454

Detail of residence of Mr. Thomas Hastings, Westbury, Long Island454

Schiller Theatre Building, Chicago455

Woolworth Building455

Steel Cage Construction. Scene in lower New York455