HISTORY OF THE REIGN OF PHILIP THE SECOND KING OF SPAIN

VOLUME THE THIRD

AND BIOGRAPHICAL & CRITICAL MISCELLANIES

BY WILLIAM H. PRESCOTT

LONDON GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS BROADWAY, LUDGATE HILL NEW YORK: 416, BROOME STREET

PRESCOTT'S WORKS.

One-Volume Edition.

———

FERDINAND AND ISABELLA, 5s.

CONQUEST OF MEXICO. 5s.

CONQUEST OF PERU. 5s.

PHILIP THE SECOND. Vols. I. and II. in One Vol., 5s.

PHILIP THE SECOND. Vol. III., and ESSAYS, in One Vol., 5s.

CHARLES THE FIFTH. 5s.

CONTENTS OF THE THIRD VOLUME.

BOOK V.

CHAPTER I.

PAGE

The Moors of Spain1

Conquest of Spain by the Arabs1

Hostility between the Two Races2

The Country recovered by the Spaniards2

Effect of the Struggle on the National Character2

Religious Intolerance of the Spaniards3

Attempts to convert the Moslems3

Policy of Ximenes3

Suppression of the Mahometan Worship4

Outward Conformity to Christianity4

Moors abandon their National Habits4

Their Condition under Philip the Second5

Their Industry and Commerce5

Treatment by the Government6

Ordinance of 15638

Stringent Measures called for by the Clergy9

Prepared by the Government9

Severity of the Enactments10

Approval of them by Philip11

Proclamation at Granada12

Indignation of the Moriscoes12

Representations to Deza12

Appeal to the Throne13

Rejection of their Prayers14

CHAPTER II.

Rebellion of the Moriscoes14

The Edict enforced14

Plans for Resistance by the Moriscoes15

Their Descent on Granada16

Failure of the Attempt16

General Insurrection17

Election of a King17

Character of Aben-Humeya18

His Coronation18

His Preparations for Defence19

The Christian Population19

Unsuspicious of their Danger19

Attacked by the Moors—Panic20

General Massacre21

Horrible Cruelties21

Fate of the Women and Children22

Fierceness of Aben-Farax23

Deposed from his Command23

CHAPTER III.

Rebellion of the Moriscoes24

Consternation in the Capital24

Mutual Fears of the Two Races24

Garrison of the Alhambra strengthened25

Troops mustered by Mondejar25

Civic Militia—Feudal Levies25

Warlike Ecclesiastics26

March of the Army26

Pass of Tablate27

Bridge crossed by a Friar27

The Army follows28

The Moriscoes withdraw28

Entrance into the Alpujarras28

Night Encampment at Lanjaron29

Relief of Orgiba29

Mondejar pursues his March30

Gloom of the Mountain Scenery30

Defile of Alfajarali30

Sudden Attack30

Bravery of the Andalusian Knights31

Precipitate Retreat of the Moriscoes31

Capture of Bubion31

Humanity of Mondejar31

Sufferings of the Army32

Capture of Jubíles33

Prisoners protected by Mondejar33

Massacred by the Soldiers33

Christian Women sent to Granada34

Welcomed by the Inhabitants34

CHAPTER IV.

Rebellion of the Moriscoes35

Mondejar's Policy35

Aben-Humeya at Paterna35

Offers to Surrender36

Flight to the Sierra Nevada36

Disposition of the Moorish Prisoners37

Attack on Las Guájaras38

Evacuated by the Garrison38

Massacre ordered by Mondejar38

Cruelty of the Count of Tendilla39

Attempt to capture Aben-Humeya39

His Escape40

Heroism of Aben-Aboo40

The Marquis of Los Velez40

His Campaign in the Alpujarras41

Cruelties committed by the Troops41

Celebration of a religious Fête42

Licentiousness of the Soldiery42

Contrast between Mondejar and Los Velez43

Accusations against the former44

Decision arrived at in Madrid44

Effect on the Army45

Moorish Prisoners in Granada45

Rumours circulated in the Capital45

Night Attack on the Prisoners46

Fearful Struggle and Massacre46

Apathy of the Government47

Renewal of the Insurrection47

CHAPTER V.

Rebellion of the Moriscoes48

Don John of Austria48

Birth and Early History49

Placed under the Care of Quixada49

Secresy in regard to his Origin50

The young Geronimo at Yuste50

Testamentary Depositions of the Emperor51

The Boy presented to the Regent51

Curious Scene52

Meeting appointed with the King53

Philip acknowledges his Brother53

Assigns him an Establishment54

Royal Triumvirate at Alcalá54

Chivalrous Character of Don John55

His adventurous Disposition55

He is entrusted with the Command of a Fleet56

His Cruise in the Mediterranean56

He is selected for the Command in Granada57

Restrictions on his Authority57

His Reception at Granada57

Answers to Petitioners58

Discussions in the Council of War59

New Levies summoned59

Increased Power of Aben-Humeya60

Forays into the Christian Territory60

Movements of Los Velez61

Extension of the Rebellion61

Successful Expedition of Requesens61

Moriscoes lay Siege to Seron62

Surrender and Massacre of the Garrison62

Decree for removing the Moriscoes from Granada63

Their Consternation and Grief63

Expulsion from the City64

Farewell to their ancient Home64

Distribution through the Country64

Ruinous Effects on Granada65

Character of the Transaction66

CHAPTER VI.

Rebellion of the Moriscoes66

State of the Troops under Los Velez66

Encounter with Aben-Humeya67

Flight of the Morisco Prince67

Desertions from the Spanish Camp68

Mondejar recalled to Court68

His Character68

Exterminating Policy of the Government69

Sensual Tyranny of Aben-Humeya69

Treachery towards Diego Alguazil70

Plan of Revenge formed by Alguazil71

Conspiracy against Aben-Humeya71

His Assassination72

He is succeeded by Aben-Aboo72

Energy of the new Chief73

Repulse at Orgiba73

The Place evacuated by the Garrison74

Continual Forays74

Conflicts in the Vega75

Don John's desire for Action75

Philip yields to his Entreaties76

Preparations for the Campaign76

Surprise of Guejar76

Mortification of Don John77

Mendoza the Historian77

CHAPTER VII.

Rebellion of the Moriscoes79

Philip's Instructions to his Brother80

Don John takes the Field80

Discontent of Los Velez80

His Meeting with Don John81

He retires from the War81

Investment of Galera82

Description of the Place82

Munitions and Garrison83

Establishment of Batteries84

The Siege opened84

First Assault84

Spaniards repulsed85

Mines opened in the Rock86

Second Assault86

Explosion of the Mine87

Troops rash to the Attack87

Struggle at the Ravelin87

Bravery of the Morisco Women87

Ill Success of Padilla87

Failure of the Attack88

Insubordination of the Troops88

Severe Loss of the Spaniards88

Bloody Determination of Don John89

Prudent Advice of Philip89

Condition of the Besieged89

Preparations for a last Attack90

Cannonade and Explosions91

Third Assault91

Irresistible Fury of the Spaniards91

Struggle in the Streets and Houses92

Desperation of the Inhabitants92

Inhumanity of the Conqueror92

Wholesale Massacre92

The Town demolished94

Tidings communicated to Philip94

Reputation gained by Don John94

CHAPTER VIII.

Rebellion of the Moriscoes95

Seron reconnoitred95

Sudden Attack by the Moriscoes95

Army thrown into Confusion96

Indignation of Don John96

Death of Quixada97

His Character98

Doña Magdalena de Ulloa98

Rapid Successes of Don John98

Negotiations opened with El Habaqui99

Merciless Pursuit of the Rebels99

Guerilla Warfare99

Conferences at Fondon100

Aben-Aboo consents to treat100

Arrangement concluded100

Submission tendered by El Habaqui101

Dissatisfaction with the Treaty102

Vacillation of Aben-Aboo102

El Habaqui engages to arrest him103

Fate of El Habaqui103

Mission of Palacios104

His Interview with Aben-Aboo104

Spirited Declaration of that Chief104

Stern Resolve of the Government104

War of Extermination105

Expedition of the Duke of Arcos105

March across the Plain of Calaluz106

Engagement with the Moriscoes106

The Rebellion crushed106

Edict of Expulsion106

Removal of the Moriscoes107

Don John's Impatience to Resign108

His Final Dispositions108

Hiding-place of Aben-Aboo109

Plot formed for his Capture109

His Interview with El Senix109

His Murder110

His Body brought to Granada110

His Head placed in a Cage110

Remarks on his Career111

Wasted Condition of the Country112

The scattered Moriscoes112

Cruelly treated by the Government112

Their Industry and Cheerfulness113

Increase of their Numbers113

They preserve their National Feeling114

Mutual Hatred of the Two Races114

Expulsion of the Moriscoes from Spain114

Works of Marmol and Circourt114

CHAPTER IX.

War with the Turks116

Sultan Selim the Second116

Determines on the Conquest of Cyprus116

Spirit of Pius the Fifth117

His Appeal to Philip117

King's Entrance into Seville117

Determines to join the League118

Capture of Nicosia118

Vacillating Conduct of Venice118

Meeting of Deputies at Rome119

Treaty of Confederation119

Ratified and proclaimed120

Turkish Fleet in the Adriatic120

Papal Legate at Madrid120

Concessions to the Crown121

Fleets of Venice and Rome121

Preparations in Spain121

Enthusiasm of the Nation122

Don John's Departure122

His Reception at Naples128

His noble Appearance123

Accomplishments and Popularity123

Presentation of the Consecrated Standard124

Arrival at Messina124

Grand Naval Spectacle124

Strength and Condition of the Fleets125

Discretion of the Generalissimo125

Communications from the Pope126

Departure from Messina126

CHAPTER X.

War with the Turks126

Arrival at Corfu127

Council of War127

Resolution to give Battle127

Arbitrary Conduct of Veniero128

Passage across the Sea of Iona128

Fall of Famagosta128

The Enemy in Sight129

Preparations for Combat129

Final Instructions of Don John129

Approach of the Turkish Fleet130

Its Form and Disposition130

Change in the order of Battle131

Last Preparation of the Christians131

Battle of Lepanto132

Left Wing of the Allies turned132

Right Wing, under Doria, broken132

Don John and Ali Pasha engaged133

Superior Fire of the Spaniards133

Bird's-eye View of the Scene134

Venetians victorious on the Left134

Continued Struggle in the Centre135

Turkish Admiral boarded135

Death of Ali Pasha135

Victory of the Christians136

Flight of Uluch Ali137

Chase and Escape137

Allies take Shelter in Petala137

CHAPTER XI.

War with the Turks137

Losses of the Combatants137

Turkish Armada annihilated138

Roll of Slaughter and Fame138

Exploits of Farnese138

Noble Spirit of Cervantes139

Sons of Ali Pasha Prisoners139

Generously treated by Don John139

His Conduct towards Veniero140

Operations suspended141

Triumphant Return to Messina141

Celebrations in Honour of the Victory141

Tidings despatched to Spain142

Philip's reception of them142

Acknowledgments to his Brother143

Don John's Conduct criticised144

Real Fruits of the Victory145

Delay in resuming Operations145

Death of Pius the Fifth145

Philip's Distrust146

Permits his Brother to Sail146

Turks decline to accept Battle147

Anniversary of Lepanto147

Allies disband their Forces147

Perfidy of Venice147

The League dissolved148

Tunis taken by Don John148

He provides for its Security149

Returns to Naples149

His Mode of Life there150

His Schemes of Dominion150

Tunis retaken by the Moslems150

Don John's Mission to Genoa151

He prepares a fresh Armament151

His Disappointment and Return to Madrid151

BOOK VI.

CHAPTER I.

Domestic Affairs of Spain153

Internal Administration153

Revolutions under Isabella and Charles V.153

Absolute Power of the Crown154

Contrast between Charles and Philip154

The latter wholly a Spaniard154

The Royal Councils155

Principal Advisers of the Crown155

Character of Ruy Gomez de Silva155

Figueroa, Count of Feria157

Cardinal Espinosa157

Two Parties in the Council159

Balance held by Philip159

His Manner of transacting Business159

His Assiduity160

His Mode of dividing the Day161

His Love of Solitude161

Extent of his Information161

Partial Confidence in his Ministers162

His Frugality162

His magnificent Establishment162

His fatal Habit of Procrastination163

Remonstrances of his Almoner164

Habits of the great Nobles164

Manners of the Court165

Degeneracy of the Nobles165

Splendour of their Households165

Loss of Political Power166

Depressed Condition of the Commons166

Petitions of the Cortes166

Their Remonstrance against Arbitrary Government 167

Their Regard for the National Interests167

Erroneous Notions respecting Commerce168

Sumptuary Laws168

Encouragement of Bull-Fights169

Various Subjects of Legislation169

Schools and Universities170

Royal Pragmatics170

Philip's Replies to the Cortes170

Freedom of Discussion171

Standing Army171

Guards of Castile171

CHAPTER II.

Domestic Affairs of Spain172

Philip the Champion of the Faith172

Endowments of the Church172

Alienations in Mortmain172

Disputed Prerogatives173

Appointments to Benefices173

The Clergy dependent on the Crown174

The Escorial174

Motives for its Erection174

Site selected175

Convent founded175

Royal Humility176

Building commenced176

Philip's Interest in it177

His Architectural Taste177

His Oversight of the Work177

He governs the World from the Escorial178

The Edifice endangered by Fire178

Materials used in its Construction179

Artists employed179

Philip's Fondness for Art180

Completion of the Escorial180

The Architects180

Character of the Structure181

Its Whimsical Design181

Its Magnitude181

Interior Decorations182

Ravages it has undergone182

Its present Condition182

Anne of Austria183

Her Reception in Spain183

Her Marriage with Philip184

Her Residence at the Escorial185

Her Character and Habits185

Her Death185