Volume 2 / Book 5 — INDEX.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A.

Acquisition, national spirit of, reflections on, II. 312.

Adams, John, delegate to first Continental Congress, I. 13. On Washington's appointment as commander-in-chief, 42. One of the committee to prepare Declaration of Independence, 50. His account of the Declaration, 82. First minister to Great Britain, 257. Answer to his complaints about the treaty, 257. Instructed to negotiate treaty with the Netherlands, 280. One of the commissioners to procure commercial treaties, 287. Views of, respecting taxation of slaves, II. 159. Practice of, respecting cabinet, 409.

Adams, Samuel, delegate to first Continental Congress, I. 13. Reserve of, respecting Constitution, II. 533. Disapproves of Constitution, 533. Character of, 534. Position of, in convention of Massachusetts, 534. In favor of Hancock's amendments to Constitution, 538.

Adams, captain in the Revolutionary naval force, I. 74.

Address of the Colonies to the people of Great Britain, I. 23.

Admiralty Jurisdiction, criminal, II. 330. Of courts of United States, 445. Under Confederation, 445.

Adoption of Constitution, mode of, recommended, II. 372.

Albany, convention of Colonies at, in 1753-54, I. 8.

Alexandria, meeting of commissioners at, from Virginia and Maryland, I. 341.

Alexandria Commissioners, visit General Washington, I. 425. Report of, received in Virginia legislature, 426.

Aliens, rights to be conceded to, in certain treaties, I. 280. See Foreigners.

Allegiance of people of the Colonies, transferred, I. 52.

Alliance. See Treaty of Alliance.

Ambassadors, proposed appointment of, by Senate, II. 223, 410; by President, 234. Received by President, 415. To be nominated by President, 418. Jurisdiction of cases affecting, 444.

Amendment of Constitution, II. 84. Provision for, adopted without debate, 177. And revolution, distinction between, 473.

Amendments of Constitution, when to be proposed by Congress, II. 268. How to be proposed and adopted, 473. How ratified, 477. Power to make, limited, 477. States at liberty to propose, 486. Proposed by Hancock, 537; by Massachusetts, classified, 539; by South Carolina, 548; by Patrick Henry, 580; by Virginia, 581; by New York, 587, 588; by North Carolina, 597. Refused in Maryland convention, 543. Proposed, not made conditions of adoption, 551.

Amendments of Articles of Confederation, how made, II. 84, 473, 481.

America, natural advantages of, for commercial pursuits, II. 309. Variety of climate and products of, 309.

American Constitutions, character of, I. 261.

American Feeling, Washington's efforts to create, I. 110.

American People perceive the insufficiency of State governments, I. 114. Early familiarity of, with the principles of government, 117. Perceive the necessity of a union, 121. See People of America.

American Revolution, commencement of, I. 3. Attempt to alter charter governments, a principal cause of, 6. Found local legislatures in all the Colonies, 7. Fundamental principle established by, 379. Object and effects of, II. 196. Policy which led to, real cause of, 238. Effect of, on views of people of United States, relating to government, 238.

Annapolis, general commercial convention at, I. 326, 340, 350. Recommends general convention to revise the federal system, 349. Recommendation, how received, 351. See Hamilton and Madison.

Annapolis Commissioners, report of, acted upon in Congress, I. 355.

Anti-Federalists, plan of, to postpone action of Virginia on Constitution, II. 568. See Federalists.

Appropriation Bills, provision concerning, objected to, II. 147. See Money Bills and Revenue Bills.

Arms of the United States, when adopted, I. 151.

Armstrong, John, wrote the Newburgh Addresses, I. 168.

Army, power of Congress to raise and support, II. 333. Appropriation of money for support of, 333. Power of Congress to make rules for, 334. Standing, repugnant to American feelings, 336. Not to be kept by States in time of peace, 371. President commander-in-chief of, 413. Power of President to employ, 413.

Army of the Revolution, first suggested, I. 31. How first raised, 32. State of, when Washington arrived at Cambridge, 55. How constituted, 58. Short enlistments in, how accounted for, 60. Committee of Congress sent to examine, 60. Discontents in, 79, 158, 186. History of, after the evacuation of Boston, 91. Reorganized, 91, 92. Defects in organization of, 93. Officers of, how appointed, 93; how treated in 1776, 94. Bad construction of, 94, 96. Third effort of Washington to reorganize, 109. Embarrassments and difficulties attending, 110. State of, in April, 1777, 111; in May, 1782, 158.

Arrest, privilege from, II. 263.

Arsenals, authority of Congress over, II. 340.

Articles of Confederation, I. 509. Reported in Congress, and recommended to the States, 53, 104, 113. Adoption of, by the States, 124. Amendments to, proposed by the States, 128; by New Jersey, for regulation of commerce, 129. Chief obstacle to the completion of, 131. States urged to accede to, 134. Ratified by New Jersey, 135; by Delaware, 135; by Maryland, 136. Completion of, announced, 137. Established by patriotic sacrifices, 139. Outline of, 142. Construction of third article of, 265. Circular letter of Congress, recommending adoption of, 491. Representation of New Jersey respecting, 493. Act of New Jersey accepting, 497. Resolves of Delaware respecting, 498. Action of Maryland on, 501; of New York on, 505. Amendment of, at first contemplated, II. 16. How altered, 84, 180, 481. Citizenship under, 206. Effort to include in, power over Western Territory, 341. Admission of new States under, 345. On what terms ratified by smaller States, 346. Restraints imposed on States by, 363. Inter-state privileges under, 447.

Assemblies in Provincial governments, how constituted, I. 4.

Assembling, one of the common law rights, I. 23.

Association, drawn up by House of Burgesses in Virginia, I. 12. For non-importation, &c., how carried out by colonists, 24.

Attainder, Bills of, defined, II. 360. Congress prohibited to pass, 360. States prohibited to pass, 368.

Attestation to Constitution, form of, II. 485.

B.

Baldwin, Abraham, model of Senate suggested by, II. 139. Vote and views of, respecting representation in Senate, 142.

Baltimore, public rejoicings in, in honor of Constitution, II. 543.

Barnwell, Robert, in favor of Constitution, II. 510. Arguments of, in convention of South Carolina, 548.

Belknap, Dr., on slavery in Massachusetts, II. 454.

Bill of Rights, want of, a strong argument with some against Constitution, II. 498. James Wilson's views respecting, 522. States equally divided on question of, in Convention, 523. Considered essential by Patrick Henry, 554. Proposed by Virginia, 581.

Bills of Credit, power to emit, prohibited to States, II. 328, 364. Meaning of, 329.

Boston, occupied by royal troops in 1774-75, I. 27. Invested by army under General Ward, in 1775, 32. Reception of Constitution by people of, II. 501. Rejoicings in, in honor of Constitution, 540.

Boundary, Southern, fixed by the Treaty of Peace, I. 312. Questions of, proposed to be determined by Senate, II. 223, 231; plan respecting, 235. Determination of, a judicial question, 232. See Western Territory, Lands, and Northwestern Territory.

Bounties offered for enlistment in 1776, I. 93. Additional, offered by States, 95; effect of, 110.

Bowdoin, James, delegate to first Continental Congress, I. 13. Governor of Massachusetts, 270. Suppresses Shays's rebellion, 270. Message of, suggesting a general convention, 336.

Brandywine, battle of the, force engaged in, I. 113.

Bribery, by executive, dangers of, II. 242.

British Colonies, legislatures of, divided into two branches, II. 132.

Broughton, Nicholas, commander of the Hannah, I. 74.

Butler, Pierce, in favor of the Constitution, II. 510.

C.

Cabinet, functions of, II. 407. Views respecting, in Convention, 408. President may require opinions of, 408. Constitutional character of, 409. Practice of first three Presidents respecting, 409.

Captures, power of Congress to regulate, II. 330.

Capitation Tax, report of committee of detail respecting, II. 290. Provision respecting, adopted, 304.

Carroll, Charles, proposition of, for asserting right of United States to vacant lands, II. 353, 355.

Cases arising under Constitution, &c., meaning of, II. 430.

Census, periodical, proposed by Williamson of North Carolina, II. 153. Vote respecting, 153. See Federal Census.

Cessions of Northwestern Territory, II. 342. Of land by States to United States, 356. See Western and Northwestern Territory.

Charleston, rejoicings in, on adoption of Constitution, II. 548.

Charter, of William and Mary to Massachusetts, I. 5; attempt to alter, 6. Inviolability of, 23. How distinguished from constitution, II. 7.

Charter Governments, form and character of, I. 5.

Chase, Samuel, views of, respecting taxation of slaves, II. 159.

Checks of one department on another, II. 301.

Citizenship, as qualification of national officers, II. 186, 188, 204; of senators, 223. State rules respecting, unlike, 199. General privileges of, under Confederation, 206, 448; under Constitution, 448. See Naturalization.

Clarke, George Rogers, General, proceedings of, in Kentucky, I. 322.

Clinton, George, message of, as Governor of New York, on revenue system of 1783, I. 359. Head of party in New York opposed to Constitution, II. 502.

Coinage of the United States, origin of, I. 443.

Coit, captain in the Revolutionary naval force, I. 74.

Colonies, thirteen English, I. 3. Ante-Revolutionary governments of, 3. Form a union, 3. No union of, before the Revolution, 7. Common grievances of, 9. People of, how descended, 9. Rights of, how to be determined, 16; when and how stated, 20; declaration of, 22; what included in, 22; how to be enforced, 23. Trade of, how far right to regulate in Parliament, 20. Reduction of, to submission, great preparations for, 38. Trade with, prohibited by Parliament, December, 1775, 38. Change of, into States, 116. Constitutional power of, II. 179.

Commerce, of the United States, I. 276; capacity of, at the close of the war, 284. Regulation of, a leading object of Constitutional Convention, II. 12; became an exigency of the Union, 13; how provided for, by Virginia plan, 90; if universal, must include slave-trade, 285; report of committee of detail respecting, 289; generally conceded to general government as necessary, 290; views of Southern statesmen respecting, 290; by Congress, beneficial to North and South, 291; a power conceded by South to North, 291; indivisible, 370; reluctance of South Carolina to concede, 546. Want of power over, in Confederation, 279. Interest of, in different States, not identical, 291, 299. Powers of government over, influence of, 311. Necessities of, basis of Constitution, 312. See Regulation of Commerce.

Commercial Convention. See Annapolis and Virginia.

Commercial Power asked for by Congress, I. 285. Action of the States respecting, 286.

Commercial Treaties, want of, displayed, I. 277. Existing at the peace, 279. How far the Confederation competent to make, 279. Why not made with England, 282. Congress endeavors to get power to make, 285. Attempt to negotiate without power, 286. States refuse the power to make, 287. Fruitless efforts of the commissioners to negotiate, 289.

Commission. See Commercial Treaties and John Adams.

Committee of Congress sent to confer with Washington, I. 60, 93.

Committee of the States under the Confederation, I. 146.

Committees of Correspondence recommended by Virginia, I. 11. Agency of, 12.

Common Law, one of the rights of the Colonies, I. 23. And equity, distinction between, preserved by Constitution, II. 425. Basis of State jurisprudence, 425.

Commutation. See Half-Pay.

Compromises between national and federal systems, II. 102, 104. Lie at the basis of the Constitution, 129. Respecting formation of Congress, 141, 167, 195; representation in Congress, 146. Respecting slavery, 161; how to be effected, 163; reflections on, 309. Committee of, proposed by Gouverneur Morris, 201. Respecting Senate, as affected by money bills, 217; choice of executive, 220. How to be studied, 220. Respecting slave-trade and navigation act, 302. If not made, necessary consequences, 315.

Confederation, office of, in American history, I. 140, 149. Revenues of, 147. Defects of, 148, 155; II. 11, 14, 15, 35, 60, 79, 376. Restraints imposed by, upon the States, I. 149. Legal commencement of, 149. Operation of, to the close of the war, 181. Power of, to maintain an army and navy in peace, 215. Analyzed by Hamilton, 221. Principle of, adhered to, 225. Summary of its operations, 228. Incapacity of, to protect the State governments, 260. Had no strict power to hold or manage public lands, 291. Decay and failure of, 328; II. 13. Fatal defect in the principle of the, I. 371. Nature of, II. 16. Had no power of compulsion, 16, 376. Powers of, 27. Principle of, 33. Rule of suffrage under, 42. Had no executive or judiciary, 60. Laws of, to be executed by State tribunals, 61. Compared with Constitution, 90. Articles of, framed in 1776, 158. Assessments on States under, 160. Still in force while Convention in session, 178. Relation of, to States, 179. States opposed to entering, except on full federal equality, 227. Had no seat of government, 268. Want of power in, over commerce, 279; over revenues, 279. Engagements of, proposal to assume, 321. Want of power in, to admit new States, 349. Rule of, respecting making of treaties, 376, 416, 441. Nature and objects of, 448. How amended, 473. Chief cause of failure of, 573. See Articles of Confederation and Congress.

Confiscations, provided against, by the Treaty of Peace, I. 250. Strict right of, belonged to the Union, 251.

Congress of the Revolution, leaves Philadelphia after the battle of the Brandywine, I. 113; assembles at Lancaster and Yorktown, 113. Of the Confederation, first meeting of, 125; structure and form of, 143; II. 133, 226; powers of, I. 144; restrictions on powers of, 146; attendance diminished after the peace, 189; driven from Philadelphia by a mutiny, 220; decline of, 226; meeting of, in 1783, 235; thinly attended, 235; appointment and attendance of delegates, 237, 239; perpetually in session, 238; public objects to be accomplished by, 239; condition of, in 1785, 339; unfitted to revise the federal system, 364; had but one chamber, II. 132; resolution for continuance of, 176; method of voting in, 226; members of, chosen annually, and liable to recall, 241; appointment of officers by, complaints respecting, 248; met where, 268; presence of, in New York, benefits resulting from, 273; attempts of, to procure cessions from States, 342; resolve of, for regulation of Northwest Territory, 342; power of, to admit new States, 344; transmission of Constitution to, 486; action of, on Constitution, 499. Old, authority of, continued till new adopted, 86. Under Virginia plan, to have two houses, 101. Under New Jersey plan, to be one body, 101. Present constitution of, by whom first suggested, 138; compromise respecting, 141, 167. Power of, to legislate for general interests of Union, 170; to negative State laws, 170; respecting elections to, 257; in general, 279; over taxes, duties, &c., 322; to pay debts of United States, 322; to provide for common defence, &c., 322; over places purchased for forts, &c., 340; over Territories, different views concerning, 340, 358; limited, 340; over soil of national domain, 351; proposed, over property of United States, 355; restraints on, 359; to establish inferior tribunals, 423, 427. Acts of, supreme law, 170; how passed, 264. Proposal that executive be chosen by, 171. Members of, qualifications of, 194; ineligibility of, to office, 250; time, &c. of electing, left to States, 258; pay of, proceedings in Convention respecting, 258; objections to States paying, 259; privileged from arrest, 263; punishment and expulsion of, 263; not to be questioned elsewhere for speech or debate, 263. Importance of early legislation of, 208. Proposed to be modelled after Congress of Confederation, 226. Admission of members of Cabinet, &c. to, question respecting, 253. Each house of, to be judge of elections, &c. of its own members, 262; to determine its own rules of proceeding, 263; to keep journal, 263. Adjournment of, 275, 419. Exclusive sovereign of District of Columbia, 277. Time of meeting of, 277. To make all necessary and proper laws for execution of powers, 338. To declare war, 413. To authorize calling out of militia, 413. Special relations of President to, 419. To prescribe mode of proof and effect of State records, &c., 449. To propose amendments to Constitution, 477. To call Convention to amend Constitution, when, 477.

Connecticut, a charter government, I. 5. Governor, council, and representatives always chosen by the people, 6. Had five representatives in first House, 149. Cedes claims to Western territory, 300, 344. Appoints and instructs delegates to the Convention, 369. Opposed to Convention, II. 23; to executive holding office during "good behavior," 173; to property qualification for office, 189; to nine years' citizenship as qualification of Senator, 224; to taxing exports, 296; to restricting President to stated salary, 407. In favor of equality of suffrage in both branches of Congress, 122, 138; of equal representation of States in Senate, 141, 148, 165; of census of free inhabitants, 153; of referring Constitution to State legislatures, 184; of each State having one vote in Senate, 227. Vote of, respecting citizenship as qualification for office, 209; respecting money bills, 216, 218; respecting eligibility of members of Congress to office, 251; respecting slave-trade, 305. Ratification of Constitution by, 515. Convention of, 527; debates in, mostly lost, 529.

Connecticut Reservation, note on, I. 300.

Constitution, how framed, II. 3. Means of peaceful coercion a leading object of, 62. An abridgment of State powers in some respects, 73. Republican government guaranteed to States by, 80, 458, 468. Capacity of, of amendment, 84. Why submitted to people for ratification, 84. As reported to Convention, 86. Different plans of, proposed in Convention, 89. Compared with Confederation, 90. Compromise of, between national and federal system, 102. Based on compromises, 129. Possibility of failure to create, reflections on, 142. Framers of, problem before, 155; position and purposes of, 178; had been observers of Parliamentary corruption, 242. State and national officers sworn to support, 177, 372. Ratification of, 177. Dissatisfaction with, in different States, 182. How differs from league, 184. Proposal to submit, to Congress of Confederation, 185. Growth of, important to be pursued through entire proceedings, 193. Divided into twenty-three articles by committee's report, 194. Interest in Europe respecting, 196. Should define eligibility to national offices, 199. Purposes of, respecting immigrants, 209. Analogy of, to British Constitution, 214. Provisions of, as originally proposed, 230. Benefits of, to North and South, 303. Conception of, gradually attained, 311. Hopes of framers of, exceeded, 311. Sprung from necessities of commerce, 312. Objections to, of favoring slavery, superficial, 313. Proper mode of judging, 313. Rights guaranteed to States by, 314. Beneficent operation of, on condition of slaves, 315. Provision of, respecting power of Congress over Territories, 355; purpose of, 355; explanation of, 357. Adoption of, 372. Preamble to, 372. Supreme law, 374. Binding on all judicial officers, 374. Complex character of, 379. Workings of, not impaired by territorial growth, 381. Success of, when other systems had failed, cause of, 384. Proposed by Governor Randolph, 410. Cases arising under, meaning of, 430. Confers few special powers on general government, 432. Restrictions laid on States by, 432. Powers of national and State governments determined by, 436. Designed to form a more perfect union, 448. Inter-state privileges under, 448. Amendments of, how proposed and adopted, 473. Oath to support, by whom to be taken, 478. Religious test never to be required under, 478. Serious questions respecting mode of establishing, 479. Effect of ratification of, by only part of States, 484. Formal assent of States to, in Convention, 485. Form of attestation to, 485. Refusal of three delegates to sign, 485. Presentation of, to Congress, 486. Probable consequences of rejection of, 487. Issue presented by, to people of United States, 487. Attempt to introduce monarchy averted by, 494. Published September 19th, 1787, 495. Reception of, among the people, 495. Friends and opponents of, classified, 495. Advocates of, why styled Federalists, 496. Adopted by intelligent majority in each State, 499. Reception of, by Congress, 499. Attempt in Congress to arrest or alter, 499. Real crisis of, 515. General and special opposition to, 515. People predisposed to adopt, 516. First ratified by Delaware, 518. Right of people to change at pleasure, 522. Bestows only a part of power of people, 522. Ratification of, rejoicings in honor of, 540. Anxiety respecting State action on, 544. Amendments of, proposed by South Carolina, 548. Opposition to, in New York, 572. Adoption of, an event unparalleled in history, 584. Opponents of, concessions to, justified, 590.

Constitutions, written, how far existed before the Revolution, I. 4. Of the States, origin and character of, 261.

Constitutional Convention, first suggestion of, I. 206. First suggested by Massachusetts, 336. Suggestion of Massachusetts respecting, not adopted, 337; withdrawn, 338; objections of her delegates in Congress to, 339. Urged by various public bodies, 349. Considered and adopted by Congress, 350. Early recommendations of, 350. Recommended by the Annapolis Commissioners, 350; by Congress, 361. Difficulties of its position, 367. Powers of, not strictly defined, 367. Opinions of leading statesmen respecting, 373. Assembles at Philadelphia, 374. Novelty and peculiarity of its task, 374. List of members of, 516. Great object of, II. 5. Members of, character of, 17; different views of, 17; greatness of, 144. Authority and powers of, uncertain, 18. All States but Rhode Island represented in, 23. Presence of all States in, not required, 26. Had no power to enact or establish, 29. Character of, 29. Proceedings of, how to be studied, 29; secrecy of, 491; singular rumors respecting, 492. Supposed want of authority in, to propose fundamental changes, 91. Report of committee of the whole made to, June 19th, 129. Struggle in, respecting form of Constitution, 129. Disruption of, imminent at one time, 142. Possible consequences of failure of, 143. Resolution recommending, 185. Instructions to delegates to, 185. Causes of success of, 475. A second, inexpedient, 475, 589. Dissolved September 14th, 1787, 491.

Constitutional Law, American, originates in The Federalist, I. 417. Questions of, how determined, II. 375.

Constitutionality of laws, questions of, how settled, II. 433.

Construction, questions of, how far considered, II. 4.

Consuls, to be nominated by President, I. 418. Cases affecting, jurisdiction of, 444.

Continental Congress, formation of first, I. 3. Advised by Franklin in 1773, 10. First suggestion of, 11. Recommended by Virginia, 11. Appointed for September, 1774, 12. Declared expedient by Massachusetts, 12. First, assembled and organized, 13; delegates to, how appointed, 13; how composed, 14; method of voting in, 15; relation of, to the people of the several Colonies, 15; purpose of, not revolutionary, 16; instructions to delegates in, 18; how it sought redress, 18, 19; revolutionary tendency of, 19; assumed guardianship of rights and liberties, 19; proceedings of, in stating rights, 20; duration of, 24; adjournment of, 25; recommends another Congress, 25; where held from 1774 to 1783, 226; each Colony had one vote in, II. 227. Second, election of delegates to, by Massachusetts Provincial Congress, I. 27; assembles at Philadelphia, 28; delegates to, how appointed, 29; instructions to delegates to, 29; rule of voting in, 29; powers assumed by, 31. Becomes a permanent body, 30. Petition of, to the King, 38. Dissolves the allegiance of the Colonies to the King, 38. Becomes a revolutionary government, 39. Nature of the government by, 54. Situation of, at the end of 1776, 100. Change in the members of, in 1777, 104. Credentials of members of, in 1776, 105. Constitution of, II. 42.

Continental Currency first issued, I. 34.

Contracts, restraint on legislative violation of, origin of, II. 361, 365; obligation of, impaired by State law, redress in case of, 433. See Obligation of Contracts.

Contribution, rule of, attempted to be changed, I. 210.

Convention, at Williamsburg, I. 12. At Hartford, in 1779, 205.

Convention of all the States. See Constitutional Convention.

Copyrights, State legislation concerning, II. 339. Power over, surrendered to Congress, 339.

Cornwallis, enters Newark, I. 98. Effect of capture of, 157.

Council, vacancies in, how filled in provincial governments, I. 4. Suspension of, from office in provincial governments, 4. Part of the provincial governments, 4; charter governments, 5. How chosen, 5.

Council of Revision, proposed, dangers of, II. 435; much favored in Convention, 438; purpose of, 438.

Counterfeiting, power of Congress to define and punish, II. 332.

Courts, inferior, Congress may establish, II. 330, 423.

Courts of United States, jurisdiction of, over persons of certain character, II. 441. Admiralty and maritime jurisdiction of, 445.

Creditors, rights of, secured by the Treaty of Peace, I. 250.

Crimes, trial for, to be in State where committed, II. 424; to be by jury, 424.

Crown, the source of political power in the Colonies, I. 3. Powers of, in provincial governments, 4.

Currency under Revolutionary government, I. 78.

Cushing, Thomas, suggests Continental Congress, I. 11. Delegate to first Continental Congress, 13.

D.

Dane, Nathan, author of Ordinance of 1787, II. 344, 365.

Debts due to English merchants at the peace, I. 250. Action of Congress respecting, 258. Of States, proposition to assume, II. 319. Of United States, provision for payment of, 320; power of Congress to pay, 322.

Debt of the United States, in 1783, I. 172. Foreign and domestic, where held, 178. National character of, 182. Necessity of revenue power to discharge, 183. Amount of, at the close of the war, 184.

Declaration of Independence, authorship of, I. 81. Effect of, upon the country, 89; upon Congress, 90. See Independence.

Declaration of Rights, by first Continental Congress, I. 22.

Delaware, a proprietary government, I. 5. Constitution of, formed, 122. Resists the claim of great States to Western lands, 131. Ratifies the Confederation, 135. Action of, commended, 138. Resolves of, respecting the Articles of Confederation, 498. Opposed to change in rule of suffrage, II. 35; to division of legislature, 133; to census of free inhabitants, 153; to striking out wealth from rule of representation, 164; to referring Constitution to people, 185; to property qualification for office, 189; to restricting President to stated salary, 407. Vote of, respecting citizenship as qualification for office, 209; respecting money bills, 216, 218; respecting slave-trade, 305; respecting admission of States, 354. In favor of equality of suffrage in House of Representatives, 138; of equality of States in Senate, 165; of executive holding office during "good behavior," 173; of referring Constitution to State legislatures, 184; of each State having one vote in Senate, 227; of taxing exports, 296. Had one representative in first House, 149. Ratification of Constitution by, 515, 518. Patriotism of, 518. Enlightened by discussions on Constitution in Pennsylvania convention, 518.

Delaware River, Washington crosses the, I. 99.

Delegate, Territorial, position of, in Congress, II. 256.

Democracy, did not originate in America, II. 7. Principle of, how modified in America, 7.

Departments of Government, division of, I. 118.

Dickinson, John, in favor of tax on exports, II. 284.

Dictatorship. See Washington.

District of Columbia, under exclusive government of Congress, II. 277.

Dock-Yards, authority of Congress over, II. 340.

Dorset, Duke of, reply of, to the American Commissioners, I. 289.

Duane, James, efforts of, to procure adoption of Constitution by New York, II. 585.

Duties, power to levy, asked for by Congress in 1781, I. 173; not given, 174. Power of Congress to impose, II. 322. To be uniform throughout United States, 325. What may be laid by States, 368. Laid by States, net produce of, how applied, 368; subject to revision of Congress, 368. Payment of, how compelled, 433.

E.

Eastern States, course of, respecting the navigation of the Mississippi, I. 315.

Elections, frequency of, favored, II. 241.

Elective Franchise, could not be confined to native citizens, II. 198.

Electors, of President, advantages of, II. 175; proposed in committee, 220; number of, 235, 389; embarrassments respecting choice of, 388; mode of election by, 390; case of no choice by, 390; required to return votes for two persons, 393; how chosen, 398; method of proceeding, 399; new appointment of, when, 403. Property as a qualification of, 187. Of representatives in Congress, qualification of, 194, 200.

Ellsworth, Oliver, compromise respecting Congress proposed by, II. 141. Opposed to tax on exports, 294. Influence and arguments of, in Connecticut convention, 528.

Emigration, from Europe, a subject of solicitude, II. 195.

England, government of, not a model for the Constitution, I. 391.

English Language spoken by the colonists, I. 3, 9.

English Laws inherited by the colonists, I. 9.

Enlistments. See Army and Bounties.

Equity and common law, distinction between, preserved by Constitution, II. 425. Jurisdiction under Constitution important, 425.

Europe, politics of, as affecting America, II. 80.

Excises, power of Congress to collect, II. 322. To be uniform throughout United States, 325.

Executive, methods proposed for choice of, II. 59, 171. Duration of office of, under Hamilton's plan, 100. Duration of office of, 171; proposed to be during "good behavior," 173. Re-eligibility of, different views respecting, 172, 175. Choice of, directly by people, difficulties attending, 174. Whether should be subject to impeachment, 175. Choice of, conflict of opinions respecting, 220; proposed to be by Congress for seven years, 220; by electors, 220; by Senate, in certain events, 221; by House of Representatives, 222; by concurrent vote of Senate and House of Representatives, 223, 230; proposed negative of Senate in, 232. Jealousy of, 232. See President and Vice-President.

Executive Department, proposed constitution and powers of, II. 56, 170. Relation of, to legislature, 57, 247. Unknown to Confederation, 60. Powers of, defined by constitutions in America, 72. Influence to be allowed to, over legislative, 244. Action of, requires discretion, 246.

"Executive Power" vested in President, meaning of, 412.

Exports, taxation of, Pinckney's proposition concerning, II. 189; refusal of South Carolina to submit to, 281, 285; an undoubted function of government, 282; consequences of denial of, 282; when only beneficial, 282; question of, as affected by variety, 283; members of Convention in favor of, 284; report of committee of detail respecting, 290; great embarrassments respecting, 294; arguments for and against, 294, 297; opposition to, not confined to South, 294; by States, an oppressive power, 295; finally prohibited, 295; for what reasons opposed in Convention, 297; by States, arguments for and against, 368.

Ex Post Facto Laws, definition of, II. 360, 367. Passage of, prohibited to Congress, 360; to States, 368.

F.

Faith and Credit, to be given to certain acts, &c., I. 143.

Falmouth (now Portland), burnt, I. 38, 74.

Faneuil Hall, meeting at, respecting a national regulation of commerce, I. 336.

Federal Census, origin of its rule of three fifths, I. 213.

Federal Government, how distinguished from "national," II. 33. By what States preferred, 117. Arguments in favor of, 124; theoretically sound, 126. Had proved a failure, 127.

Federal Town. See Congress and Seat of Government.

Federalist, original meaning of, II. 496. Changes in meaning of term, 497. Miniature ship so called, 543.

Federalists of Massachusetts, enthusiasm kindled by, II. 541. Of New Hampshire, action of, 541. Of New York, justified by Washington, 590; complaints against, 591.

Federalist, The, published, I. 409. Character and influence of, 417. History of the editions of, 418. Remark of, respecting Confederation, II. 61. Purpose of publication of, 503. When first issued, 503. Authors of, 503.

Felony, various meanings of, II. 331. Power of Congress to define and punish, 331.

Finances, must rest on some source of compulsory revenue, I. 183. See Debts, Revenue, and Duties.

Fisheries, great value of, II. 310.

Foreigners, cases affecting, jurisdiction in, II. 443. Cannot demand sanctuary as matter of right, 457.

Foreign Influence, jealousy of, II. 196, 204, 223. Necessity of counteracting, 211.

Forts, authority of Congress over, II. 340.

Framers of the Constitution, difficulties and perplexities of their task, I. 380. Their qualifications, &c., 386. Their success, 393.

France, debts of the United States to, I. 172. Contracts with the king of, 177. Relations of the United States to, 178.

Franklin, Benjamin, his plan of union in 1754, I. 8. Advises a Congress in 1773, 10. Appointed Postmaster-General by Continental Congress, 35. One of the committee to prepare Declaration of Independence, 50. One of the commissioners to procure commercial treaties, 287. Returns from Europe, 433. Public services of, 433. Character of, 435. Influence in the Convention, 436. Speech of, at the close of the Convention, 437. Witnesses the success of Washington's administration, 439. Proposition of, respecting representation in Congress, II. 146. Views of, respecting money bills, 218. Opposed to paying President, 405. In favor of plural executive, 405. Views of, respecting executive, quite unlike Hamilton's, 405; respecting consequences of rejection of Constitution, 487. Unbounded confidence of people in, 498.

Free Inhabitants, privileges of, I. 143.

French Loans. See France.

French Revolution, early writers of the, I. 378. Begun when Constitution went into operation, II. 80. Interest felt in, in America, 80.

French Troops, arrive at Newport, I. 156. Join the army at New York, 156.

Fugitives, from justice, provision for surrender of, under the Confederation, I. 143, II. 449. From service, clause in Constitution respecting, history of, 450. See Slaves.

G.

General Convention. See Constitutional Convention.

Georgia, a provincial government, I. 4. Constitution of, formed, 122. Appoints and instructs delegates to the Convention, 369. Had but one chamber in legislature, II. 132. Opposed to equality of suffrage in House of Representatives, 138. Divided on question of equal vote of States in Senate, 141, 148. Had three representatives in first House, 149. Opposed to census of free inhabitants, 153; to equality of States in Senate, 165; to executive holding office during "good behavior," 173. In favor of property qualification for national officers, 204. Vote of, respecting citizenship as qualification for office, 209; respecting money bills, 216, 218. Divided on question of each State having one vote in Senate, 227. Opposed to taxing exports, 296. Position of, in Convention, respecting slave-trade, 297, 301. Vote of, respecting slave-trade, 305. Cession by, in 1802, 357. Vote of, on suspension of habeas corpus, 360; respecting citizenship clause in Constitution, 453. Ratification of Constitution by, 515, 526. Remoteness of, 526. Situation of, at close of Revolution, 526. Motives of, to embrace Constitution, 526. Address by legislature of, to President Washington, 527. Exposure of, to ravages of Indians, 527. Escape of slaves from, to Florida, 527.

Gerry, Elbridge, opposed to numerical representation in Congress, II. 49; to tax on exports, 294. Refused to sign Constitution, why, 485. Censured for refusing to sign Constitution, 501.

Gillon, Commodore, arguments of, in convention of South Carolina, II. 548.

Gorham, Nathaniel, views of, respecting rule of suffrage for House of Representatives, II. 135. A member of committee to apportion representatives, 148.

Government, disobedience to, how punished, II. 61. Essentials to supremacy of, 62. Different departments in, advantages of, 245. Approximation to perfect theory of, only attainable, 247. Distribution of powers of, when easy, 421; when difficult, 421.

Governor, part of the provincial governments, I. 4.

Grayson, William, opposed to Constitution, II. 506.

Great Britain, re-union with, desired by some, II. 493; letter of Colonel Humphreys respecting, 493; Hamilton's views respecting, 494.

Green Dragon Tavern, meeting at, respecting a national regulation of commerce, I. 336.

Grievances. See Colonies and Revolution.

Guardoqui, Spanish minister, arrival of, I. 313. Negotiations with, respecting the Mississippi, 313.

H.

Habeas Corpus, privilege of, when suspended, II. 359; under common law of England, 359.

Half-pay, resisted by Connecticut and Massachusetts, I. 190. History of, 194. Commutation of, 194. See Officers of the Revolution.

Hallam, Henry, Constitutional History of England by, great value of, II. 244.

Hamilton, Alexander, laments the changes in Congress in 1778, I. 127. Exertions of, respecting revenue system, 176. Reasons of, for voting against revenue system, 177. Answers the objections of Rhode Island, 177, 206, 207. On the commercial advantages of a revenue power, 184. On the discontents of the army, and the public credit, 197. Opinions of, concerning the reorganization, &c., in 1780, 202. Maintains that Congress should have greatly enlarged powers, 204. Suggests a convention of all the States in 1780, 205. Enters Congress, 206. On a revenue, and the mode of collecting it, 207. On the compatibility of federal and State powers, 207. On the appointment of revenue officers, 208. Extent of views of, 209. On the rule of contribution, 210. On the necessity for power of taxation, 211. Seeks to introduce new principles, 211. On a peace establishment, 214. Opinions on the powers that should be given to Congress, 219. Exertions of, to suppress the mutiny at Philadelphia, 220. Views of, respecting defects of the Confederation, 221. Opinions of, too far in advance of the time, 224. Answers New York objections to revenue system, 247. Opinions of, concerning the Confederation, 263. Views of, respecting the regulation of commerce, 277; the statesmanship of America, 278. Induces New York to send delegates to Annapolis, 345. Reports at Annapolis in favor of a general Convention to revise the federal system, 347. Relation of, to the plan of a general Convention, and a national Constitution, 350. Contemplates a new government, 350. Induces the legislature of New York to urge a general Convention, 359. Views of, on the mode of proceeding, 364. Confidence of, in the experiment of a Convention, 373. History and character of, 406. Birth of, 408. Various public services of, 409, II. 593. Talleyrand's opinion of, I. 410. Death of, 410. Views of, respecting the English Constitution, 411. Relation of, to the Constitution, 412. Compared with the younger Pitt, 413, 416. Eminent fitness of, for the times, 414. Advocates the Constitution in the Federalist, 417. Compared with Webster, 418. Anxiety of, about the Constitution, 419. Unjustly charged with monarchical tendencies, II. 11, 94, 110. Views of, respecting Constitution, 94. Principles of civil obedience, as propounded by, 96. Views of, respecting rule of suffrage for House of Representatives, 135; dissolution of Union, 136; choice of President, 174, 240, 392; naturalization, 205; larger House of Representatives, 213. Measures of, respecting summoning of Constitutional Convention, 273. Views of, respecting executive, quite unlike Franklin's, 405; President's power to adjourn Congress, 420. Explanation of, respecting appellate power of Supreme Court, 428. Views of, respecting amendment of Constitution, 477. Objections of, to Constitution, 487. Views of, respecting consequences of rejection of Constitution, 487, 570; possible reunion with Great Britain, 494. Essays of, in Federalist, 503. Believed people predisposed in favor of Constitution, 516. Arrangements of, for transmission of news of action of States on Constitution, 551. Leading spirit in convention of New York, 568. Anxiety of, respecting action of States on Constitution, 569. Had great cause for solicitude, 569. Prospects of usefulness of, 569. Foresight of, respecting operation of Constitution, 570. Had profound understanding of Constitution, 570. Ambition of, 570. Importance of public character and conduct of, 570. Contest of, with opponents of Constitution in New York, 571. Critical position of, as citizen of New York, 571. Reply of, to opponents of Constitution in New York, 572. News received by, of ratification of Constitution by New Hampshire, 573. Letter of, to Madison, respecting chances of ratification by New York, 575. Would have been led by personal ambition to remove from New York, 575. Policy of, national, 577. Reason of, for embracing Constitution, 577. Efforts of, to procure adoption of Constitution by New York, 577, 584. Sends news of ratification by New Hampshire to Madison, 578. Great speech of, in New York convention, in favor of Constitution, 586. Writes to Madison, asking advice respecting New York, 587. Honors paid to, by city of New York, 592.

Hancock, John, retires from Congress, I. 125. Returns to Congress, 126. President of Massachusetts convention, II. 537. Proposes amendments to Constitution, 537. Great influence of, 537.

Harrison, Benjamin, opposed to Constitution, II. 506.

Hartford Convention, met in 1779, I. 205.

Heights of Haerlem, occupied by Washington, I. 92.

Henry, Patrick, Governor of Virginia, I. 126. Declined to attend Convention, II. 173. Opposed to Constitution, 505. Characteristics of, 505, 561. In favor of submitting Constitution to people of Virginia, 510. Leader of opponents of Constitution in Virginia, 552. Jefferson's estimate of, 552. Great popularity of, 552. Wisdom of, lacked comprehensiveness, 553. Great powers of, employed against Constitution, 553. Views of, respecting American spirit of liberty, 553. Considered Bill of Rights essential, 554. Arguments of, against Constitution, 555, 557. Modern scepticism concerning abilities of, 561. Quotes Jefferson's views of Constitution, 561. Opposed to Constitution to the last, in Virginia Convention, 579. Project of, for amending Constitution, 580. Patriotic conduct of, on adoption of Constitution by Virginia, 581. Became earnest defender of Constitution, 582.

House of Burgesses, of Virginia, dissolved, I. 11.

House of Commons, ministerial majority of, during Revolution, II. 237.

House of Representatives, Constitution of, discussion respecting, II. 36. Members of, chosen for two years, 134; qualifications of, 134. Rule of suffrage for, great debate on, 135. Exclusive power of, over money bills, 146, 214. Power of, to fix salaries of government officers, 146. Ratio of representation in, 147, 212. First, apportionment of members for, 148, 151. Basis of, agreed to, 165. Members of, must be twenty-five years old, 203; have been citizens three years, 203; be inhabitants of States from which chosen, 212. Larger, favored by Wilson, Madison, and Hamilton, 213. Ultimate choice of executive by, 222. To present impeachments, 262. Quorum of, 262. To choose its own presiding officer, 263. To vote for President by States, 394. Choice of President by, quorum for, 394; majority of States requisite to, 394.

Howe, Sir William, proclamation by, respecting oath of allegiance, I. 106. Takes possession of Philadelphia, 113. Estimate of, concerning the American force at the Brandywine, 113.

Humphreys, Colonel, one of Washington's aids, II. 493. Letter of, respecting hopes of loyalists, 493.

Huntington, Governor, influence of, in convention of Connecticut, II. 529.

I.

Impeachment, executive proposed to be removable on, II. 171. Whether executive should be subject to, 176. How to be decided, 232. To be presented by House of Representatives, 262. Of President, causes of, 397. King's pardon cannot be pleaded in bar of, 414. President cannot pardon, 414. King may pardon, 414.

Impeachments, proposed plan respecting, II. 235. Nature of, and constitutional provisions respecting, 260. To be tried by Senate, 261.

Imposts, power of Congress to collect, II. 322. To be uniform throughout United States, 325. What may be laid by States, 368. Laid by States, net produce of, how applied, 368; subject to the revision of Congress, 368. Revenue from, easiest mode of paying expenses of government, 528.

Indian Affairs, superintendence of, assumed by Continental Congress, I. 35.

Indians, position of, II. 325. Commerce with, 325; regulated by federal authority, 326; provision of Confederation respecting, 326. Not regarded as foreign nations, 326.

Independence, resolution of, adopted in Congress, I. 49. Declaration of, ordered to be prepared, 50; brought in, 51; adopted, 51; effect of, 51.

Inspection Laws, subject to what abuse, II. 368.

Insurrection. See Massachusetts and Shays's Rebellion.

J.

Jay, John, report of, on the infractions of the Treaty of Peace, I. 254, 257. Projected mission of, to Spain, 313. Proceedings of, as Secretary for Foreign Affairs, respecting the Mississippi, 313. Essays of, in Federalist, II. 503. Efforts of, to procure adoption of Constitution by New York, 585.

Jefferson, Thomas, one of the committee to prepare Declaration of Independence, I. 50. Account by, concerning the Congress of 1776, 64. Account by, of Declaration of Independence, 82. In the legislature of Virginia, 126. One of the commissioners to procure commercial treaties, 287. On the surrender of the Mississippi, 321. Suggests the decimal coinage, 443. Views of, respecting admission of States, II. 76. Resolve of, for organization of States from Northwestern Territory, 343. Practice of, respecting cabinet, 409. Views of, respecting government, 506; modifications of Constitution, 506. At Paris when Constitution was adopted, 506. Did not counsel rejection of Constitution, 508. Persevered in certain objections to Constitution, 509. Letters of, respecting Constitution, 562, 564.

Johnson, Dr., of Connecticut, views of, respecting Constitution, II. 128. First suggested present constitution of Congress, 138.

Journal, to be kept by each house of Congress, II. 263.

Judges, tenure of office of, II. 67; in England, 67. Removal of, 68. Power of removal of, in England, 69; in Massachusetts, 70. "Good behavior" of, 70.

Judicial Power of United States, to settle disputes between State and nation, II. 54. Unknown to Confederation, 60. Necessity and office of, 61. Intent evinced by introduction of, 63. Made supreme, 64. Coextensive with legislative, 65. Control of, over State legislation, 66. Formation of, 421. Great embarrassments respecting, 422. Admirable structure of, 422. Jurisdiction of, cases embraced by, 423. Great importance of clearly defining, 425. Embraces cases under Constitution, laws, and treaties, 429. Changes and improvements in original plan of, 431. Constitutional functions of, 431. Leading purposes of, 431. May declare laws unconstitutional, 434. Simplicity, &c. given by, to operation of government, 437.

Judiciary, functions of, II. 63, 432. Question concerning number of tribunals in, 65. Proposed powers of, 66. Restriction respecting salary of, 176. Jurisdiction of, respecting impeachment of national officers, 176; over cases arising under national laws, 176; over questions involving national peace, 176. Action of, not to be influenced by other departments, 246.

Judiciary of Massachusetts, attempt to alter the charter in respect to, I. 6.

K.

Kentucky, inhabitants of, resist the surrender of the Mississippi, I. 322.

King, Rufus, birth and education of, I. 448. Public services of, 448. Proposes the clause respecting the obligation of contracts, 452; II. 365. Senator in Congress, I. 453. Minister to England, 453. A member of committee to apportion representatives, II. 148. Views of, respecting Senate, 225; seat of government, 275. Remarks of, respecting slave-trade, 281. Views of, respecting representation of slaves, 292. Effort of, to exclude slavery from Northwestern Territory, 343.

L.

Land as the basis of a rule for contribution, I. 210. Adopted as measure of wealth by Congress of 1776, II. 160. Of United States unappropriated, Madison's motion respecting, 351.

Lands, right of aliens to hold, proposed in certain treaties, I. 280. See Western Lands and Territory.

Law of Nations, offences against, II. 330; power of Congress to define and punish, 331. Respecting extradition of fugitives, 456.

Laws of United States, how enacted, II. 264; supreme, 372, 374; to be in pursuance of Constitution, 374; cases arising under, jurisdiction over, 430. Of States, constitutionality of, 374. Constitutionality of, how determined, 434.

Law, Richard, influence of, in convention of Connecticut, II. 529.

Lee, Charles, General, expedition of, against the Tories of New York, I. 66.

Lee, Richard Henry, moves the resolution of independency, I. 49. Account of, 49. On the navigation of the Mississippi, 315. Proposition of, in Congress, to amend Constitution, II. 500. Opposed to Constitution, 506.

Legislative Department, division of, into two chambers, I. 119. Omnipotent in England, 72. Powers of, limited in America by constitutions, 72. Hamilton's views respecting, II. 100, 103, 105. Great struggle respecting, in Constitutional Convention, 130. Objections to one chamber in, 130. How far may safely be influenced by executive, 244. Action of, requires discretion, 246. Close relation of, to executive, 247.

Letters of Marque and Reprisal issued by Massachusetts in 1775, I. 75. Power of Congress to grant, II. 332.

Lexington, battle of, I. 27.

Livingston, Robert R., one of the committee to prepare Declaration of Independence, I. 50. Remarks of, in convention of New York, II. 574. Efforts of, to procure adoption of Constitution by New York, 585.

Long Island, battle of, I. 91.

Lowndes, Rawlins, opposed to Constitution, II. 510. Arguments of, against Constitution, 511.

Loyalists, scheme of, respecting Bishop of Osnaburg, II. 492. Numbers of, small, 493. Alarm occasioned by supposed scheme of, 493. See Tories.

M.

Madison, James, enters the Revolutionary Congress, I. 126. Exertions of, respecting revenue system, 176. Writes the address in favor of revenue system, 177. Answers Massachusetts on the half-pay, 193. Birth of, 420. Public services of, to the close of the war, 420. Initiates the Virginia measures leading to a general Convention, 423. Attends the convention at Annapolis, 427. Attends the general Convention, 427. Labors of, in the Convention, 427. Opinions and character of, 428. Described by Jefferson, 430. Letter of, to Philip Mazzei, 431. Action of, respecting change in rule of suffrage, II. 36. Views of, respecting national government, 40; Senate, 41; revision by Congress of State legislation, 54; revisionary check on legislation by executive, 58; use of force against States, 62; Constitution, 106; rule of suffrage for House of Representatives, 135; dissolution of Union, 136; Western States, 152. How far in favor of executive during "good behavior," 173. Views of, respecting difference between Constitution and league, 184; naturalization, 205. In favor of larger House of Representatives, 213. Views of, respecting eligibility of members of Congress to office, 250; seat of government, 275. In favor of tax on exports, 284. Views of, respecting slave-trade, 304. Proposition of, respecting Indian affairs, 327. Views of, respecting legislation of Congress of Confederation over Northwestern Territory, 345, 348, 351. Views and votes of, concerning Northwestern Territory, 348. Holds regulation of commerce to be indivisible, 371. Views of, respecting treason, 386. Motion of, respecting election of President, 403. Views of, respecting amendment of Constitution, 477; consequences of rejection of Constitution, 487. Proposed amendment of Constitution by Congress, defeated by, 500. Essays of, in Federalist, 503. A leading advocate of Constitution in Virginia, 506. Reply of, to opponents of Constitution in Virginia convention, 558. Description of new government by, 559. Efforts of, in Virginia convention, 564. Opinion of, respecting conditional ratification of Constitution, 588.

Magazines, authority of Congress over, II. 340.

Majority, principle of, seldom to be departed from, II. 299.

Mandamus Councillors, appointment of, in Massachusetts, I. 25. Treatment of, by the people, 25.

Manly, John, commander of the Lee, I. 74. Captures a prize, 75.

Maritime Jurisdiction, of courts of United States, II. 445. Under Confederation, 445.

Marshall, John, a leading advocate of Constitution in Virginia, II. 506.

Martin, Luther, views of, respecting Constitution, II. 92, 121; rule of suffrage for House of Representatives, 135; manner of voting in Senate, 186. Motion of, respecting admission of States, 354. Supremacy of Constitution, &c. proposed by, 374. Great opposition of, to Constitution, 484, 512. Communication of, to legislature of Maryland, 512; chief ground of, 513.

Martindale, captain in the Revolutionary naval force, I. 74.

Maryland, a proprietary government, I. 5. Constitution of, formed, 122. Remonstrates against the claims to Western lands, 131, 421. Ratifies the Constitution, 136. Action of, commended, 138. Appoints and instructs delegates to the Convention, 369. Action of, upon the Articles of Confederation, 501. Delegates from, divided in opinion, II. 121. Divided on question of national legislature, 133; equality of suffrage in House of Representatives, 138. In favor of equal representation of States in Senate, 141, 165. Had six representatives in first House, 149. Opposed to census of free inhabitants, 153; executive holding office during "good behavior," 173. In favor of referring Constitution to State legislatures, 184; each State having one vote in Senate, 186, 227. Vote of, respecting citizenship, as qualification for office, 209; money bills, 216, 218. Opposed to nine years' citizenship as qualification of senator, 224; taxing exports, 296. Vote of, respecting slave-trade, 305; admission of States, 354. Action of legislature of, respecting Constitution, 511. Convention of, to vote on Constitution, 514; importance of action of, 542; efforts made in, to amend Constitution, defeated, 543.

Mason, George, views of, respecting Constitution, II. 123. Objections of, to compound ratio of representation, 151. Views of, respecting money bills, 218. Opposed to tax on exports, 294. Proposition of, to restrain grants of perpetual revenue, 319. Views of, respecting militia, 337. Refused to sign Constitution, why, 485, 509. Great ability of, 505. Opposed to Constitution, 505. In favor of submitting Constitution to people of Virginia, 509. Arguments of, against Constitution, in Virginia convention, 557.

Massachusetts, a charter government, I. 5. Provincial governor of, appointed by the crown, 5. Council of, chosen by Assembly, 5. Representatives of, chosen by the people, 5. Appoints delegates to first Continental Congress, 12. Colonial government of, how ended, 25. Provincial Congress of, how formed, 26. Authority assumed by Provincial Congress, 26. Applies to the Continental Congress, for direction and assistance, 31; about government, 32. Army raised by, in 1775, 31. Issues letters of marque and reprisal, 75. Establishes prize court, 75. Money borrowed of, by General Washington, 80. Constitution of, formed, 121. Objections of, to the half-pay, 191; answered by Madison, 193. Act of, concerning British debts, 253. Constitution of, dangers to which it was exposed, 263. Insurrection in, 266, II. 83. Disaffection in, extensive, I. 273. Cedes claims to Western Territory, 300. Proceedings of, respecting a general Convention, 334. Condition of the trade of, in 1785-86, 335. Legislature of, proposes a general Convention, 336; resolutions of, not presented to Congress, 337. Resolution of, for a general Convention, 361. Appoints and instructs delegates to the Convention, 369. Opposed to equality of suffrage in House of Representatives, II. 138; equal representation of States in Senate, 141, 217. Divided on question of equal vote of States in Senate, 148, 165. Had eight representatives in first House, 149. In favor of census of free inhabitants, 153. Opposed to executive holding office during "good behavior," 173. Qualifications of voter in, 188. In favor of property qualification for national officers, 204. Vote of, respecting citizenship as qualification for office, 209; money bills, 216, 218. Opposed to nine years' citizenship as qualification of Senator, 224; each State having one vote in Senate, 227. Sentiments of, respecting holding of office by members of Congress, 249. In favor of States paying members of Congress, 259. Opposed to taxing exports, 296. Vote of, respecting slave-trade, 305. Slavery in, as early as 1630, 454. Parties in, for and against Constitution, 501. Reception of Constitution in, 501. Convention in, to vote on Constitution, 502, 530. Formidable opposition to Constitution in convention of, 529. High rank of, 530. Vacillation of, 530. Revolutionary history of, 530. Anxiety respecting action of, on Constitution, 531. Insurrection in, effect of, 531. Constitution exposed to peculiar hazard in, 531; ratified in, by compromise, 531. Constitution of, excellence of, 531. Parties in convention of, 532. Convention in, amendments to Constitution recommended by, 532, 538, 539; opponents of Constitution in, 533, 534; eminent men in, 534. Probable disastrous effects of rejection of Constitution by, 535. Convention of, proceedings in, 536; discussion in, respecting Hancock's amendments to Constitution, 538; patriotic conduct of, 539. Enthusiasm kindled by action of, 541.

Mazzei, Philip, letter to, by Madison, I. 431.

McKean, Thomas, views of, respecting Constitution, II. 523. Public services of, 524.

Mifflin, General, sent by Washington to the Congress, I. 98.

Military Posts, retained by the British after the treaty, I. 256, 259.

Militia, relation of, to the Continental Congress, I. 35. Committee on, II. 319. Of States, power of general government over, 334; inefficient as troops in Revolution, 334; lack of uniformity among, 335; power of general government over, necessary, 336; how to be disciplined, 337; when Congress may call forth, 338; President commander-in-chief of, 413; cannot call out without authority of Congress, 413.

Ministers. See Ambassadors.

Mint, establishment of, I. 444.

Mississippi River, controversy and negotiations respecting navigation of, I. 310; referred to the new government, 327. Navigation of, a topic of opponents of Constitution in Virginia convention, II. 565; Madison's views respecting, 567.

Mississippi Valley, people of, spirit of the, I. 319; retaliate upon the Spanish authorities, 322; form committees, &c., 323.

Monarchical Government, dangers of attempting to establish, I. 370.

Monarchy, detested by people of United States, II. 237, 492. Proposed, rumors of, 492. Attempt to introduce, averted by Constitution, 494.

Money, power to coin, given to Congress, II. 328; borrow, and emit bills, 328.

Money Bills, Originated by House of Representatives, II. 146. Provision concerning, objected to, 147; origin of, 214. Originated by House of Commons, 216. Hallam's discussion respecting, 216. Vote of States respecting, 216. Different propositions in Convention respecting, 219. May be amended in Senate, 222.

Montesquieu, political discussions of, alluded to, I. 377.

Morris, Gouverneur, Enters the Revolutionary Congress, I. 127. Birth of, 440. Public services of, 440. Chosen Assistant Financier, 443. Author of the decimal notation, 443. Prepares the text of the Constitution, 444. Character of, 444. First Minister to France, 447. Senator from New York, 447. Invited to write in The Federalist, 447. Death of, 447. Action of, respecting change in rule of suffrage, II. 36. A member of committee to apportion representatives, 148. Views of, respecting Atlantic and Western States, 152; respecting compound ratio of representation, 152. Proviso of, respecting taxation and representation, 158. Views of, respecting choice of executive, 174. Remarks of, respecting slave-trade, 281. In favor of tax on exports, 284. Views of, on concession to Southern States, 293. Committee of compromise proposed by, 301. Proposition of, respecting vacant lands, 355.

Morris, Robert, on a committee to inform Washington of extraordinary powers, I. 101. Laments the absence of some great revolutionary characters, 104. Appointed Superintendent of Finances, 174. Resignation of, 198.

Mutiny, at Philadelphia, of federal troops, I. 220.

N.

Natchez, seizure of property at, by Spanish authorities, I. 318.

National Government, how distinguished from "federal," II. 33. Necessities of, 34. To be kept distinct from State governments, 37. By what States preferred, 117. Arguments in favor of, 122; theoretically sound, 126; strengthened by facts of previous history, 127. Supposed tendency of, to absorb State sovereignties, 128. Self-defence a principal object of, 292.

National Legislature, how to be constituted, II. 35. Divided into two branches, 36. Representation in, diverse views respecting, 36; as affected by State interests, 43; difficulty in fixing ratio of, 43. Unanimity respecting powers of, in Convention, 50. Negative by, on State legislatures, proposed, 51. Must operate directly on people, 63. Proposed powers of, 65.

Naturalization, a subject of solicitude, II. 196. Formerly a State power, 198, 199. A proper subject of constitutional provision, 200. Power of, transferred from State to national government, 201. Views of Hamilton and Madison respecting, 205. Embarrassments of subject, 205. Uniform rule of, power to establish, given to Congress, 328.

Naval Force, employment of, in Massachusetts Bay, I. 73.

Navigation Act, report of committee of detail respecting, II. 290, 301. Position of Southern States respecting, 297. Two-thirds vote proposed by them to be required for, 299. Interest of different States respecting, 301. Passage of, by majority, agreed to, 304.

Navy, origin of the Revolutionary, I. 73. Want of, II. 298. Power of Congress to provide and maintain, 334; to make rules for, 334. Power of President to employ, 413. President commander-in-chief of, 413.

Newark, Washington's evacuation of, I. 98.

Newburgh Addresses, authorship and style of, I. 168. Copy of, sent to the States, 177. Note on, 194.

New England, confederation of, in 1643, II. 453.

New Hampshire, a provincial government, I. 4. Ante-Revolutionary government of, 4. Constitution of, formed, 119. Appoints and instructs delegates to the Convention, 369. Late attendance of, in Convention, II. 24. Had three representatives in first House, 149. In favor of property qualification for national officers, 204. Vote of, respecting citizenship, as qualification for office, 209; respecting money bills, 218; respecting slave-trade, 305. In favor of taxing exports, 296. Vote on Constitution in, postponed, why, 510; effect of, on parties in Virginia, 510. Population of, easily led to oppose Constitution, 514. Convention of, to vote on Constitution, 514; members of, instructed to reject Constitution, 529; amendments presented to, 541; majority of, at first opposed to Constitution, 541; adjournment of, effect of, 541. Action of Federalists of, 541. Convention of, meets, on adjournment, 549; anxiety respecting action of, 549. Ratification of Constitution by, 573. Ninth State to ratify Constitution, 578.

New Jersey, a provincial government, I. 4. Washington's retreat through, 97. Constitution of, formed, 122. Proposal of, in 1778, for the regulation of commerce, 129. Resists the claim of great States to Western lands, 131. Ratifies the Confederation, 135. Action of, commended, 138. Attempts to pay its quotas in paper money, 242. Recommends the regulation of commerce, 277. Appoints and instructs delegates to the Convention, 368. Representation of, concerning the Articles of Confederation, 493. Act of, accepting them, 497. Purely "federal" government proposed by, II. 92. Hamilton's plan of, radical objections to, 99; condemned by Madison, 106. Opposed to division of legislature, 133. In favor of equality of suffrage in House of Representatives, 138; of equal representation of States in Senate, 141, 148, 165. Had four representatives in first House, 149. In favor of census of free inhabitants, 153; of executive holding office during "good behavior," 173. Vote of, respecting citizenship as qualification for office, 209; respecting money bills, 216, 218. In favor of each State having one vote in Senate, 227. Vote of, respecting eligibility of members of Congress to office, 251; respecting representation of slaves, 293; respecting slave-trade, 305; respecting admission of States, 354. In favor of taxing exports, 296. Opposed to restricting President to stated salary, 407. Ratification of Constitution by, 515. Convention of, 524. Position of, respecting Constitution, 524. Always in favor of vesting regulation of commerce in general government, 525. Action of, in Constitutional Convention, respecting representation, 525.

New States, admission of, under the Confederation, I. 292; under the Ordinance of 1787, 308. See Western Territory and Northwestern Territory.

New York, Constitution of, formed, I. 122. Magnanimity of, commended, 137. Action of, upon the revenue system of 1783, 246. Act of, respecting British debts, 253. Trespass act of, 256. Proceedings of, respecting a general commercial convention, 343, 358. Resolution of, for a general Convention, 360; how received in Congress, 360. Appoints and instructs delegates to the Convention, 369. Act of, respecting boundaries, &c., 505. Rank of, at formation of Constitution, II. 118. Commerce of, at formation of Constitution, 118. Views of public men of, 118. Opposed to division of legislature, 133. In favor of equality of suffrage in House of Representatives, 138; in Senate, 141, 148. Had six representatives in first House, 149. Withdrawal of delegates of, from Convention, 165, 182, 484, 502. Rejection of Constitution by, probable, 182. Vote of, respecting money bills, 216. In favor of each State having one vote in Senate, 227. Reception of Constitution in, 502. Executive government of, opposed to Constitution, 502. Jealousy of Union existing in, 502. Letter of delegates of, against Constitution, 502. Proceedings of legislature of, respecting Constitution, 503; of parties in, respecting Constitution, 503. Convention of, to vote on Constitution, 504. Formidable opposition to Constitution in convention of, 529. Legislature of, divided on question of submitting Constitution to people, 536. Convention of, importance of action of, 542; time of meeting of, 549; anxiety respecting action of, 549; met at Poughkeepsie, 549; Hamilton leading spirit in, 568; discussion in, respecting system of representation proposed by Constitution, 573. Opponents of Constitution in, arguments and plan of, 572; Hamilton's reply to, 572. Effect on, of ratification by New Hampshire, 574. Opponents of Constitution in, schemes of, 584. Numerous amendments to Constitution proposed by, 587. Plan of, to adopt Constitution conditionally, 587. Great struggle in, over ratification of Constitution, 588. Circular letter from, to all other States, 588. Federalists of, justified by Washington, 590; complaints against, 591.

New York City, applies to the Continental Congress respecting British troops, I. 31. Occupied by the British, 91. Temporary establishment of seat of government at, effect of, 591. Celebration in, of adoption of Constitution, 592. Honors paid by, to Hamilton, 592.

Nicholas, George, a leading advocate of Constitution in Virginia, II. 506.

Nobility, title of, cannot be granted by Congress, II. 362.

Non-Intercourse, when and why adopted by Colonies, I. 23. Association for, recommended and adopted, 24.

North Carolina, a provincial government, I. 4. Constitution of, formed, 122. Appoints and instructs delegates to the Convention, 369. Opposed to equality of suffrage in House of Representatives, II. 138; to equality of votes in Senate, 141, 217. Vote of, respecting equal vote of States in Senate, 141, 148, 165; respecting census of free inhabitants, 153. Had five representatives in first House, 149. Opposed to executive holding office during "good behavior," 173. Vote of, respecting citizenship as qualification for office, 209; respecting money bills, 216, 218. Divided on question of nine years' citizenship as qualification of Senator, 224. Opposed to each State having one vote in Senate, 227; to taxing exports, 296. Position of, in Convention, respecting slave-trade, 297, 301. Vote of, respecting slave-trade, 305; on suspension of habeas corpus, 360. Cession by, in 1790, 357. Opposed to restricting President to stated salary, 407. Convention of, Anti-Federal majority in, 596; debate in, 596; amendments to Constitution proposed by, 597; peculiar action of, 597. Attitude of, placed Union in new crisis, 603.

Northern States, in favor of granting to government full revenue and commercial powers, II. 292. Chief motive of, for forming Constitution a commercial one, 298. Cut off from British West India trade, 298. Separate interests of, different, 300.

Northwestern Territory ceded by Virginia, I. 137, 295. Cession modified, 300. Ordinance respecting, why framed, 301; provisions of, 302; character of, 306. Ordinance for, reported, 452. Cession of, II. 15. Origin and relations of, &c., 341. Jefferson's resolve for organization of States in, 343. Slavery in, proposals for prohibiting, 343. Ceded on what trusts, 347, 349. Admission of new States under, see New States.

O.

Oath, of office, proposed by New Jersey in 1778, I. 130.

Oath of Allegiance, to the King, received by Sir William Howe in New Jersey, I. 106. To the United States required by Washington in New Jersey, 107; dissatisfaction occasioned by, 107. Propriety of, defended by Washington, 108. Prescribed in Congress in 1778, 109.

Obligation of Contracts, clause respecting, taken from the Ordinance of 1787, I. 452.

Officers of United States, appointment of, II. 417.

Officers of the Revolution, treatment of, by Congress, and the country, I. 159. Pay of, 159. Proceedings in Congress respecting half-pay for, 160. Pennsylvania line, 163. Proceedings of, respecting their pay, 165. See Army of the Revolution, Half-pay, and Newburgh Addresses.

Oligarchy, detested by people of United States, II. 237.

Orders in Council, respecting trade with the United States, I. 283. Efforts of Congress to counteract, 285. Effect of, on Northern States, II. 298.

Ordinance of 1787, framing of, I. 452. Admission of new States provided for by, II. 77. Fixed no mode of admitting new States, 79. Provisions of, 344. Slavery excluded by, 344. Author of, 344, 365. Passed, 365. Character of, 366. Provision in, respecting contracts, occasion of, 366. Extradition of slaves under, 454.

Osnaburg, Bishop of, rumored purpose of loyalists respecting, II. 492. Afterwards Duke of York, 493.

P.

Paine, Robert Treat, delegate to first Continental Congress, I. 13.

Palfrey, Colonel, sent to New Hampshire to arrest Tories, I. 65.

Paper Money, first issued by the Continental Congress, I. 78. Signing of, 78. State systems of, under Confederation, II. 310. See Rhode Island.

Pardon, President's power of, II. 413. See Treason.

Parliament, British, authority of, over trade, how recognized by first Continental Congress, I. 20. Two houses in, origin of, II. 130; mutual relations of, 130. Corruption in, origin and extent of, 242; effect of knowledge of, on framers of Constitution, 243. Necessity of officers of state, &c. sitting in, 254. Analogy of Congress to, 254.

Parsons, Theophilus, motion of, in Massachusetts Convention, to ratify Constitution, II. 537. Form of ratification and proposed amendments drawn by, 541.

Patents for useful inventions, subject of, brought forward by Pinckney, II. 339. State legislation concerning, 339. Power over, surrendered to Congress, 339.

Patterson, William, mover of New Jersey plan of government, II. 93. Arguments of, in Convention, 93.

Peace, effect of, upon the country, I. 179. See Treaty of Peace.

Peace Establishment. See Washington and Hamilton.

Pendleton, Chancellor, a leading advocate of Constitution in Virginia, II. 506.

Pennsylvania, a proprietary government, I. 5. Constitution of, formed, 122. Stop-law of, 253. Appoints and instructs delegates to the Convention, 368. Had but one chamber in legislature, II. 132. Opposed to election of Senators by State legislatures, 135; to equality of suffrage in House of Representatives, 138; to equal representation of States in Senate, 141, 148, 165, 217. Had eight representatives in first House, 149. In favor of census of free inhabitants, 153; of executive holding office during good behavior, 173. Opposed to property qualification for office, 189. Constitution of, citizenship under, 206. Vote of, respecting citizenship as qualification for office, 209; respecting money bills, 218. Opposed to nine years' citizenship as qualification of Senator, 224; to each State having one vote in Senate, 227; to impeachments being tried by Senate, 262. In favor of taxing exports, 296. Vote of, respecting slave-trade, 305. Ratification of Constitution by, 515. Convention of, first to meet, 519. Second State in population, in 1787, 519. Western counties of, insurrection in, 521; opposition of, to Constitution, 524.

People of America, when not associated as such, I. 16. Sole original source of political power, II. 38, 471, 482. Will of, how to be exercised, 471; on a new exigency, how to be ascertained, 483.

Petition, right of assembling for, asserted, I. 23. Of Continental Congress to the King, 23, 38.

Philadelphia, threatened loss of, to the enemy, I. 99. Falls into the hands of the enemy, 113. Fought for, at the battle of the Brandywine, 113. The scene of many great events, II. 519. Demonstration at, in honor of adoption of Constitution, 582.

Pickering, Timothy, suggests academy at West Point, I. 218.

Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, Revolutionary services of, I. 454. Views of, respecting the requisite reform, 455; on the slave-trade, 456, 459, 460; respecting consequences of rejection of Constitution, 487. Proposition of, respecting taxes on exports, II. 189; respecting extradition of slaves, 189, 452. Notifies Convention of position of South Carolina concerning tax on exports, 280. In favor of Constitution, 510. Writes to Washington of adoption of Constitution by South Carolina, 544. Fidelity of, to South Carolina, 545. Arguments of, in South Carolina convention, 548.

Pinckney, Charles, plan of government submitted by, II. 32. Proposition of, respecting House of Representatives, negatived, 40. Suggestions of, respecting public debt, revenue, &c., 319. In favor of Constitution, 510.

Piracy, nature of, II. 331. Power of Congress to define and punish, 331.

Pitt, William, designs commercial relations with the United States, I. 282. His bill to effect them, 283. His extraordinary opportunities, 413. Estimate of, 414.

Political Science, among the ancients, I. 374. In the Middle Ages of Europe, 375; in England, 376; in France, 377.

Popular Governments, American theory of, I. 261.

Population of States in 1790, table of, II. 55.

Ports, no preference to be given to, II. 324.

Post-Office department, Continental, first established, I. 35; colonial, 433. Power to establish, extended to post-roads, II. 328.

Preamble of Constitution, as reported and adopted, II. 372; language of, important, 373.

President, making of treaties by, with consent of Senate, II. 234. Officers proposed to be appointed by, with consent of Senate, 234. Re-eligibility of, arguments in favor of, 235. Choice of, proposed method of, 235; by Senate, objections to, 236, 392; ultimate, by House of Representatives, 240, 394. Revisionary control over, where to be lodged, 239. Extensive patronage of, 252. Subject to impeachment, 261; for what causes, 397. Veto power of, 264. Objections of, to law, to be entered on journal of Congress, 264. Choice of, direct, by people, negatived, 388; by electors, objections to, 388; advantages of, 389; method of, 390. Term of office of, proposed to be seven years, 392. Choice of, by majority of electors, objections to, 393. Vacancy in office of, 397; when Congress to provide for, 401. "Inability" of, to discharge duties, meaning of, 397; how ascertained, 397. Insanity of, 397. Death of, and of Vice-President, 398. Choice of, changes in mode of, 400; if not made before 4th of March, 400; by House of Representatives, to be from three highest candidates, 400. Qualifications of, 404. Pay of, arguments in favor of, 404; not to be increased nor diminished during term of office, 406. Forbidden to receive more than stated salary, 407. Council for, question concerning, 407. May require opinions of cabinet officers, 408. Alone responsible for conduct of executive department, 409. Powers of, 409; to make war and peace, 411; over State militia, 413; to pardon offences, 413; to appoint officers, 417. "Executive power" vested in, meaning of, 412. Oath of, to execute laws, 412. Commander-in-chief, 413. To prosecute war, 413. Treaty-making power of, 414. To receive ambassadors, &c., 415. Cannot create offices, 418. To inform Congress of state of Union, 419. To recommend measures to Congress, 419. May call extra sessions of Congress, 419. When may adjourn Congress, 419.

Pringle, John Julius, in favor of Constitution, II. 510.

Prize-Courts, want of, under the Revolutionary government, I. 73. Establishment of, urged by Washington, 75. Of Massachusetts, trials in, 75. Colonial, appeals from, to Congress, 76. Under Constitution, II. 330.

Property, urged as basis of representation, II. 148. As a qualification of elector, 148; for office, 187, 202.

Proprietary Governments, form and character of, I. 5.

Protections, issued by Sir William Howe in New Jersey, I. 106. Surrender of, required by Washington, 106.

Provincial Governments, form and character of, I. 4.

Public Lands. See Western Territory, Northwestern Territory, and Ordinance of 1787.

Q.

Qualifications, of national officers, proposals respecting, II. 186; landed, rejected, 187; property, an embarrassing subject, 202. Of electors, 187, 194, 200. Of voter in Massachusetts, 188. Of members of Congress, 194. Of citizenship, embarrassments respecting, 205; attempt to exempt certain persons from rule respecting, 205. Of Senators, 223. Of Vice-President, 401. Of President, 404. Of religious test, never to be required, 479.

Queen's County, Long Island, inhabitants of, to be disarmed, I. 68.

Quorum, discussions in Convention respecting, II. 262.

Quotas, first apportionment of, among the Colonies, I. 34. Of troops in 1776, 92. See Requisitions.

R.

Ramsay, David, Dr., in favor of Constitution, II. 510.

Randolph, Edmund, urges Washington to attend the Convention, I. 365. Revolutionary services of, 480. Governor of Virginia, 481. Course of, in the Convention, 481. Reasons of, for supporting the Constitution, 481. Genealogy of, 485. Plan of government proposed by, II. 32, 410. A member of committee to apportion representatives, 148. Objections of, to compound ratio of representation, 151. Proposition of, respecting census, 162; to strike out "wealth" from rule of representation, 164. In favor of confining equality of States in Senate to certain cases, 165. Views of, respecting money bills, 218. Resolution of, respecting admission of new States, 349. Clause introduced by, respecting death of President, &c., 403. Refused to sign Constitution, why, 485, 555. Position of, respecting Constitution, 506. Advocated adoption of Constitution in Virginia convention, 556.

Randolph, Peyton, President of first Continental Congress, I. 13; of second Continental Congress, 28. Death and character of, 28.

Ratification of Constitution, as marking character of government, II. 85. Different theories respecting, 177. Mode of, 375; resolutions respecting, 375; purpose of, 375; an embarrassing question, 479. Vote of States respecting, 483, 515. By only part of States, effect of, 484. Unanimous, could not be required, 484. By nine States sufficient, 485. Pageants in honor of, 540. Public rejoicings in Baltimore at, 543. By New Hampshire, 573, 578. By Virginia, 578; how finally effected, 579; form of, 581. Vitiated by condition, in Madison's opinion, 588. Great struggle over, in New York, 588. See the different States.

Records and Judicial Proceedings of States, full faith to be given to, in other States, II. 449. Proof and effect of, 449.

Read, George, views of, respecting rule of suffrage for House of Representatives, II. 135.

Regulation of Commerce proposed by New Jersey in 1778, I. 129. Not provided for by the Confederation, 148. Advantages of, not perceived, 179. Origin of, as a national power, 276. Washington's views respecting, 334. Popular meetings in Boston in favor of, 336. Policy of Congress respecting, in 1785-86, 337.

Representation, views of members of Convention respecting, II. 18. In Congress, different views respecting, 36; difficulty in fixing ratio of, 44. As affected by State interests, 43. Original division between States respecting, 50. Under Virginia and New Jersey plans, 105. Great difficulty in adjusting, 108. Difficulty of fixing different basis of, for two houses of Congress, 133. Committee to adjust whole system of, 145. Dr. Franklin's proposal in Congress concerning, 146. Ratio of, in House of Representatives, 147. Of slaves, 149. Compound ratio of, depending on numbers and wealth, proposed, 149; objections to, 151; how to be applied, 156. By numbers, as affected by slaves, 153, 291. And taxation to go together, 156. System of, proposed by Constitution, discussion on in New York, 573.

Representatives, part of the Provincial government, I. 4. In the charter governments, how chosen, 5. Apportionment of, objections to, II. 148; in first House, how made, 148.

Representative Government familiar to the American people, I. 117.

Reprisals authorized by the Continental Congress, I. 34.

Republican Government involved in the effort to make the Constitution, I. 391. Guaranteed to States, II. 177; by Constitution, 458. Guaranty of, to States, object of, 468; meaning of, in America, 469.

Republican Liberty, nature of, II. 8. How to be preserved, 9.

Resolutions as referred to committee of detail, II. 190.

Requisitions, provision for, under the Confederation, I. 147. Of 1781, 156. Made and not complied with, 174. From 1782 to 1786, how treated, 180. In 1784, 240. In 1785, 242. In 1786, 242. Supply received from, in 1781-1786, 243; inadequacy of, declared by Congress, 245. Effect of, on the proposed revenue system, 244.

Revenue, report of committee of detail respecting, II. 289. Power over, generally conceded to new government, 290. Different systems of, under Confederation, 310. Powers of government, influence of, 311. Power, qualifications of, proposed, 320. From imports, easiest mode of paying expenses of government, 528.

Revenues, of the Confederation, I. 147. Want of power in Confederation to obtain, II. 280. Numerous questions respecting, 280. Collection of, by Congress, 323.

Revenue Bills, privilege of originating, views of members of Convention respecting, II. 221; restricted to House of Representatives, 221.

Revenue System of 1783, origin and purpose of, I. 175. Modified by Congress, 180. Defeated by New York, 180. Design of, 185. Effect of its proposal, 186. Character of, 224. Under consideration in 1784, 240. How acted on in 1786, 244. New appeal of Congress on the subject of, 245. Every State assents to, but New York, 246. Act of New York concerning, 246. Hamilton's answer to the New York objections to, 247. New York again appealed to respecting, 247; refuses to accede, 248. Action of New York respecting, 343. Final appeal of Congress for, 344. Rejected by New York, 345, 359. Address on, written by Madison, 422.

Revolution, right of, II. 473.

Revolutionary Congress, take up the Articles of Confederation, I. 113. Government of, breaking down, 115. Change in the members of, after 1777, 125. Leading members of, in 1777 and 1778, 126; in 1776, 127. Weakness of, II. 14. See Congress.

Revolutionary Government, defects of, I. 55.

Rhode Island, a charter government, I. 5. Resists the claim of the great States to Western lands, 131. Refuses to grant imposts to Congress, 174. Hamilton's answer to, 177. Attempts to pay its quotas in paper money, 242. Refusal of, to grant duties on imposts, 422. Not represented in Constitutional Convention, II. 23, 181. Did not assent to revenue system of 1783, 24. Admitted to Union in 1790, 25. Interests of, attended to by Convention, 26. Had one representative in first House, 149. Ratification of Constitution by, improbable, 181. Reason of, for not attending Convention, 329. Took no part in formation of Constitution, 484. Opposition to Constitution in, peculiarly intense, 598; causes of, 598. Jealous of other States, 598. Principles of founders of, falsely applied, 598. Paper money party in, great power of, 599. Great antagonism in, between town and country, 600. Opponents of Constitution in, ridiculed and scorned, 600. Great want of enlightenment in, 601. Action of General Assembly of, on Constitution, 602. People of, apparently nearly unanimous against Constitution, 602. Final prevalence of better counsels in, 603. Present prosperity of, 603. Attitude of, placed Union in new crisis, 603.

Rights. See Colonies.

Robinson, Mr., Speaker of Virginia House of Burgesses, I. 48. Celebrated compliment of, to Washington, 48.

Rousseau, J. J., political discussions of, alluded to, I. 377.

Rule of Apportionment, proposal to change from land to numbers, I. 241.

Rutledge, Edward, in favor of Constitution, II. 510. Arguments of, in convention of South Carolina, 548.

Rutledge, John, a member of committee to apportion representatives, II. 148. Motion of, for assumption of State debts, 319. In favor of Constitution, 510.

S.

Seat of Government, action respecting, II. 189. None under Confederation, 268. History of establishment of, 268. Grave questions concerning location of, 274. Impolicy of establishing at New York, or Philadelphia, 591. Embarrassments attending selection of, 604.

Sectional Jealousy, causes and operation of, I. 371.

Selman, captain in the Revolutionary naval force, I. 74.

Senate, reasons for present constitution of, II. 41. Rule of suffrage in, 48. Numerical representation in, favored at first, 49. To hold office during "good behavior" under Hamilton's plan, 100, 105. Members of, chosen for six years, 134; qualifications of, 134, 223. Objects of, 138; how to be attained, 138. Difficulty in fixing basis of, 139. Mr. Baldwin's model of, 139. Fortunately not founded on relative wealth of States, 140. Votes of States respecting, 141; representation in, 165. Advantages of present constitution of, 166. Members of, to be two from each State, 186; to vote per capita, 186; must have been citizens nine years, 211. Slight analogy of, to House of Lords, 215. Equality of votes in, by what States resisted, 217. Choice of President by, in certain events, proposed, 221, 390. Scheme of, tending to oligarchy, 222. May amend revenue bills, 222. Powers of, as at first proposed, 223. Number of members of, origin of, 224. Method of voting in, origin of, 224. Present mode of voting in, advantages of, 228. Vacancies in, how filled, 229. Primary purpose of, 229. Disposition to accumulate power in, 230. Constitution of, great embarrassments respecting, 233. Separate action of, difficult to determine, 234. Consent of, to certain acts of President, necessary, 235. Proposed choice of President by, objections to, 236. Only body fit to have revisionary control over appointments, 239. Ratification of treaties by, 240. Ultimate choice of President taken from, 240. Length of term in, 240. Biennial change in, 241. To try impeachments, 261. Quorum of, 262. President of, 263. May choose president pro tempore, 264. Choice of President by, quorum for, 401; majority necessary to, 401. President pro tempore of, when to act as President of the United States, 403. Proposed appointment of ambassadors and judges by, 410. Foreign relations committed to, 410. Treaty-making power of, 415. May propose treaty to President, 417. Certain controversies between States, proposed to be tried by, 424. Equality of States in, guaranteed by Constitution, 478.

Shays's Rebellion, causes of, I. 266. Progress of, 266, 269. How arrested 270. How acted upon in Congress, 271. Effect of, upon the political state of the country, 273. Abettors of, opposed to Constitution, II. 501.

Sherman, Roger, one of the committee to prepare Declaration of Independence, I. 50. Opposed to tax on exports, II. 294. Views of, respecting tax on slaves, 304. Motion of, respecting payment of old debts, 321.

Slavery, British government responsible for the existence of, I. 87. Complex relations of, II. 22. Regarded by Southern statesmen as an evil, 155. When and how abolished in States now free, 289. Existed in what States at formation of Constitution, 313. Facts respecting, as influencing judgment on Constitution, 313. A matter of local concern, 313. State laws respecting abolition of, 313. In Northwestern Territory, proposals for excluding, 343. State of, in 1787, 451. Probable duration of, 451. Principle of common law and law of nations respecting, 451, 455. Exclusively a matter of State jurisdiction, 451. Existed in Colonies at very early period, 453. In Massachusetts, Dr. Belknap's article on, 454. Depends wholly on municipal law, 457. Fortunately left to State control, 459. Existence of, unjustly made a reproach on United States, 465.

Slaves, as affecting ratio of representation, II. 19. Control of States over, never meant to be surrendered, 20. Necessarily regarded in forming Constitution, 20. As affecting basis of representation, 46. In fixing ratio of representation, included as inhabitants, 47. Three-fifths rule respecting, whence derived, 48. In fixing ratio of representation, how computed, 147; admission of, proper, 147. Propriety of counting, as inhabitants, in adjusting representation, 150. Rule respecting, under Confederation, 150. As affecting representation, votes respecting, 153. Social and political condition of, anomalous, 155. Number and distribution of, 155. An important element in determining rank of States, 155. As affecting representation and taxation, 157. As subjects of taxation, views of statesmen respecting, 159. Compromise respecting, how to be effected, 163. Extradition of, Pinckney's proposition concerning, 189. Manumission of, a matter of State control, 286. Representation of, a concession by North, why made, 292; Morris's motion respecting, 293; vote of New Jersey respecting, 293. Specific tax on importation of, 304. Word not used in Constitution by design, 305. Ratio of increase of, from 1790 to 1850, 308. Condition of, ameliorated by Constitution, 316. Advancing public sentiment concerning, 316. Colonization of, in Africa, 317. Representation of, an unimportant anomaly, 317. Emancipation of, a local question, 317. Extradition of, under Constitution, history of clause respecting, 450; a necessary provision of Constitution, 451; under New England Confederation of 1643, 453; under Ordinance of 1787, 454; importance of proper understanding of clause respecting, 456; necessity and propriety of clause, 459. Condition of, much better under State control, 462. Increase of, since adoption of Constitution, 465. See Federal Census.

Slave-Trade, discountenanced by first Continental Congress, I. 24. How dealt with by the Constitution, 456. Abolished in England, 457, 461. French abolition of, 457. Danish abolition of, 459. Compromise respecting, 460. Legislation against, 460. Discussions respecting, in England, 460. Probable encouragement of, II. 153; embarrassments respecting, 281. State action respecting, 285. Necessity of definite provision respecting, 285. Duty of framers of Constitution respecting, 286. Had been abolished by no nation in 1787, 286. A proper subject for national action, 286. Aspect of, political, 287; moral, 287. Economical importance of, to Southern States, 288. Report of committee of detail respecting, 290. Grave questions concerning, 296. Right to continue, insisted on by what States, 297, 301. Prospective prohibition of, provided for, 304. Concessions respecting, timely, 305. Vote of States respecting, 305. Patriotic course of both sections respecting, 306. Effect of discontinuance of, on Southern States, 308. State rights respecting, before Constitution, 314. Tolerated by European nations at formation of Constitution, 314. Interdicted by ten States before Constitution, 314. Refusal of certain States to grant power to suppress, immediately, 315. Indefinite continuance of, had Constitution not been formed, 315. First extinguished by America, 317.

South Carolina, a provincial government, I. 4. Constitution of, formed, 120. Tender-law of, 253. Appoints and instructs delegates to the Convention, 369. Opposed to equality of suffrage in House of Representatives, II. 138; equal vote of States in Senate, 141, 148, 165, 217. Had five representatives in first House, 149. Opposed to census of free inhabitants, 153; executive holding office during "good behavior," 173. Vote of, respecting citizenship as qualification for office, 209; money bills, 216, 218. Opposed to each State having one vote in Senate, 227. In favor of States paying members of Congress, 259. Refusal of, to submit to tax on exports, 280, 285. Exports of, in one year, 285. Position of, in Convention, respecting slave-trade, 297, 301. Vote of, respecting slave-trade, 305. Vote on Jefferson's resolve concerning Northwestern Territory, 346. Cession by, in 1787, 356. Vote of, on suspension of habeas corpus, 360. Condition of acceptance of Constitution by, 452. Motion for surrender of fugitive slaves made by, in Constitutional Convention, 453. Vote of, respecting citizenship clause in Constitution, 453. Debate in legislature of, on Constitution, 510. Convention in, to vote on Constitution, 511; importance of action of, 542. Ratification of Constitution by, 544; rejoicings at, 544; importance of, 544. Delegates of, responsibility assumed by, 544. A great exporting State, 546. Hesitation of, to concede power to regulate commerce, 546. Amendments to Constitution proposed by, 548. Eighth State to ratify Constitution, 549.

Southern States, views of, respecting regulation of commerce, II. 290.

Sovereignty, of the people, established by the Revolution, I. 379; necessary consequences of declaration of, II. 8. Resides in the people, 38. Powers of, may be exercised by different agents, 377.

Spain, claims the exclusive navigation of the Mississippi, I. 312. See Mississippi.

Speaker, of House of Representatives, II. 264; when to act as President, 403.

Standing Armies, jealousy of, I. 81, 90.

States, interests and relations of, before Constitution, II. 5. Devotion of, to republican liberty, 6. Union of, essential to republican liberty, 9. Weakness of, without union, 9. General purposes of, in calling Constitutional Convention, 16. Position of, in Convention, 27. Powers surrendered by, to Confederation, 27. Why represented in Congress, 40. Diverse interests of, as affecting representation, 43. Tendency of, to encroach on federal authority, 51. Proposed control over legislation of, by Congress, 52. Population of, in 1790, table of, 55. Legislation of, control of judicial department over, 66. Admission of, 75, 79, 109, 176, 340, 344, 350, 354. Cessions by, to Union, 76. Republican government guaranteed to, 79, 83, 177, 458. Jealous of general government, 91. Sovereignty of, how reconciled with national sovereignty, 91. Plan to abolish, 92. To make partial surrender of power under Virginia plan, 95. Sovereignty of, preserved under New Jersey plan, 95. Conflicts of, with nation, probable, under Virginia plan, 102, 103. Struggle between large and smaller, respecting representation, 104. Proposed equalization of, 108. Populations of, at formation of Constitution, 116. Relative rank of, at formation of Constitution, 117. Conflict among, as to national and federal systems, 117. Danger of annihilation of sovereignty of, by national government, 128, 377. Danger of alliances of, with foreign powers, 136. Preservation of, in Congress, conceded to be necessary, 139. Divided respecting constitution of Senate, 145. Jealousy among, 150. Western, views of members respecting, 150. Slave and free, index of wealth of, 157. Wealth of, not measured by land, 160. Position of, in Convention, respecting slaves, 161, 162. Wealth of, for purpose of taxation, determined by inhabitants, 163. Smaller, concession to, in constitution of Senate, 166. Free and slave, populations of, compared, 168. Relation of, to Confederation, 179. Whether Constitution could be ratified by government of, 180. Voting by, history of practice of, 227. Equal representation of, in Senate, just, 233. Union desired by, from different motives, 303. Commercial legislation of, under Confederation, various, 310. Revenue and paper-money systems of, under Confederation, various, 310. Rights guaranteed to, by Constitution, 314. Power of, over slave-trade, anterior to Constitution, 314. Ports of one, not to be preferred to those of another, 324. Compacts between, outside of Articles of Confederation, 347. New, temporary governments for, Madison's motion respecting, 351. Admission of, number of votes requisite for, 352; by dismemberment of State, 352; by junction, 354; difference in cases of, 357; provisions for, general, 358. Restraints on political power of, 362. Issuing of bills of credit prohibited to, 364. Laying of duties and imposts by, 368. Cannot lay duty on tonnage, 370. Keeping of troops or ships of war by, 371. Agreements by, with another State or foreign power, 371. When may engage in war, 371. Governments of, how far supreme, 377. May be multiplied indefinitely under Constitution, 383. Levying war against, not treason against United States, 385. Certain controversies between, proposed to be tried by Senate, 424. Constitutional restrictions on, 432. Laws of, constitutionality of, how determined, 439. Courts of, not likely to administer justice to foreigners, &c., 442. Different, controversies between citizens of, 442; grants of lands by, jurisdiction of cases respecting, 444. A party to a suit, jurisdiction in cases of, 444. Foreign, jurisdiction in cases of, 444. Full faith given to acts, &c. of, 449. Have exclusive regulation of domestic institutions, 451. May exclude foreigners, 457. Republican government guaranteed to, object of, 468. Domestic violence in, application to general government in case of, 469. Competency of, to abolish constitutions, 469. Must have executive and legislature, 470. Protection of, against domestic violence, 472. Equality of, in Senate, for ever guaranteed by Constitution, 478. Refusal of, to comply with requisitions of Congress, 572. See New States.

State Constitutions, formation of, I. 116.

State Governments, how formed, I. 36.

State Sovereignty, early assertion of, I. 90.

Stop Laws. See Debts.

Story, Joseph, views of, respecting President's power to adjourn Congress, II. 420.

Suffrage, Rule of, Governor Randolph's resolution respecting, II. 35. Change in, opposed by Delaware, 36. In Continental Congress, 42. In Confederation, 42. In Senate, 48. For House of Representatives, great debate on, 135. According to Virginia plan, 145. Different in different States, 174, 198. Not universal in any State, 471.

Sullivan, General, president of New Hampshire Convention, II. 541.

Sullivan, James, Governor of Massachusetts, II. 541.

Superintendent of the Finances, appointed, I. 174. See Robert Morris.

Supremacy of United States, meaning and scope of, II. 376. Of States, extent of, 377. Of Constitution, as affecting national growth, 383.

Supreme Court, tenure of office of, II. 67. Judges of, not removable by address, 68, 73; compensation of, 68; by whom appointed, 68. To determine constitutional questions, 74. Functions of, compared with those of State courts, 74. Judges of, proposed appointment of, by Senate, 223, 230, 410. Appointment of, proposals concerning, 234. Sole interpreters of Constitution, 380. Judges of, to be nominated by President, 418; tenure of office and salaries of, 423. One, under Constitution, 423. Original and appellate jurisdiction of, 424. Appellate jurisdiction of, ambiguity concerning, 428. Doubts about conferring power upon, to declare law unconstitutional, 434.

T.

Talleyrand, Prince, opinion of, respecting Hamilton, I. 410.

Taxation, right of, denied to Parliament, I. 20. How distinguished from regulation of trade, 20. Inseparable from representation, 20, II. 157. Difficulty of applying combined rule of wealth and numbers to, 158. Report of committee of detail respecting, 290. By general government, Mason's objections to, 557. See Colonies.

Taxes, odious to the people of United States, I. 180. Power of Congress to collect, II. 322.

Tender, State laws respecting, restraint on, II. 365.

Tender Law of Massachusetts, I. 268. See Debts.

Territory, power of Congress over, under the Confederation, I. 141. Authority of Congress over, under Constitution, II. 340; purpose of provision respecting, 355; diverse views concerning, 358. See Western Territory and Northwestern Territory.

Territorial Governments, power to frame, in Ordinance of 1787, II. 345.

Theory, danger of adhering too firmly to, II. 129.

Thompson, Charles, Secretary of first Continental Congress, I. 14.

Ticknor, George, cited for a saying of Jefferson concerning the Revolutionary Congress, I. 64; for a saying of Talleyrand about Hamilton, 410.

Tonnage, duty on, States prohibited to lay, II. 370; proposed exception respecting, 370.

Tories, how dealt with by Continental Congress, I. 36; in New Hampshire, 65. Washington's opinion respecting, 65. Movements of, in the neighborhood of New York, 66; how met by Washington, 66. Steps taken by Congress to disarm, 68. Misunderstanding respecting, between Washington and Congress, 69. Subject referred to local authorities, 72. Relations of persons and property of, to the Union, 251.

Trade, inter-colonial, before the Revolution, I. 9. Regulation of, by Parliament, distinguished from taxation, 20. With Colonies prohibited by Parliament, December, 1775, 38. See Colonies, Commerce, Continental Congress, and Parliament.

Treason, definition of, in Constitution, origin and purpose of, II. 384. Nature of evidence of, 386. Punishment of, to be declared by Congress, 386; how limited by Constitution, 386. President's power to pardon, different views respecting, 414.

Treasury Department, first established, I. 35.

Treaty of amity and commerce with France, Sweden, and the Netherlands, I. 279. Negotiation for, with the Netherlands, 280; with Sweden, 281.

Treaty of Alliance with France, I. 156.

Treaty of Peace signed and ratified, I. 155, 187, 235, 237. Objects secured by, 249. How violated by certain States, 254, 257. Southern boundary of the United States fixed by, 312. Accompanied by a secret article, 312, 313. Question respecting, II. 415.

Treaty Power under the Confederation, I. 325.

Treaties, supreme law of land, II. 170, 372, 374. Proposition that Senate should make, 223. Negotiation of, by numerous body, embarrassing, 232. Making of, proposals concerning, 234. Provision respecting, origin of, 240; how modified, 414. Rule of Confederation respecting, 416. May be proposed by Senate, 417. Jurisdiction over cases arising under, 430. Cases arising under, how settled, 440. Power to make, under Confederation, 440.

Trial by Jury, of the vicinage, one of the rights of the Colonies, I. 23. Under Constitution, II. 424. Provision for, in civil cases, not in Constitution originally, 427; supplied by amendment, 427. Guaranty of, required by many States, 429. For crimes, provisions respecting, 431. Omission to secure, a strong argument with some against Constitution, 498.

Tucker, George, cited about Madison, I. 421.