Volume 1 — THE CONTENTS OF THE THIRD BOOKE. (continued 3)

In like maner doo the nones and ides.

Sex Maius nonas, October, Iulius, & Mars, Quatuor at reliqui, dabit idus quilibet octo.

To Iulie, Mars, October, Maie, six nones I hight, The rest but foure, and as for ides they keepe still eight.

Againe touching the number of daies in euerie moneth:

Iunius, Aprilis, Septémq; Nouémq; tricenos, Vnum plus reliqui, Februs tenet octo vicenos, At si bissextus fuerit superadditur vnus.

[Page 410]

Thirtie daies hath Nouember, Aprill, Iune, and September, Twentie and eight hath Februarie alone, and all the rest thirtie and one, but in the leape you must ad one.

Our yeare is counted after the course of the sunne, and although the church hath some vse of that of the moone for obseruation of certeine mooueable feasts, yet it is reducible to that of the sunne, which in our ciuill dealings is chieflie had in vse. Herein onelie I find a scruple, that the beginning thereof is not vniforme and certeine, for most of our records beare date the 25 of March, and our calenders the first of Ianuarie; so that with vs Christ is borne before he be conceiued. Our sundrie officers also haue sundrie entrances into their charges of custome, which bréedeth great confusion, whereas if all these might be referred to one originall (and that to be the first of Ianuarie) I doo not thinke but that there would be more certeintie, and lesse trouble for our historiographers, notaries, & other officers in their account of the yere. In old time the Atheniens began their yeare with the change of the moone that fell néerest to the enterance of the sunne into the crab, the Latines at the winter solstice, or his going into the goat, the Iewes in ciuill case at the latter equinoctiall, and in ecclesiasticall with the first. They of Calecute begin their yeare somewhere in September, but vpon no daie certeine, sith they first consult with their wisards, who pronounce one day or other thereof to be most happie (as the yeare goeth about) and therewith they make their entrance, as Osorius dooth remember, who addeth that vpon the eleuenth calends of September, they haue solemne plaies, much like to the idoll games, & that they write in leaues of tree with a pencill, in stead of paper, which is not found among them. Some of the old Grecians began their yere also in September: but sith we seeke herein but for the custome of our countrie onelie, it shall be enough to affirme that we make our account from the calends or first of Ianuarie, and from the middest of the night which is Limes betweene that and the last of December, whereof this maie suffice. I might speake of the Cynike yeare also in this place (for the ease of our English readers) sometime in vse amongst the Egyptians, which conteineth 1460 common yeares, whose beginning is alwaies reckoned from the rising of the lesser dog. The first vse thereof entered the selfe yeare wherin the Olimpiads were restored. And forsomuch as this nation hath no vse of intercalation, at the end of euerie 1460 yeares, they added an whole yeare of intercalation, because there are 365 leape yeers in the period, so that 1460 Iulian yéers doo conteine 1461 after the Egyptians account, wherby their common yeare is found to be lesse than ours. Furthermore, wheras our intercalation for the leape yere is somewhat too much by certeine minuts, which in 115 yeares amount vnto about an whole day, if one intercalation in so manie were omitted, our calender would be the more perfect: and I would wish that the same yeare wherein the said intercalation trulie found out should be ouerpassed, might be obserued and called Annus magnus Elizabethæ, in perpetuall remembrance of our noble and souereigne princesse now reigning amongst vs.

I might here saie somewhat also of the prime and hir alteration, which is risen higher by fiue daies in our common calender than it was placed by Iulius Cæsar: and in seauen thousand yeares some writer would grow to an error of an whole, if the world should last so long. But for somuch as in some calenders of ours it is reduced againe to the daie of euerie change, it shall suffice to saie no more therof. The pope also hath made a generall correction of the calender, wherein he hath reduced it to the same that it was or should haue beene at the councell of Nice. Howbeit as he hath abolished the vse of the golden number, so hath he continued the epact, applieng it vnto such generall vse, as dooth now serue both the turnes, whose reformation had also yer this time béene admitted into England, if it had not procéeded from him, against whom and all whose ordinances we haue so faithfullie sworne and set our hands.

Certes the next omission is to be performed if all princes would agrée thereto in the leape yeare that shall be about the yeare of Grace 1668: if it shall please God that the world may last so long, and then may our [Page 411] calender also stand without anie alteration as it dooth alreadie. By this also it appeareth how the defect of our calender may be supplied from the creation, wherein the first equinoctiall is séene higher toward the beginning of March than Cæsars calender now extant dooth yéeld vnto by seauen daies. For as in Cæsars time the true equinoctiall was pointed out to happen (as Stadius also noteth) either vpon or about the sixtéenth or seauentéenth of March, albeit the manifest apperance thereof was not found vntill the fiue and twentith of that moneth in their dials or by eie-sight: so at the beginning of the world the said entrance of the sunne into the ram, must néeds fall out to be about the twentith or one & twentith of Aprill, as the calender now standeth, if I faile not in my numbers. Aboue the yeare we haue no more parts of time, that carie anie seuerall names with them, except you will affirme the word age to be one, which is taken for a hundred yeares, and signifieth in English so much as Seculum or Æuum dooth in Latine; neither is it néedfull to remember that some of my countrimen doo reckon their times not by years but by summers and winters, which is verie common among vs. Wherefore to shut vp this chapiter withall, you shall haue a table of the names of the daies of the wéeke, after the old Saxon and Scotish maner, which I haue borowed from amongst our ancient writers, as I haue perused their volumes.

The present names.

Monday. Tuesday. Wednesday. Thursday. Fridaie. Saturdaie. Sunday, or the Lords daie.

The old Saxon names.

Monendeg. Tuesdeg. Wodnesdeg. Thunresdeg. Frigesdeg. Saterdeg. Sunnandeg.

The Scotish vsage.

Diu Luna. Diu Mart. Diu Yath. Diu Ethamon. Diu Friach. Diu Satur. Diu Seroll.

OF OUR PRINCIPALL FAIRES AND MARKETS. CHAP. XV.

I haue heretofore said sufficientlie of our faires, in the chapter of fairs and markets; and now to performe my promise there made, I set downe here so manie of our faires as I haue found out by mine owne obseruation, and helpe of others in this behalfe. Certes it is impossible for me to come by all, sith there is almost no towne in England, but hath one or more such marts holden yearelie in the same, although some of them (I must needs confesse) be scarse comparable to Lowse faire, and little else bought or sold in them more than good drinke, pies, and some pedlerie trash: wherefore it were no losse if diuerse of them were abolished. Neither doo I see wherevnto this number of paltrie fairs tendeth, so much as to the corruption of youth, who (all other businesse set apart) must néeds repaire vnto them, whereby they often spend not onelie the weeke daies, but also the Lords sabbaoth in great vanitie and riot. But such hath béene the iniquitie of ancient times. God grant therefore that ignorance being now abolished, and a further insight into things growne into the minds of magistrates, these old errors may be considered of, and so farre reformed, as that thereby neither God may be dishonored, nor the common wealth of our countrie anie thing diminished. In the meane time, take this table here insuing in stead of a calender of the greatest, sith that I cannot, or at the least wise care not to come by the names of the lesse, whose knowledge cannot be so profitable to them that be farre off, as they are oft [Page 412] preiudiciall to such as dwell néere hand to the places where they be holden and kept, by pilferers that resort vnto the same.

Faires in Ianuarie.

The sixt day being Twelfe day at Salisburie, the fiue and twentith being saint Paules day, at Bristow, at Grauesend, at Churchingford, at Northalerton in Yorkeshire, where is kept a faire euerie wednesday from Christmasse vntill Iune.

Faires in Februarie.

The first day at Bromleie. The second at Lin, at Bath, at Maidstone, at Bickleswoorth, at Budwoorth. The fourtéenth at Feuersham. On Ashwednesday at Lichfield, at Tamwoorth, at Roiston, at Excester, at Abington, at Cicester. The foure and twentith at Henlie vpon Thames, at Tewkesburie.

Faires in March.

On the twelth day, at Stamford, Sappesford, and at Sudburie. The thirtéenth day at Wie, at the Mount, & at Bodmin in Cornewall. The fift sunday in Lent, at Grantham, at Salisburie. On monday before our ladie day in Lent, at Wisbich, at Kendall, Denbigh in Wales. On palmesunday éeuen, at Pumfret. On palmesunday, at Worcester. The twentith day at Durham. On our ladie day in Lent at Northamton, at Malden, at great Chart, at Newcastell. And all the ladie daies at Huntington. And at Saffron Walden on midlentsunday.

Faires in Aprill.

The fift day at Wallingford. The seuenth at Darbie. The ninth at Bickleswoorth, at Belinswoorth. On monday after, at Euesham in Worcestershire. On tuesday in Easter wéeke at Northfléet, at Rochford, at Hitchin. The third sunday after Easter, at Louth. The two and twentith at Stabford. On saint Georges day, at Charing, at Ipswich, at Tamworth, at Ampthill, at Hinninham, at Gilford, at saint Pombes in Cornewall. On saint Markes day at Darbie, at Dunmow in Essex. The six and twentith at Tenderden in Kent.

Faires in Maie.

On Maie daie at Rippon, at Perin in Cornwall, at Osestrie in Wales, at Lexfield in Suffolke, at Stow the old, at Reading, at Leicester, at Chensford, at Maidstone, at Brickehill, at Blackeborne, at Cogilton, at Stokeneie land. The third at Bramyard, at Henningham, at Elstow, Waltham, Holicrosse, and Hedningham castell. The seuenth at Beuerleie, at Newton, at Oxford. On Ascension day at Newcastell, at Yerne, at Brimechame, at saint Edes, at Bishopstratford, at Wicham, at Middlewich, at Stopford, at Chappell frith. On Whitsunéeuen, at Skipton vpon Crauen. On Whitsunday, at Richell, at Gribbie, and euerie wednesday fortnight at Kingston vpon Thames, at Ratesdale, at Kirbistephin in Westmerland. On monday in Whitsunwéeke, at Darington, at Excester, at Bradford, at Rigate, at Burton, at Salforth, at Whitechurch, at Cockermouth, at Applebie, at Bicklesworth, at Stokeclare. On tuesday in Whitsunwéeke, at Lewse, at Rochford, at Canturburie, at Ormeskirke, at Perith, at long Milford. On wednesday in Whitsunwéeke, at Sandbarre, at Raiston. On Trinitie sunday, at Kendall, and at Rowell. On thursday after Trinitie sunday, at Prescote, at Stapford, at saint Annes, at Newburie, at Couentrie, at saint Edes, at Bishop storford, at Rosse. The ninth at Lochester, at Dunstable. The twentie seuenth day, at Lenham. The twentie ninth at Crambrooke. On monday in Rogation wéeke at Rech, and sunday after Ascension day, at Thaxsted.

Faires in Iune.

The ninth day at Maidstone. The xj, at Okingham, at Newbourgh, at Bardfield, at Maxfield, & Holt. The seuenteenth at Hadstocke. The twentie thrée at Shrewsburie, at saint Albans. The twentie fourth day, at Horsham, at Bedell, at Strackstocke, at saint Annes, at Wakefield, at Colchester, at Reading, at Bedford, at Barnewell beside Cambridge, at [Page 413] Woollerhampton, at Crambrooke, at Glocester, at Lincolne, at Peterborow, at Windsor, at Harstone, at Lancaster, at Westchester, at Halifax, at Ashborne. The twentie seuenth, at Folkestone. The twentie eight, at Hetcorne, at saint Pombes. The twentie ninth, at Woodhurst, at Marleborough, at Hollesworth, at Woollerhampton, at Peterfield, at Lempster, at Sudburie, at Gargrainge, at Bromleie.

Faires in Iulie.

The second at Congreton, at Ashton vnder line. The sunday after the third of Iulie, at Raiston. The eleuenth at Partneie, and at Lid. The fifteenth, at Pichbacke. The seuentéenth, at Winchcombe. The twentith, at Vxbridge, at Catesbie, at Bolton. The twentie two, at Marleborow, at Winchester, at Colchester, at Tetburie, at Cooling, at Yealdon, at Bridgenorth, at Clitherall, at Norwich in Cheshire, at Cheswike, at Battelfield, at Bicklewoorth. The twentie fift, at Bristow, at Douer, at Chilham, at Darbie, at Ipswich, at Northampton, at Dudleie in Staffordshire, at saint Iames beside London, at Reading, at Ereth in the Ile, at Walden, at Thremhall, at Baldocke, at Louth, at Malmesburie, at Bromeleie, at Chichester, at Liuerpoole, at Altergam, at Rauenglasse in the north. The twentie sixt, at Tiptrie. The twentie seuenth at Canturburie, at Horsham, at Richmund in the north, at Warington, at Chappell Frith.

Faires in August.

The first day at Excester, at Feuersham, at Dunstable, at saint Edes, at Bedford, at Northam church, at Wisbich, at Yorke, at Rumneie, at Newton, at Yeland. The fourth at Linton. The tenth at Waltham, at Thaxsted, at Blackemoore, at Hungerford, at Bedford, at Stroides, at Fernam, at S. Laurence by Bodmin, at Walton, at Croileie, at Seddell, at new Brainford. The xv, at Cambridge, at Dunmow, at Caerleill, at Preston in Andall, at Wakefield on the two ladie daies, and vpon the Sunday after the fiftéenth day of August, at Hauerhull. On Bartholomew day, at London, at Beggers bush beside Rie, at Teukesburie, at Sudburie, at Rie, at Nantwich, at Pagets, at Bromleie, at Norwich, at Northalerton, at Douer. On the sunday after Bartholomew day, at Sandwich. The twentie seuenth, and at Ashford.

Faires in September.

The first day at S. Giles at the Bush. The eight day at Woolfpit, at Wakefield, at Sturbridge, in Southwarke at London, at Snide, at Recoluer, at Gisbourgh both the ladie daies, at Partneie. The thrée ladie daies at Blackeburne, at Gisborne in Yorkeshire, at Chalton, at Vtcester. On Holiroode day, at Richmond in Yorkeshire, at Rippond a horse faire, at Penhad, at Bersleie, at Waltam abbeie, at Wotton vnder hedge, at Smalding, at Chesterfield, at Denbigh in Wales. On saint Mathies day, at Marleborough, at Bedford, at Croidon, at Holden in Holdernes, at saint Edmundsburie, at Malton, at saint Iues, at Shrewesburie, at Laneham, at Witnall, at Sittingborne, at Brainetrie, at Baldocke, at Katharine hill beside Gilford, at Douer, at Eastrie. The twentie ninth day being Michaelmas day, at Canturburie, at Malton a noble horsse faire, at Lancaster, at Blackeborne, at Westchester, at Cokermouth, at Ashborne, at Hadleie, at Malden an horsse faire, at Waie hill, at Newburie, and at Leicester.

Faires in October.

The fourth day at Michell. The sixt day at saint Faiths beside Norwich, at Maidstone. The eight at Harborough, at Hereford, at Bishop Storford. On S. Edwards day, at Roiston, at Grauesend, at Windsor, at Marshfield. The ninth day at Colchester. On saint Lukes eeuen, at Elie, at Wrickle, at Vpane, at Thirst, at Bridgenorth, at Stanton, at Charing, at Burton vpon Trent, at Charleton, at Wigan, at Friswides in Oxford, at Tisdale, at Middlewich, at Holt in Wales. The twentie one day at Saffron Walden, at Newmarket, at Hertford, at Cicester, at Stokesleie. The twentie third, at Preston, at Bikelsworth, at Ritchdale, at Whitechurch. The [Page 414] twentie eight, at Newmarket, and Hertford. On all saints eeuen, at Wakefield, and at Rithen.

Faires in Nouember.

The second at Blechinglie, at Kingston, at Maxfield, at Epping. The sixt day at Newport pond, at Stanleie, at Tregnie, at Salford, at Lesford, and Wetshod faire at Hertford. The tenth, at Leuton. The eleuenth, at Marleborough, at Douer. The thirtenth, at saint Edmundsburie, at Gilford. The seventeenth day, at Low, at Hide. The ninéetenth, at Horsham. On saint Edmunds day, at Hith, at Ingerstone. The twentie third day, at Sandwich. On saint Andrews day at Colingbourgh, at Rochester, at Peterfield, at Maidenhed, at Bewdleie, at Warington in Lancashire, at Bedford in Yorkeshire, at Osestrie in Wales, and at Powles Belcham.

Faires in December.

On the fift day, at Pluckeleie. On the sixt, at Cased, at Hedningham, at Spalding, at Excester, at Sinocke, at Arnedale, and at Northwich in Chesshire. The seuenth day at Sandhurst. The eight day being the conception of our ladie, at Clitherall in Lancashire, at Malpas in Cheshire. The twentie ninth, at Canturburie, and at Salisburie.

OF OUR INNES AND THOROWFAIRES. CHAP. XVI.

Those townes that we call thorowfaires haue great and sumptuous innes builded in them, for the receiuing of such trauellers and strangers as passe to and fro. The manner of harbouring wherein, is not like to that of some other countries, in which the host or goodman of the house dooth chalenge a lordlie authoritie ouer his ghests, but cleane otherwise, sith euerie man may vse his inne as his owne house in England, and haue for his monie how great or little varietie of vittels, and what other seruice himselfe shall thinke expedient to call for. Our innes are also verie well furnished with naperie, bedding, and tapisserie, especiallie with naperie: for beside the linnen vsed at the tables, which is commonlie washed dailie, is such and so much as belongeth vnto the estate and calling of the ghest. Ech commer is sure to lie in cleane sheets, wherein no man hath béene lodged since they came from the landresse, or out of the water wherein they were last washed. If the traueller haue an horsse, his bed dooth cost him nothing, but if he go on foot he is sure to paie a penie for the same: but whether he be horsseman or footman if his chamber be once appointed he may carie the kaie with him, as of his owne house so long as he lodgeth there. If he loose oughts whilest he abideth in the inne, the host is bound by a generall custome to restore the damage, so that there is no greater securitie anie where for trauellers than in the gretest ins of England. Their horsses in like sort are walked, dressed and looked vnto by certeine hostelers or hired seruants, appointed at the charges of the goodman of the house, who in hope of extraodinarie reward will deale verie diligentlie after outward appéerance in this their function and calling. Herein neuerthelesse are manie of them blameworthie, in that they doo not onelie deceiue the beast oftentimes of his allowance by sundrie meanes, except their owners looke well to them; but also make such packs with slipper merchants which hunt after preie (for what place is sure from euill & wicked persons) that manie an honest man is spoiled of his goods as he trauelleth to and fro, in which feat also the counsell of the tapsters or drawers of drinke, and chamberleins is not seldome behind or wanting. Certes I beleeue not that chapman or traueller in England is robbed by the waie without the knowledge of some of them, for when he commeth into the inne, & alighteth from his horsse, the hostler forthwith is verie busie to take downe his budget or capcase in the yard from his sadle bow, which he peiseth slilie in his hand to féele the weight thereof: or if he misse of this pitch, when the ghest [Page 415] hath taken vp his chamber, the chamberleine that looketh to the making of the beds, will be sure to remooue it from the place where the owner hath set it as if it were to set it more conuenientlie some where else, whereby he getteth an inkling whether it be monie or other short wares, & therof giueth warning to such od ghests as hant the house and are of his confederacie, to the vtter vndoing of manie an honest yeoman as he iournieth by the waie. The tapster in like sort for his part dooth marke his behauiour, and what plentie of monie he draweth when he paieth the shot, to the like end: so that it shall be an hard matter to escape all their subtile practises. Some thinke it a gay matter to commit their budgets at their comming to the goodman of the house: but thereby they oft bewraie themselues. For albeit their monie be safe for the time that it is in his hands (for you shall not heare that a man is robbed in his inne) yet after their departure the host can make no warrantise of the same, sith his protection extendeth no further than the gate of his owne house: and there cannot be a surer token vnto such as prie and watch for those booties, than to sée anie ghest deliuer his capcase in such maner. In all our innes we haue plentie of ale, béere, and sundrie kinds of wine, and such is the capacitie of some of them that they are able to lodge two hundred or three hundred persons, and their horsses at ease, & therto with a verie short warning make such prouision for their diet, as to him that is vnacquainted withall may seeme to be incredible. Howbeit of all in England there are no worse ins than in London, and yet manie are there far better than the best that I haue heard of in anie forren countrie, if all circumstances be dulie considered. But to leaue this & go in hand with my purpose. I will here set downe a table of the best thorowfaires and townes of greatest trauell of England, in some of which there are twelue or sixtéene such innes at the least, as I before did speake of. And it is a world to sée how ech owner of them contendeth with other for goodnesse of interteinement of their ghests, as about finesse & change of linnen, furniture of bedding, beautie of roomes, seruice at the table, costlinesse of plate, strength of drinke, varietie of wines, or well vsing of horsses. Finallie there is not so much omitted among them as the gorgeousnes of their verie signes at their doores, wherein some doo consume thirtie or fortie pounds, a méere vanitie in mine opinion, but so vaine will they néeds be, and that not onelie to giue some outward token of the inne kéepers welth, but also to procure good ghests to the frequenting of their houses in hope there to be well vsed. Lo here the table now at hand, for more of our innes I shall not néed to speake.

The waie from Walsingham to London.

From Walsingham to Picknam 12.miles

From Picknam to Brandonferie 10.miles

From Brandonfarie to Newmarket 10.miles

From Newmarket to Brabram 10.miles

From Brabram to Barkewaie 20.miles

From Barkewaie to Puchrich 7.miles

From Puchrich to Ware 5.miles

From Ware to Waltham 8.miles

From Waltham to London 12.miles

The waie from Barwike to Yorke, and so to London.

From Barwike to Belford 12.miles

From Belford to Anwike 12.miles

From Anwike to Morpit 12.miles

From Morpit to Newcastell 12.miles

From Newcastell to Durham 12.miles

From Durham to Darington 13.miles

From Darington to Northalerton 14.miles

From Northalerton to Toplife 7.miles

From Toplife to Yorke 16.miles

From Yorke to Tadcaster 8.miles

From Tadcaster to Wantbridge 12.miles

From Wantbridge to Dancaster 8.miles

From Dancaster to Tutford 18.miles

From Tutford to Newarke 10.miles

From Newarke to Grantham 10.miles

From Grantham to Stanford 16.miles

From Stanford to Stilton 12.miles

From Stilton to Huntington 9.miles

From Huntington to Roiston 15.miles

From Roiston to Ware 12.miles

From Ware to Waltham 8.miles

From Waltham to London 12.miles

The waie from Carnaruan to Chester, and so to London.

From Carnaruan to Conwaie 24.miles

From Conwaie to Denbigh 12.miles

[Page 416]From Denbigh to Flint12.miles

From Flint to Chester 10.miles

From Chester to Wich 14.miles

From Wich to Stone 15.miles

From Stone to Lichfield 16.miles

From Lichfield to Colsill 12.miles

From Colsill to Couentrie 8.miles

And so from Couentrie to London, as hereafter followeth.

The waie from Cockermouth to Lancaster, and so to London.

From Cockermouth to Kiswike 6.miles

From Kiswike to Grocener 8.miles

From Grocener to Kendale 14.miles

From Kendale to Burton 7.miles

From Burton to Lancaster 8.miles

From Lancaster to Preston 20.miles

From Preston to Wigam 14.miles

From Wigam to Warington 20.miles

From Warington to Newcastell 20.miles

From Newcastell to Lichfield 20.miles

From Lichfield to Couentrie 20.miles

From Couentrie to Daintrie 14.miles

From Daintrie to Tocester 10.miles

From Tocester to Stonistratford 6.miles

From Stonistratford to Brichill 7.miles

From Brichill to Dunstable 7.miles

From Dunstable to saint Albons10.miles

From saint Albons to Barnet 10.miles

From Barnet to London 10.miles

The waie from Yarmouth to Colchester, and so to London.

From Yarmouth to Becclis 8.miles

From Becclis to Blibour 7.miles

From Blibour to Snapbridge 8.miles

From Snapbridge to Woodbridge 8.miles

From Woodbridge to Ipswich 5.miles

From Ipswich to Colchester 12.miles

From Colchester to Eastford 8.miles

From Eastford to Chelmesford 10.miles

From Chelmesford to Brentwood 10.miles

From Brentwood to London 15.miles

The waie from Douer to London.

From Douer to Canturburie 12.miles

From Canturburie to Sittingborne 12.miles

From Sittingborne to Rochester 8.miles

From Rochester to Grauesend 5.miles

From Grauesend to Datford 6.miles

From Datford to London 12.miles

The waie from saint Burien in Cornewall to London.

From S. Burien to the Mount 20.miles

From the Mount to Thurie 12.miles

From saint Thurie to Bodman 20.miles

From Bodman to Launstone 20.miles

From Launstone to Ocomton 15.miles

From Ocomton to Crokehornewell 10.miles

From Crokehornewell to Excester 10.miles

From Excester to Honiton 12.miles

From Honiton to Chard 10.miles

From Chard to Crokehorne 7.miles

From Crokehorne to Shirborne 10.miles

From Shirborne to Shaftsburie 10.miles

From Shaftsburie to Salisburie 18.miles

From Salisburie to Andeuor 15.miles

From Andeuor to Basingstocke 18.miles

From Basingstocke to Hartford 8.miles

From Hartford to Bagshot 8.miles

From Bagshot to Stanes 8.miles

From Stanes to London 15.miles

The waie from Bristowe to London.

From Bristow to Maxfield 10.miles

From Maxfield to Chipnam 10.miles

From Chipnam to Marleborough 15.miles

From Marleborough to Hungerford 8.miles

From Hungerford to Newburie 7.miles

From Newburie to Reading 15.miles

From Reading to Maidenhead 10.miles

From Maidenhead to Colbrooke 7.miles

From Colbrooke to London 15.miles

The waie from saint Dauids to London.

From saint Dauids to Axford 20.miles

From Axford to Carmarden 10.miles

From Carmarden to Newton 10.miles

From Newton to Lanburie 10.miles

From Lanburie to Brechnocke 16.miles

From Brechnocke to Haie 10.miles

From Haie to Harford 14.miles

From Harford to Roso 9.miles

From Roso to Glocester 12.miles

From Glocester to Cicester 15.miles

From Cicester to Farington 16.miles

From Farington to Habington 7.miles

From Habington to Dorchester 7.miles

From Dorchester to Henleie 12.miles

From Henleie to Maidenhead 7.miles

From Maidenhead to Colbrooke 7.miles

From Colbrooke to London 15.miles

[Page 417] Of thorowfares from Douer to Cambridge.

From Douer to Canturburie 12.miles

From Canturburie to Rofchester 20.miles

From Rofchester to Grauesend 5.miles

From Grauesend ouer the Thames to Hornedon 4.miles

From Hornedon to Chelmesford 12.miles

From Chelmesford to Dunmow 10.miles

From Dunmow to Thaxsted 5.miles

From Thaxsted to Radwinter 3.miles

From Radwinter to Linton 5.miles

From Linton to Babrenham 3.miles

From Babrenham to Cambridge 4.miles

From Canturburie to Oxford.

From Canturburie to London 43.miles

From London to Vxbridge or Colbrooke 15.miles

From Vxbridge to Baccansfield 7.miles

From Baccansfield to east Wickham 5.miles

From Wickham to Stocking church 5.miles

From Stocking church to Thetisford 5.miles

From Thetisford to Whatleie 6.miles

From Whatleie to Oxford 4.miles

From London to Cambridge.

From London to Edmonton 6.miles

From Edmonton to Waltham 6.miles

From Waltham to Hoddesdon 5.miles

From Hoddesdon to Ware 3.miles

From Ware to Pulcherchurch 5.miles

From Pulcherchurch to Barkewaie 7.miles

From Barkewaie to Fulmere 6.miles

From Fulmere to Cambridge 6.miles

Or thus better waie.

From London to Hoddesdon 17.miles

From Hoddesdon to Hadham7.miles

From Hadham to Saffron Walden 12.miles

From Saffron Walden to Cambridge 10.miles

OF CERTEINE WAIES IN SCOTLAND, OUT OF REGINALD WOLFES HIS ANNOTATIONS. From Barwijc to Edenborow.

From Barwijc to Chirneside 10.miles

From Chirneside to Coldingham 3.miles

From Coldingham to Pinketon 6.miles

From Pinketon to Dunbarre 6.miles

From Dunbarre to Linton 6.miles

From Linton to Haddington 6.miles

From Haddington to Seaton 4.miles

From Seaton to Aberladie or Muskelborow 8.miles

From thence to Edenborow 8.miles

From Edenborow to Barwijc another waie.

From Edenborow to Dalketh 5.miles

From Dalketh to new Battell & Lander 5.miles

From Lander to Vrsildon 6.miles

From Vrsildon to Driburg 5.miles

From Driburg to Cariton 6.miles

From Cariton to Barwijc 14.miles

From Edenborow to Dunbrittaine westward.

From Edenborow to Kirkelifton 6.miles

From Kirkelifton to Lithco 6.miles

From Lithco to Farekirke ouer Forth 6.miles

From thence to Striuelin vpon Forth 6.miles

From Striuelin to Dunbrittaine 24.miles

From Striuelin to Kinghorne eastward.

From Striuelin to Downe in Menketh 3.miles

From Downe to Campskenell 3.miles

From Campskenell to Alwie vpon Forth 4.miles

From Alwie to Culrose on Fiffe 10.miles

From Culrose to Dunfermelin 2.miles

From Dunfermelin to Euerkennin 2.miles

From Euerkennin to Aberdore on Forth 3.miles

From Aberdore to Kinghorne vpon Forth 3.miles

From Kinghorne to Taimouth.

From Kinghorne to Dissard in Fiffe 3.miles

From Dissard to Cowper 8.miles

From Cowper to S. Andrews 14.miles

From S. Andrews to the Taimouth 6.miles

From Taimouth to Stockeford.

From Taimouth to Balmerinoth abbeie 4.miles

From thence to Londores abbeie 4.miles

From Londores to S. Iohns towne 12.miles

From S. Iohns to Schone 5.miles

From thence to Abernithie, where the Erne runneth into the Taie 15.miles

From Abernithie to Dundée 15.miles

From Dundee to Arbroth and Muros 24.miles

From Muros to Aberden 20.miles

From Aberden to the water of Doneie 20.miles

From thense to the riuer of Spaie 30.miles

From thence to Stockeford in Rosse, and so to the Nesse of Haben, a famous point on the west side 30.miles

[Page 418] From Carleill to Whitehorne westward.

From Carleill ouer the Ferie against Redkirke 4.miles

From thence to Dunfrées 20.miles

From Dunfrées to the Ferie of Cre 40.miles

From thence to Wigton 3.miles

From thence to Whitherne 12.miles

Hitherto of the common waies of England and Scotland, wherevnto I will adioine the old thorowfaires ascribed to Antoninus, to the end that by their conference the diligent reader may haue further consideration of the same than my leisure will permit me. In setting foorth also thereof, I haue noted such diuersitie of reading, as hath happened in the sight of such written and printed copies, as I haue séene in my time. Notwithstanding I must confesse the same to be much corrupted in the rehearsall of the miles.

ITER BRITANNIARUM. A GESSORIACO. De Gallis Ritupis in portu Britanniarum stadia numero. CCCCL. A Limite, id est, a vallo Prætorio vsque M. P. CLVI. sic:

Britannia.A Bramenio Corstopitum, m. p. xx

Vindomora m. p. ix

Viconia * m. p. xix Vinouia Vinouium

Cataractoni m. p. xxii Darington.

Isurium m. p. xxiiii Aldborow aliàs Topcliffe.

Eburacum legio vi Victrix m. p. xvii Yorke.

Deruentione m. p. vii Tadcaster.

Delgouitia m. p. xiii Wentbridge.

Praetorio m. p. xxv Tudford.

Item a Vallo ad portum Ritupis m. p. 481, 491, sic,

Ablato Bulgio * castra exploratorum m. p. x, 15 aliàs à Blato

Lugu-vallo * m. p. xii aliàs à Lugu-valio. Cairleill.

Voreda m. p. xiiii

Brouonacis * m. p. xiii Brauoniacis

Verteris m. p. xx, 13

Lauatris m. p. xiiii

Cataractone * m. p. xxi Caturractonium. Darington.

Isuriam * m. p. xxiiii Isoriam. Aldborow aliàs Topcliffe.

Eburacum * m. p. xviii Eboracum. Yorke.

Calcaria * m. p. ix Cacaria.

Camboduno m. p. xx

Mammuncio * m. p. xviii Manucio

Condate m. p. xviii

Deua legio xxiii.ci. m. p. xx

Bouio * m. p. x Bonió

Mediolano m. p. xx

Rutunio m. p. xii

Vrio Conio * m. p. xi Viroconium. Shrewesburie propè.

Vxacona m. p. xi

Penno-Crucio m. p. xii

Etoceto m. p. xii

Mandues Sedo m. p. xvi

Venonis m. p. xii

[Page 419]Bennauenta * m. p. xviiBannaventa

Lactorodo * m. p. xii Lactodoro

Maginto * m. p. xvii. 12 Magiouintum

Duro-Cobriuis m. p. xii Dunstable.

Vero-Lamio m. p. xii S. Albanes.

Sullomacis * m. p. ix Barnet.

Longidinio m. p. xii. Londinio. London.

Nouiomago m. p. xii

Vagniacis m. p. vi

Durobrouis m. p. v Duroprouis. Rochester.

Duroleuo m. p. xvi. 8

Duror-Verno * m. p. xii Drouerno Durouerno

Ad portum Ritupis m. p. xii Duraruenno Daruerno

Item a Londinio ad portum Dubris m. p. 56, 66, sic:

Dubobrus * m. p. xxvii Durobrouis Durobrius. Rochester.

Duraruenno m. p. xv, 25 Canturburie.

Ad portum Dubris m. p. xiiii Douer hauen.

Item a Londinio ad portum Lemanis m. p. 68 sic:

Durobrius m. p. xxvii Rochester.

Duraruenno m. p. xv, 25 Canturburie.

Ad portum * Lemanis m. p. xvi Limming hauen.

Item a Londinio Lugu-Valio ad Vallum m. p. 443, sic:

Cæsaromago m. p. xxviii

Colonia m. p. xxiiii

Villa Faustini m. p. xxxv, 25

Icianos m. p. xviii

Camborico m. p. xxxv

Duroliponte m. p. xxv

Durobriuas m. p. xxxv

Gausennis m. p. xxx

Lindo m. p. xxvi

Segeloci m. p. xiiii

Dano m. p. xxi

Lege-Olio * m. p. xvi Logetium

Eburaco m. p. xxi

Isubrigantum * m. p. xvi Isurium Brigantum

Cataractoni m. p. xxiiii

Leuatris * m. p. xviii Leuatrix

Verteris m. p. xiiii

Brocouo * m. p. xx Brocouicum

Lugu-Vallo m. p. xxv, 22

Item a Londinio Lindo m. p. 156 sic:

Verolami m. p. xxi

Duro Cobrius m. p. xii

Magiouinio * m. p. XII Maginto

Magis

Lactodoro m. p. xvi

Isanna Vantia * m. p. XII Isanna vatia

Isanna varia

Tripontio m. p. xii

Venonis m. p. ix

Ratas m. p. xii [Page 420]

Verometo m. p. xiii

Margi-duno m. p. xii

Ad Pontem * m. p. vii Pons Aelij

Croco Calana * m. p. vii Crorolana

Lindo m. p. xii

Item a Regno Londinio m. p. 116, 96 sic:

Clausentum m. p. xx

Venta Belgarum m. p. x

Gelleua * Atrebatum m. p. XXII Gelleua, Walingford.

Calliua,

Pontibus m. p. xxii Reding.

Londinio m. p. xxii

Item ab Ebvraco Londinium m. p. 227 sic:

Lagecio m. p. xxi

Dano m. p. xvi Dancaster.

Ageloco * m. p. xxi Segoloco

Lindo m. p. xiiii

Crococalano m. p. xiiii

Margi-duno m. p. xiiii

Vernemeto * m. p. xii Verometo

Ratis m. p. xii

Vennonis m. p. xii

Bannauanto m. p. xix

Magio Vinio m. p. xxviii

Durocobrius m. p. xii Dunstable.

Verolamo m. p. xii S. Albanes.

Sullomaca m. p. ix Barnet.

Londinio m. p. xii London.

Item a Venta Icinorvm Londinio m. p. 128 sic:

Sitomago m. p. xxxi

Combrerouio * m. p. xxii Cumbretonio

Ad Ansam m. p. xv

Camoloduno m. p. vi

Canonio m. p. ix

Cæsaromago m. p. xii

Durolito m. p. xvi

Londinio m. p. xv

Item a Glamoventa Mediolano m. p. 150 sic:

Galaua m. p. xviii

Alone * m. p. xii Alauna * Aliona Alione

Galacum * m. p. xix Galacum Brigantum

Bremetonaci m. p. xxvii

Coccio m. p. xx

Mancunio * m. p. xviii Mammucio vel Manucio

Condate m. p. xviii

Mediolano m. p. xix

Item a Segoncio Deuam m. p. 74 sic:

Canouio m. p. xxiiii

Varis m. p. xix [Page 421]

Deua m. p. xxxii

Item a Calleva aliàs Mvridono aliàs Viroconiorum. Per Viroconium.

Vindonu * m. p. xv Vindomi

Venta Belgarum m. p. xxi

Brige * m. p. xi Brage

Soruioduni m. p. ix

Vindogladia m. p. xiii, 15

Durnouaria m. p. viii

Muriduno m. p. xxxvi

Scadum Nunniorum * m. p. xv, 12 Iscadum

Leucaro m. p. xv

Bomio m. p. xv

Nido m. p. xv

Iscelegua Augusti * m. p. xiiii Iscelegia

Burrio m. p. ix

Gobannio m. p. xii

Magnis m. p. xxii Brouenio

Brauinio * m. p. xxiiii

Viriconio m. p. xxvii

Item ab Isca Calleua m. p. 109 sic:

Burrio m. p. ix

Blestio m. p. xi

Ariconio m. p. xi

Cleuo m. p. xv

Durocornouio m. p. xiiii

Spinis m. p. xv

Calleua m. p. xv

Item alio Itinere ab Isca Calleua m. p. 103 sic:

Venta Silurum m. p. ix

Abone m. p. ix

Traiectus m. p. ix

Aquis Solis m. p. vi

Verlucione m. p. xv

Cunetione m. p. xx

Spinis m. p. xv

Calleua m. p. xv

Item a Calleua Iscadvm Nunniorum m. p. 136 sic:

Vindomi m. p. xv

Venta Belgarum m. p. xxi

Brige m. p. xi

Sorbiodoni m. p. viii

Vindocladia m. p. xii

Durnonouaria m. p. viii Durnonaria

Moriduno m. p. xxxvi

Iscadum Nunniorum m. p. xv

FINIS.

[Page 422]

Transcriber's Note

Elizabethan words and spellings have been retained (e.g. 'height' and 'heigth' are both used, sometimes in the same sentence; 'hight' = 'known as, called, etc.').

Only obvious printer's errors have been corrected, as when a letter seems to have been inverted ('n' for 'u'). The letters 'u' and 'v' are mostly interchanged; as, e.g., "in haruest time" and "vnder a bridge". If a word or name did not fit the context, it was researched, and corrections made, if necessary.

Macrons on vowels (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū) sometimes indicate that 'n' has been omitted from the word. (Abbreviation in Mediæval manuscripts).

There are a few printer's errors in this edition, which have been checked using the online 1587 edition (which itself is not without printing errors) as reference.

(http:// sceti.library.upenn.edu/sceti/PrintedBooksnew/index.cfm?TextID=holinshed_chronicle&PagePosition=1).

Also used were the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), and online Middle English and Anglo-Saxon Dictionaries, as well as online Wikipedia.

Some, but by no means all, of 'ee' has the first 'e' marked with an acute accent. This is not consistent. Where the 'é' is obviously missing from the scan, it has not been added to the text. This inconsistency in spelling and accents is an integral part of some very old books.

There are some instances of round brackets which have been opened and not closed, or nested, with only one pair closed (or closed, without having been opened). These have been retained as such.

Some placenames may have changed with the passage of time.

Some damaged or missing punctuation has been restored, but the punctuation in the lists at the end of Description III is as it appeared in the scans, and in the online edition.

Page numbers have been added to the 'Description' Tables of Contents, for the convenience of the reader; and Tables of Contents have been added to the beginning of this Volume.

There are a few instances of repeated word 'too'. These have been retained, being probably the author's personal style:

'is too too plaine'

'being too too much'

'haue too too manie'.

'too too lewd'

Page 43: "practise and put in vre within your realme and kingdome."

'vre', or 'ure', is an antique word, which survives in the modern word 'inure'.

(Ure) n. [OE. ure, OF. oevre, ovre, ouvre, work, F. œuvre, L. opera. cf. Inure .] Use; practice; exercise. [Obs.] (Ure), v. t. To use; to exercise; to inure; to accustom by practice. [Obs.] (Webster's online dictionary, 1913 edition).

Page 67: 'barnacle'; 'barnacls'; 'barnacles' ... there were no spelling conventions in Holinshed's time. 'barnacls' matches 1587 ed.

Page 252: 'hanting' could mean 'haunting', or 'frequenting'.

"... they ruffle and roist it out, excéeding in apparell, and hanting riotous companie (which draweth them from their bookes vnto an other trade.)"

Page 255: 'Philip' is an abbreviation for Queen Philippa (of Hainault).

Page 347: "Gipping, of going vp to anie place. Chipping Walden, of the Saxon word ᵹipping (or ghipping) uses the insular 'g' (ᵹ), variant of (lowercase) yogh (ȝ).

(http: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_G)

Page 358: 'cuphar'.

"Of all the elms that euer I saw, those in the south side of Douer court, in Essex néere Harwich are the most notable, for they grow (I meane) in crooked maner, that they are almost apt for nothing else but nauie timber, great ordinance, and béetels: and such thereto is their naturall qualitie, that being vsed in the said behalfe, they continue longer, and more long than anie the like trées in whatsoeuer parcell else of this land, without cuphar, shaking, or cleauing, as I find."

Possibly from 'ceorfan' to cut, cut down. (coppice?)

Page 386: 'Bratius' is probably 'Gratius'.

"Bratius De venatione, 1/386 - probably Faliscus Gratius, De venatione, 1534."

(http: //www.cems.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/Catalogue%20of%20additional%20sources....-1.pdf)

Errata

Page 1: 'used' corrected to 'vsed', and 'upon' to vpon', for consistency, and as in 1587 edition.

"9 Of the ancient religion vsed in Albion." "10 Of such Ilands as are to be seene vpon the coasts of Britaine."

Page 14: 'hane' corrected to 'haue', as in 1587 edition.

"Besides these aforesaid nations, which haue crept (as you haue heard) into our Iland,"

Page 26: 'Dehenbarth' corrected to 'Deheubarth'.

"In the begining it was diuided into two kingdoms onelie, that is to saie, Venedotia or Gwynhedh (otherwise called Deheubarth)...."

Page 42: 'who lieconsented' corrected to 'wholie consented', as in 1587 edition.

"and foorthwith wholie consented to make a diuision of this land...."

Page 84: missing word "far" inserted, as in 1587 edition

"... Helledon parish, not far from Danberie,..."

Page 102: 'Ater' corrected to 'After', as in 1587 edition.

"After this confluence it goeth on toward the south, till it méet with a pretie brooke rising northeast of Whettell...."

Page 102: 'Done stroke' is probably a misprint for 'Dones broke' or 'Danes broke' (brook), which actually exists in the place mentioned.

Sidenote: "Done aliàs Dones broke."

Page 128: 'Monemouch' corrected to 'Monemouth' as in 'Monemouth' in previous sentence, and in 1587 edition.

"The Romenie ... is a goodlie water, and from the head a march betwéen Monemouth and Glamorgan shires."

Page 128: 'pound.' corrected to 'pounds.' as in 1587 edition.

Sidenote: "This Ile went fiftie yeares agone for x. pounds."

Page 130: 'Wormeslead' corrected to 'Wormeshead'.

"Then casting about by Oxwich point, we go onward there by, and sailing flat north by the Holme (hauing passed the Wormeshead and S. Kennets chappell) and then ... northeast by Whitford point,..."

Page 135: 'Marierdiue' corrected to 'Marierdine', as above, and as in 1587 edition. 'Monardiue' is as in 1587 edition. (It is now called 'Manordeifi', or 'Maenordeifi', and is a small village in north Pembrokeshire http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manordeifi).

"... goeth by Marierdine, and so to Cardigon, taking in one rill from by north descending by Penneralt, by north of Monardiue or Marierdine,..."

Page 135: 'Oswid' corrected to 'Oscoid' as in 1587 edition.

"... Lantwood north west of Oscoid Mortemer,..."

Page 187: 'féeed' has been retained: 'fée-ed'?

"... & that euerie one which by féeed friendship (or otherwise) dooth attempt to procure oughts from the prince, that may profit but few and proue hurtfull to manie,..."

Page 202: 'Pits' corrected to 'Picts', as in 1587 edition.

"... and in all these wars against them, he had the seruice and obeisance of Scots and Picts."

Page 222: 'uame' corrected to 'name'

"They beare also the name of their high chapleins continuallie,..."

Page 223: (printer's error: ʃ (long 's') confused with 't'): 'to' corrected to 'so', as in 1587 online edition.

"... escaped to his ships, and so returned into Normandie."

Page 243: 'iarror' is unknown. Perhaps misprint for 'terrier²', Land Register, which fits the context.

From OED: terrier², noun. Book recording site, boundaries, etc., of land of private persons or corporations; (hist.) collection of acknowledgements of vassals or tenants of a lordship.

"I haue seene and had an ancient terrier of the lands of this monasterie,..."

Page 244: 'Lindeffarne' corrected to 'Lindesfarne'.

(Printer's confusion of 'f' with ʃ (long 's'). Correct in 'Description 1').

Page 254: 'hain' (a Middle English word meaning a park or enclosure), corrected to 'haue' which fits the context.

"... so that there are not manie corporat townes now vnder the quéenes dominion, that haue not one Gramar schoole at the least, with a sufficient liuing for a maister and vsher appointed to the same."

Page 256: 'I' corrected to "In"

"In my opinion...."

Page 260: 'fiue wapentaxes'. This may be correct, or an error for 'wapentakes', which also appears.

Page 269: 'Sir Sanchet Dambricourt' corrected to 'Sir Sanchet D'Abrichecourt'.

Sir Sanchet D'Abrichecourt (c.1330-c.1360) was a French knight and a founder Knight of the Garter. His surname was alternatively spelt D'Abridgecourt, Dabridgcourt, Dabrichecourt or Aubréciourt and derived from the Hainault town of Auberchicourt. His father, Nicholas D'Abrichecourt, a nobleman from Hainault, had come to England in 1326 as an escort of Queen Isabella. (Wikipedia)

Page 274: 'ro' corrected to 'or', and 'rae' corrected to 'are', as 1587 online edition.

"But these citizens or burgesses are to serue the commonwealth in their cities and boroughs,..."

Page 282: 'savoureth' corrected to 'sauoureth', to match similar, and 1587 online edition.

"... their talke is now and then such as sauoureth of scurrilitie"

Page 287: 'calla breakefast' corrected to 'call a breakefast', as 1587 online edition.

"... although a little something was allowed in the morning to yoong children which we now call a breakefast."

Page 291: 'hous econsisting' corrected to 'house consisting', as 1587 online edition.

"... the higher or vpper house consisting of the nobilitie,..."

Page 295: 'Southampton' corrected to 'Southhampton' to match online ed.

"The borough of Southhampton."

Page 296: 'The borough of Caine' corrected to 'The borough of Calne'.

'The borough of Calne' is in Wiltshire; 'The borough of Caine' does not exist.

Page 299: 'Grecklade' corrected to 'Cricklade' (alternate spelling 'Crekelade'). 'Cricklade' occurs earlier, in the list of Wilton (Wiltshire) boroughs.

Page 332: 'alsolued' corrected to 'absolued' to match other instances on same page, and 1587 edition.

"... till by repentance he deserue to be absolued."

Page 344: 'inhabit' corrected to 'inhibit', as 1587 edition.

"... till a law was made which did inhibit and restraine them."

Page 350: 'CHAP. XIX.' (second instance) corrected to 'CHAP. XX.' (which was missing)

Page 354: 'Cydims' corrected to 'Cydnus'.

"The Cydnus in Tarsus of Cilicia, is of such vertue,..."

Page 366: 'aeader' corrected to 'reader'.

"... I might make a greater chapter than would be either conuenient or profitable to the reader:"