Index

Abington, church vote in, 286.

Acrelius, Dr., quoted, 146.

Adams, Abigail, garden of, 435.

Adams, John, quoted, 71, 160; Sunday dinner of, 159–160; cider-drinking of, 161.

Adams, John Quincy, Mrs., straw bonnet of, 261.

Adams family, homes of, 22.

Albany, houses at, 9; deer in, 109; beer at, 161; bad boys in, 374–375; first church in, 385; cow-herding in, 399.

Alchymy, 88.

Alewives, in New England waters, 120.

Ambrosia, a flower, 450.

Ames, quoted, 136.

Amherst, sign-board at, 360.

Andirons, 62.

Andover, church vote in, 286; bad boy in, 373.

Annapolis, dress in, 293.

Apostle spoons, 90.

Apples, culture of, 145; plenty in Maryland, 145; modes of cooking, 146; in pies, 146.

Apple-butter, 146–147.

Apple-paring, 146–147.

Apple-sauce, 146–147.

Architecture, of churches, 364 et seq., 385 et seq.

Arkamy, 88.

Axe-helves, 314–315.

Back-bar of fireplace, description, 53.

Bacon, quoted, 431.

Bagging, from coarse flax, 172.

Bake-kettle, 66.

Bake-shops, 147.

Ballots, of corn and beans, 141.

Balsam, as dye, 194.

Baltimore, dress in, 293; taverns in, 359.

Banyan, 294.

Barberry, root as dye, 194.

Basins, 106.

Bass, in New England waters, 120–121.

Bass-viols, in meeting, 378.

Bates of flax, 169.

Batteau, 329.

Batten, of loom, 220–221.

Baxter, 187.

Bayberry, description, 39; candles of, 39; wax of, 40; laws about, 40; soap from, 255.

Bead bags, 263.

Beam. See Warp-beam.

Beaming, in weaving, 218.

Beans, as ballots, 141; mode of cooking, 145.

Bed coverlet. See Coverlet.

Bedstead, alcove, 55; turn-up, 55–56.

Beer, among Dutch, 161.

Bees, called English flies, 111.

Beehives, 442.

Beetling of flax, 172.

Bell, as summons to meeting, 368.

Belt-loom. See Tape-loom.

Bennet, quoted, 123.

Berkeley, Gov., quoted, 111, 360–361.

Berries, 145.

Betty lamps, 43–44.

Beverages. See Drinks.

Bible, references to flax in, 177.

Biddeford, communal privileges in, 390.

Bier, in weaving, 220.

Birch-bark, doors of, 6; plates of, 83; baskets of, cans of, 253, 310.

Birch broom, making of, 301–303; price of, 302.

Blackjacks, 95–96.

Blazing, of trees, 330.

Bleaching, of flax thread, 175; of linen, 234; of straw bonnets, 261.

Bleeding-basins, 86.

Block-houses, 26.

Boards, scarcity of, 76.

Board cloth, 76–77.

Boardman Hill House, 22.

Bobbins, for weaving. See Quills.

Bobs, of flax, 168.

Bombards, 96.

Books of etiquette, 79.

Bore-staff of loom, 224.

Boston, fire-engine in, 19; early houses of, 19, 27; first fork in, 77; pigeons in, 110; fish in, 123; tea in, 164–165; coffee in, 165; chocolate in, 165; spinning schools in, 180; fulling-mill in, 187; dress in, 292–294; coach in, 331; stage-travel from, 350–351; night watch in, 363; meeting-houses in, 364, 366; restrictions of settlement in, 394; cows in, 400.

Bottles, of wood, 82; of pewter, 85; of glass, 92–93; of leather, 95.

Boucher, Jonathan, quoted, 382.

Bouncing-bet, 427, 447.

Bounty coats, 248.

Bouts, in weaving, 218.

Box-borders, a plea for, 430–431.

Boxing, of maple trees, 112.

Boylston, Nicholas, banyan of, 294.

Boys, clothing of, 287–288; wigs of, 297; seats in meeting for, 372 et seq.; misbehavior of, 372–373; in church, 384.

Braid-loom. See Tape-loom.

Bradford, Governor, quoted, 129–130.

Bread, white, 147; rye and Indian, 147

Bread-peel, 67.

Breadtrough, 311.

Breakfast, or bread and milk, 148.

Breaking, of flax, 169–170; of hemp, 170.

Breaking out the winter roads, 412 et seq.

Breweries, in New York, 161.

Brewster, Elder, quoted, 117.

Brick, imported, 21.

British spinning and weaving school, 186.

Broach, 198.

Brooklyn, oysters in, 118–119; salting shad in, 124–125.

Brooms, of broom-corn, 256–257; of birch, 301–304; of hemlock, 304–305.

Broom-corn, 256–257.

Brown University, dress of first graduating class, 183.

Bucking, of flax thread, 175; of linen, 234.

Bull's-eye lamp, 45.

Bun, of flax, 169.

Bunch-thread, 251.

Bundling-mould. See Shingling-mould.

Burlers, in weaving, 252.

Bushnell, Horace, quoted, 246.

Busks, carved, 320.

Butter, price of, 149.

Buttermilk, for bleaching, 175.

Caches, for corn, 138.

Cage, for babies, 372; for bad boys, 385.

Calash, 289.

Calf-keeper, duties of, 400.

Cambridge, cow-herding in, 399.

Campbell, Madam Angelica, coach of, 335.

Candles, cost of, 34; making of, 35–37; materials for, 38–39, 42.

Candle-arms, 42.

Candle-beams, 42.

Candle-box, 38.

Candle-dipping, 36.

Candle-moulds, 36–37.

Candle-prongs, 42.

Candle-rods, 36.

Candle-sticks, 42.

Candle-wood, 32.

Canoes, 323–327.

Canteens, of horn, 321.

Captain of the watch, duties of, 380.

Cards. See Wool-cards.

Carding described, 194–196.

Carding-machines, 206.

Card-setting. See Wool-cards.

Capuchins, 295.

Carolinas, sweet potatoes in, 145; hand-weaving in, 249–251; gardens in, 438–439.

Carpet. See Rag carpet.

Carrots, 145.

Carving, terms in, 104–105; of wood, 320; of horn, 321–322.

Caves, description of, 2; for corn, 138.

Cave-dwellers, 1.

Cedar tops, for dyeing, 251.

Cellar of Dutch houses, 10.

Chain in weaving, 250.

Chair-seats, 310–311.

Chaise of Brother Jonathan, 353.

"Change-work," 417.

Chap-men, 300.

Chargers, 80, 84.

Charleston, flax manufacture in, 182–183; dress in, 293; gardens in, 438–439.

Charlevoix, Father, on canoes, 327.

Chaucer, quoted, on spinning, 179.

Chebobbin, 415.

Cheese, making of, 150.

Cheese-basket, 150–151.

Cheese-hoop, 312.

Cheese-ladder, 150–151, 312.

Cheese-press, 150–151, 312.

Chesapeake, turkeys on, 109; wild fowl on, 125.

Chicory, introduction of, 449.

Children, at table, 101–102; occupations of, 179–180, 182, 188–189, 203–204, 261–262; dress of, 287; in meeting, 372 et seq.; in noon-house, 376.

Chimney, catted, 15, 53; size of, 52, 68; description, 53; in Dutch houses, 55.

China, early use of, 100; importation of, 100–101.

Chinese stuffs, 294.

Chinking walls, 5.

Chopping-bee, 403 et seq.

Chorister, in Dutch churches, 386.

Churches, in Virginia, 381–383; in Albany, 385. See also Meeting-house.

Churns, few in New England, 149; examples of, 149–150; whittling of, 312.

Cider, use by children, 148–149, 161; use by students, 161; price of, 161; manufacture of, 161–162; generous use of, 161–163.

Clam-shells, use of, 308–309.

Clarionets, in meeting, 378.

Clavell-piece, 54.

Clay, for dyeing, 241.

Clergymen, in Virginia, 384.

Clocks, 299.

Clock-jack, 65.

Clock-reel, 174–175; price of, 177; for yarn, 200.

Clogs, 295.

Cloth, finishing of, 231–233.

Cloth bar, 224.

Clothes, durability of, 281; extravagance in, 281; laws about, 281 et seq.; of Massachusetts settlers, 286–287; of Virginia planters, 287; of children, 288 et seq.

Coaches, in Boston, 331, 353–354; in England, 354; Judge Sewall on, 354; in New York, 354–355. See also Stage-coach.

Coat-of-arms, on sampler, 267.

Coat roll, 248.

Cob irons, 62.

Cocoanut-cups, 96–97.

Codfish, early discoverers on, 115–116; plenty of, 115; in New England waters, 120–121; varieties of, 121; for Saturday dinner, 122; price in Boston, 123. See Fish and Fishing.

Coffee, substitutes for, 159; early use of, 165; queer mode of cooking, 165.

Colchester, girls' life in, 253.

Cold houses, 70–71.

Cold party, 419.

Colored herbs, 430.

Coloring, 23.

Combing, description of, 196.

Combing machine, 230.

Combs. See Wool-combs.

Comfortier, 69.

Common crops, 130.

Common herds. See Herding.

Common lands, 398.

Communal privileges, 390 et seq.

Conch-shell, as summons to meeting, 367–368.

Concord coaches, 352–353.

Concordance, 33.

Conestoga wagon, 339–343; shape of, 339; rates on, 340; great number of, 340.

Connecticut, tar-making in, 33; pumpkin bread in, 143; flax culture in, 179; straw manufacture in, 260.

Contributions in New England meetings, 378; in Dutch churches, 386–387.

Cooking, influence of Indian methods, 131–136; English modes of, 151; spices used in, 152; limitations in, 158–159.

Coöperation in olden times, 389 et seq.

Corbel roof, 9.

Coreopsis, persistence of, 448.

Corn, influence on colonists' lives, 126; in Virginia, 127–128; price of, 128, 138; scarcity of, 129; mode of cultivating, 130–131; Indian foods from, 131; Indian modes of preparing, 131; modes of cooking, 133–136; as currency, 138; profits on raising, 139; games with, 139; shelling of, 139–140; as ballots, 141; as national flower, 141.

Corn-cobs, use of, 141, 209.

Corn dances, 138.

Corn-husking, description of, 136.

Corn-sheller, 140–141.

Cotton, early use of, 206–207; cultivation of, 207; rarity of, 207–208; domestic manufacture, 209–210; Golden Age of, 230.

Cotton-gin, 208.

Cotton, John, quoted, 148, 285.

Coverlets, in Pennsylvania, 190; in Narragansett, 242–246.

Cows, herding of, 399–401.

Cowherds, duties of, 399–400; pay of, 399.

Cowkeeps, 399.

Cow-pens, 400.

Crabs, in Virginia, 118.

Crane, 53.

Creepers, 62.

Crocus, 237.

Crofting, of linen, 234.

Crown-imperial, 425.

Cups, 85, 90, 93–96.

Currency, corn as, 138.

"Cut-down," of trees, 405.

Cutler, Dr., quoted, 159.

Cut-tails, 122–123.

Daffodils, 426–427.

Dale, Sir Thomas, on corn-growing, 127; on Sunday observance, 380.

Danvers, Mass., house in, 30.

Daubing walls, 5.

Daughters of Liberty, 183–184.

Day's work in spinning, 185.

Deacons, in Dutch churches, 386–387.

Deacons' pew, 374.

"Deaconing" the psalm, 378.

Deaf pew, 374.

Dedham, Mass., house in, 22–23.

Deer, abundance of, 108–109; description of, 108.

Deerskin, clothing of, 288–289.

De La Warre, church attendance of, 382.

Delaware, house pie in, 146.

Delft ware, 100.

Dents, of sley, 219–220.

Designs, for weaving, 243–244, 250–251; of ancient Gauls, 242; for quilts, 272–273; for paper-cutting, 278–289.

Dew-retting, 169.

Dimity, 250.

Dinner, serving of, 104; primitive forms, 105–106; for Saturday, 122; in New York, 159; at John Adams' home, 159–160.

Discomforts of temperature, 70–71.

Distaff, in India, 178.

Dogs, in meeting, 374.

Dog-pelter, 374.

Dog-whipper, 374.

Donnison family, fire buckets of, 18.

Door latch, 11, 318.

Dorchester, windmill at, 133; corporation, laws in, 392, 394.

Double string-roaster, 64.

Drawing, in weaving, 219.

Drawing a bore, 224.

Dress. See Clothes.

Dresser, 68.

Drinking-cups, 85–96, 98.

Drinks, from curious materials, 163.

Drinking habits, 93–94, 161, 164.

Drinking-horns, 321.

Driver, 198.

Drugget, 250.

Drum, as summons to meeting, 367, 368.

Duck. See Wild fowl.

Duer, Colonel, dinner of, 159.

Dugouts, 326.

Dunfish, 121–122. Also see Codfish.

Durability of homespun, 238–239.

Durham, church discipline in, 372.

Dutch mode of serving meals, 106.

Dutch oven, 65.

Dyes, domestic, 155, 193–194, 250–251.

Dye-flower, 251.

Earmarks, 400.

Eastern Stage Company, 351.

Economy of colonists, 42, 185, 321–324; of Martha Washington, 237–238.

Eddis, quoted, 118.

Eels, method of catching, 117.

Egypt, flax in, 177–178; linen in, 178.

Embroidery. See Needlework.

Emerson, R. W., appointed hog-reeve, 403.

Endicott, Governor, sun-dial of, 443; his introduction of woad-wax, 448.

Entering, in weaving. See Drawing.

Ernst, C. W., quoted, 343, 345.

Etiquette for children, 100–102; of carving, 104–105.

Eye, of harness, 218.

Fairbanks, Jacob, house of, 22–23; sun-dial of, 443.

Fairs, instituted by Penn, 190; encouraged by Franklin, 191.

Faneuil, Miss, dress of, 292.

Fences, different varieties of, 25; common building of, 401–402; laws about, 401–402.

Fence-viewers, 401.

Ferries, by canoe, 330–331.

Finlay, Hugh, postal report of, 333–335.

Fireback, 54.

Fire-buckets, description, 16; use of, 17; of Donnison's, 18; of Quincy's, 18; of Oliver's, 19.

Fire-dogs, 62.

Fire-engine, first in Boston, 19; first in Brooklyn, 19.

Fire-hunting, 108–109.

Fire lanes, 16.

Fire laws, 15.

Fireplace of our fathers, 53.

Fire-plate, 54–55.

Fire-room, 7.

Fire-wardens, 15.

Fish, plenty of, 115–125; varieties of, in New England waters, 117; in Virginia waters, 119; in New York waters, 120; salted, 124–125; as fertilizer, 130; poisoned by flax, 169.

Fishing, King James on, 116; ill-success in, 117; supplies for, 117; in Virginia, 119–120; encouragement of, 121; laws on, 121; division of profit, 122, 123.

Fish-weirs, 121.

Flag, as summons to meeting, 368.

Flails, making of, 312; use of, 313–314.

Flannel sheets, 238.

Flax, patch of, 167; blossom of, 167; growth of, 168; weeding of, 168; ripening of, 168; pulling of, 168; spreading of, 168; rippling of, 168–169; watering of, 169; stacking of, 169; breaking of, 169–170; tenacity of, 171; swingling of, 171–172; beetling of, 172; hetcheling of, 172–173; spreading and drawing, 173; many manipulations of, 173; spinning of, 174; in Bible, 177; in Egypt, 177–178; in New England, 179–181, 186; in Pennsylvania, 181; in Virginia, 181, 182; in South Carolina, 182–183; in Ireland, 186; in Courtrai, 186; in England, 186.

Flax basket, 173.

Flax-brake, 169–170.

Flax hetchels, 172.

Flaxseed, how sown, 167; how gathered, 168, 176; how stored, 176.

Flax-thread, spinning of, 174; knotting of, 175; reeling of, 175; bleaching of, 175; backing of, 175.

Flax-wheel, revival of, 167; use of, 174; price of, 177.

Flint and steel, 48.

Flower, a national, 141.

Flowers, in churches, 383; old-time, 421 et seq.; folk-names of, 448; age of, 443–445; persistency of, 447; escaped from cultivation, 448.

Flower-seeds, sold by women, 440–441; old list of, 441.

Flutes, in meeting, 378.

Flying-machine, 345.

Fly-shuttle, 228.

Food, from forests, 108–114; from sea and river, 114–125; transportation of, 143; entirely from farm, 158; substitutes, 158–159.

Foot-mantle, 295.

Foot-paths, 329.

Foot-stoves, 375, 385.

Foot-treadle, of loom, 219.

Foot-wheel. See Flax-wheel.

Foote, Abigail, diary of, 253.

Forefathers' Dinner, 129.

Forests, destruction of, 52; riches of, 108–114.

Forms, 101.

Forks, use of, 77; first, 77.

Forts, as churches, 365, 385.

Fox, George, bequest of, 437.

Franklin, quoted, 53, 181; fairs encouraged by, 191; advertisement of, 292–293; as postmaster, 333; set milestones, 335; cyclometer of, 335–336; on canals, 353; in sedan-chair, 356.

Franklin stove, 70.

Fraxinella, 449.

Fringe-loom, 227.

Frocking, striped, 237.

Fulling-mill, in Boston, 188.

Fulling-stocks, 232.

Fulham jugs, 98.

Funerals, rings at, 298; gloves at, 298–299.

Furs, search for, 115.

Fustian, in America, 237; in Europe, 237.

Gallows-balke, 53.

Gallows-crooks, 53.

Gallows-frame. See Tape-loom.

Gambrels, 310.

Gambrel roof, description, 22.

Games, with corn, 139.

Garden, an old-time, 419 et seq.; in New England, 419 et seq.; in southern colonies, 438–439; in New York, 439–440.

Garnish of pewter, 85.

Garrison house, 26.

Garter-loom. See Tape-loom.

Geese, raising of, 257–258; pickings of, 257–259; noise of, 258.

Georgia, deer in, 109; turkeys in, 110; hand-weaving in, 249–251.

Georgius Rex jug, 99.

Germantown, flax-raising at, 181; flax-workers at, 181; seal of, 181; wool manufacture at, 190.

Gibcrokes, 53.

Gimlet, 305.

Giotto, loom of, 213.

Girdling, of trees, 403.

Girls, dress of, 289–292; seats in meeting for, 372.

Giskins, 96.

Glass, in windows, 23, 366; nailed in, 366; for lamps, 46; early use of, 92.

Gloucester, old house at, 70; fishing at, 122–123; communal privileges in, 390.

Gloves, given at funerals, 298–299.

Going a-leafing, 67.

Goldenrod, as dye, 193.

Goloe-shoes, 295.

Gookin, quoted, 137.

Goose-basket, 258.

Goose-neck andirons, 62.

Goose yoke, 258.

Gorse. See Woad-wax.

Gourds, cups of, 96; utensils of, 309.

Grant, Mrs. Anne, on Dutch gardens, 439.

Grapes, 145.

Grassing, of linen, 234.

Greeley, Horace, on canal-travel, 353.

Gridirons, 61.

Grist-mill, earliest, 133.

Guinea wheat, 129. See Corn.

Gun, as summons to meeting, 368.

Gundalow, 329.

Gutters of houses, 9.

Hackling. See Hetcheling.

Hadley, shad in, 123–124; potatoes in, 144; broom-making in, 256–257; restrictions of settlement in, 392–393; hay-ward in, 402.

Hakes, 53.

Half-faced camp, 3.

Hammond, John, quoted, 395.

Hamor, Ralph, quoted, 143.

Hancock House, knocker of, 28; on sampler, 268.

Hancock, John, hatred of pewter, 85; drinking cup of, 97; dress of, 293.

Hand-distaff. See Distaff.

Hand-loom. See Loom.

Hand-reel. See Niddy-noddy.

Hap-harlot, 242.

Harness. See Heddle.

Harvard College, standing salt of, 78–79; trenchers at, 81.

Hasty pudding, 135.

Hats, worn in meeting, 285; church votes about, 286.

Hay-wards, 402.

Heddle of loom, 219.

Heddle-frame. See Tape-loom.

Heel-pegs. See Shoe-pegs.

Hemlock, brooms of, 304–305; boxes of, 310.

Hemp, blossom of, 167; breaking of, 169.

Herding, of cows, 399–401; of sheep, 401; of swine, 403.

Hetcheling of flax, 172.

Hexe, of flax, 169.

Hides, use of, 109; tax on, 109.

Higginson, quoted, 33, 35, 117, 148.

Hind's-foot handle, 90.

Hinges, material of, 9, 318.

Hingham, church at, 365.

Hogarth, loom of, 213–214.

Hogs, as scavengers, 125; yokes of, 311; laws about, 402–403.

Hog-reeves, 402–403.

Homespun industries, 167; beneficent effect of, 179; foundation of liberty, 189.

Hominy, 131.

Honey, plenty of, 111.

Honey-locust, 163.

Horn, spoons of, 88; cups of, 96; as summons to meeting, 368.

Horse-blocks, in front of churches, 367.

Horse-bridges, 331.

Horse-laurel, as dye, 194.

Hose. See Stockings.

Hospitality, in Southern colonies, 395 et seq.

Hound handle, 100.

Hour-glass, in meeting, 376.

Housekeeper, qualifications of, 252–253.

House pie, 146.

House-raising. See Raising.

Hyperion tea, 165.

India china, 100.

Indians, houses of, 3–4; caves of, 138; corn dances of, 138; cultivation of corn by, 126–131; endurance of, 137; mode of cooking corn, 131–135; names of corn foods, 131–137; mode of drying pumpkins, 143; spoons of, 88; mode of cooking beans, 145; brooms of, 301–304; four best things, 304; modes of travel of, 325; boats of, 325; paths of, 329–330.

Indian corn. See Corn.

Indian pudding, 135.

Indigo, as dye, 193.

Inns. See Taverns.

Invention, of cotton-gin, 208; of fly-shuttle, 228; of spinning-jenny, 229; of throstle-spun yarn, 229; of combing-machine, 230; of flax-spinning machine, 230–231.

Ipswich, grist-mill at, 133.

Iris, as dye, 193.

Itineracies, old-time, 176, 300–301.

Jack-knife, 307–308.

Jacks, 64.

James I. on fishing, 116.

Jamestown, spinning-schools at, 182; summons to meeting at, 367.

Jeans, 250.

Jefferson, Thomas, quoted, 207, 256; hospitality of, 397; impoverishment of, 397–398.

Jewellery, slight wear of, 297.

Johnson, quoted, 143, 145, 188.

Johnson, Governor, baby clothes of, 265.

Johnny-cakes, 135.

Josselyn, quoted, 117; his list of plants in New England, 432 et seq.

Judd, Sylvester, quoted, 216, 237.

Jugs, of stoneware, 98.

Jumel, Madame, cave house of, 3.

Kalm, quoted, 39–40; on squirrels, 110; on bees, 111; on maize bread, 134; on canoes, 326–327; on the plantain, 436.

Kearsarge, Mount, romance of, 405.

Kentucky, hand-weaving in, 249.

Ketch, 328.

Kill-devil. See Rum.

Killing time, 153.

King Hooper house, 30.

Kitchen, description, 52; in rhyme, 73–75.

Knife. See Jack-knife.

Knife-racks, 68.

Knights, Madame, quoted, 8; on canoes, 327–328; journey of, 332; on sleighs, 355.

Knitting, 190; yarn for, 201; by children, 261–262; elaborate designs, 262.

Knitting machine, 190.

Knives, of flax brake, 170.

Knocker, Hancock house, 28; Winslow house, 29.

Knots, of flax thread, 175.

Krankbesoeckers, 385.

Labadist missionaries, quoted, 118–119.

Lad's lore, 428.

Lamps, 43–45.

Lathe. See Batten.

Latten ware, 58.

Laws, about flax culture, 179–180; about dress, 282–284; about ferries, 330–331; about mail, 334; about taverns, 357; on observance of Sunday, 378–379; of warning out, 392 et seq.; about fences, 401–402.

Lay, of loom. See Batten.

Laying a fire, 74.

Lays, of flax thread, 175.

Lean-to, description, 22.

Leashes, of heddle, 219.

Leather, utensils of, 95–96.

Letters. See Post.

Liberty Tea, 165.

Lincoln, Abraham, early home of, 4; rail-splitting, 25.

Linden, fibre from, 211.

Linen, manipulations of, 234; clothing of, 234; sentiment of, 234; price of, 234; checked, 238.

Lining the psalm, 378.

Litster, 187.

Livingstone, John, clothing of, 288.

Loaf-sugar. See Sugar-cones.

Lobsters, plenty of, 117; vast size of, 118.

Logan, Mrs., on flower-raising, 438.

Log cabin, forms of, 5.

Logging-bee, 416, 417.

Log-rolling, 389, 404, 406.

Longfellow, quoted, 327.

Long Island, bayberries on, 40; samp-mortars on, 133; wool raising on, 191; bad boys on, 373; Sunday observance on, 385; cow-herding on, 400.

Long-short, 236–237.

Loom, antiquity of, 213–214; of Giotto, 213; of Hogarth, 213–214; description of, 214. See Power-loom, Tape-loom.

Loom-room, 212.

Louisiana, corn in, 128; petticoat rebellion in, 128; hand-weaving in, 250.

Lowell, quoted, 73.

Lucas, Governor, quoted, 182–183.

Lug-pole, 53.

Luxury, after the Revolution, 159–160.

Lye, making of, 254.

MacMaster, quoted, 207.

Madison, Dolly, dress of, 290.

Mail, of heddle, 219.

Mail. See Post.

Mail coaches, 344, 350.

Maine, windows in, 23; candle-wood in, 32; chums in, 149; axe-making in, 315.

Maize. See Corn.

Mandillion, 287.

Manhattan, bark houses on, 4; palisados on, 24.

Manners. See Etiquette.

Maple sugar, old description of, 111; manufacture of, 111–112.

Maple-wood, bowls of, 82, 318–320.

Marblehead, fishing at, 122–123.

Marigolds, 427.

Marmalades, 152.

Maryland, houses in, 11; wild fowl in, 125; apples in, 145; hospitality in, 396–397.

Masks, 290.

Massachusetts, cave dwellings in, 1; palisados in, 24; venison in, 109; fish in, 123; flax culture in, 179–180; wool-raising in, 188; bounty in, 205; sumptuary laws in, 281–284; outfit for settlers, 286–287; ferries in, 330–331.

Matches, first, 50–51.

Mazer, 319.

Mead, 163.

Meeting-house, in Boston, 364, 366; in Salem, 364; in Hingham, 365; descriptions of, 364, 366–369.

Metheglin, 163.

Metheglin cups, 85.

Metzel-soup, 419.

Milestones, 335–336.

Milford, Conn., palisados in, 24.

Milk, price of, 148; use as food, 148.

Milk pitchers, names of, 106.

Milkweed, for candle wicks, 35, 211.

Mill, Indian, 132.

Mince-pies, pioneer, 159.

Ministers, encourage fisheries, 121.

Mittens, fine knitting of, 262; quick knitting of, 262.

Modesty-piece, 270–271.

Molasses, for New England slave-trade, 163.

Monkey spoons, 90.

Moore, Thomas, quoted, 348.

Mortar, Indian, 132.

Morton, quoted, 120–121.

Moss-pink, 423.

Mount Vernon, description of, 13; weaving at, 237; garden at, 431.

Mourning rings. See Rings.

Mourning samplers, 268–269.

Muffs, worn by men, 298, 386.

Mutton, its disuse previous to Revolution, 189, 191.

Nails, scarcity of, 11.

Napkins, use of, 77.

Narragansett, hand-weaving in, 241–244; shift marriages in, 241–242; old quilt in, 275–276; threshing in, 313–314.

Needlework, stitches in, 264–265; delicacy of, 265; rules for, 265.

Neighborhood, title of settlement, 391.

Neighbors, old-time, 388 et seq., 395 et seq.

Netting, 263–264.

Nettles, fibre spun, 211.

New Amsterdam, first church in, 385; laws about fences in, 401–402.

Newman, Rev. Mr., manner of work, 33.

Newburyport, house at, 27; straw bleaching at, 261; sumptuary laws in, 283; fines in, 374.

New England, houses in, 15; candle-wood in, 32; lobsters in, 117; fisheries in, 117–124; Indian corn in, 127–136; mills in, 131–133; pumpkins in, 142–143; potatoes in, 144; squashes in, 144; milk and ministers in, 148; churns in, 149; cider in, 161–162; rum in, 163–164; slavery in, 164; wool-raising in, 188–189; taverns in, 356–357; watchmen in, 363; meeting-houses in, 365 et seq.; summons to meeting in, 368; Sunday observance in, 378 et seq.; "taste of dinner in," 418; old-time gardens in, 421 et seq.

New Hampshire, candle-wood in, 32; potatoes in, 144; pioneer mince-pies in, 159; wheelwrights in, 176; flax manufacture in, 180, 236; fine knitting in, 269; birch brooms in, 304.

New Haven, restrictions in, 392.

New London, mill at, 133.

Newport, box plants at, 430; garden in, 437–438.

New York, houses in, 8; candle-wood in, 32; first fork in, 78; venison in, 109; lobsters at, 118; fish in, 120; salting shad in, 124–125; suppawn in, 133; ale and beer in, 161; wool-raising in, 191; dress in, 292; turnpikes in, 349–350; coaches in, 354–355; sleighs in, 355; street lighting in, 362; watch in, 363; Sunday observance in, 384; cow-herding in, 399; gardens in, 439–440.

Niddy-noddy, 200–201; carved, 320.

Nightgowns, 294.

Nocake, description of, 137; use of, 137; Eliot's use of word, 137–138.

Noggins, 82.

Noil, 196.

Nokick. See Nocake.

Noon-houses, 374–375.

Noon-marks, 299.

Norridgewock, life-work of a citizen of, 407–408.

Northampton, sumptuary laws in, 283–284.

Northboro, spinning match at, 184.

North Saugus, house in, 21.

Norwich, naughty girl in, 373.

Notices, nailed on church doors, 367.

Nott, President, story of boyhood, 202–203.

Occamy, 88.

Occupations, of children, 179, 180, 182, 186, 437; of women, 187.

Oiled paper for windows, 23, 366.

Old South Church, on sampler, 268.

Old Ship, 365.

Old South, 366.

Opening in land, clearing, 406.

Ordinary, name for tavern, 356.

Osenbrigs, 288.

Otis, Hannah, sampler of, 268.

Overhang, in walls, 19–20.

Ovens, 67.

Ox-bows, 311.

Oxen, sign of distress in, 413.

Oysters, in Brooklyn, 118–119; in Virginia, 119; vast size of, 119.

Pace-weight, of loom, 224.

Pack-horses, use of, 336–339; pay for, 337; load of, 337–338.

Pails, early, 58.

Paint, not used, 23.

Pales. See Fences.

Palfrey, quoted, 122.

Palisado, description of, 24.

Pansy, folk-names of, 425–426.

Paper-cutting. See Papyrotamia.

Papyrotamia, 277–278.

Parley, Peter, reminiscence of, 140.

Parsnips, 145.

Pastorius, Father, his choice for seal, 181; his encouragement of gardening, 436.

Patchwork. See Quilt-piecing.

Patent, first to Americans, 138–139, 260.

Pattens, 295.

Paupers, in Narragansett, 313; treatment of, in New England, 324.

Pawn, 55.

Pawtucket, cotton thread in, 207.

Pay, for spinning, 185; for weaving, 230, 250; for cow-herding, 399; of swineherds, 403.

Peabody, Francis, house of, 31.

Peachy, 163.

Peas, 145.

Peel, 67.

Pegging, 262.

Pelisses, 295.

Penn, William, fairs instituted by, 190.

Pennsylvania, cave-dwellers in, 2; stoves in, 69; squirrels in, 110; wool manufacture in, 190; dress in, 292–293; mail in, 333; post-rider, 335; transportation in, 335–344; roads in, 339; turnpikes in, 349; coaching in, 350–351; metzel-soup in, 419; gardens in, 436–437.

Peonies, 421.

Perfumes, in cooking, 152; of old garden flowers, 424; of sweet-scented leaves, 449 et seq.

Periagua, 329.

Perry, 163.

Peter, Hugh, encourages fisheries, 121.

Petticoat rebellion, 128.

Petunias, 428.

Pews, described, 368 et seq.

Pewter, for lamps, 44–45; for utensils, 84–85; on dresser, 68; lids of, 100.

Phœbe-lamps, 44.

Philadelphia, early houses in, 15; luxurious dinners in, 160; straw manufacture in, 260; travel from, 347–350; taverns in, 359; cow-herding in, 400–401.

Pickling, old-time, 152.

Pierce Garrison House, 26.

Pierpont, Rev. John, verses of, 306–307.

Pies, 146.

Pigeons, plenty of, 110; price of, 110.

Pilgrims, starvation of, 129.

Piling-bee, 406.

Pillions, 331–332.

Pillory, location of, 367.

Pinckney, Mrs., exchange of flowers of, 439.

Pinehurst, hand-weaving in, 250–251.

Pine-knots, use of, 32–33.

Pink, name of vessel, 328.

Pinks, varieties of, 427.

Pipe shelves, 68.

Pipe-tongs, 68–69.

Pitch-pipes, in meeting, 378.

Plantain, romance of, 435–436.

Plate-racks, 68.

Plate-warmer, 61.

Plymouth, vacant fields at, 130; sampler at, 266.

Pokeberry, as dye, 193.

Pompion. See Pumpkin.

Pones, 134.

Pop-corn, 135.

Poplar wood, use of, 81–82.

Porcelain. See China.

Porringers, 85–86.

Porter's fluid, 45.

Portsmouth, old house at, 21.

Portulaca, 429.

Posnet, 87.

Possing, of linen, 234.

Post, first, 332; duties of, 332–333; in Virginia, 333; report about, 333–335.

Potatoes, in New England, 144; queer modes of cooking, 144–145. See Sweet potatoes.

Potato-boiler, 57.

Pot-brakes, 53.

Pot-clips, 53.

Pot-crooks, 53.

Pot-hangers, 53.

Pothooks, 53.

Pots, cost of, 56; size of, 56.

Pound-keepers, 400.

Powder-horns, 320–321.

Powdering of hair, 297.

Powdering tub, 153.

Power-loom, 230.

Powhatan, teaches corn-planting, 127.

Prairie-schooner. See Conestoga wagon.

Prayers, length of, 376; with the sick, 419.

Preserving, old-time, 152.

Printer, dress of, 293.

Providence, straw manufacture in, 260; restrictions in, 392.

Psalm-singing, 376 et seq.

Puddings, of corn, 135.

Pudding-time, 104, 160.

Pue. See Pews.

Pulling of flax, 168.

Pulpits, 368, 385.

Pumpkin, tributes to, 143; modes of cooking, 143; their plenty, 143; shells of, 309.

Puncheon floor, 6.

Quakers, dress of, 258, 292.

Quarels, of glass, 9.

Quarnes, 133.

Quiddonies, 152.

Quills, for weaving, 216; from geese, 259.

Quilling-wheel, 216, 229.

Quilts, piecing of, 270–275; materials for, 272–274; patterns for, 272–275; quilting of, 273–274.

Quince drink, 96.

Quincy family, fire-buckets of, 18; samplers of, 266–267.

Quincy, Josiah, quoted, 341–342, 346.

Raddle, of loom, 219.

Rag carpet, 239–240.

Rail-fence, 25.

Raising, of a house, 408 et seq.

Rake. See Raddle.

Ramsay, quoted, 395–396.

Randolph, John, quoted, 205.

Raspberry leaves for tea, 158, 165.

Rattle-watch, 362.

Ravel. See Raddle.

Reading, communal privileges in, 391.

Recons, 53.

Reed. See Sley.

Reed-hook. See Sley-hook.

Reel, triple, 200. See Clock-reel and Niddy-noddy.

Revolution, influences towards success, 166–167, 189.

Rhode Island, stage-coach in, 346.

Rhode Island College. See Brown University.

Ribbon-beds, 445.

Ribbon-grass, 430.

Ride-and-tie system, 332.

Rings, wearing of, 297; at funerals, 298.

Rippling of flax, 168–169; of hemp, 169.

Rippling-comb, 168; of Egyptians, 178.

Roasting ears, 134.

Roasting-kitchens, 65.

Rock for spinning, in Egypt, 178; in India, 178; in New England, 179.

Rock-candy, 157.

Rocking-tree, of loom, 220.

Rochester, house-raising at, 410.

Rolliches, 154.

Rolling-roads, 330.

Rolling-up a house, 6.

Roof, of Dutch houses, 10; gambrel, 22.

Roquelaure, 295.

Rosselini, quoted, 178.

Roving, of yarn, 201.

Rowley, spinning match at, 184.

Ruffler for flax, 172.

Rum, manufacture of, 163; in New England, 163; in slave-trade, 163–164; at house-raisings, 410.

Rush, for scouring, 85.

Rushlight, 38.

Rutland, cave-dwellers in, 3.

Sabba-day house. See Noon-house.

Sabin Hall, 14.

Sack, law of sale, 357.

Sacjes, 386–387.

Saco, communal privileges in, 390.

Safeguards, 295.

Salem, coloring houses at, 23; lobsters at, 117; fisheries at, 121; milk in, 148; sumptuary laws in, 283; taverns at, 356–357; night-watch in, 363; meeting-house in, 364; seats for boys at meeting in, 372; swineherds in, 403.

Saler, 78.

Salisbury, meeting-house at, 369.

Salmon, price in Boston, 123; low regard of, 123; fishing for, 124.

Salt-cellar, 78–79.

Salting of fish, 124; of meat, 153.

Samp, mode of preparing, 131–132, 134; porridge of, 134.

Samplers, 265–268.

Samp-mills, 133.

Samp-mortars, 133.

Sap-buckets, 112.

Sap-yoke, 113.

Sassafras, as dye, 194; for soap, 255.

Sausages, making of, 154–155.

Sausage-gun, 154.

Save-alls, 42.

Scaffold, name for pulpit, 368.

Scarne. See Skarne.

Sconces, 42.

Scouring-rush, 85.

Scutching. See Swingling.

Scythe snathe, 309–312.

Seal of Germantown, 181.

Seating the meeting, 370–371.

Seats, at table, 101; in New England meetings, 369; in Virginia churches, 383–384; in Dutch churches, 386–387.

Section. See Bout.

Sedan-chairs, 356.

Sermons, length of, 376.

Sewall, Samuel, quoted, 354–356; character of, 418.

Shad, low regard of, 123–124; price of, 124; fishing for, 124; salting of, 124.

Shallop, 328.

Shed, in weaving, 221.

Sheep, in Massachusetts, 188; laws about, 188, 189; herding of, 409.

Sheep-folds, 401.

Sheep-herds, 401.

Sheep-ranges, 401.

Shelburne, girls work in, 262.

Shepster, 187.

Sherry-vallies, 296.

Shingles, making of, 316–317.

Shingle-bolts, 318.

Shingle-mould, 317.

Shoe-pegs, 315–316.

Shuttles, for loom, 224–225.

Sign-boards, name on, 358–359; historical value of, 359; of Philadelphia, 359; of Baltimore, 359.

Sigourney, Mrs., quoted, 277–278.

Silk-grass, 211.

Silver, use of, 89–92.

Skarne, 216–217.

Skeins, of flax thread, 175.

Skillet, 50.

Skilts, 236.

Slave-kitchen, 54.

Slave quarters, 14.

Slavery, in New England, 163; in Virginia, 164.

Sleds, 343.

Sleighs, in New York, 355.

Sley, of loom, 219–220; price of, 224.

Slice, 67.

Slippings, of flax thread, 175.

Smith, John, quoted, 115–116; plants corn, 127; description of first Virginia church, 381–382.

Smoke-house, 153.

Smoke-jack, 65.

Smoking tongs, 68–69.

Snake-fence, 25.

Sneak-cups, 106.

Snow, name of vessel, 328.

Snowstorm, in New England, 410 et seq.

Snuffers, 42.

Snuffers tray, 42.

Soap, making of, 253–255.

Society house, 396.

Sorrel, as dye, 194.

South Carolina. See Carolinas.

Southernwood, 428.

Spatter-dashes, 296.

Spelling, varied, of squashes, 144.

Spenser, quoted, 319.

Spermaceti, 42.

Spices, in cooking, 153; ground at home, 158.

Spice-mills, 158.

Spice-mortars, 158.

Spinning, of flax, 174, 230; pay for, 175; in Egypt, 178; in India, 178; in New England, 179–180; in Pennsylvania, 181; in France, 230–231; day's work in, 185; in modern times, 186; of wool, 196–198, 229–230; new materials for, 211; race between weaving and, 228–229; a by-industry, 228.

Spinning classes, 180.

Spinning-cup, 174.

Spinning-jenny, 229.

Spinning-matches, 184–185.

Spinning-school, 180, 182.

Spinning-wheel. See Flax-wheel and Wool-wheel.

Spinster, legal title of women, 187.

Splint brooms. See Birch brooms.

Spool-holder. See Skarne.

Spoons, use of, 87; material of, 87–88; types of, 89–90.

Spoon-moulds, 87–88.

Spoon-racks, 68.

Spreading of flax, 168.

Spunks, 50.

Squadrons, of spinners, 189.

Squanto, teaches fishing, 117; teaches corn-planting, 130.

Squashes, varied names of, 144.

Squirrels, abundance of, 110; premium on, 110.

Stage-coach, in Great Britain, 331, 345–346; in America, 345–346.

Stage-wagon, 345.

Staircases, 27.

Standing salt, 78–79.

Standish, Lorea, sampler of, 266.

Starting a fire, 48–50.

Starving times, in Virginia, 127; in New England, 129.

Staves, 316.

Stays, 291.

Steeples, 366.

Steep-pool, for flax, 169.

Stepping-stones. See Horse-blocks.

Stitches, names of, 264–265.

St.-John's-wort, as dye, 194.

Stockings, knitting of, 190, 262–263; weaving of, 190.

Stocks, location of, 367.

Stone-bee, 407.

Stone-hauling, 407.

Stone walls, 407.

Stoves, first, 69; in Dutch churches, 385.

Strachey, quoted, 119.

Strangers, harboring of, forbidden in New England, 393–394.

Stratford, tithing-man in, 372.

Straw manufacture, 259–261.

Streets, condition of, 362; lighting of, 362; washing of, 363.

Strikes, of flax, 172.

Striking a light, 47.

Stump-pulling, 407.

Sturgeon, great catch of, 120; in New York, 120.

Substitutes for imported foods, 158–159.

Succotash, 134.

Sudbury, tavern at, 357–358.

Sugar, substitutes for, 110, 111, 147, 157, 158; cutting of, 155–156.

Sugar-bowls, names for, 106.

Sugar-cones, 155.

Sugar-cutters, 155–156.

Summer-piece, 8.

Sunday, observance of, by Puritans, 378 et seq.; by Rev. John Cotton, 379; by Virginians, 380; by the Dutch, 384; duration of, 379.

Sun-dials, 299, 442–443; inscriptions on, 443; materials of, 443.

Suppawn, use of, 133.

Sweep and mortar mill, 132.

Sweet potatoes, modes of cooking, 145.

Swifts, 215–216.

Swineherds. See Hog-reeves.

Swingling of flax, 171–172.

Swingling block, 171.

Swingling knives, 171, 312.

Swingle-tree hurds, 172.

Swingling tow, bonfires of, 177.

Swing-sign. See Sign-board.

Table, description of, 76.

Table-board, 76, 81.

Table-cloths, 77.

Tallow, lack of, 34.

Tambour work, 269.

Tankards, original meaning, 83; of wood, 83–84; of silver, 99.

Tapping-gauge, 112.

Tape-loom, various names of, 225; described, 225–227.

Tap-room, of Wayside Inn, 357–358.

Tarboggin. See Chebobbin.

Tar-making, 33.

Taste of a dinner, 418.

Tasters, 86–87.

Taverns, establishment of, 356; titles for, 356; prices at, 357; values about, 357; names of rooms at, 357; in southern colonies, 360; in New Netherland, 361.

Tea, substitutes for, 158–159; first sales of, 164; queer mode of cooking, 165.

Teazels, 232.

Teazeling, of cloth, 232.

Temperature, of houses, 70–71; of churches, 374.

Temple, of loom, 223.

Tennessee, hand-weaving in, 249.

Tenting, of cloth, 232.

Terbobbin. See Chebobbin.

Terrapin, 120.

Thatch, for roofs, 15.

Threshing, 313–314.

Thumbing, in weaving, 218.

Thumb-rings, 298.

Tin, slight use of, 58.

Tinder, 48.

Tinder-box, 48.

Tinder-mill, 50.

Tinder-wheel, 49.

Tithing-men, 372, 373.

Titles, old-time, for women, 187.

Toasting-forks, 60.

Tobacco, as currency, 189; use forbidden near meeting-house, 379.

Tomble. See Temple.

Tongs, 236.

Tow, garments of, 235–236.

Town, unit in New England, 390; narrow feeling of, 391.

Townsend, revolutionary story of, 203.

Toys, of wood, 306.

Trammels, 53.

Transportation, on horseback, 176, 336 et seq.; by wagons, 339 et seq.

Trees, girdling of, 403; drive of, 404; under-cutting of, 404.

Trenchers, description, 80; material, 82.

Trivets, 60.

Troughs, making of, 311.

Trumbull, Jonathan, chaise of, 353.

Trunks, 348.

Trunk pedler, 300.

Tumble. See Temple.

Tummings, 195.

Turkeys, wild, 109; size of, 109–110; price of, 110.

Turkey wheat, 129. See Corn.

Turkey-wings, 309.

Turnips, 145.

Turnpikes, 349–350.

Turnspit dog, 65.

Tusser, Thomas, quoted, 35, 168, 255, 321–322.

Twifflers, 106.

Van der Donck, quoted, 118, 119, 120.

Van Tienhoven, quoted, 2.

Veils, interference about, 285.

Venison. See Deer.

Vermont, candle-wood in, 32; broom-making in, 303.

Victualling, name for tavern, 356.

Violins, in meeting, 378.

Virginia, early houses in, 11; palisados in, 24; candle-wood in, 32; first fork in, 78; silver in, 91; table furnishings in, 104; deer in, 108–109; birds and fowl in, 110; lobsters in, 118; crabs in, 118; oysters in, 119; plenty of fish in, 118–119; corn in, 127; massacre in, 127; windmills in, 133; toll in, 133; starvation in, 127, 144; pumpkins in, 143; locust groves in, 163; flax culture in, 181–182; wool culture in, 189–190; cloths in, 237; broom-corn in, 256; sumptuary laws in, 285; outfit of settlers, 289; roads in, 331; taverns in, 361; Sunday observance in, 380; churches in, 381–382; cows in, 400; fences in, 402.

Virginia fence, 25.

Voiders, 106–107.

Voorleezer, duties of, 386.

Waffle-irons, 61.

Wagon. See Conestoga wagon.

Warming-pans, 72.

Warning out, 392; a mystery in, 393.

Warp, 218.

Warp-beam, 214.

Warping, 217–218.

Warping-bars, 217–218.

Warping-needle, 219.

Warp-threads. See Warp.

Washing, domestic, 255.

Washington, George, home of, 13; outfit of his stepdaughter, 291; dress of, 293; as canal promoter, 353.

Washington, Martha, thrift of, 237–238; netting of, 265.

Watches, 299.

Watch-chains, 263.

Water, as beverage, 147.

Watering of flax, 169.

Water-fowl, plenty of, 125; enumerated, 125.

Watertown, windmill at, 133; restrictions of settlement in, 393.

Wax, candles of, 37; bayberry, 39–40.

Waynesville, hand-weaving in, 250.

Wayside Inn, 357–358.

Weather-skirt, 295.

Weavers, status of, 212–213; seat of, 221; working-hours of, 228; in Narragansett, 241–244.

Weaving, noise of, 212, 220; three motions in, 221–222; disappearance of, 227; on tape-looms, 225–227; race between spinning and, 228–230; of linens, 230–231; of rag carpet, 239–240; of coverlets, 242–246; during Civil War, 249. See Loom.

Weaving-room. See Loom-room.

Webster, 187.

Weeds, once garden flowers, 435–436, 447–449.

Weight-timbers, 11.

Weld, quoted, 348–349.

Well-sweep, 443–444.

Westmoreland Revival, 227.

Whale-fishing, 41.

"Whang," 417.

Wheat, planting of, 147.

Wheel. See Flax-wheel and Wool-wheel.

Wheel-peg, 198.

Wheelwrights, early use of wood, 176.

Whipping-post, location of, 367.

White-Ellery House, 19.

Whiteweed, in America, 449.

Whitney, Eli, invention of, 208.

Whittemore, Amos, invention of, 205.

Whittier, quoted, 73–74, 181, 370, 413, 436; homespun attire of, 248.

Whittling, 321–323.

Wicks for candles, 34, 45.

Wigs, wearing of, 296–297; denounced, 296; names of, 296–299; cost of, 297.

Wigwams, 3.

William and Mary College, tax for, 109.

Williams, Roger, quoted, 134, 137, 285.

Windmills, Indian fear of, 130; first erected, 133; of John Winthrop, 133; in Virginia, 133.

Windows, of glass, 23; of oiled paper, 23.

Windsor, boys' pews in, 372.

Wine-taster, 87.

Winslow house, knocker of, 29.

Winthrop, John, fork of, 77; jug of, 98; his use of water as beverage, 148; pick-a-back, 329; sedan-chair of, 356.

Winthrop, John, Jr., quoted, 32; mill of, 133.

Woad-wax, in Massachusetts, 448.

Woburn, long services at, 376.

Wolfskin bags in meeting, 374.

Wolves' heads, nailed on meeting-houses, 364–365.

Wood, trenchers of, 80–81; utensils of, 82; spoons of, 88; for shuttles, 225; unusual uses of, 305; toys of, 306; natural shapes in, 308–311.

Wood, quoted, 32–33, 137.

Wool, an ancient industry, 187; early culture of, 187–193; manufacture of, 187–193; restraints on manufacture, 191–192; in England, 192; preparation of, 193; dyeing of, 193–194; carding of, 194–195; combing of, 196; spinning of, 196–198. See Yarn.

Wool-cards, described, 194–195; history of, 204–206.

Wool-combs, 196.

Wool-wheel, price of, 177.

Wordsworth, quoted, on spinning, 179.

Worsted stuffs, 233.

Wrathe. See Raddle.

Yarn, spinning of, 197–198, 201, 229; winding of, 198; skeining of, 199; cleansing of, 202; water-twist, 229.

Yarn beam. See Warp-beam.

Yarn roll. See Warp-beam.