Volume 3 — INDEX

INDEX

Aaron (I.), king of Khazars, I 26 Aaron (II.), king of Khazars, I 26 Aaron, rabbi of Tulchyn, I 148 Aaron, of Karlin, hasidic leader, I 234 Aaron Samuel Kaidanover, see Kaidanover Abderrahman III., caliph of Cordova, I 24 Abraham, son of Isaac, Polish minter, I 42 Abraham Prokhovnik, see Prokhovnik Abrahams, Israel, quoted, I 160 Abramius, Russian priest, objects to erection of synagogue, I 252 Abramovich, Shalom Jacob (Mendele Mokher Sforim), Hebrew and Yiddish writer, II 231 ff, III 60 f Abydos, near Constantinople, seat of Sabbatai Zevi, I 206, 219 Adam, see Lebensohn, Abraham Baer Adamovich, Mary, alleged victim of ritual murder, II 73 Adrianople, Sabbatai Zevi active in, I 207 Agriculture, among Jews in Lithuania, I 60, 68, II 72 in Poland, I 68, 264, II 89 championed by Nota Shklover, I 338; by Isaac Baer Levinsohn and by Maskilim in general, II 126 promoted by Russian Government, I 342 f, II 20, 61, 71 hampered by it, II 48, 197, III 10, 24 f; see also Colonization Ahad Ha'am, pen-name of Asher Ginzberg, II 423 Hebrew writer and thinker, II 423, III 59 f exponent of Spiritual Zionism, II 48 ff associated with Palestinian colonization, III 49 founder of Order Bne Moshe, III 49 participates in Zionist Convention, III 51 founder and editor of Ha-Shiloah, III 58, 162 f Ahijah, the prophet, alleged teacher of Besht, I 228 Aix-la-Chapelle, Jewish question discussed at Congress of, I 398 f Akhal-Tekke, oasis in Central Asia, offered to Jews for settlement, II 306 Akmolinsk, territory of, in Siberia, II 367 Aksavok, Ivan, Russian publicist, advocates limited emancipation of Jews, II 208 defends pogroms, II 278 Aktziznik, Russian name for farmer of excise dues, II 186, 241 Albedinski, governor-general of Warsaw, suppresses pogrom, II 282 Albo, Joseph, philosophic work of, studied in Poland, I 133 f Alexander the Great, indirectly responsible for Jewish immigration into Eastern Europe, I 13 f Alexander (Yaghello), grand duke of Lithuania (1492-1506) and king of Poland (1501-1506), grants autonomy to Karaites, I 64 f favors Jewish capitalists, I 65, 71 expels Jews from Lithuania, and confiscates their property (1495), I 65 allows Jews to return to Lithuania and restores their property (1503), I 65, 70 f attended by Jewish body-physician, I 132 Alexander I., emperor of Russia (1801-1825), I 335-413 receives report of "Jewish Committee," I 341 f sanctions Jewish Statute of 1804, I 342 agrees to postponement of expulsion from villages, I 347 invites Jews to send deputies, I 351 establishes friendly relations with Napoleon, I 350 f orders again expulsion from villages, I 361 again postpones it, I 352 Hasidim indebted to, I 356 releases Shneor Zalman, hasidic leader, I 378 praises patriotism of Jews, I 358 accords friendly reception to Jewish deputations, I 358, 359, 392 f appealed to by Christian residents of Vilna and Kovno against Jews, I 369 f orders investigation of ritual murder, II 74 issues decree forbidding charge of ritual murder, II 74 grants autonomy to Poland, II 88 appoints his brother Constantine military commander of Poland, II 16 receives report on Jews of Poland, II 94 appealed to by Poles against Jews, II 97, 99 vetoes Polish law barring Jews from liquor trade, II 94 reaction under, I 390 ff, 395 ff favors conversion of Jews, I 396 establishes "Society of Israelitish Christians," I 396 f refuses to dissolve it, I 400 sanctions severe measures against "Judaizers," I 403 receives memorandum of Lewis Way on Jews of Russia, I 398 renews oppression of Jews, I 404 decrees expulsion from villages in White Russia, I 406 appoints new "Jewish Committee," I 407 objects to residence of Jews in Russian Interior, I 409 contemplates introduction of military service among Jews, II 15 favors agriculture among Jews, II 197, III 24; see I 363 ff beginnings of revolutionary movement under, I 410 Alexander II., emperor of Russia (1855-1881), II 154-242 descendants of Jewish converts prominent during reign of, I 388 releases imprisoned Jewish printer, II 124 confirms sentence of Jews accused of ritual murder, II 152 pardons them later, II 153 abolishes juvenile conscription, II 155 f sanctions opening of Russian Interior to first guild merchants, II 162; to university graduates, II 166, 348; to artisans, II 170 promotes handicrafts among Jews, II 346 f Jewish trade school named after, III 13 does not favor agriculture among Jews, II 197 refuses right of universal residence to "Nicholas Soldiers," II 171 ff; finally grants it, II 29, 172 restricts appointment of rabbis and teachers, II 175 sanctions removal of Jewish disabilities in Poland, II 95, 181 f admits Jews to bench, III 26 receives memorandum from Brafman, II 187 approves of popular representation, II 245 grants liberties to Zemstvos, II 386 assassinated, II 243, 279 influence of, on succeeding reign, II 349 laws in favor of Jews enacted by, repealed by successor, II 399 Jewish policy of, declared ineffective, II 271, 309 era of, depicted by Mendele Mokher Sforim, III 61 Alexander III., emperor of Russia (1881-1894), II 243-429 prejudiced against Jews while yet crown prince, II 202, 203, 244 influenced by Pobyedonostzev, II 245 holds conferences to decide policy of state, II 244 promises to maintain autocracy, II 246 receives Jewish deputation, II 260 f endorses Ignatyev's anti-Jewish policy, II 272 appoints Gubernatorial Commissions, II 272 regrets necessity of suppressing pogroms, II 284 disregards Jews in coronation manifesto, II 338 bent on limiting admission of Jews to schools, II 339 f, 349 closes Jewish school of handicrafts, II 347 supports anti-Jewish minority of Pahlen Commission, II 370 affected by "miraculous" escape in railroad accident, II 378 condemns Jews for Crucifixion, II 379 reads and supports anti-Semitic papers, II 380 disregards Solovyov's appeal in favor of Jews, II 390 appealed to by Mayor of London in favor of Jews, II 390 angered by London appeal, II 393 United States Congress decides to appeal to, II 395 endorses emigration of Jewish proletariat, II 414 favors liquor state monopoly as anti-Jewish measure, III 22 refuses petition of Jewish soldiers to remain in Moscow, II 404 expels heads of Moscow Jewish community, II 424 threatens to sell at auction Moscow synagogue, II 424, III 12 causes expulsion of Jews from Yalta, II 429, III 18 death of, II 429 Jewish sect promises to name children after, II 334 Alexandria, Egypt, emigration from, to South Russia, I 16 Alexandra (government of Kherson), pogrom at, III 100 Alexandrovka, village in Podolia, II 301 Alexeyev, member of Russian Senate, investigates condition of Jews, I 347 f, 352 Alexeyev, burgomaster of Moscow, opposes Jews, II 400 f Alexis Michaelovich, Russian Tzar, annexes Little Russia, I 152 f, 244 invades Polish provinces, I 245 expels Jews from Moghilev, I 153 persecutes Jews of Vilna, I 154 imposes death penalty on converts to Judaism, I 253 Alexis, son of Nicholas II, birth of, occasions manifesto, III 98 Alexius, Russian priest, converted to Judaism, I 36 Alfasi, work of, studied in Poland, I 118 Algiers, emigration of Russian Jews to, II 69 Aliens, Jews in Russian law designated as, II 367 Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums, quoted, II 55 founded by Ludwig Philippson, II 67, 219 hails end of persecution in Russia, II 67 Alliance, the Holy, inaugurates European reaction, I 390 assembles in Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398 Alliance Israélite Universelle, headed by Crémieux, II 153 suspected by Russian anti-Semites, II 189, 194 assists Russian-Jewish emigrants, II 268 f, 297 establishes agricultural settlement in Palestine, II 322 Alma, locality in Crimea, I 26 Altaras, Isaac, of Marseilles, visits Russia, II 69 Alter, Isaac Itche Meier, hasidic leader in Poland, II 122 Alubika, locality in Crimea, I 26 Alus, locality in Crimea, I 26 America, see Argentina and United States American Hebrew, The, quoted, II 296 Amoraim, names of, collected by Polish rabbi, I 200 Amsterdam, emissary of Sabbatai Zevi active in, I 204 Jews of, petition Peter the Great, I 246 Ananyev (government of Kherson), pogrom at, II 251 Anapa, see Gorgippia Andreas, of Brixen, alleged victim of ritual murder, I 179 Andrusovo, Treaty of (1667), provides for cession of Polish territory to Russia, I 159; and release of prisoners, I 245 Anna (or Anne), Russian empress, permits retail trade to Jews, I 251 expels Jews from Little Russia, I 254 attended by Jewish body-physician, I 258 Anti-Semitism, in Poland, I 281 f, II 94 ff, III 166 ff German A., referred to by Russian dignitaries, II 309 contrasted with Russian, III 6 f in Russia, condemned by Russian writers, II 208 denounced by Solovyov, II 387 effect on Zionism, III 48 f Anti-Trinitarians, Christian rationalistic sect in Poland, I 79, 136 Antwerp, Russian Jews in, II 420 Apostol, see Daniel Apostol; see also Conversion Apter, Joshua Heshel, hasidic leader, II 121 Arabs, backward condition of, II 375 Jews in Palestine buy land from, II 422 Arakcheyev, Alexis, Russian reactionary, I 395, 406, II 19 Arbeiter Stimme, socialistic organ in Yiddish, III 56 Archangel, government of, II 367 Arendar, name explained, I 93 position of, I 93, 112, 265 f in the Ukraine, I 141 f, 152 maltreated by Poles, I 169 f Arendator, see Arendar Argentina, emigration of Russian Jews to, II 413, 416 ff, 419 Arians, heterodox Christian sect in Poland, I 91, 136, 164 Isaac Troki argues with, I 137 Aristotle, studied in Polish yeshibahs, I 120, 126 Arisu, Slavonic tribe, I 26 Armenians, in Crimea, I 34 in Lemberg, I 53 Armleder, persecution of, drives Jews to Poland, I 50 Army, Jews volunteer in Polish A., I 152, 293 ff, II 105 f Jews assist Polish A., in defence of country, I 147 f, 154, 293 Jews barred from advancement in Russian A., II 157, 354 number of Jews disproportionately large in Russian A., II 355 ff, 394. promotion of Jews in Russian A., limited to rank of sergeant, II 157 Third Russian Duma proposes exclusion of Jews from, III 155 f See Military Service, Recruits, and Soldiers Aronovich, Joseph, Polish-Jewish patriot, I 394 Artemisia, name of Jewess in Crimea, I 16 Arthur, president of United States, submits to Congress papers relating to Russian Jews, II 294 Artisans, Jews form 50% of A., in Poland, I 264 excluded from Christian trade-guilds, I 266 form special estate in Russia, I 308 form part of "burgher class," II 405 encouraged in Jewish Statute of 1804, I 344 opposed by Christian trade-guilds, I 360 exempted from military service, II 20 granted right of residence outside Pale, II 161, 168, 170 fictitious A., in St. Petersburg, II 343 f restricted to products of their own workmanship, II 347 wives of, forbidden to engage in trade, II 385 attempt to withdraw from, right of residence outside Pale, II 399 school for A., closed, II 347 bank for A., opposed, III 25 f expelled from Moscow, II 402, III 14 Baron Hirsch's gift in favor of, declined, II 415 Asefat Hakamim, Hebrew magazine, II 223 Ash, Shalom, Yiddish novelist and playwright, III 162 Asher, rabbi in Cracow, I 104 f Ashkenasi, Solomon, Polish court physician, I 132 Asia, Central, steppes of, suggested for settlement of Russian Jews, II 285, 306 Asia Minor, emigration from, to Black Sea coast, I 13 f, 16 establishment of Jewish state in, advocated, I 412; see also Turkey Assimilation, see Polonization and Russification "Assortment" (classification), of Jews, decreed by Nicholas I., II 64 ff, 141 ff reflected in manifesto of Alexander II., II 157 Astrakhan (city), ancient Khazar capital situated near, I 19 Astrakhan (government), mosques destroyed in, I 254 opened to Jewish agriculturists, I 342 villages in, forbidden to Jews, I 343 Jews compared with Kalmycks in, II 367 Atyeney ("Athenaeum"), Russian magazine, defends Jews, II 208 Augustus II., king of Poland (1697-1704), I 167 ratifies Jewish privileges, I 168 expels Jews from Sandomir, I 173 Augustus III., king of Poland (1733-1763), I 167 ratifies Jewish privileges, I 168, 180 appealed to by Jews of Posen, I 175 acquits Jews of ritual murder charge, I 176 grants safe conduct to Frankists, I 215 acts as God-father to Frank, I 218 Austria, Jews flee from, to Poland, I 66 Polish Jews export goods to, I 67 Polish Jews pass, on way to Palestine, I 209 shares in partitioning of Polish territory, I 186, 262, 274, 371 Frank stays in, I 220 Berek Yoselevich arrested in, I 297 wages war against duchy of Warsaw, I 303 forbids Jews to communicate with Paris, I 346 f represented at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398 f Jews of, forbidden to settle in Russia (1824), I 409 grants emancipation to Jews, II 30 imposes military duty on Jews, II 30 Jewish policy of, serves as model for Russia, II 46, 49 Israel of Ruzhin escapes to, II 121 Parliament of, meets in Kremsier, II 177 Jewish socialists expelled from, II 224 Russian-Jewish students in, II 351 Government of, supports plans of Baron Hirsch, II 416 anti-Semitism rampant in, III 42 Autocracy, upheld by Alexander III., II 246; by Nicholas II., III 8 re-establishment of, favored by Black Hundred, III 149 Autoemancipation, doctrine of, propounded by Leo Pinsker, II 330 ff contrasted with emancipation, II 331 Autonomism, national-cultural, doctrine of, propounded by Dubnow, III 41, 51 ff adopted as political platform, III 144 Autonomy, Jewish, in ancient Tauris, I 16 granted, or confirmed, by kings of Poland, I 52, 53, 62, 72 f, 83 f, 98, 104, 105 rise and development of, I 103 ff, 188 ff magna charta of (1551), I 105 ff curtailment of, advocated by Poles, I 273, 280 f, 282 Jews of Poland plead for preservation of, I 291 recognized by Russian Government (1776), I 308 ff curtailed by it (1795), I 319 f recognized in modified form in Statute of 1804, I 344 larger amount of, demanded by Jews, I 349 abolition of, recommended by Council of State (1840), II 49 abolished by Nicholas I. (1844), II 59 ff scheme of, proposed for kingdom of Poland, II 92 abolished in Poland (1822), II 102 abolition of last remnants of, recommended by Committee of Russian Government, II 195 St. Petersburg Jews, plead for, II 370 demanded by adherents of national-cultural Autonomism, III 53 f; by "Bund," III 57; by Vilna community, III 109; by League for Equal Rights, III 112; by Russian Jewry in general, III 161; see also Kahal Azariah, alleged biblical prophet, quoted to substantiate ritual murder libel, II 73 Azov, Sea of, Jewish settlements on shores of, I 14 f movement of Khazars towards, I 19 Baal-Shem, name explained, I 223 Joel, I 203 founder of Hasidism acting as, I 224 Israel Baal-Shem-Tob, see Israel Bab Al-Abwab (now Derbent), city in Caucasia, I 26 Babunj, land of, synagogue destroyed in, I 22 Babylonia, Judaism of, influences Khazars, I 20 scholars of, invited by Khazars 21, I 27 Poland compared with, I 122 Baer, of Lubavici, head of Habad sect, II 117 Baer, of Mezherich, disciple of Israel Baal-Shem-Tob, I 227, I 229 f, I 232 disciples of, carry Hasidism to North, I 234; establish Hasidism in Poland, I 33, 34 great-grandson of Israel of Ruzhin, II 120 Bagdad, caliphate of, relation of Khazars to, I 22 city of, threatened by Russians, I 26 f Gaon of, communicates with Jewish scholars in Russia, I 33 Bahurs, or Yeshibah students, supported by Jewish communities in Poland, I 116 large number of in Lithuania, II 113 affected by pilpul method, I 119 study Aristotle, I 120 Bak-Tadlud, city in Caucasia, I 26 Bakchi-Sarai, Tartar capital, I 35 Bakst, professor, attends Jewish conference in St. Petersburg, II 304 opposes Jewish emigration from Russia, II 306 Balkan Peninsula, movement of Khazars towards, I 20 Balta (Podolia), pogrom at, II 299 ff, 314, 316, 321 rabbi of, pleads for rioters, II 316 visited by governor-general, II 316 f Jewish community of, sends deputation to St. Petersburg, II 316 f Baltic Provinces, number of Jews in, II 168 new Jewish settlers expelled from, II 32 Jews barred from (1835), II 40 expulsion of old settlers from, repealed, II 428 in throes of terrorism (1905), III 130; see Courland and Livonia Bank, St. Petersburg lawyer, member of Jewish deputation to Alexander III., II 261 Baptism, see Conversion Bar (Podolia), massacre at, I 149 Polish conference of, I 183 Bar, the Russian, established 1864, II 173 Jews admitted to, II 73 excluded from, II 352 f; III 26 f Bar Association of St. Petersburg protests against Beilis case, II 166 Baranov, Russian Senator, dispatched to White Russia, I 406 "Bare-Footed Brigade," the, nickname for tramps, II 253 active in pogroms, 253, 256 Bartnit, city in Crimea, I 26 Baruch, see Borukh Bashi-Buzuks, Turkish irregular troops, II 253 pogrom makers compared with, II 253, 289 Basil, the Macedonian, emperor of Byzantium, persecutes Jews, I 23 Basil, Christian martyr, I 17 Basil, grand duke of Moscow, I 242 Basle, Council of, adopts canonical laws against Jews, I 63 Zionist Congresses at, III 44 f, 84 f, 144 "Program," III 44; modified by Ahad Ha'am, 50 Basurman, Russian name for non-Orthodox, I 35 Batory, Stephen, king of Poland (1576-1586), forbids charge of ritual murder and desecration, I 89, 96 ratifies and amplifies Jewish privileges, I 89 defends Jews of Posen, I 90 patronizes Jesuites, I 90 f grants license to Jewish printer, I 131 attended by Jewish body-physician, I 132 recaptures city of Polotzk, I 243 Bavaria, Wagenseil, anti-Jewish writer, native of, I 138 Max Lilienthal, native of, II 52 Beaconsfield, Earl of, champions equal rights for Jews, II 202 hostile to Russia, II 288 Beards, shaving of (and of earlocks), recommended by Polish reformers, I 282, and by Kalmansohn, I 385 "bearded regiment" in Warsaw, II 106; see Earlocks Beilis, Mendel, accused of ritual murder, III 82, 164 ff nickname for Jews in Poland, III 167 Bekri, Al-, Arabic writer, quoted, I 21 Belza, Polish judge, arranges libel against Jews, I 101 Belzhytz (Province of Lublin), Jacob of, author of polemical treatise in Polish, I 136 Bench, the Russian, Jews excluded from, II 352 f, III 26 Benckendorff, chief of Russian gendarmerie, II 21 Benedict XIV., appealed to by Jews of Poland, I 179 Benjacob, bibliographer in Vilna, II 136 Benjamin, king of Khazars, I 26 Benjamin of Tudela, Jewish traveller, I 32; II 233 Benjamin II. (Joseph Israel), Jewish traveller, II 233 Benjamin III., name of fictitious traveller in Yiddish and Hebrew novel, II 233 Berdychev (government of Kiev), Levi Itzhok, hasidic leader, resident of, I 232 f, 382 Jews of, release fellow-Jews from prison, I 266 Jews of, support Polish cause, I 292 Tobias Feder, Hebrew writer, of, I 388 Max Lilienthal accorded friendly reception at, II 56 Halperin, resident of, member of Rabbinical Commission, II 57 Mendele Mokher Sforim, resident of, II 232 pogrom at, averted by Jewish self-defence, II 256 f visited by White, representative of Baron Hirsch, II 418 Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights, III 108 Berdychevsky, Micah Joseph, Hebrew writer, III 60 Berek, Kahal elder, I 172 Berek Yoselovich, see Yoselovich Bergson, Jacob, prominent Jew of Warsaw, II 103 Berkovich, Joseph, son of Berek Yoselovich, calls for Jewish volunteers to Polish army, II 105 Berlin (Germany), Mendelssohn circle in, centre of enlightenment, I 238 attracts Jewish students from Poland and Russia, I 239, 388, II 114 "Berliner" synonymous with heretic, I 278, 384 enlightenment of, hated by hasidic leaders, I 383 influences Warsaw, I 300 f, 384 f epidemic of conversions in, I 388 Congress of, II 202 Jewish socialists in, II 223 stock-exchange of, affected by pogrom at Rostov, II 358 refugees from Moscow arrive in, II 408 Russian Jews emigrate to, II 420 place of publication, I 386, III 51, 52, 58, 60 Berlin, Shmerka, of Velizh, accused of ritual murder, II 75, 77 Berlin, Slava, wife of former, arrested on same charge, II 77 Berlin, Jewish scholar, member of Jewish deputation to Alexander III., II 261 Berliner, A., quoted, I 179 Bernardine Monks, in Poland, active in ritual murder libel, I 100 f, 177 Bersohn, Polish-Jewish writer, quoted, I 105 Berthenson, I., converted Jew, Russian court physician, II 214 Besht, see Israel Baal-Shem-Tob Bessarabetz, anti-Semitic paper in Kishinev, III 169 ff Bessarabia, included in Pale (1835), II 40 Jewish agricultural colonies in, II 72 expulsions from, II 385 anti-Semitic agitation in, III 69 ff von Raaben, governor of, III 74, 77 Urussov, governor of, III 93, 97; see Kishinev Bezalel, Jewish tax-farmer in Poland, I 167 Bezalel, of Kobrin, Hebrew author, I 201 Bialocerkiew, see Byelaya Tzerkov Bibikov, governor-general of Kiev, criticises Jews in official report, II 47 arrests Israel of Ruzhyn, II 120 f Bialik, Hayyim Nahman, Hebrew poet, III 63, 162 composes poem on Kishinev massacre, III 79 f Bialystok, province of, annexed by Prussia (1795), I 297 Bialystok (city, government of Grodno), Samuel Mohilever, rabbi of, II 378 Poles threaten massacre of Russians and Jews in, I 357 Jewish labor movement in, III 55 pogroms at, III 114 f, 120, 136 f; discussed by First Russian Duma, 137 f Bible, studied by Khazars, I 21 taught in Yiddish translation in Poland, I 114 study of, encouraged by Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 126 Bible Society, of London, model of Russian Bible Society, I 396 Lewis Way, representative of, champions cause of Russian Jews, I 397 Bible Society, the Russian, established under Alexander I., I 396 Bielsk (Lithuania), Jew of, accused of ritual murder, I 87 Bielski, Polish chronicler, quoted, I 80 "Bilu," society of Palestinian pioneers, organized in Kharkov, II 321 f Bismarck, German chancellor, favors equal rights for Jews, II 202 Black Death, the, stimulates immigration of Jews into Poland, I 50 penetrates to Poland, I 52 ravages of 1648 compared with those of, I 157 Black Hundred, the, patronized by Nicholas II., III 113, 151 deputation of, received by Nicholas II., III 131 supposed to number 100,000, III 126 organized as "League of Russian People," III 141 gain in Second Duma, III 142 triumph of, III 149 ff active in organizing pogroms, III 113 ff, 124 ff, 126 ff, 136 engineer Beilis case, III 164 ff take advantage of Jewish rightlessness, III 132 intimidate Jews during elections, III 134, 153 insult Jewish deputies in Duma, III 156; see League of the Russian People Black Sea, the, ancient Jewish settlements on shores of, I 13 ff Khazars move in direction of, I 19, 28 Petahiah of Ratisbon travels to, I 33 establishment of Jewish colonies in neighborhood of, advocated, I 331 Blaine, James G., American Secretary of State, expresses resentment at persecution of Russian Jews, II 395 f Blinov, Russian student, killed while defending Jews, III 116 Blondes, David, Jewish barber in Vilna, accused of ritual murder, III 37 Board of Deputies, Jewish organization in London, pleads for Russian Jews, II 262 Bobovnya (government of Minsk), Jewish convert from, slanders Jews, II 80 Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise, III 121 Bobrov, District of (government of Voronyezh), Judaizing sect spreads to, I 401 Bogdanov, Russian soldier, accuses Jews of ritual murder, II 151 Bogdanovich, Russian general, organizes pogroms, III 125 f Bogolepov, Minister of Public Instruction, bars Jews from schools, III 27 f assassinated by Russian terrorist, 29 Bogrov, Grigory, Russian-Jewish writer, II 241 f Bogrov, assassinates Stolypin, III 164 f Bohemia, visited by Pethahiah of Ratisbon, I 33 oppressed Jews of, emigrate to Poland, I 41 Jews from, form community in Cracow, I 104 Magdenburg Law adopted in many parts of, I 41 talmudic learning carried from, to Poland, I 122 Mordecai Jaffe, native of, famous rabbi in Poland, I 127 Jews of, apply to Polish rabbis for religious guidance, I 125 Boleslav the Pious (Polish, Boleslav Pobozny), of Kalish, prince of Great Poland, grants charter to Jews, I 45 ff charter of, ratified by successors, I 51, 59; embodied in Polish code of law, I 71 Boleslav the Shy (Polish, Boleslav Wstydliwy), Polish prince, encourages immigration of Germans, I 44 Bona Sporza, Polish queen, sells office of state, I 76 Bonaparte, see Napoleon Border Zone, along Polish-Prussian and Polish-Austrian border (Twenty-one-Verst Zone), barred to Jews by Polish Government (1823), II 95 law excluding Jews from, repealed by Alexander II., II 95, 181 along Western Russian border (Fifty-Verst Zone), villages in, barred to new Jewish settlers (1835), II 40, 366 expulsion of Jews from entire B. Z. ordered, II 63; but not executed, II 64 new attempt to expel Jews from, II 385 Borispol (government of Poltava), pogrom at, II 267 Borki (government of Kherson), railroad accident to Alexander III., in neighborhood of, affects his policies, II 378 Borukh Leibov, Jewish tax-farmer, I 249 publicly executed, I 251 ff Borukh Shklover, translates Euclid into Hebrew, I 381 Borukh of Tulchyn, hasidic leader, I 232 succeeded by Joshua Heshel, II 121 Bosporan Era, The, I 15 Bosporus, the Cimmerian, or Taurian, also called Panticapaeum (now Kerch), ancient Jewish community in, I 14 f Greco-Jewish inscription found in, I 15 bishop of, instructed to convert Jews, I 18 Boycott, economic, against Jews in Poland, III 166 ff Brafman, Jacob, Jewish apostate, accuses Jews of forming illegal Kahal organization, II 187 ff author of "Book of the Kahal," I 189 accuses Alliance Israélite of heading world Kahal, II 189 accuses Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment of forming part of Kahal, II 216 influences Russian authorities, II 190, 193 ff, 240 example of, followed by Lutestanski, II 202 Bramson, L., member of Central Committee of League for Equal Rights, III 112 deputy to First Russian Duma, III 134 Bratzlav (Podolia), Polish deputy from, objects to extension of Jewish rights, I 288 Nahman of, leader of "Bratzlav Hasidim," I 382 f; II 121 f former name for government of Podolia, I 317 Breslau, Church Council of, adopts anti-Jewish restrictions, I 47 ff; ratified by Church Council of Kalish, I 57 visited by Solomon Maimon, I 239 Brest-Kuyavsk, name explained, I 75 anti-Jewish riot in, I 75 home of Jacob Koppelman, Hebrew author, I 133 Brest-Litovsk, name explained, I 75 Jews of, form important community, I 59, 73 Jewish community of, represented in Polish Federation of Kahals, I 110; and later in Lithuanian Federation, I 112 Jewish community of, headed by Saul Udich (Saul Wahl), I 94 Michael Yosefovich, tax-farmer, native of, I 72 Mendel Frank, rabbi of, I 73, 104 supposed former rabbi of, accuses Jews of ritual murder, I 173 Jews expelled from (1495), I 65 Jews of, express loyalty to Sigismund I., I 81 Jews of, protected by Sigismund III., I 94 Jews of, import goods to Moscow, I 243 Starosta of, upholds authority of Kahal, I 190 Kahal of, upbraided by Polish authorities for delaying elections, I 192 pogroms in (17th century), I 99, 161 (May, 1905), III 119 Briskin, Arye, Jewish apostate, informs against Jews of Mstislavl, II 85 British East Africa, see Uganda British Government, The, see England Brodski, Jewish merchant of Kiev, offers to establish trade bank, III 25 f Brody (Galicia), rabbis assembled at, excommunicate Frankists, I 214; and Hasidim, I 237 Besht settles in, 223 Jewish merchants of, settling in Odessa, spread Haskalah, II 133 rallying-point of pogrom refugees, II 268 f, 321 Bruchsaal (Germany), Alexander I., receives Jewish deputation at, I 359, 391 Bruhl, Polish Prime Minister, I 180 Brünn, capital of Moravia, Jacob Frank settles in, I 219 Brussels, newspaper in, defends Russian Government, II 393; place of publication, II 178 Bryce, James, English statesman, addresses London protest meeting against pogroms, II 290 Buarezm, see Khwarizm Buchner, Abraham, Polish assimilationist, II 103 f Buckee, influences Russian-Jewish intelligenzia, II 209 Buda (Ofen), Hungary, Church Council of, passes anti-Jewish restrictions, I 49; ratified by Council of Kalish, I 57 Budak, city in Crimea, I 26 Budberg, Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs, member of Committee to consider Jewish legislation, I 347 Budek, Polish priest, foments anti-Jewish agitation in Cracow, I 56 Budny, Simon, Polish theologian, holds disputations with Jews, I 136 Budushchnost ("The Future"), Zionist weekly in Russian, III 59 Buenos Ayres, Russian Jewish immigrants settle in, II 421 Bukovina, The, I 150 Hasidism gains footing in, II 121 Bulan, King of Khazars, embraces Judaism, I 21, 25 Bulgar, The, Slav tribe, I 26 Bulgaria, on the way to Khazaria, I 25 called upon by Congress of Berlin to grant equality to Jews, II 202 villages in, attacked by Bashibuzuks, II 253, 289 Bulgarin, Thaddeus, Russian anti-Semitic writer, II 139 Bulyghin, Russian Minister of Interior, receives rescript from Nicholas II. concerning Duma, III 110 Chairman of Committee to discuss Jewish franchise, III 121 recommends denial of Jewish franchise, III 122 "the Bulyghin Constitution" published, III 124 "Bund," League of the Jewish Workingmen of Lithuania, Poland, and Russia, organized (1897), III 56 ff holds secret conventions, III 56 f demands Jewish-national rights, III 57 arranges demonstrations, III 68; and strikes, III 130 held responsible for pogroms, III 89 boycotts First Duma, III 134 refuses co-operation with other Jewish parties, III 111, 148; see Revolutionary Movement and Socialism Burghers form estate in Poland, I 44 hostile to Jews, I 70 enter into relations with, I 84 f receive civil rights from Polish Diet, I 279 form estate in Russia, I 308 restricted in right of transit, I 322 bear burden of conscription, II 23, 29; later relieved, II 200 subject to corporal punishment, II 405 artisans included in estate of, II 405 segregation of Jews as unsettled B. proposed by Nicholas I., 142 f Burgomaster, office of, barred to Jews, II 199, 425 Burtas, Slav tribe, I 26 Butrymovich (Polish, Butrymowicz), Polish deputy, member of Jewish Commission, I 264, 287 f offers plan of Jewish reform, I 271, 274, 281 ff, 283 his plan used as a model, I 326 f, 385 Byelaya Tzerkov (Polish, Bialocerkiew), Treaty of (1651), readmits Jews to Ukraina, I 152 Byzantine Sea, The, see Black Sea Byzantium, Empire of, influences Jewish colonies in Tauris, I 17 ff Jews persecuted in, I 23 f Jews emigrate from, to Tauris, I 28 relation of, to Khazars, I 19 ff defeats Khazars in Crimea, I 28 relation of, to Russia, I 30 relations of Hasdai Ibn Shaprut with, I 24 Cabala, firmly entrenched in Poland, I 134 f attracts Solomon Luria, I 126 esteemed and defended by Joel Sirkis, I 130, 133 vies with Rabbinism, I 199 study of, forbidden before the age of forty, I 214 adopted by sect of Frankists, I 214 studied by Elijah of Vilna, I 235 preached by Nohum of Chernobyl, I 382 Cabala, Practical, name explained, I 134 spreads in Poland, I 134 f, 202 ff introduced from Italy, I 208 studied and pursued by Besht, I 222 f, 224 Cadets, The, see Constitutional Democrats Calahora, Arie-Leib, Jewish martyr in Posen, I 174 f Calahora, Mattathiah, Jewish martyr in Cracow, I 164 f Calahora, Solomon, Polish court physician, I 132 Caliphate, Eastern, or Caliphate of Bagdad, checks movement of Khazars, I 19 relation of, to Khazars, I 22 Caliphate, of Cordova, connected by Hasdai ibn Shaprut with other lands, I 24 Calvinists, in Poland, welcome invading Swedes, I 155 Candia, Delmedigo, author, born in, I 134 Campe, German author, work of, translated into Hebrew, II 134 Canada, Jewish emigration from Russia to, II 421 immigration of Dukhobortzy, Russian sect, to, III 10 Candidate, learned degree in Russia, term explained, II 165 Candle Tax, see Tax Canterbury, Archbishop of, sends representative to London protest meeting against pogroms, II 289 joins pogrom relief committee, II 291 Cantonists, or juvenile recruits, name explained, II 19 institution by Nicholas I., II 19 sent to outlying Russian provinces, II 24 f hunters, or "captors," of, II 23 martyrdom of, II 24 ff forced conversion of, II 26, 45 institution of, not extended to Poland, II 109 abolished by Alexander II., II 156; see Conscription, Military Service, Recruits, and Soldiers Capistrano, papal legate, "Scourge of the Jews," I 62 Capitals, the Russian (St. Petersburg and Moscow), Jewish first and second guild merchants permitted to visit (1835), II 40 Jewish physicians, though admitted into Interior, excluded from (1865), III 167 admission of Jews to schools of, restricted to 3%, II 350 admission of Jews to universities of, restricted to 2%, III 29 Capiton, Christian martyr, I 17 Carlowitz, Treaty of (1699), returns Podolia to Poland, I 208 Carmelites, Church of, in Posen, holds demonstration against Jews, I 95 monk, member of, accuses Jews of ritual murder, I 100 bring law suit against Jews of Posen, I 174 Caro, Joseph, author of Beth-Yoseph, I 123 author of Shulhan-Arukh, see Shulhan-Arukh Carpathian Mountains, The, Besht retires to, I 223 Casimir the Great (1333-1370), king of Poland, rejuvenates country, I 50 f ratifies and amplifies Jewish charter of Boleslav, I 51 f annexes Red Russia, I 42, 53 grants autonomy to Jews of Lemberg, I 53 infatuated with Jewess, I 53 f charter of, ratified by Vitovt, I 59 referred to as patron of Jews, II 98 Casimir IV., king of Poland (1447-1492), pursues liberal policy towards Jews, I 61 f grants Jews new charter, I 61 f attacked by archbishop of Cracow, I 62 forced to rescind Jewish privileges, I 63 fines magistracy of Cracow for permitting riots against Jews, I 64 charter of, ratified by Sigismund II., I 83 Casimir the Just, Polish ruler, Jews active as ministers during reign of, I 42 Caspian Sea, The, called Sea of Jorjan, I 23 Khazars settled on shores of, I 19, 26; dislodged from, I 28 Castellan, title of Polish official, explained, I 287 Catherine I., empress of Russia, changes and deports Jewish tax-farmer (1727), I 249 Catherine II., The Great (1762-1796), empress of Russia, fictitious ukase of, permitting pogroms, I 183 refuses to admit Jews into Russia, I 259 f; and into Little Russia, I 260 f attitude of, towards Jews of annexed Polish provinces, I 306 ff appealed to by the Jews of White Russia, I 311 f attitude of, towards Jews, changes for worse, I 314 ff lays foundation of Pale of Settlement, I 314 ff favors removal of Jews from villages, I 319, 366 curtails Jewish autonomy, I 319, 366 endeavors to destroy "Jewish separateness," I 367 admits Jews to South Russia, I 316 substitutes term "Yevrey" for "Zhyd," I 320 Caucasus, The, ancient trade route leading through, I 23 Khazars originate from, I 19 Khazars occupy cities in, I 26 Jewish agriculturists permitted to settle in (1804), I 342; but not in villages of, I 343 "Judaizers" deported to, I 403 ritual murder trial in, II 204 Censorship, over Hebrew books, exercised by Council of Four Lands, I 195 f Government C. advocated by Polish reformers, I 723, 281 disregard of, severely punished, II 123 enforcement of, advocated by I. B. Levinsohn, II 130 hasidic books subjected to, II 212 Russian C., hampers Maskilim in Vilna, II 136 interferes with Jewish press, I 219 f suppresses ha-Emet, II 223; Voskhod, 407, III 98; Novosti, II 407 rages throughout Russia, II 371 suppresses news of pogroms, II 302, 358; and of Moscow expulsion, II 407 prevents Russian press from expressing sympathy with Jews, II 387 forbids Russian press to publish collective statements concerning Jews, II 387 confiscates pamphlet defending Jews, II 388 grants full scope to anti-Semitic press, III 31; see also Printing Census, of the Jewish population, in Poland (1764), I 197 in White Russia (1772), I 307 in Russia (1816-1819), I 390 Jews of Vilna released from municipal C. (1682), I 166; see Statistics Central Committee, see Committee Champagny, French Cabinet Minister, conducts negotiations with Polish Government, I 299 Charles IX., French king, succeeded by Henry, Polish king, I 89 Charles XII., Swedish king, invades Poland, I 154 ff, 169 Charnetzki, Polish general, massacres Jews, I 155 f Charter, granted to Jews by Leshek, prince of Poland (905), I 40 issued by Boleslav of Kalish (1264), I 45 ff included in Polish code of law (1505), I 71 ratified and amplified by Casimir the Great, I 51 f; burned, I 61 issued by Vitovt, grand duke of Lithuania (1388), I 59 f granted by Casimir IV. (1447), I 61 f granted to Jews of Lithuania by Sigismund I. (1540), I 81 ratified by Sigismund II. (1548), I 83 f old Ch's. ratified by Stephen Batory, I 89; by Vishniovetzki, I 160; by Augustus II., I 168; by Augustus III., I 168, 180 Ch. of Jewish autonomy issued by Sigismund II. (1551), I 105 ff Ch. demanding admission of Jews into Russia sent by Sigismund II. to Ivan the Terrible (1550), I 243 granted to Jews of Cracow by John Casimir (1661), I 159 "Golden Ch." by Catherine the Great, permitting pogroms, I 183 Theodor Herzl seeks to obtain Ch. from Sultan, III 84 offered by British Government for colonization of Uganda, III 84; see also Statute Chartoriski (or Chartoryski), Adam, member of Committee for Amelioration of Jews, I 335 chairman of Committee to consider Jewish question in Poland, II 89, 91 opposes liberal project of Novosiltzev, II 93 Chatzki, Thaddeus, Polish historian, makes special study of Jewish problem, I 263 ff proposes Jewish reforms, I 271, 288 suggestions of, adopted by others, I 327, 385 Chatzkin, Russian-Jewish journalist, II 207 Chazars, see Khazars Chekhovich, Martin, Polish theologian, holds disputations with Jews, I 136 f Chenstokhov (Polish, Czenstochowa), province of Piotrkov, Jacob Frank imprisoned in, I 218 f occupied by Russian troops, I 219 pogrom at, III 36 f Cherkaski, Count, burgomaster of Moscow, favors limitation of Jews in municipal government, II 199 Cherkassy (government of Kiev), hasidic center, II 120 Chernigov (city), Jews of, exterminated, I 149 pogrom at, III 128 ritual murder at Gorodnya, in neighborhood of, I 247 home of Isaac, early Russian-Jewish scholar, I 33 home of Litman Veigin, merchant, II 38 Chernigov (province or government), subject to Poland, I 140 closed to Jews (1649), I 151 opened again to Jews (1651), I 152 Jews of, exterminated, I 157 ceded to Russia (1667), I 159 few Jews left in, I 246 made part of Pale (1794), I 317, II 40 pogroms in localities of, II 257, 267, 315, 411, III 129 court of, sentences rioters, II 315 Jews expelled from villages of, II 341 governor of, misapplies laws relating to Jews, II 341 governor of, permits Jews to open stores on Christian holidays, II 411 localities in: Gorodnya, I 247 Karpovich, II 315 Konotop, II 257 Nyezhin, II 267, III 129 Semyonovka, III 129 Starodub, II 411 Chernikhovsky, Saul, Hebrew poet, III 64 Chernobyl (government of Kiev), hasidic center, I 232, 382 "dynasty" of, widely ramified, I 382, II 119 ff Chernovitz (Bukowina), Sadagora, in neighborhood of, hasidic center, II 121 Chernyshev, Count, governor-general of White Russia, assures Jews of former liberties, I 306 f sets apart Jews as an estate, I 309 Chernyshevski, radical Russian author, influences Jewish Intelligenzia, II 207, 209 effect of, on Lilienblum, 237 Chersonesus, near Sevastopol, bishops of, force Jews into baptism, I 17 scene of rivalry between Jews and Byzantines, I 30 Chetvertinski, Count, betrays Jews of Tulchyn, I 147 f Chiarini, Abbé, Polish anti-Semitic writer, II 104 Chigirin (province of Kiev), home of Khmelnitzki, I 144 Chikhachev, Russian Navy Minister, favors emigration of Jews from Russia, II 419 Chikhachev, member of Council of State, favors Jewish franchise, III 12 Chlenov, Zionist leader, III 47 Chmelnicki, see Khmelnitzki Chresta, name of Greco-Jewish woman, I 15 Christianity, propaganda of, in Tauris, I 17 f; among Khazars, I 20 fusion of Judaism and Ch. attempted by Jewish sect in Russia, II 335; see Church and Conversion Chudnov (Volhynia), young Jews of, martyred, III 117 Chufut-Kale (Crimea), harbors old Karaite community, I 35 Church, the Greek-Orthodox, persecutes Jews in Byzantine empire, I 18 Pobyedonostzev reports on affairs of, III 9 Church, the Roman-Catholic, in Poland, spreads hatred of Jews, I 44, 47 ff gains strength under Yaguello, I 54 f opposes Casimir IV., I 62 f hostile to Jews during Reformation, I 79, 85 f agitates against Jews, I 99 ff prompts anti-Jewish legislation of Polish Diets, I 160 responsible for anti-Jewish riots, I 161 Jews forbidden to leave houses during Ch. processions, I 160 Church Council, or Synod, of Breslau (1266), introduces canonical laws into Poland, I 47 f of Buda (1279), passes anti-Jewish restrictions, I 49 of Constance (1420), attended by Polish ecclesiastics, I 57 of Kalish (1420), ratifies former canonical enactments against Jews, I 57 f of Piotrkov (1542), adopts "Constitution" against Jews, I 82 f, 171 of Lovich (1720), forbids building of new synagogues, I 171 of Plotzk (1733), insists on necessity of Jewish suffering, I 171 Chwolson, Daniel, professor, converted Jew, member of Committee to investigate ritual murder, II 151 disproves ritual murder, II 205 member of Executive Committee of Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment, II 214 Cilicia (Asia Minor), harbors Jewish communities, I 14 Cimmerian Bosporus, see Bosporus Cincinnati, Max Lilienthal, rabbi of, II 59 "Circular Jews," name explained, II 404 privileges of, withdrawn, II 428 City Government, see Municipalities Civil Service, Jews barred from by Church councils, I 49 Jews in Russian army promised admission to, II 29 possessors of learned degrees admitted to, II 165 Jewish physicians admitted to, II 167; barred from, III 27 Jews in general barred from, II 352; III 26; see Tax-Farmer Clement XIII., pope, protects Polish Jews, I 180 Clement XIV., see Ganganelli Cohen, Jacob Joseph, disciple of Besht, I 227, 230 f stirs wrath of Elijah Gaon, I 237 Cohen, Joshua Falk, rabbi of Lublin, I 111 f presides over Council of Four Lands, I 128 head of talmudic academy in Lemberg, I 128 Cohen, Naphtali, Polish rabbi, engages in magic and enters into relations with Sabbatians, I 204 Cohen, Nehemiah, Messianic propagandist, I 207 Cohen, Sabbatai, called Shak, of Vilna, author of commentary on Shulhun Arukh, I 130 issues epistle picturing persecutions of 1648, I 157 f Colchians, tribe, I 15 Colonies, Jewish, in South Russia, visited by emissary of Baron Hirsch, II 418 pogroms in, II 271; III 35 Colonization, of Jews, undertaken by Russian Government in New (South) Russia, I 352, 363 ff; II 70 ff; checked by Government, II 365 in White Russia, II 72 in Siberia, II 71 in Palestine, II 321 f; III 42, 46, 49; promoted by Baron Rothschild, II 375 in United States, II 328, 374 in Russia, proposed by Baron Hirsch, II 415; and by ICA of Paris, III 10; but discouraged by Russian Government, III 24 f in Argentina, II 416, 421; see Agriculture Commerce, Jews as mediators in, between Europe and Asia, I 23 Jews engage in, with Slav countries, I 39 Jews in Polish C., I 264, 266 f Polish kings encourage Jews in, I 85 Sigismund III. confirms Jewish rights of (1588), I 93 Jews restricted in, in Posen, I 74 f; Lemberg, I 75; Cracow, I 98; Vilna, I 99 restrictions in, imposed upon Jews by Polish Diets (1538), I 78; (1768), I 182; (1643), I 99 anti-Jewish restrictions in, demanded by Synod of Piotrkov (1542), I 82; and by Polish journalist (1798), I 281 Russian Government permits Jews to engage in, at fairs of Little Russia and Kharkov government, I 250 ff Little Russians plead for admission of Jews in interest of, I 260 f Jews in Russian C., I 359 f; II 366 deprecated by I. B. Levinsohn, II 126; and other Maskilim, II 137 attitude of Russian Government towards Jewish C., II 185 Jews with higher education granted unrestricted right of (1904), III 98; see also Economic Life and Merchants Commission, "C. for Jewish Reform," appointed by Polish Diet (1790), I 287 ff project of, submitted to Diet and postponed, I 289 resumes labors but fails, I 290 Butrymovich, member of, I 264 project of, adopted by Friesel, Russian governor of Vilna, I 326 f Commission, "High C. for revision of current Laws concerning Jews" ("Pahlen C."), appointed 1883, II 336 composition of, II 336 examines material of "Gubernatorial Commissions," II 337, 363 futility of, II 337 serves as screen for anti-Jewish legislation, II 338 discusses projected educational restrictions against Jews ("school norm"), II 339; votes against them, II 349 conclusions of, II 363 ff deprecates Jewish disabilities, II 364, 366 refers to revolutionary leanings of Jews, II 364 f criticize Jewish separation and exploitation, II 365 describes poverty of Jews, II 366 f; favors gradual emancipation of Jews, II 368 f minority of, favors continuation of repression policy, II 369; supported by Alexander III., II 370 invites Jewish experts, II 369 f disbanded, II 380 Commissions, the Gubernatorial, appointed to counteract "injurious influence" of Jews (1881), II 272 ff circular of Ignatyev concerning appointment of, II 273; quoted by Cardinal Manning, II 289 anti-Jewish recommendations of, II 275 influence Central Committee for Revision of Jewish Question, II 277, 309 material of, examined and discarded by Pahlen Commission, II 337, 363 charges of, denied by Jewish Conference, II 307 Commission, the Rabbinical, see Rabbinical Commission Committee, to consider Jewish questions, appointed by Polish Government (1815), II 89 f; (1825), II 103 f to investigate ritual murder (1864), II 151 to investigate Brafman's charges against Kahals (1866), II 189 f, 240 Russo-Jewish C. in London, II 388 f Central C. of ICA in St. Petersburg, II 420 secret C. under Plehve plans Jewish counter-reforms (1891), II 399 C. of governors and high officials appointed with anti-Semitic instructions (1904), III 93 Committee for Amelioration of Jews, called "Jewish Committee" (1802), I 335 ff appointment of, causes alarm among Jews, I 336 invites deputies from Jewish Kahals, I 337 Nota Shklover invited to assist, I 338 elaborates plan of Jewish reform, I 338; and submits it to Kahals, I 339 conflicting tendencies within, I 339 f submits report to Alexander I., I 341 f supplies basis for Statute of 1804, I 342 reappointed 1809, advises against expulsion of Jews from villages, I 352 ff, 405 reappointed 1823, plans to reduce number of Jews in Russia, I 407 f drafts principal enactments concerning Jews, II 31 suggest expulsion of Jews from Courland, II 32 frame Statute of 1835, II 34 appointed 1871, II 191 charged to consider Kahal organization and economic exploitation, II 193 ff Committee for Radical Transformation of Jews, appointed 1840, II 49 f, 157 presided over by Kisselev, II 50, 157 considers plan of "assorting" Jews, II 64 ff Moses Montefiore permitted to communicate with Nicholas I. through, II 68 suggests modification of conscription system, II 155 resuscitated (1856), II 161 discusses right of residence outside Pale, II 161 ff, 163 ff, 169 favors opening of Interior to retired soldiers, II 171 suggests law demanding secular education of teachers and rabbis, II 175 Committee for Revision of Jewish Question, appointed 1881, II 277 suggests unpopulated localities for Jewish settlement, II 285 plans expulsion of Jews from villages, II 285 frames "Temporary Law" of 1882, II 309 ff Committee of Ministers approves measures against "Judaizers," I 402 approves expulsion of Jews from villages of White Russia, I 406 instructed to provide relief for expelled Jews, I 406 advised to stop expulsion, I 407 formulates function of "Jewish Committee," I 408 question of admitting artisans into Interior transferred to, II 169 f modifies "temporary Rules" of Ignatyev, II 311 f, 318 objects to pogroms, II 312 f advocates school norm for Jews, II 339, 349 discusses emigration to Argentina, II 419 entrusted by Nicholas II. with execution of constitutional reforms, III 106 presided over by Witte, III 107 discusses Jewish question, III 123; see Council of Ministers Committee on Freedom of Conscience, appointed by Second Duma, favors Jewish emancipation, III 142 Conference of Jewish Notables, in St. Petersburg (September, 1881), II 277; (April, 1882), II 304 ff refuses to regulate emigration, II 307 disastrous results of decision of, II 321 Congregation of New Testament Israelites, Judeo-Christian sect in Kishinev, II 335 Congregational Board, supersedes Kahal in Poland, II 102 f (of Warsaw), objects to separate Jewish regiment, II 106 sends deputation to St. Petersburg to plead for equal rights, II 110 president of, arrested by Russian Government, II 181 Congress, of Aix-la-Chapelle, discusses Jewish question, I 398 f of Berlin, demands equal rights for Balkan Jews, II 202 of Vienna, see Vienna, Congress of Jewish C. proposed by Pinsker, II 331 of Medicine, in Moscow, III 15 Zionist C., III 41, 44 f, 84 f, 144 of United States, see United States of Poland, see Poland, kingdom of Congressional Record, quoted, II 294, 296, 395 Conscription, see Cantonists, Military Service, and Recruits Constance, Synod of, attended by Polish clergy, I 57 Constantine, Old, see Constantinov Constantine Pavlovich, grand duke, Russian heir-apparent, II 13, 129 proclaimed emperor but resigns, II 13 appointed commander of Poland, II 13, 16, 91 suggests expulsion of Jews from border zone, I 408 expels Jews from villages, II 31 Isaac Baer Levinsohn submits memorandum to, II 129 Constantinople, capital of Byzantium, I 17 captured by Turks, I 35 patriarchs of, carry on Christian propaganda in Tauris, I 18 Church of, hopes for conversion of Khazars, I 20 Spanish exiles in, I 27 Abydos, seat of Sabbatai Zevi, in neighborhood of, I 206 Jewish pilgrims on way to Palestine arrive in, I 209 Ignetyev, Russian ambassador at, II 259 Constantinov, Old, or Staro-(Volhynia), Cossack massacre at, I 149 "protest" against conscription at, II 21 f Constitution, "anti-Jewish C.," passed by Polish Diet of 1538, 1 77 f adopted by Piotrkov Church Council of 1542, I 82 f Polish C. of May 3, 1791, 289 f. introduced by Napoleon into duchy of Warsaw, I 398 violated by Government of duchy, I 299 ff "Jewish C." of 1804, I 342 ff Constitutional Democratic Party, the (Cadets), in Russia, mistrusts Government, III 130 forms majority in First Duma, III 135 loses in Second Duma, III 142 weak in Third Duma, III 153 Jews in, III 119 Vinaver, leader of, III 134 majority of Jewish deputies belong to, III 135 Contra-Talmudists, name for Frankists, I 214 f Conversion, of Jews, to Christianity, recommended by patriarch of Constantinople and bishop of Bosporus, I 18, 20 forced upon Jews of Byzantium, I 23 forcible C. of children punished by Polish law (1264), I 47 of Jewish Messianic pilgrims in Palestine, I 210 of Jacob Frank and followers, I 217 f; deplored by Besht, I 229 carried on through military service, II 26 f, 45, 156 f feared by Jews of Vilna, II 54 f endeavors of Russians towards, stopped, II 173 f of Haskalah pioneers, II 132 of disillusioned intelligenzia, II 327 as result of expulsions in St. Petersburg, II 344; and Moscow, II 425; see Society of Israelitish Christians C. epidemic in Berlin, I 388 forced by Ivan the Terrible upon Jews of Vitebsk, I 154; and upon Jews of Polotzk, I 243 Russian Government aims at, I 396 ff; II 44 f, 188 of Khazars, to Judaism, I 20 attempted C. of Vladimir, I 30 of Turkish Sabbatians, to Mohammedanism, I 210 Converts, to Christianity, permitted by King John Casimir to return to Judaism, I 151 accuse Jews of ritual murder, I 173 f; II 73, 80 inform against Hebrew books, II 42 in city of Saratov, II 150 individual converts: Abraham Yosefovich, I 73 Berthenson, II 214 Bogrov, II 242 Brafman, II 187 ff Briskin, II 85 Chwolson, II 151, 205, 214 Efron-Litvin, III 38 Grudinski, II 80 Horvitz, II 202, 244 Kronenberg, II 178 Nyevakhovich, I 388 Peretz, I 388 Pfefferkorn, II 189 Priluker, II 335 Savitzki, II 73 Serafinovich, I 173 f See also, Judaizers Cordova, Caliphate of, see Caliphate Coronation Diets, see Diets, Coronation Cosmopolitanism, advocated by Jewish socialists, II 222; by Levanda, II 240; by Bogrov, II 241 Cossacks, name explained, I 142 origin of, I 142 ff Ukrainian C's., I 142 Zaporozhian C's., see Zaporozhians massacre Jews (1637), I 144; (1648), I 144 ff, 154, 246 exclude Jews from their country (1649), I 151 readmit Jews to their territory (1651), I 152 ally themselves with Russia (1654), I 152 ff invade Polish territories, I 154, 156, 244 ff rise against Poles and Jews, I 182 ff Jews visit territory of, despite prohibition, I 246 C's. of Little Russia plead for admission of Jews, I 250 See also Khmelnitzki Costanda, military governor of Moscow, inaugurates expulsion of Jews, II 401 Council, Church C., see Church Council Council of Ministers, in duchy of Warsaw, opposes Jewish emancipation, I 299 in Russia, Nicholas I. appends resolution to report of, II 62 reports to Tzar on Jewish agricultural colonization, II 71 recommends appointment of "High Commission" on Jewish question, II 336 passes anti-Jewish laws, II 338 not consulted in expulsion from Moscow, II 402 favors grant of franchise to Jews, III 122 presided over by Witte, II 125 suggests moderate Jewish reforms to Nicholas II., II 141 Council of State, in Poland, discusses Jewish question, II 93 f formation of, in Russia, I 335 bars Jews from Russian Interior, I 316 condemns expulsion of Jews from White Russian villages, I 407; II 34 objects to further expulsions, II 34 f discusses right of residence outside Pale, II 35 f, 161 ff, 163 ff, 169 f recommends alleviation in military service, II 36 disagrees on expulsion from Kiev, II 36 f passes Statute of 1835, II 37 receives memoranda on Jewish question, II 38 discusses Jewish question and suggests measures (1840), II 47 ff discusses exact limits of Pale, II 70 acquits Velizh Jews of ritual murder charge, II 81 ff convicts Jews of Saratov, II 152 discusses Jewish separatism, under influence of Brafman's charges, II 190 recommends appointment of Commission of Amelioration of Jews, II 191, 193 material on Jewish question prepared for, II 336 plans of Pahlen Commission said to have been brought before, II 320 disregarded by Alexander III. in issuing "Temporary Rules," II 312, 386; in passing anti-Jewish restrictions, II 338; in passing school norm, II 349; in expulsion from Moscow, II 402 confirms exclusion of Jews from Zemstvos, II 386 members of, favor Jewish franchise, III 122 Courland, added to Pale, I 321 Jews settled in, I 341 new Jewish settler expelled from, II 32 Lipman Levy, Russian financial agent, native of, I 248 Mordecai Aaron Ginzburg, Hebrew writer, resident of, II 133 Nisselovich, Duma deputy for, III 153 Courts, Jews of Poland exempted from jurisdiction of municipal and ecclesiastic C's., I 45 f, 51 f, 84, 94, 103 cases between Jews tried by royal C's., or Voyevoda C. (in Lithuania, Starosta C.), I 45 f, 51 f, 59 f "Jewish Judge," Polish official nominated by Jews, attached to Voyevoda C., I 46, 52, 192 Voyevoda C. tries cases between Jews and Christians, I 84, 191; acts as Court of Appeals, I 191; Kahal elders attached to, I 84 tax-farmer Yosko and employees placed under jurisdiction of royal C., I 71 Jews on noble estates placed under C's. of nobles, I 84 Municipal C's. claim jurisdiction over Jews, I 93 f ritual murder cases tried by C's. without proper jurisdiction, I 95 f civil and partly criminal cases between Jews tried by C. of rabbis and Kahal elders, I 83, 105 f Kahal C. granted right of imposing herem and other penalties, I 73, 105 f Kahal C. granted exclusive jurisdiction in cases between Jews, I 191 Kahal C. consists of rabbis as judges and Kahal elders as jury, I 191 Council of Four Lands acts as C., I 111; appoints provincial judges, I 111 Kahal C. of Vilna issues herem against Hasidim (1772), I 237 Kahals recognized as C's. by Russian Senate (1776), I 309 cases between Jews tried by C's. of District and Gubernatorial Kahals, I 309 Gubernatorial Kahals act as C's. of Appeal, I 309 cases between Jews and Christians tried by municipal C's., I 309 Senate questions legality of special Jewish C's. (1782), I 310 Jews admitted to membership in municipal C's. (1783), I 310 cases between Jews tried by municipal C's. (1786), I 313 Jews represented on municipal C's. by elective jurymen, I 313 Kahal C's. limited to spiritual affairs (1786), I 313; (1795), I 319 Jews of Lithuania plead for preservation of Kahal C's. (1795), I 320 Statute of 1804 places Jews under jurisdiction of Russian C's., I 344 Jews continue to resort to Kahal C., I 367; see Kahal, Jewish Judge, and Rabbi Cox, Samuel S., of New York, protests in Congress against pogroms, II 294 ff Cracow, leading city of Little Poland, I 42, 110, 196 capital of Western Galicia, I 53 election diets held in, I 98 superseded as Polish capital by Warsaw, I 85 conquered by Swedes, I 154 surrendered by Shlakhta, I 155 Province of, annexed by Austria, I 297 Jewish refugees from Crusade seek shelter in, I 41 Jewish Community of, represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110 Jewish communities in Province of, destroyed, I 156 Jewish charter ratified by Casimir the Great, in, I 51 Jews of, receive charter from John Casimir, I 159 anti-Jewish riots in, I 56 f, 63 f, 75 f, 102, 161, 166 Jews of, subjected to commercial restrictions, I 74 f, 98 restrictions for Jews of, demanded by Church Synod, I 82 ghetto established in, I 64, 85 ritual murder trial in, I 164 f host trial in, I 101 f "Judaizing" tendencies in, I 79 f anti-Semitic writers in, 96 f Oleshnitzki, archbishop of, I 62 Gamrat, bishop of, I 79 Kmita, Voyevoda of, I 76 Hebrew printing-press in, I 131, 195 Delacruta, Cabalist, resident of, I 134 Horowitz, Isaiah, Cabalist, studies in, I 135 Pollak, Jacob, head of yeshibah in, I 122 Spira, Nathan, head of yeshibah in, I 135 Rabbis of: Asher, I 104 Fishel, I 105, 132 Heller, I 158 Isserles, I 123 Kaidanover, Samuel, I 200 Meir of Lublin, I 129 Meisels, II 179 Peretz, I 104 Sirkis, I 133 Crémieux, Adolf, president of Alliance Israélite, corresponds with Lilienthal, II 67 petitions Alexander II. on behalf of Jews accused of ritual murder, II 153 criticized by governor-general of Kiev, II 194 Crimea, The, name defined, I 13 Greeks in, I 13 f conquered by Khazars, I 19 f last refuge of Khazars, I 28 known as Khazaria, I 28 f ruled by Pechenegs and Polovtzis, I 29 conquered by Tatars, I 33 Tataric Khanate of, I 35 f, 142 Tatars of, ally themselves with Cossacks, I 143 ff Kaffa, Genoese colony in, I 33 f list of cities in, I 26 visited by Petahiah of Ratisbon, I 33 Taman peninsula, in neighborhood of, I 23 Jews in, I 14 ff, 33 ff Karaite communities in, I 35 Jews of, settle in Kiev, I 30; in Lithuania, I 35 expelled Lithuanian Jews emigrate to, I 65 Jewish State in, suggested, I 412; see Tavrida, government of Crimean War, stops plan of Jewish "Assortment," II 143 effect of, on Jewish situation II 149 f, 154 Crown, the, signifying Poland as contrasted with Lithuania, I 72, 88, 110, 113, 127, 162, 193 Crown Rabbis ("official," or kazyonny, rabbis), name explained, II 176 forced upon congregations, II 176 act as Government agents See Rabbis Crown Schools, see Schools Crusades, the, stimulate immigration of Jews into Poland, I 33, 41 give rise to Teutonic order, I 63 victims of Cossack massacres (1648) compared with those of, I 156 Cyril, Christian missionary, disputes with Jews, I 18 Daitzelman, Jewish merchant in Nizhni-Novgorod, victim of pogrom, II 361 Dakota, North and South, Jewish agricultural colonies in, II 374 Damascus, ritual murder trial of, II 68 Daniel Apostol, Hetman of Little Russia, pleads for admission of Jewish salesman, I 250 Dantzic, annexed by Prussia, I 292 Danube, The, Jewish emigration form provinces of, to Poland, I 41 Dardanelles, The, commerce between Genoa and Crimea through, I 34 Darkest Russia, periodical published in England, II 381 Darshanim (Preachers), in Poland, I 201 f Darvin, Charles, influences Russian-Jewish intelligenzia, II 209 Dashevski, Pincus, assaults Krushevan to avenge Kishinev massacre, III 81 f trial of, induces Plehve to forbid Zionism, III 82 receives greetings of Russian-Jewish convention, III 132 Davidov, Russian military leader, praises Jews, I 357 Davis, Noah, Judge, speaks at New York protest meeting, II 297 Decembrists (Russian, Dyekabrist), Russian revolutionaries, name explained, I 410 suppressed by Nicholas I., II 13 attitude of, towards Jews, I 409 ff Dekert, John, mayor of Warsaw, champion of burgher class, I 286 Delacruta, Mattathiah, Italian Cabalist in Cracow, I 134 Delmedigo, Joseph Solomon, called Yashar, of Candia, arraigns Polish Jews for opposing secular culture, I 134 Dembrovski, Polish bishop, arranges disputations between Frankists and Talmudist, I 214 f orders burning of Talmud, I 215 Demiovka, suburb of Kiev, pogrom at, II 254 f De non Tolerandis Iudæis, right of excluding Jews in Warsaw (and other Polish cities), I 85 in Kiev, I 94 f abolished in Zhitomir, Vilna (and other cities), II 172 abolished throughout Poland (1862), II 181 Denis, Greek-orthodox priest, converted to Judaism, I 36 Department of Law, part of Council of State, considers Jewish legislation, II 34 ff Deputation of the Jewish People, The, created by Alexander I., I 392 ff disbanded in 1825, I 395 instrumental in stopping ritual murder trial in Grodno, II 74 induces Alexander I. to veto prohibition of liquor trade in Poland, II 94 Derbent, see Bab Al-Abwab Diaspora, Jewish, neglected by Zionism, III 52 as conceived by National-Cultural Autonomism, III 53 ff as conceived by Russian-Jewish historians, II 65 Diet, The, in Poland, term defined, I 76 controlled by Shlakhta, I 58, 77, 160 authority of, undermined by liberum veto, I 92, 168 Jews represented at, by "syndics," I 111 anti-Jewish tendency of, I 76 f, 160 preceded by anti-Jewish propaganda, I 165 counteracts benevolent intentions of kings, I 160 censures King Sobieski for interest in Jews, I 167 condemns anti-Jewish riots, I 166 f, 171 fixes amount of Jewish head-tax, I 194 granted right to elect government, I 263 Jews admitted to Warsaw during sessions of, I 268 ff re-established in duchy of Warsaw, I 298 Coronation D's., name explained, I 98 Jewish privileges ratified at, I 98, 160, 168 Election D's., name explained, I 98 Individual Diets, according to years: 1423 (of Varta), restricts financial operations of Jews, I 58 1454 (of Nyeshava), rescinds Jewish privileges, I 63 1496 (of Piotrkov), confirms restrictions of Nyeshava Diet, I 64 1521 (of Piotrkov), limits commerce of Lemberg Jews, I 75 1538 (of Piotrkov), passes anti-Jewish "constitution," I 77; confirmed by Diet of 1562, 1565 and 1768, I 87 1548 (of Piotrkov), Sigismund II. ratifies Jewish charter at, I 83 1618, discusses passionately Jewish question, I 97 1643 (of Warsaw), restricts profits of Jews, I 99 1658 (of Warsaw), expels sectarians from Poland, I 91 1670 (of Warsaw), restricts financial operations of Jews, I 160 1693 (of Grodno), arraigns Bezalel, Jewish tax-farmer, I 167 1717 (of Warsaw), increases Jewish head-tax, I 169; protests against anti-Jewish riots, I 171 1740, rejects resolution turning Jews into serfs, I 170 1764 (of Warsaw), alters system of Jewish taxation, I 181, 197; prohibits conventions of Jewish District elders, I 198 1768 (of Warsaw), renews commercial restrictions of 1538, I 182, 267; admits Jews temporarily to Warsaw, I 268 1788-1791, see Diet, Quadrennial 1808, elections to, force Government to take up Jewish question, I 299 1818, first D. of kingdom of Poland, displays anti-Jewish attitude, II 96, 99 1831, releases Jews from conscription, II 107 Diet, The Quadrennial, or Great (1788-1791), name explained, I 263 reflects liberal ideas, I 278 elaborates modern constitution, I 263 equalizes burgher class, I 278 discusses agrarian question, I 279 prepares for struggle with Russia, I 279 attitude of, towards Jewish question, I 263 ff, 279 ff, 285, 288 ff refers Jewish question to special commission, I 264, 279, 287, 327 finance committee of, reports on Jews, 263 ff Chatzki, Polish historian, member of, I 263, 288 Butrymovich, champion of Polish Jews, member of, I 264, 274, 280 f, 285, 289 Chatzki and Butrymovich submit proposals to, I 271 Jews admitted to Warsaw during, I 285 notified of anti-Jewish demonstration in Warsaw, I 286; and investigates it, I 287 literature centering around, I 279 ff appealed to by Simeon Wolfovich against Kahals, I 276 project of Jewish reforms submitted to king during, I 284 Dietines, the, Polish provincial diets, I 76 provide occasions for anti-Jewish riots, I 170 serve as pattern for Jewish D., I 113, 196 f Jewish D., called officially "synagogues," I 196 Dilke, Sir Charles, English Under-Secretary of State, interpellated about pogroms, II 262 Dillon, Eliezer, army purveyor, represents Jews before Russian Government, I 358 member of Deputation of Jewish People, I 392 f Disabilities, see Restrictions Disputations, religious, between Jews and Christians, I 136 f between Frankists and orthodox Jews, I 214 f, 216 f; attended by Besht, I 229 Disraeli, see Beaconsfield Distillers, Jewish, admitted to Russian Interior, II 170 Distilling, see Propinatzya Dlugosh, Jan, called Longinus, Polish historian, quoted, I 57 Dnieper, the, river, Petahiah of Ratisbon reaches banks of, I 33 Jews disappear from left bank of, I 157 Jews decimated on right bank of, I 157 southern basin of, subject to Poland, I 140 left bank of, called Little Russia, ceded to Russia, I 159 Jews penetrate into Little Russia "from other side of," I 253 Cossacks beyond Falls of, I 143 ff uprising against Poles and Jews on right bank of, I 182 Cossack army "on both sides of," plead for admission of Jewish salesmen, I 250 central river of Pale, I 317 See Moghilev on the Dnieper Dniester, The, river, Moghilev on, I 98 Dobrolubov, Russian critic, influences Jewish intelligenzia, II 207, 209 Doctor, official title of rabbis in ancient Poland, I 72, 104, 109 Dolgoruki, Count, governor-general of Moscow, friendly to Jews, II 400 f Dombrovski, Polish revolutionary leader, I 303 Domestics, Christian, the keeping of, prohibited by Church Council of Breslau (1266), I 49 by Synod of Piotrkov (1542), I 82 by "Lithuanian Statute" (1566), I 87 by Diet of Warsaw (1670), I 160 prohibition of, in Russia, suggested by Dyerzhavin, I 333, and Golitzin, 404 prohibited by Russian Senate (1820), I 404 f prohibited for permanent employment (1835), II 40 Christians of Pereyaslav call upon Jews to refrain from, II 266 Pobyedonostzev deplores influence of Jews on their D., III 9 Domestics, Jewish, outside Pale, Jewish merchants allowed limited number of, II 162 Jewish university graduates allowed two, II 166, 344 fictitious D. in St. Petersburg, II 344 f Dominican Order, the, church of, in Posen, collects regular fine from Jews, I 55 priest of, in Cracow, causes execution of Jews, I 164 general of, in Rome, calls upon head of, in Cracow, to defend Jews, I 165 Don, the, river, Khazars move towards, I 19 Territory of D. Army closed to Jews, II 346 Dondukov-Korsakov, governor-general of Kiev, criticizes Jews, II 193 f Drabkin, rabbi of St. Petersburg, reports conversation with Ignatyev, II 305 Drenteln, governor-general of Kiev, ferocious Jew-baiter, abets pogroms, II 252, 254 recommends severe repression of Jews, II 276 upbraids Jews of Balta, II 316 f misconstrues "Temporary Rules" against Jews, II 341 Dresden, Jews of, appeal to Augustus III. against ritual murder libel, I 176 Dress, Christian, forbidden to Jews by "Lithuanian Statute" (1566), I 87 deprecated by rabbis (1607), I 112 prescribed for Jewish visitors to Russian Interior (1835), II 40 prescribed for Jewish members of municipalities (1804), I 345 German D. adopted by "Berliners," I 384 Russian D. preferred by Jews to German D., I 350; see Dress, Jewish Dress, Jewish (hat or badge), prescribed by Synod of Breslau (1266), I 48 by Synod of Buda (1279), I 49 by Synod of Kalish (1420), I 57 by Diet of Piotrkov (1538), I 78 by Synod of Piotrkov (1542), I 83 abandoned by some Jews in Warsaw, I 300 f defended by Polish rabbi, I 283 Jews of Warsaw demand equal rights as reward for discarding, I 385 f prohibition of, recommended by Butrymovich, I 281; by Polish nobility of Lithuania, I 326; by Friesel, governor of Vilna, I 327; and Dyerzhavin, I 333 tax imposed on, in Russia (1843), I 110; extended to Poland (1845), I 110 Russian Council of State finds principal source of Jewish separatism in (1840), II 48; and suggests prohibition, II 49; but modifies view (1870), II 190 f governors-general advised of impending prohibition of, II 66 prohibition of, enacted (1850), I 144; and extended to female attire (1851), I 144 prohibition of, remains ineffective, I 144 f Alexander II. displeased with, in Poland, II 190 luxury in, forbidden (1566), I 87; deprecated by Abraham Hirshovich, I 284; by I. B. Levinsohn, II 128; by Christians of Pereyaslav, II 266 white D. favored by early "Hasidim," I 209, 231, 237; objected to by assembly of rabbis, I 237; see Dress, Christian Dreyfus Affair, the, exploited by Russian press, III 32 witnessed by Doctor Herzl, III 42 Druskeniki (government of Grodno), Conference of "Lovers of Zion" at, II 377 Drusus, name of Greek Jew, I 15 Dubnow, S. M., author of present work, quoted, I 114, 163, 235 champions national rejuvenation of Judaism in Russia, II 327 formulates theory of Spiritual Nationalism, or National-Cultural Autonomism, III 52 member of central committee of League for Equal Rights, III 42 editor of periodical Yevreyskaya Starina, III 160 Dubossary, ritual murder libel at, III 70 f pogrom at, frustrated by Jews, III 71 Dubrovin, head of Black Hundred, received by Nicholas II., III 149 Dubrovna (government of Moghilev), Voznitzin, captain of navy, converted to Judaism at, I 252 Duchy of Warsaw, see Warsaw, Duchy of Dukhobortzy, Russian sect, flees from persecution to Canada, III 10 Duma, Imperial Russian, plans for, formulated, III 122; and published, III 124 manifesto of October 17 promises establishment of, III 127 First D., elections to, III 133 League for Equal Rights participates in elections to, III 133 f Zionists participate in elections to, III 145 boycotted by Left, III 134 Jewish deputies to, III 134 Jewish question before, III 135 ff pogroms discussed by, III 126, 136 ff appoints commission to investigate Bialystok pogrom, III 137 adopts resolution condemning pogroms, III 139 dissolved, III 139 Second D., convoked, III 141 only three Jewish deputies elected to, III 142 Jewish question referred by, to committee, III 142 dissolved, III 142 Third D., called the Black, III 153 only two Jewish deputies elected to, III 153 violently anti-Semitic, III 153 ff discusses Beilis case, III 165 Fourth D., anti-Semitic agitation in Poland during elections to, III 167 Jewish D. deputies co-operate with joint Jewish Council in St. Petersburg, III 148 Dunaigrod (Podolia), ritual murder trial at, I 178 Durnovo, Russian official, investigates ritual murder trial at Saratov, II 150 Durnovo, Russian Minister of Interior, fanatic reactionary, II 379 bars Jews from local self-government (Zemstvos), II 386; and municipal self-government, II 425 suggests expulsion of Jews from Moscow, II 402 revokes decree of 1880, causing expulsion of "circular Jews," II 428 continues in office under Nicholas II., III 9, 16 member of Witte cabinet, III 31 Dusyaty (government of Kovno), pogrom at, III 115 Dvina, river, Jews drowned by Russian troops in, I 243 Dyekabristy, see Decembrists Dyelanov, Minister of Public Instruction, decrees "school norm," limiting admission of Jews to schools and universities, II 349 ff applies school norm leniently, III 27 f Dyen ("The Day"), Russian-Jewish weekly, II 218, 220, 238 Dyerzhavin, Gabriel, member of Russian Senate, becomes interested in Jewish question, I 327 meets Jews for first time on tour to White Russia, I 328 meets modernized Jewish physician in White Russia, I 386 pursues anti-Jewish purpose on tour, I 329 f prepares elaborate "Opinion" on Jews, I 330 ff appointed Minister of Justice, I 335 "Opinion" of, studied by Committee for Amelioration of Jews, I 335 f retires, I 337 example of, followed later in White Russia, 405 Earlocks (Peies), discarded by modernized Jews, I 384 cutting off of, recommended in Poland, I 385 wearing of, prohibited by Nicholas I., II 144 f See Beards Easter, Russian, duration of, II 249 season of pogroms, II 248, 299; III 34, 71 ff, 96 f, 114 f, 134 Economic life, of Jews, in Poland, I 42, 44 f, 67 f, 160, 264 ff, 270 in Polish Silesia, I 42 in Lithuania, I 60 in Russia, I 353 f, 359 ff in White Russia, I 310 ff; II 14 in Russian South-west, II 193 f in Kiev, II 264 undermined under Nicholas I., II 70, 72 improved under Alexander II., II 185 f E. importance of Russian Jews pointed out by Vorontzov, II 64 f; by Pahlen Commission, II 366; and by foreign press, II 408 Russian Jews accused of E. exploitation, II 193 f, 270 ff restricted under Alexander III., II 318, 346 ff E. misery of Russian Jews, II 318, 366 f collapse of, under Nicholas II., III 22 ff in America, II 374 E. boycott in Poland, III 166 ff Edels, Samuel, called Maharsho, famous Polish talmudist, I 129 f Education, Jewish, see Heder and Yeshibah modernization of, in Poland, urged by Kalmansohn, I 385; by David Friedländer, II 90; by Polish assimilationists, II 101 criticized by Russian Council of State, II 48 negative effects of, pointed out by author, II 113 national E. demanded by Zionist Convention at Minsk, III 45 fostered by Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment, III 160 autonomy of, demanded by League for Equal Rights, III 112 progress of, in Palestine, III 148 See School Education, Secular, promotion of, among Jews, urged by Russian dignitaries, I 327, 333 championed by Frank, Jewish physician, I 331; by I. B. Levinsohn, II 128; and by Maskilim of Vilna, II 137 encouraged by Alexander I., I 344 f; by Nicholas I., II 20, 57 f; and by Alexander II., II 163 ff, 166, 175, 216 shunned by Russian Jews, I 350, 380; II 48, 53 ff, 175 spreads under Alexander II., II 176 f, 216 promoted by Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment spread of, among Jews feared by Russian authorities, II 339, 348 disparaged in general by Pobyedonostzev, II 348 Educational Restrictions, demanded by Alexander III., II 349 issued by Minister of Instruction (1887), II 350 disastrous effects of, II 350 f compel Jewish youth to study abroad, II 351; III 31 stimulate emigration, II 373 applied with increasing rigor under Nicholas II., III 27 ff abolished in institutions of higher learning (1905), III 124 restored (1907), III 152 placed on Statute books in 1908, III 157 f See Enlightenment, School, and University Efron-Litvin, converted Jew, anti-Semitic playwright, III 38 Egypt, emigration of Jews from, into Tauris, I 16 Sabbatian propaganda in, I 205 Eibeschütz, upheld by Polish rabbis in struggle with Emden, I 204 Einhorn, David, modern Jewish writer, III 162 Eisenbaum, Anton, Polish-Jewish assimilationist, head of rabbinical seminary, II 103 Eisenmenger, anti-Jewish writer, II 104 Eisenstadt, Michael, represents Kahals before Russian Government, I 393 Ekaterinoslav, see Yekaterinoslav Ekron, Jewish colony in Palestine, II 375 Eliezer, Bohemian scholar, quoted, I 43 Elijah, the prophet, believed to associate with Besht, I 228 Russian church festival in honor of, II 358 Elijah of Vilna, called the Gaon, idolized by rabbis of Lithuania and other countries, I 235 f familiar with Cabala, I 235 studied secular sciences, I 235 f tolerant towards pursuit of secular sciences, I 381 avoids pilpul and cultivates method of textual analysis, I 236 introduces method into yeshibahs of Lithuania, I 380; particularly into yeshibah of Volozhin, I 381 fragmentary nature of literary work of, I 236 rigorist in religious practice, I 236 opposes Hasidism, I 236 causes issuance of herem against Hasidism, I 237 reaffirms herem, I 373 checks growth of Hasidism in Vilna, I 372 refuses to see Shneor Zalman, I 374 f death of, I 375 Hasidim of Vilna rejoice over death of, I 375 Elimelech of Lizno, hasidic leader, I 232 Elizabeth Petrovna, Russian empress (1741-1761), persecutes non-Orthodox, I 254 decrees expulsion of Jews from entire Russian empire (1727), I 255 refuses plea of Ukrainians and Livonians for admission of Jews, I 257 pens famous resolution against Jews (1743), I 257 decrees again unconditional expulsion of Jews (1744), I 257 f dismisses Sanches, Jewish court physician, I 258 policy of, followed by Catherine II., I 259 Elizabethgrad, see Yelisavetgrad Emancipation (Equal Rights), introduced by Napoleon into duchy of Warsaw, I 298 not applied to Jews, I 298 f Warsaw Jews apply to Polish Government for, I 299 opposed by Polish Council of Ministers, I 299 suspended by duke of Warsaw for ten years, I 299 17 Jews of Warsaw apply for, as reward for assimilation, I 300 refused by Polish Minister of Justice, I 300 f representatives of Warsaw community plead for, I 301 f opposed by Polish Senate, I 302 Warsaw Jews apply to Nicholas I. for, II 110 granted to Jews of Poland by Alexander II. (1862), II 181 ff promised to Jews by early Russian revolutionaries, I 413 prominent St. Petersburg Jews apply to Alexander II. for, II 159 f recommended by Stroganov, governor-general of New Russia, II 168 f advocated by Russian-Jewish press, II 219 f, 238, 332 claimed by Young Israel, heterodox Jewish sect, II 334 recommended by Pahlen Commission, II 364, 368 urged by Guildhall meeting in London, II 391 demanded by Russian lawyers and writers for all citizens, III 105 partial E. promised by Russian Government, III 106 unrestricted E. demanded by Russian Jews, III 108 ff demanded by Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment, III 111 urged by League for Equal Rights, III 111 f adopted for all citizens by First Duma, III 135 bill providing for E. of Jews referred by First Duma to Committee, III 137 f opposed by Nicholas II., III 141 bill providing for, passed by Committee of Second Duma, III 142 forms platforms of Jewish people's group, III 140 f See League for Attainment of Equal Rights Emden, Jacob, opposed by Polish rabbis in fight with Eibeshütz, I 204 Emigration, of Jews, from Lithuania, prevented by Sigismund I. (1540) I 81 from Poland, caused by Khmelnitzki massacres (1648 ff), I 157 from Russia, caused by persecutions and pogroms, II 268, 327 ff, 413, 420; III 96 causes shortage of Jewish recruits, II 356 prompts imposition of military fine, II 373, 414 stimulated by educational restrictions, I 373 welcomed by Russian Government as solution of Jewish problem, II 419 f; III 10 encouraged by Russian Government, II 285, 414, 417 f, 420 old Russian law prohibiting E. not enforced, II 69, 285 Plehve promises to support E., III 83 to Algiers, proposed by French Jews, II 69 to Argentina, II 413, 416 ff, 419 f to Canada, II 421 to Palestine, I 269 f; II 321 f, 419 ff, 421 ff; advocated by Poale Zion, III 145; importance of, recognized by Russian Jewry, III 54, 147 to United States, II 297 f, 320 f, 373 ff, 409, 413, 420 f; III 96, 104; calls forth protest of U. S. Government, II 396; importance of, recognized by Russian Jewish parties, III 54, 145, 147 Emigration, Regulation of, attempted by emigrant societies, II 297 f urged by Mandelstamm and part of Jewish press, II 298 feared by prominent St. Petersburg Jews, II 298 deprecated by Voskhod as subversive of emancipation, II 298 f rejected by Jewish Conference in St. Petersburg (April, 1882), II 307; disastrous results of rejection, II 420 proposed by Baron Hirsch, II 416, 419 sanctioned by Russian Government, II 420 Encyclopedists, French, praise polemical treatise of Isaac Troki, I 138 England, represented at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398 Parliament in, discusses pogroms, II 262 f, 281 f, 287 ff, 388 ff prominent men in, approach Nicholas I. on behalf of Russian Jews, II 63 Priluker, Russian Jew, missionary in, II 335 Russian-Jewish students in, II 351 offers Uganda to Zionists, III 85 See London Enlightenment, see Haskalah Equal Rights, see Emancipation Ephes-Dammim, name of biblical place, used as book title, II 131 Ephesus, city in Asia Minor, Jewish community in, I 14 Epstein, Samuel, represents Jews before Russian Government, I 393 Eshet Hayil, term explained, II 113 Estate, Real, see Property, Real Estherka, concubine of Casimir the Great, I 53 f Euclid, geometry of, translated into Hebrew, I 381 Euler, German mathematician, criticizes dismissal of Jewish court physician in St. Petersburg, I 258 Europe, Eastern, beginnings of Diaspora in, I 13 Euxine Colonies, see Black Sea Evangelists, Protestant sect in Poland, I 91 Evarts, William M., American Secretary of State, makes representations to Russian Government, II 293 Eve, daughter of Jacob Frank, head of Frankist sect, I 220 Excise Farmers, called aktzizniks, II 186 Excommunication, see Herem Execution, or forcible seizure, term explained, II 20 Exilarchs, heads of Babylonian Jewry, I 20 Exploitation, economic, Russian Jews accused of, II 193 used as pretext for pogroms, II 261 f, 264, 270 ff, 315 handicrafts stigmatized as, I 347 Expulsion, of Jews, by Polish Government from Lithuania (1495), I 65 from Sandomir, I 173 from Warsaw, I 260, 286 f by Russian troops, from invaded Polish cities (1654), I 153 f, 245 by Russian Government, from Little Russia (1727), I 249 f, 253 ff from Russia in general (1741), I 255; (1744), I 257 f from Courland and Livonia (1829), II 32 from Port Arthur and Kuantung Peninsula (1904), III 94 from Russian Interior (outside of Pale), in general, I 402 f; II 264, 399, 428; III 95, 154, 157; foreign Jews expelled from, II 262, 293, 345 from Kharkov, II 319 from Moscow, II 264, 319, 396 f, 399 ff, 402, 408, 424 f; III 14 f from Oryol, II 264 from Riga, II 256 from St. Petersburg, II 319, 344, 399, 410 from Pale of Settlement; Fifty-Verst Zone, I 408; II 62 ff, 385 from Kiev, II 31, 33, 263 f, 319, 346; III 157 from Nicholayev, II 32 from Sevastopol, II 32 from Yalta, II 428 f; III 18 f from villages, I 319, 323 f, 326, 343, 345 ff, 349, 351 f, 354 f, 405 ff; II 30 f, 32 f, 35, 48, 310 f, 318 f, 385; III 17, 157 For particulars see special headings; see also Residence, Right of, and Temporary Rules Externs, extra muros pupils, result of educational restrictions, II 351; III 31 school norm applied to, without sanction of Duma, III 159 join revolutionary ranks, III 31 Factor, Polish name for agent, I 170; II 55 Fair, commercial, Jews permitted to visit F's. of Little Russia, for wholesale trade (1728), I 250; and for retail trade (1734), I 251 of government of Smolensk (1731), I 251 of government of Kharkov, for retail trade (1734), I 251 of Warsaw (1768), I 268 of Nizhni-Novgorod, Kharlov, and other cities (1835), II 40 Jews travel to F's. abroad, particularly Leipsic, I 359 Polish F's. provide occasion for Jewish conferences, I 109 f F. of Lublin, chief meeting-place of Council of Four Lands, I 109 F. of Lantzkrona, mystical services of Frankists during, I 213, 215 F's. of Brody and Zelva, rabbis assembled at, excommunicate Hasidim, I 237 Farrar, Canon, addresses Mansion House Meeting in London, II 290 Feder, Tobias, Hebrew writer, I 388 criticizes translation of Bible into Yiddish, I 388 Feigin, Litman, of Chernigov, submits memorandum on Jewish question to Council of State, II 38 f Feldshers, Jewish, name explained, II 167 granted right of universal residence (1879), II 167 admission of, into army restricted, II 319 Fergusson, English Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, replies to interpellation concerning Russian Jews, II 382 Fez (Morocco), Alfasi native of, I 118 Fichman, modern Hebrew writer, III 162 Fifty-Verst Zone, see Border Zone Finkelstein, Nahum, delegate of Jews wishing to engage in agriculture, I 363 Finns, oppressed by Russian Government, III 159 Fishel, Moses, chief-rabbi of Cracow, I 105 studied medicine in Padua, I 132 Foreign Jews forbidden to settle in Russia (1824), I 409 expelled from Russia, II 262, 293, 345 Foster, John W., United States Minister to Russia, reports about pogroms, II 260 Fox, Polish tailor, starts anti-Jewish riot at Warsaw, I 286 f Fraind, Yiddish daily in St. Petersburg, III 162 France (and French), Napoleon's policy towards Jews of, I 298 Jews killed by French for loyalty to Russia (1812), I 358 represented at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398 high officials of, favor immigration of Russian Jews to Algiers, II 69 Polish-Jewish patriots, pursued by Russia, flee to, I 298; II 105, 109 French witness protest against pogroms, II 326 Russian Jews, in search of university education, go to, II 351 Dreyfus Affair in, III 32, 42; see Paris Franchise, Jewish, discussed by Russian officials, III 121 proposed denial of, elicits protests from Jewish communities in Russia, III 121; and representatives of Russian people, III 122 finally granted, III 122 Frank, physician in White Russia, adherent of Mendelssohn, suggests Jewish reforms, I 331, 386 Frank, Helena, English translator of Peretz' works, III 62 Frank, Jacob, Polish-Jewish sectarian, born in Podolia, I 211 settles in Wallachia, I 212 travels as salesman in Turkey, I 212 joins, and later heads, Turkish Sabbatians, I 212 banished by Polish authorities to Turkey, I 213 regarded as reincarnation of Sabbatai Zevi, I 214 reappears in Podolia, I 216 submits to preliminary baptism in Lemberg, I 217 appears for final baptism in Warsaw, I 217 f Polish king acts as godfather of, I 218 poses as Messiah, I 218 arrested in Warsaw, I 218 imprisoned in Chenstokhov, I 219 f freed by invading Russian troops, I 219 escapes to Brünn (Moravia), I 219 moves to Vienna, I 220 settles in Offenbach (Germany), I 220 supported in Offenbach by adherents in Poland, I 283 See Frankists Frank, Mendel, rabbi of Brest, receives large powers from Polish king, I 73, 104 f Frankfort-on-the-Main, Naphtali Cohen, Polish Cabalist and Sabbatian, settles in, I 204 Offenbach, in neighborhood of, residence of Jacob Frank, I 220 Oppenheim, Jewish painter, resident of, II 67 place of publication, II 202 Frankists, adherents of Jacob Frank, hold mystical services and engage in excesses, I 213 f excommunicated by rabbis, I 214 address themselves to Demboviski, Catholic bishop, I 214 denounce Talmud and recognize Trinity, I 214 call themselves "Contra-Talmudists," and "Zoharists," I 214 bishop arranges disputation between, and rabbis, I 214 f acknowledged victorious in disputation and awarded fine, I 215 obtain safe-conduct from Polish king, I 215 offer to embrace Christianity, I 216 hold second disputation with rabbis, I 216 f accuse Jews of ritual murder, I 216 f large number of, baptized at Lemberg, I 217 remain loyal to Frank, I 218, 283 follow Frank to Chenstokhov, his place of imprisonment, I 219 settle with Frank in Offenbach, I 220 Sabbatian movement compromised by, I 222 shunned and despised by Poles, I 283 ultimately absorbed by Poles, I 230 Frederic, Harold, quoted, II 378 Freeman, see Lieberman, A. Frederick of Austria, Jewish charter of, used as model by Polish rulers, I 45 Frederick II., The Great, annexes Polish territory, I 262 Frederick Augustus, Saxon king, made ruler of duchy of Warsaw, I 297 receives report of Council of Ministers, opposing Jewish emancipation, I 299 issues decree, postponing Jewish emancipation for ten years (1808), I 299 receives anti-Jewish report from Polish Senate, I 302 Frelinghuysen, Frederic T., American Secretary of State, expresses regret at treatment of Russian Jews, II 294 Friedlaender, Israel, quoted, II 235 translator of Dubnow, III 52 translator of Ahad Ha'am, III 60 Friedländer, David, submits memorandum to Polish Government, suggesting reform of Polish Jewry, II 90 f followers of, in Warsaw, plead for secular culture, I 386 Friedman, Jewish deputy to Third Duma, III 153 complains about Jewish disabilities, III 157 Friesel, governor of Vilna, invites Polish nobility of Lithuania to express opinion on Jews, I 325 f submits opinion of nobility to Senate with his own memorandum, I 326 urges Jewish cultural reforms, I 327 Frischman, David, Hebrew writer, III 60 Frug, Simon, Russian and Yiddish poet, III 63 resides in St. Petersburg as "flunkey," II 345 glorifies emigration, II 330 pictures despair of Russian Jewry, II 371 appeals for victims of Kishinev massacres, III 78 Fünn, Samuel Joseph, Jewish historian and writer, II 136 editor of Pirhe Tzafon, II 136; and ha-Karmel, II 217 Gabbaim, directors of Kahal institutions, I 107 "gentlemen in waiting" of Tzaddiks, II 120 Galatia (Asia Minor), Jewish communities in, I 14 Galatovski, Ukrainian writer, quoted, I 205 Galicia, divided into Eastern and Western, I 53 annexed by Austria (1772), I 187, 262 Sabbatian propaganda in, I 208, 210 f intellectual development of Jews in, contrasted with North-west, I 221 Besht, founder of Hasidism, active in, I 223 Hasidism spreads in, I 229, 274 type of Tzaddik in, I 233 rabbis of, excommunicate Hasidim, I 237 Tzaddik of Sadagora (Bukovina) attracts Hasidim from, II 121 I. B. Levinsohn associates with Maskilim of, II 125 f; contrasted with them, II 127 Haskalah carried from, to Odessa, II 133 Hebrew publications of, imitated in Vilna, II 136 Meisels, rabbi of Cracow, joins Polish patriots in, II 179 Baron Hirsch establishes schools in, II 416 Hebrew writers in, III 163; see Russia (Red), Lemberg, and Yaroslav Galicia, Eastern, see Russia, Red Uniat Church in, I 141 Galilee, Jewish colonies in, II 375 Gamrat, Peter, bishop of Cracow, condemns woman to death for adhering to Jewish doctrine, I 79 leads agitation against Jews, I 81 f Ganganelli, cardinal, later Pope Clement XIV., defends Polish Jews against ritual murder charges, I 179 f Gania, Cossack leader, perpetrates Jewish massacre in Niemirov, I 146 Gans, David, work of, copied by Halperin, Polish-Jewish chronicler, I 201 Gaons, heads of Babylonian Jewry, I 20 Gaon of Bagdad corresponds with early Russian rabbis, I 33 Gaon of Vilna, see Elijah of Vilna Gapon, Russian priest and demagogue, III 106 Gatchina, near St. Petersburg, secret conferences of high Russian dignitaries held at, II 244 f Jewish deputation received by Alexander III. at, II 261 Geiger, Abraham, quoted, I 136 corresponds with Lilienthal, II 67 Gemara, term explained, II 114; see Talmud Gendarmerie, see Police Genoa, commercial colony of, in Crimea, I 33 f Germany, Poland commercially dependent on, I 39; and religiously, I 40 f, 44 Polish rulers welcome settlers from, I 43 f; bestow upon them autonomy (Magdeburg Law), I 44 Jews of, carry on commerce with Slav countries, I 39 Jewish delegation from, pleads for admission of Jews to Poland, I 40 Jews of, immigrate to Poland, I 33, 41, 66 anti-Jewish hatred in Poland fed from, I 57; fostered by German burghers in Poland, I 95 Polish-Jewish pilgrims to Palestine pass through, I 209 Jacob Frank settles in, I 220 Jews of Slav lands culturally dependent on, I 33; invite rabbis from, I 43 Jews of, apply to Polish rabbis for religious advice, I 125 grandfather of Solomon Luria native of, I 124 Haskalah originates in, I 239, 384 ff Polish Jews contrasted with Jews of, I 386 Hebrew publications of, imitated in Vilna, II 136 Russian-Jewish students in, II 381 Hebrew writers in, III 163 Doctor Herzl negotiates with emperor of, III 46 penalty of Spiessruten introduced into Russia from, II 85 See Prussia and Berlin Gershon Kutover, see Kutover Gershuni, member of Social-revolutionary party, III 67 Ghederah, Jewish colony in Judea, II 375 Gher (Poland), see Goora Kalvaria Ghetto, separate Jewish quarter in cities, creation of, demanded by Polish Church, I 48, 57 in Cracow, I 64, 85 in Moghilev (on the Dnieper), I 98 f in Posen, I 85 in Vilna, I 99 in Warsaw, I 269 former Moscow Gh. called Glebov Yard, II 403 Gicatilla, Joseph, Cabalist, work of, published in Poland, I 134 Giers, De, Russian minister for Foreign Affairs, discusses Jewish question with American Government, II 293, 396 Ginzberg, Asher, see Ahad Ha'am Ginzburg, Mordecai Aaron, Hebrew writer, II 133 f translates German works into Hebrew, II 134 influences formation of neo-Hebraic style, II 134 Giovio, Paolo, Italian scholar, I 242 Gladkov, instigator of pogrom in Starodub, II 411 f Gladstone, English Prime Minister, cultivates friendly relations with Russia, II 287 f appealed to by Mansion House Meeting on behalf of Russian Jews, II 290 answers interpellation concerning Russian Jews, II 291 f Glebov Yard, former Ghetto in Moscow, raided by police, II 403 Glogau (Germany), Solomon Maimon buried in, I 240 Gmina, Polish name for Congregation, II 102 Gnesen (Province of Posen), oldest Polish diocese, I 47 seat of Polish primate, I 82 Council of Breslau demands introduction of canonical laws into diocese of, I 47 f archbishop of, attends Synod of Constance and presides over Synod of Kalish, I 57 John Casimir, primate of, becomes Polish king, I 151 God, conception of, by Besht, I 225 f Goeje, De, quoted, I 23 Goethe, impressed by autobiography of Solomon Maimon, I 240 Goetz, F., author of pamphlet defending Jews, II 389 Gogol, Russian writer, anti-Jewish tendency of, 138 f "Going to the People," phase of Russian revolutionary movement, term explained, II 222 practised by Russian-Jewish intelligenzia, II 222 Golitzin, Count, Minister of Ecclesiastic Affairs, associate of Alexander I. in Christian mysticism, I 392, 396 president of Russian Bible Society, I 396 all Jewish matters transferred to, I 394 communicates with Kahals through "Deputies of Jewish People," I 394 receives protest of deputies against blood accusation, II 74 prohibits blood accusation by decree, II 74 f extends prohibition of blood accusation to Poland, II 99 advises dissolution of Society of Israelitish Christians, I 400 orders investigation of "Judaizing heresy," I 401 accuses Jews of proselytizing, I 404 suggests prohibition of keeping Christian domestics, I 404 discharged, I 395 Gonta, Cossack leader, engineers Jewish massacre, I 184 ff Goora Kalvaria (Polish, Gora Kalwarza; Yiddish, Gher), hasidic dynasty of, popular in Warsaw, II 122 Gorchakov, viceroy of Poland, receives deputation of revolutionary Poles, II 180 opposes Jewish rights at Berlin Congress, II 202 Gordin, Jacob, founds anti-talmudic sect, II 333 f becomes Jewish playwright in America, II 325 Gordon, Judah Leib, Hebrew poet, champion of Haskalah, II 228 secretary of Society of Diffusion of Enlightenment, II 229 attacks traditional Judaism, II 129 ff champions emigration from Russia, II 328 dies (1892), III 63 Goremykin, Minister of Interior, pursues reactionary policy, III 9, 16, 135 Gorgippia (Crimea), now called Anapa, ancient Jewish settlement in, I 14 Gorodnya (near Chernigov), alleged ritual murder at, reported to Peter the Great, I 247 f Gotovtzev, Assistant-Minister of Interior, chairman of Central Committee for Revision of Jewish Question, II 227 Gotz, member of Social Revolutionary party, III 67 Government (province), governor, and governor-general, terms explained, I 308 Grace, William R., mayor of New York, presides at protest meeting, II 296 Granville, Lord, English Secretary for Foreign Affairs, receives Anglo-Jewish deputation on subject of pogroms, II 262 f receives resolutions of Mansion House Meeting, II 290 Grazdanin ("The Citizen"), anti-Semitic Russian paper, II 380, 381, 412 Great Poland, see Poland, Great Greeks, immigration of ancient Greeks into Tauris and Crimea, I 13 f export grain from Tauris and Crimea, I 14 Jews follow in wake of, I 14 language of, spoken by Jews of Tauris, I 16 compete with Jews in Odessa, II 191 make pogrom upon Jews of Odessa, II 192 f Greek-Orthodox Church, oppressed in Poland, I 91 f; and Ukraine, I 140 ff "Gregor, Horowitz & Kohan," semi-Jewish firm of Russian army purveyors, II 202, 244 Greig, Russian Admiral, member of Council of State, pleads for Jews, II 37 Gresser, city-governor of St. Petersburg, persecutes Jews, II 343 f issues ordinance concerning Jewish names, II 397 f deports Moscow fugitives, II 410 Grigoryev, member of Committee for Amelioration of Jews, pleads for maintenance of Pale, I 196 Grigoryev, city-governor of Odessa, dismissed for restraining "Black Hundred," III 151 Grodno (city), meeting-place of Polish Diet, I 76 important Jewish community in, I 59, 73 Jews of, expelled, I 65; and allowed to return, I 70 f Jews of, assure Sigismund I. of loyalty to country, I 81 Poles of, antagonistic to Russia (1812), I 357 Jews of, entrusted with police duty, I 357 blood accusation in, II 73, 80 Jewish community of, represented on Polish Council, (Waad Aria Aratzoth), I 110; and later on Lithuanian Council, I 112 Mordecai Jaffe rabbi of, I 127 Sundel Sonnenberg, army purveyor and Jewish deputy, native of, I 358 Grodno (province, or government), annexed by Russia (1795), I 297 included in Pale (1795), I 317; (1835), II 39 invited by Russian Government to send deputies, I 349 Jews expelled from villages of (1827), II 30 f placed under military dictatorship of Muravyov, II 188 Cities in: Druskeniki, II 377 Ruzhany, I 162 Zelva, I 237 Grudinski, convert, accuses Jews of ritual murder, II 80 Gruzenberg, Russian-Jewish lawyer, acts as counsel for Blondes, accused of ritual murder, III 37 defends Dashevski, assailant of Krushevan, III 82 defends Jews of Kishinev, III 91 Gruzin (Crimea), I 26 Gudovich, Count, governor-general of South-west, rebuked for interfering with Jewish deputation to Paul I., I 325 Guido, papal legate, convenes Church Council of Breslau, I 47 Guilds, mercantile, in Poland, I 44; see Merchants trade Guilds, in Poland, I 44; see Trade-Unions Guizolfi, Zechariah, Italian Jew, owns Taman Peninsula, I 36 corresponds with Ivan III. of Moscow, I 36 Guizot, French Premier, supports schemes of Russian-Jewish emigration to Algiers, II 69 Gumbiner, Abel, head of yeshibah in Kalish, Hebrew author, I 200 Gumplovich, Polish-Jewish writer and assimilator, II 213 Günzberg, Baron Joseph Yozel, leader of St. Petersburg community, petitions Alexander II. on behalf of victim of ritual murder accusation, II 152 petitions Alexander II. for privileges to Jews, II 159 f founder of Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment, II 214 Günzburg, Baron Horace, son of former, waits on Vladimir, brother of Alexander III., II 260 member of Jewish deputation to Alexander III., 261 calls conference of notables in St. Petersburg, II 277, 304 acts as link between Jews and Pahlen Commission, I 337 petitions Government to allow Jews purchase of land for personal use, III 24 Gurko, governor-general of Odessa, suggests restrictive school-norm for Jews, II 339 Gurnitzki, Lucas, Polish writer, quoted, I 79 f Gymnazium, secondary school, name explained, II 164 right of residence outside Pale proposed for graduates of, II 164 restrictive percentage at, intensified, III 29, 158; but not applied to girls, III 30 award of graduation certificates restricted in case of Jews, III 159 Pro-gymnazium, name explained, III 29 See Education and School Gzheslik, Jewish tailor, accused of desecrating host, I 101 Ha-Asif, Hebrew Periodical, II 372, III 58 Habad, adherents of "rational Hasidism," term explained, I 234 centered in White Russia, I 234, II 117 Polish Tzaddiks compared with those of, II 123 See Shneorsohn, Zalman Haber, title of Jewish educated layman, I 117 Ha-Emet, socialistic periodical in Hebrew, II 223 Hague Conference, the, calling of, prompts Nicholas II. to stop pogroms, III 35 f Haidamacks, rebellious Ukrainian peasants, name explained, I 182, II 138 massacre Jews (1648), I 49; (1734 and 1750), I 182; (1768), I 182 ff massacres of, described by Gogol, II 138 f Haimovich, Avigdor, rabbi of Pinsk, informs against Hasidim, I 377 f Haint, Yiddish daily in Warsaw, III 162 Ha-Karmel, Hebrew weekly, in Vilna, II 217 Ha-Kol, Hebrew periodical in Königsberg, II 223 Halevi, David, called Taz, rabbi of Lemberg and Ostrog, I 130 author of commentary on Shulhan Arukh, I 130 receives letter and present from Sabbatai Zevi, I 206 f Halevi, Isaiah, son of former member of Polish-Jewish delegation to Sabbatai Zevi, I 206 Halperin, banker of Berdychev, member of rabbinical commission, II 57 Halperin, Jehiel, rabbi of Minsk, Hebrew chronicler, I 200 f Ha-Maggid, Hebrew weekly, II 217 Hamburg, Solomon Maimon resides in, I 239 Moscow refugees in, II 420 Ha-Melitz, Hebrew weekly, in St. Petersburg, edited by Zederbaum, II 204, 217 f publishes Lilienblum's articles, II 236 champions "Love of Zion" movement, II 332 becomes daily, II 372, III 58 Handicrafts; see Artisans Hannover, Nathan, of Zaslav, historian, describes Council of Four Lands, I 111 pictures Jewish intellectual life in Poland, I 116 ff gives account of Khmelnitzki massacres, I 157 Hanukkah, king of Khazars, I 26 Hardenberg, Prussian representatives at Congress at Aix-la-Chapelle, I 399 Harkavy, quoted, I 23 Harrison, President of United States, publishes diplomatic papers bearing on Russian Jews, II 294, 394 describes, in message to Congress, plight of Russian Jewry, II 408 f Hasdai Ibn Shaprut, of Cordova, corresponds with king of Khazars, I 24 ff Ha-Shahar, Hebrew monthly, edited by Smolenskin, II 218, 234 publishes Gordon's epics, II 229 champions "Love of Zion" movement, II 332 Ha-Shiloah, Hebrew monthly, edited by Ahad Ha'am, and later by Klausner, III 58, 162 f Hasidim, adherents of Judah Hasid, I 209 emigrate to Palestine, I 209 ff adherents of Hasidism; see Hasidism struggle between H. and old-orthodox (Mithnagdim), I 238, 274, 278, 375 f H. of Vilna rejoice over death of Gaon, I 375 granted right of secession by Statute of 1804, I 356, 379 H. of Old-Constantinov "protest" against Nicholas I., II 22 H. of Poland refuse to discard Jewish dress, II 145 Hasidism, founded by Besht, I 222 doctrine of, expounded by Besht, I 22, 224 ff counteracts Rabbinism, I 224 f; and Messianism, I 222; and Asceticism, I 227 propagated by Besht's apostles, I 229 ff opposes Haskalah, I 238 f bitterly opposed by Elijah of Vilna, I 236 ff, 372 ff spread of, I 231 f triumph of, I 371 f growth of, under Alexander I., I 381 ff stagnation of, under Nicholas I., II 116 ff in North (White Russia and Lithuania), I 381 f, II 117 f in South (Ukraina), I 382 f, II 119 ff in Poland, I 384, II 122 f retrogressive character of, I 278, II 124 encourages use of alcohol, II 124 f restrictions against, suggested by Friesel, governor of Vilna, I 327 denounced by rabbi of Pinsk, as dangerous to Russian Government, I 378 extermination of, recommended by Kalmansohn, I 385 criticized by David Friedländer, II 90 attacked, or silently opposed, by I. B. Levinsohn, II 127 f subjected to rigorous censorship (1864), II 212 literature of, declared by I. B. Levinsohn as dangerous to State, II 130 See Hasidim, Tzaddiks, and Shneor Zalman Haskalah, attempt to harmonize Jewish and secular culture, term explained, II 125 originated by Mendelssohn in Germany, I 238 f, II 125 opposed by Rabbinism and Hasidism, I 238 f hated by Nahman of Bratzlav, I 383 Solomon Maimon influenced by, I 239 effect of, on Jews of Warsaw, I 284, 384 ff championed by Jacques Kalmansohn, I 385 need of, for Polish Jews, emphasized by David Friedländer, II 90; and followers, I 386 advocated by Frank in White Russia, I 331, 386 carried to St. Petersburg, I 386 ff Max Lilienthal appeals to adherents of (Maskilim), II 53 preached by Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 125 ff center of, in Odessa, II 132 f center of, in Vilna, II 134, 136 f aims of adherents of, in Vilna, II 136 f. persecuted adherents of, escape through baptism, II 132 adherents of, lean on Russian Government, II 137 Russian H. compared with German, II 137 f becomes more aggressive, II 210, 224 stimulates neo-Hebraic style and literature, II 132 ff, 210 advocated by Jewish press, II 217, 332 f championed by M. L. Lilienblum, II 236 adherents of, portrayed by Mapu, II 228 See Education, Neo-Hebraic Literature, and School Ha-Tzefirah, Hebrew weekly in Warsaw, advocates Haskalah, II 333 edited by Sokolow, III 60 becomes a daily, II 372, III 58, 162 Hausfreund, Yiddish periodical, III 59 Hayyun, emissary of Sabbatai Zevi, I 204 Hazakah, priority of possession, term explained, II 188 grant of, must be sanctioned by Kahal, I 190, II 188 matters relating to, decided by Council of Four Lands, I 111 Ha-Zeman, Hebrew daily in Vilna, III 162 Hebrew, language, importance of, emphasized by Smolenskin, II 134 f position of, in Jewish life, forms party issue, III 161 promoted by Zionism, III 45 restoration of, II 133, 135, 225 modern H. (Neo-Hebraic) literature, beginnings of, I 388 f rise of, II 132 ff renaissance of, II 224 ff, III 58 ff, 162 f cultivated by Haskalah, II 132-ff, 210, 224 H. writers hail from Lithuania, II 238 H. press, beginnings of, II 217 f preaches Haskalah, II 217 recent revival of, III 58 f See also Language Heder, traditional Jewish school, imparts elementary education, I 114 Bible and Talmud principal subjects of instruction at, I 114, 121 secular subjects excluded from I 277 left to private initiative, but supervised by Kahal, I 114 pupils of, examined weekly by head of yeshibah, I 118 attendance at, compulsory for boys, I 114, 121 negative effects of, I 277 shortened attendance at, suggested by Dyerzhavin, I 333 criticised by Russian Council of State, II 49 abolition of, suggested by Lilienthal, II 53 defended by Rabbinical Commission, II 57 placed under Government supervision (1812), II 56; (1856), II 176 keepers of (Melammeds) required to possess secular education (1844), II 58 recognized by ukase of 1879, II 177 6,000 H's, in Russian South-west, II 194 legalized and restricted to religious subjects (1893), II 427 f See Education, School, and Yeshibah Heder, for poor children, called Talmud Torah, maintained by public funds, I 114 f pupils of, examined weekly by trustee, I 118 provided for, by Council of Four Lands, I 195 established in Moscow, III 13 Helena, Russian princess, sympathizes with "Judaizing heresy," I 36 Helfman, Hesia, participates in plot against Alexander II., II 244 Heliconias, name of Greek-speaking Jew, I 115 Heller, Lipman, rabbi of Cracow, describes persecutions of 1648, I 58 Helsingfors (Finland), Russian Zionists hold Convention at, III 144 f "H. Program" gradually weakened, III 146 Heniochi, tribe, I 15 Hennadius, archbishop of Novgorod, combats "Judaizing heresy," I 37 Henry of Valois, elected king of Poland, I 89 Heracles, name of slave freed by Crimean Jewess, I 15 Herem (Excommunication), right of, granted by Polish kings to rabbi of Brest (1531), I 73, 105; to rabbis of Great Poland (1551), I 106; to Kahals of Lithuania (1672), I 190 proclaimed against Sabbatians by rabbis assembled at Lemberg (1722), I 211; (1725), I 211 issued against Frankists by rabbis assembled at Brody, I 214 issued against Hasidim by rabbinical court of Vilna (1722), I 237; by rabbis assembled at Brody, I 237; and at Zelva (Grodno), I 237; reaffirmed by Elijah of Vilna (1796), I 373 f new H. against Hasidim contemplated by Kahal of Vilna (1797), I 375 issued by Kahal of Vilna against Simeon Volfovich (1788), I 276 Jews of Minsk complain about abuse of (1782), I 275 prohibited by Statute of 1804, I 344 prohibition of, occasionally disregarded, I 367 power of, criticised by Polish assimilationists, II 101 secret exercise of, alleged by Brafman, II 188 Hernish, Stanislav, Polish-Jewish patriot, II 105 refutes Polish attacks upon Jews, II 109 Hershel, Ostropoler. See Ostropoler Hershko, name of Jewish "arendar," I 266 Hertzen, Alexander, liberal Russian writer, describes sufferings of cantonists, II 24 f influences Russian-Jewish intelligenzia, II 207 Herzl, Theodor, aroused by Dreyfus Affair, III 42 f publishes Judenstaat, III 43 compared with Pinsker, III 43 revives hopes of Hobebe Zion, III 43 f speeches of, discussed in Russia, III 47 author of Altneuland, III 48 visit of, to Russia, III 82 ff negotiates with Plehve, III 83 f; and Lamsdorff, III 84 greeted enthusiastically by Russian Zionist, III 84 criticized by non-Zionists, III 84 lays Uganda project before Sixth Zionist Congress, III 84 death of, mourned by Seventh Zionist Congress, III 144 Hetman, name explained, I 143, 192, 250 head of Cossacks, I 143 Khmelnitzki elected to post of, I 144 H. of Lithuania sends instructions to Kahal of Brest, I 192 H. of Little Russia pleads for admission of Jews, I 250, 260 Hezekiah, king of Khazars, I 26 Hirsch, Baron Maurice, II 413 proposes to establish arts and crafts schools in Russia, II 415 proposal of, declined by Russian Government, II 415 representatives of, offer Pobyedonostzev large contribution, II 415 applies funds intended for Russia to schools in Galicia, II 416 sends expedition to Argentina, II 416 sends Arnold White to Russia, II 416 ff founds Jewish Colonization Association, II 414, 419 obtains permission of Russian Government to regulate emigration, II 420 issues appeal, warning against emigration, II 420 scheme of, results in failure, II 421, III 10 Hirsh Kaidanover, see Kaidanover Hirshovich, Abraham, Polish court broker, submits project of Jewish reforms to King Stanislav Augustus, I 284 Historiography, Jewish, in Russia, III 65 Hobebe Zion, see Zionism Hollaenderski, Polish-Jewish patriot and writer, lives as exile in Paris, II 109 Holland, Peter the Great in, I 246 Antonio Sanchez, Russian court physician, invited from, I 258 See Amsterdam Horodno, Nehman of, disciple of Besht, I 227 Homel (government of Moghilev), massacre under Khmelnitzki at (1648), I 149 pogrom at (1903), III 87 ff self-defence organized by Jews of, III 87 f pogrom at, condoned by governor of Moghilev, III 89 misrepresented in official documents, III 89 described as act of revenge by Jews, III 101 tried by Russian court, III 101 ff Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights, III 108 Horowitz, Isaiah, Cabalist, author of Sheloh, I 135 Horowitz, Sheftel, son of former, rabbi of Posen and Hebrew author, I 135 author of liturgy describing catastrophe of 1648, I 158 Horvitz, Russian-Jewish writer, attacked by Russian periodical, II 207 f defended in public protest of Russian writers, II 208 Host Desecration, Charge of, causes death of Jews in Posen (1399), I 55, 95, 174; and Sokhachev (1556), I 86 f forbidden by Sigismund II. (1566), I 88; and Stephen Batory (1576), I 89 used as pretext to expel Jews of Cracow (1635), I 101 of frequent occurrence at end of 17th century, I 172 Hoym, Prussian minister, carries out Jewish reforms in annexed Polish provinces, I 385 Hugo, Victor, protests against Jewish persecutions in Russia, II 326 Hungary, geographical position of, I 25, 150 adopts Magdeburg Law, I 44 Church Council (of Buda) in, I 49 Louis of, king of Poland, persecutes Jews, I 54 Husiatyn (Galicia), place of publication, I 123 Huss, influence of, penetrates into Poland, I 57 adherents of, persecuted, I 62 Ibn Fakih, Arabic geographer, quoted, I 23 Ibn Khordadbeh, Arabic geographer, quoted, I 23 Ibn Shaprut, see Hasdai, I Ibn Sharzi, Arabic writer, quoted, I 23 Ignatyev, Nicholas Pavlovich, Russian statesman, militant pan-Slavist, II 259 ambassador at Constantinople, II 259 nicknamed "Father of Lies," II 259 member of reactionary "Sacred League," II 248 appointed Minister of Interior, II 259 ascribes pogroms to revolutionary propaganda, II 259 f changes attitude, II 261 refuses to submit memorandum in defence of Jews to Tzar, II 262 shows indifference to pogrom victims, II 263 ascribes pogroms to economic exploitation of Jews, II 271 f issues circular condemning economic activities of Jews, II 273 influences Central Committee for Revision of Jewish Question, II 277 receives deputation of Jewish Notables, II 277 calls upon Jews to leave Russia, II 285, 297 Ignatyev directed to appoint Gubernatorial Commissions, II 272, 363 circular of, read to Gubernatorial Commissions, II 274; quoted by Cardinal Manning at London protest meeting, II 289 disregards protests in England, II 292 permits holding of Jewish Conference in St. Petersburg, II 304 holds Jews responsible for pogroms, II 305 considers settlement of Jews on steppes of Central Asia, II 306 suggests "Temporary Rules," II 311 makes concessions to Committee of Ministers, II 311, 318 connivance at pogroms causes downfall of, II 314 downfall of, checks plan of Jewish emigration from Russia, II 414 Illarion, Metropolitan of, preaches hatred against Jews, I 31 Illustratzia, Russian magazine, attacks Jews, II 207 f causes public protest of Russian literateurs, II 208 Ilovaiski, professor, of Moscow, opposed to Jews, II 387 Ilya (government of Vilna), home of Menashe Ilyer, II 114 Ilyer, Menashe (Manasseh), Talmudist with modern tendencies, II 114 ff acquires modern culture, II 114 criticises spiritual leaders, II 115 book of, burned, II 115 pleads for modifications of religious law, II 115 unappreciated by contemporaries, II 116 Imperial Messenger (Pravityelstvyenny Vyestnik), official organ of Russian Government, minimizes pogroms, II 255 warns against pogrom protests, II 291 foreshadows new pogroms, II 299 criticised by Moscow News, II 299 Informing and Informers, see Mesirah Inkerman, Heights of, near Sevastopol, Jewish soldiers killed at, II 149 Inns (and Taverns), keeping of, forms important Jewish pursuit, I 265, 362 Jews in White Russia forbidden from, I 311 permitted by Senate, I 312 forbidden by Statute of 1804, I 342 f See Arendar, Propinatzya, and Villages Innocent IV., pope, bull of, condemning ritual murder libel (1247), referred to, I 179 Intelligenzia, Jewish, in Russia, assimilation of, II 206 ff in league with Russian Government, II 211 f indifferent to things Jewish, II 212 Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment acts on behalf of, II 215 disillusionment of, II 324 ff Interior, Russian, the (Russian empire outside Pale of Settlement), barred to Jews of annexed White Russia (1790, 1791), I 316 Jewish manufacturers, merchants, and artisans permitted to sojourn temporarily in (1804), I 344 Governments of Astrakhan and Caucasia in, opened to Jewish agriculturists (1804), I 342 f Council of State considers admission of Jewish merchants into, II 35 f; negatived by Nicholas I., II 36 Jews admitted into, on temporary "furlough" (1835), II 40 Jews, illegally residing in, severely punished (1838), II 42 prominent Jews of St. Petersburg plead for opening of (1856), II 160 admission of Jews into, discussed by Council of State and "Jewish Committee," II 161 ff Jewish guild merchants admitted into (1859), II 162 Jews with learned degrees admitted into (1861), II 166 Jews with higher education admitted into (1879), II 167 Jewish artisans (mechanics and distillers) admitted into (1865), II 170 Jews begin to settle in, II 171 Alexander II. refuses to admit "Nicholas soldiers" into, II 171; but yields (1867), II 172 discharged Jewish soldiers barred from (1874), II 354 f "Jewish Committee" discusses admission of Jews into (1880), II 196 ff five "Gubernatorial Commissions" advocate opening of, II 275 "illegal" Jews in, persecuted, II 342 ff, 385 old settlers from among "illegal" Jews permitted to remain in (1880), II 404 admission of Jews to schools in, restricted to 5% (1887), II 350; restriction placed on Statute books (1908), III 158 admission of Jews to universities in, restricted to 3% (1898), III 29 pogrom in (Nizhni-Novgorod), II 360 Government endeavors to annul admission of privileged Jews into, II 399 expulsion of Jews from, II 428 barred to Jews (under Nicholas II.), III 20 f Jewish soldiers forbidden to spend furlough in (1896), III 21 Jews in, forbidden to acquire real estate in villages (1903), III 81 attempt to expel families of mobilized Jewish soldiers from, III 95 Jewish veterans of Russian-Japanese War and families of other privileged Jews admitted into (1904), III 98 f pogroms in (October, 1905), III 130 expulsion of Jews from (under Nicholas II.), III 157 See Pale of Settlement, and Residence, Right of Ionian Islands, emigration from, to Black Sea settlements, I 13 f Iphicleides, name of Greek-speaking Jew, I 15 Isaac, king of Khazars, I 26 Isaac, of Chernigov, corresponds with Gaon in Bagdad, I 33 Isaac, Jewish physician at Polish court, I 132 Isaac ben Jacob, see Alfasi Isaacs, Henry, Lord Mayor of London, disapproves of protest meeting against pogroms, II 382 Ishmaelites, see Mohammedans Ispravnik, title of Russian official, II 301, 409 Israel, son of Shakhna, succeeds his father as rabbi of Lublin, I 123 Israel, of Ruzhany, executed on ritual murder charge, I 162 f Israel, Baal-Shem-Tob, called Besht, founder of Hasidism, I 222 ff born in Podolia, I 222 sent to heder, I 222 neglects studies, I 222 strange conduct of, I 222 studies Practical Cabala, I 222 f settles in Brody, I 223 marries sister of rabbi, I 223 retires to solitude in Carpathian mountains, I 223 occupies humble position in Tlusta (Galicia), I 223 considered an ignoramus, I 223 begins to practise as Baal-Shem, I 223 reputed as miracle-worker, I 224 called "good Baal-Shem," or Baal-Shem-Tob, I 224 disparages exclusive Talmud study, I 224, 226 recognizes authority of Cabala, I 224 objects to Cabalistic asceticism, I 224, 226 inculcates cheerfulness, I 225 emphasizes faith and prayer, I 225, 226 f settles in Medzhibozh (Podolia), I 225 doctrine of, I 225 f evolves belief in Tzaddik, I 227 disciples of, I 227 f acknowledged by rabbi of Brody, I 228 sends epistle to Palestine, I 228 believed to associate with biblical prophets, I 228 popular discourses of, I 228 laments conversion of Frankists, I 229 takes part in Frankist disputation, I 229 sayings of, selected by disciple, I 230, 237 See also Hasidism and Hasidim Israel, of Kozhenitz, leader of Hasidim in duchy of Warsaw, I 384 successors of, II 122 Israel, of Ruzhin (government of Kiev), hasidic leader, keeps magnificent court, II 120 arouses suspicions of governor-general, I 120 f arrested, I 121 flees to Sadagora (Bukovina), I 121 dynasty of, branches out, I 221 contests supremacy of Joshua Heshel Apter, II 121 Isserles, Moses (Remo), son of Kahal elder in Cracow, I 123 pupil of Shakhna of Lublin, I 123 judge and head of yeshibah in Cracow, I 123 writes commentary on Turim, I 123 adds notes to Shulhan Arukh, I 124 makes Shulhan Arukh great factor in Polish Jewry, I 130 differs from Solomon Luria, I 126 disparages mysticism, I 126 favors moderate philosophy, I 126 studies Maimonides' Moreh, I 126, 132 teacher of Mordecai Jaffe, I 127 method of, contrasted with that of Jaffe, I 128 method of, looked down upon by Meir of Lublin, I 129 unequalled by successors, I 199 Istumin, Pobyedonostzev's agent in Moscow, II 401 Italy, influence of, extends to Crimea, I 34 Guizolfi, Jew from Italy, owns Tanan Peninsula, I 36 Master Leon, Jew from, physician at Moscow court, I 37 Jews of, apply to Polish rabbis for religious advice, I 125 Jewish physicians in Poland originate from, I 132, or receive medical training in, I 132 Delacruta, founder of Polish Cabala, born in, I 134 work of Recanati, Italian Cabalist, studied in Poland, I 134 Calahora, native of, executed in Cracow, I 164 f Judah Ilasid studies Practical Cabala in, I 208 Polish-Jewish pilgrims to Palestine pass through, I 209 Itche (Isaac) Meier Alter, head of Gher Hasidim, has many adherents in Warsaw, II 122 Ityl, ancient name for Volga, I 19, 26 name of Khazar capital, I 19 Itzele, Rabbi, see Zelikin Itzhaki, Itzhok (Isaac), head of Volozhin yeshibah, member of Rabbinical Commission, II 57 Ivan III., grand duke of Moscow, I 29 assisted by Crimean Jews in negotiations with Khan, I 35 corresponds with Guizolfi, Italian Jew, I 36 orders burning of "Judaizers," I 37 executes his Jewish body-physician, I 37 Ivan IV., The Terrible, Tzar of Moscow, I 29 refuses to admit Lithuanian Jews into Russia, I 243 orders drowning of Jews of Polotzk, I 243 Izyaslav, former name for government of Volhynia, I 317 Jacob Itzhok (Isaac), of Lublin, pioneer of Hasidism in Poland, I 384 Jacob (Nahman), of Belzhytz, Polish court physician, I 136 author of polemical treatise against Christianity, I 136 f Jacob Zelig (Selek, or Jelek), presents petition of Polish Jews to pope, I 179 f Jacob Ben Asher, author of Turim, work of, studied in Poland, I 118 Jacobs, Joseph, quoted, II 287 Jacobsohn, deputy to First Duma, reports on Bialystok pogrom, III 139 Jaffa (Palestine), Jewish agricultural settlements in neighborhood of, II 322 representative of Odessa Palestine Society in, II 422 gymnazium in, III 148 Jaffe, Mordecai, native of Bohemia, I 126 pupil of Isserles, I 126 rabbi of various Polish communities, I 126 presides over Council of Four Lands, I 126 author of elaborate code, entitled Lebushim, I 126 f method of, differs from that of Caro and Isserles, I 27; looked down upon by Meir of Lublin, 129 comments on Maimonides' Mareh, I 132 pupil of Delacruta, Cabalist, I 134 author of cabalistic commentary, I 134 unequalled by successors, I 199 Japanese, expel Russians from Kuantung (Shantung) Peninsula, III 94 destroy Russian fleet, III 110 Jews accused of alliance with, III 95 f Jastrow, Marcus, preacher in Warsaw, active in Polish Insurrection, II 179 ff rabbi in Philadelphia, II 179 Jehiel Michael, rabbi and head of yeshibah in Niemirov, killed in massacre (1648), I 146 Jelek, see Jacob Zelig Jeremiah, the prophet, teachings of, attacked by Judah Leib Gordon, II 230 Jerome, The Holy, quoted, I 17 Jerusalem, referred to by Khazarv king, I 27; and Khazar Jews, I 30 Polish-Jewish pilgrims arrive in, I 205 Gymnazium in, III 148 Jesuits, patronized by Stephen Batory, I 90 establish academy at Vilna, I 90 f grow in influence, I 91 derive financial benefit from ritual murder libel, I 96 hostile to Jews, I 97, 99 f effect of; on Polish people, I 171 invited in Posen to exorcise evil spirits, I 203 students of colleges of, assault Jews, I 95, 161; but in Vilna protect Jews, I 166 college of, in Vitebsk supplies anti-Jewish information, I 330 Jewish Chronicle, of London, quoted, II 262, 290, 292, 382 Jewish Colonial Trust, created by Zionists, III 45 financial weakness of, III 46 sale of shares of, forbidden in Russia, III 83 Jewish Colonization Association (ICA), founded by Baron Hirsch in London, II 414, 419 Central Committee of, established in St. Petersburg, II 420 transplants Jews to Argentina, II 421 refused permission to settle Jews as farmers in Russia, III 10 Jewish Historico-Ethnographic Society, in St. Petersburg, founded 1908, III 160 publishes periodical, III 160 Jewish Judge, attached to court of voyevoda, I 46 nominated by Jewish elders, I 191 appointed by voyevoda, I 46, 191 functions of, I 46, 191 tries cases between Jews, I 46, 52 sits in Kahal chamber, near synagogue, I 46, 52, 191 officiates in presence of Kahal elders, I 191 guided, in part, by Jewish law, I 191 Jewish Literary Society, in St. Petersburg, founded in 1908, III 160 dissolved (1911), III 161 Jewish National Fund, created by Zionists, III 45 collections for, forbidden in Russia, III 83 Jewish National Party (Volkspartei), in Russia based on principle of National-Cultural Autonomism, III 147 recognizes Jewish centers in America and Palestine, III 147 f Jewish People's Group, in Russia, opposes Zionism, III 146 satisfied with minimum of Jewish national rights, III 147 Jewish Publication Society of America, referred to, III 51, 60, 62 Joel Baal-Shem (miracle worker), of Zamoshch, I 203 John, Russian ecclesiastic, preaches hatred against Jews, I 31 John Albrecht, king of Poland (1492-1501), establishes ghetto in Cracow, I 64 permits expelled Lithuanian Jews to settle in Poland, I 65 grants right of distilling (propinatzya) to nobles (1496), I 67 attended by Jewish body-physician, 132 John Casimir (1648-1668), concludes peace with Khmelnitzki, I 151 permits baptized Jews to return to Judaism, I 151 anxious to compensate Jews for past sufferings, I 158 grants right of free commerce to Jews of Cracow, I 159 grants privileges to other communities, I 159 John Sobieski (1674-1696), protects Jews against enemies, I 165 f protects Jews of Vilna, I 166 Jorjan, Sea of, see Caspian Sea Joseph, king of Khazars, replies to letter of Hasdai Ibn Shaprut, I 25 ff Joseph II., emperor of Austria, engages in "reformatory" experiments, I 262 project of Jewish reforms in Poland influenced by policy of, I 271, 273 Toleration Act of (1782), II 30 Joseph Israel, see Benjamin III Joseph Kalish, Polish minter, I 42 Joseph, N. S., secretary of Russo-Jewish Committee in London, II 388 Josephus, historian, quoted, I 14 f Joshua Heshel Apter, see Apter Jost, refutes anti-Semitic book of Abbé Chiarini, II 104, quoted, I 390 Journal De St. Petersbourg, Russian official organ, refutes charge of pogroms, II 287 f Jud, Der, Yiddish weekly in Warsaw, III 59 Judæophobia, name for Russian anti-Semitism, II 247 growth of, II 378 ff contrasted with German anti-Semitism, II 6 Judah Ha-Nasi, compiler of the Mishnah, II 114 Judah Hasid, founds sect in Poland, I 208 f heads pilgrims to Palestine, I 209 dies in Jerusalem, I 210 Judah Leib, father of Jacob Frank, I 211 settles with son in Wallachia, I 212 "Judaizing Heresy," originated in Novgorod by Zechariah (15th century), I 36 carried to Moscow (1480), I 36 finds adherents at court, I 36 leaders of, burned at stake, I 37 checked, I 37 instills fear of Jews, I 37, 242, 249 spreads in Central Russia (1796), I 401 f severe measures adopted against (1823), I 402 f quoted by Senate as proof of Jewish proselytism, I 404 Reformation in Poland regarded as, I 79 f Christian rationalists in Poland nicknamed "Judaizers," I 136 Jude, Der, German-Jewish periodical, published by Riesser, II 219 Judea, part of Hellenistic Orient, I 14 Jewish colonies, in, II 375 Judicial Authority, see Courts Jüdisch-Deutsch, see Yiddish Jüdische Bibliothek, Yiddish periodical, edited by I. L. Peretz, III 59. Jüdische Volksbibliothek, Yiddish periodical, edited by Shalom Aleichem, III 59 Jüdischer Verlag, in Berlin, referred to, III 52 Jüdisches Volksblatt, Yiddish weekly in St. Petersburg, III 58 f Justinian, emperor of Byzantium, persecutes Jews, I 18 Jutrzenka ("The Dawn"), organ of Polish-Jewish assimilationists, II 213 Kaffa (now Theodosia), Crimea, maintains commercial relations with Kiev, I 33 becomes Genoese colony and international emporium, I 33 f Jews flock to, I 34 taken by Turks (1475), I 34 Khoza-Kokos, Jewish native of, exercises great influence, I 35 Jews, expelled from Lithuania, emigrate to, I 65 Kahal (Jewish community), under Polish régime, forms cultural, national, and civil entity, I 103 signifies "community" and "communal administration," I 105 autonomy of, recognized by Casimir the Great, I 52 fully established by Sigismund II. (1551), I 106 f organization of, I 106 f elections to, I 192 oligarchic character of, I 192 f functions of, I 107 f acts as fiscal agency, I 107, 181; and valued as such by Government, 189 f manages Jewish institutions, I 107 executes civil acts, I 107, 190 supervises elementary education, I 114 f has separate judiciary, I 83, 191 elders of, attached to general courts, I 84 K. chamber serves as a seat of judiciary, I 191 f relation of, to Polish authorities, I 191 federation of K's., I 104, 108 f, 112, 193, 196 f Conferences (or Waads), of federated K's., I 108 ff relation of K's. to one another, I 193 minor K's. called Pri-Kahalki, I 108, 193 autonomy of, stimulates learning, I 121; exerts beneficient effect on Jewish life, I 189 Polish Jews exhorted by rabbis to obey K's., I 188 f Blackmailed by Polish officials, I 169 K. of Brest ordered by authorities to hold elections (1719), I 192 K. of Lemberg receives constitution from voyevoda (1692), I 191 f court of Vilna K. excommunicates Hasidim (1772), I 237 K. of Vilna engages in litigation with rabbis, I 275 f financial indebtedness of K's., I 290 degeneration of, I 274 ff Jews of Minsk complain against (1782), I 275 Simeon Volfovich of Vilna urges abolition of (1788), I 276 abolition or curtailment of, urged by Poles, I 280 ff weakening of, recommended by Kalmansohn (1796), I 385 defended by Hirsch Yosefovich, rabbi of Khelm, I 283 supervision over, recommended by Abraham Hirschovich, I 284 abolition of, recommended by Committee of Polish Government (1815), II 89 abolition of, favored by Polish-Jewish assimilationists, II 101 criticised by David Friedländer, II 90 abolished in Poland (December 20, 1821-January 1, 1822), II 102 superseded by "Congregational Board," II 102 f See also Autonomy and Courts Kahal (Jewish Community), under Russian régime, attitude of Government towards, I 308 ff admission of Jews to city government conflicts with separate organization, I 308 Jews of annexed White Russia in K's. (1772), I 308 sanctioned by Senate (1776), I 309 granted right to issue passports, I 309 charged with collection of state taxes, I 309 endowed with judicial powers, I 309 Government changes attitude towards, I 310 confined to religious and fiscal functions (1786), I 313 deprived of civil and judicial powers (1795), I 319 promise of Government to maintain judicial powers of, violated, I 320 preservation of, due to fiscal considerations, I 320, 366 establishment of, in Courland, due to same motives (1799), I 321 curtailed status of, recognized in Statute of 1804, I 344 admission to city government fails to weaken power of, I 368 ff Government forced to extend functions of, I 367 Government communicates with K's., I 336, 339 K. of Minsk decides to send delegation to St. Petersburg (1802), I 336 K's. invited by Government to elect deputies (1803), I 337; (1806), I 349 ordered to assist Jews expelled from villages (1810), I 351 represented at army headquarters (1812), I 358 elected representatives of K's., called "Deputation of Jewish People," act as advisory council to Government (1818-1825), I 393 ff K. of Grodno entrusted with police duties (1812), I 357 Alexander I. receives K. of Kalish, I 358 Alexander I. assures K's. of his high favor (1814), I 359 K. of Minsk inquires about attitude of Vilna Gaon towards Hasidism, I 373 Gaon issues appeal to K's. against Hasidism (1796), I 373 Hasidim kept within K. by Statute of 1804, I 379 demoralized by hasidic schism, I 371, 379 suppression of, advocated by nobility of Lithuania (1800), I 326; and Dyerzhavin (1800), I 332 made responsible for supply of recruits (1827), II 19 f K's. directed to elect recruiting trustees, II 19 trustees of, turned into police agents, II 22 f K. of Vilna complains to Council of State about oppression of Jews, II 38 f; pleads for abolition of cantonists, II 36 f functions of, regulated by Statute of 1835, II 41 Council of State criticises power of (1840), II 47; and suggests dissolution of, II 49 abolished by Nicholas I. (December 19, 1844), II 59 ff retained as fiscal and recruiting agency, I 60 ff demoralized condition of, II 112 elders of, made personally responsible for quota of recruits (1850), 147 f misdeeds of, portrayed by Mapu, II 227; by Gordon, II 230; by Bogrov, II 241 Brafman accuses Jews of secret continuation of, in Russia, II 188; and of organizing international "World K.," II 189 minutes of K. of Minsk serve as incriminating material, II 189 Brafman's "Book of K." printed and distributed by Government, II 190; serves as material for "Jewish Committee," II 193; influences reports of governors, II 194 Russian officials repeat Brafman's charges concerning K's., II 194 f Alliance Israélite of Paris accused of constituting World K., II 189, 194 Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment accused of forming part of, II 216 Jewish Conference in St. Petersburg solemnly denies charges concerning K. (1882), II 307 f Pahlen Commission questions Jewish experts in regard to (1888), II 369 f See also Municipality and Autonomy Kaidanover, Aaron Samuel, rabbi of Cracow, Hebrew author, I 200 Kaidanover, Hirsch, son of former, Hebrew author, I 202 Kakhanov, governor-general of Vilna, rebukes Jewish deputation of welcome, II 383 Kalarash (government of) pogrom at, III 128 Kalayev, Russian revolutionary, assassinates Grand Duke Sergius, III 110 Kalinovski, Polish commander, defeated by Cossacks, I 145 Kalish, leading city of Great Poland, I 42 Synod of, issues canonical laws against Jews, I 57, 62 surrenders to Swedes, I 155 city and province of, annexed by Prussia, I 292 Jews settle in, I 41 Jews of, petition Casimir IV for renewal of charter, I 61 communities in province of, destroyed, I 156 Alexander I. receives Kahal of, I 358 Abel Gumbiner, head of yeshibah in, I 200 Warta, in province of, place of Polish Diet, I 58 Kalkreuth, Count, patron of Solomon Maimon, I 240 Kalman, Jewish printer in Lublin, I 131 Kalmansohn, Jacques, author of pamphlet advocating Jewish reforms in Poland, I 385 Kalmanovich, Jewish lawyer, acts as council for Jewish victims of Kishinev pogrom, III 91; and of Homel pogrom, III 102 Kalmycks, tribe of, I 367 Kamenetz-Podolsk (Podolia), Dembrovski, bishop of, arranges disputation at, I 214 f Talmud burned at, I 215 Vilna Gaon appeals against Hasidim to Kahal of, I 373 pogrom at, III 128 Kaniev (Ukraina), Starosta of, maltreats Jews, I 169 Kant, Immanuel, praises Solomon Maimon, I 240 Kantakuzenka (government of Kherson), pogrom at, III 33 Karabchevski, Russian lawyer, acts as council for Jewish victims of Kishinev pogrom, III 91 Karaites, in Byzantine empire, I 28 in Crimea, I 28 f in Chufut-Kale (Crimea), I 35 in Lithuania, I 60 K. of Lithuania, receive autonomy from Casimir IV., I 61 autonomy of K's. of Troki confirmed by Alexander Yaguello, I 64 form separate municipality in Troki, I 73 K's. of Tavrida granted equal rights, I 318 f; II 160 excluded from bar but inofficially admitted, II 352 f Isaac Troki, Karaite, author of anti-Christian treatise, I 137 f Simha Pinsker, historian of, II 160 Karaulov, deputy to Third Duma, defends Jews, III 156 Karlin, near Pinsk (government of Minsk), Hasidim establish themselves in, I 372 Aaron of, hasidic leader, I 234 Solomon of, hasidic leader, I 372 "Karliners," nickname for Hasidim in Lithuania, I 372, 375 Karnyeyev, governor of Minsk, inquires into condition of peasantry, I 322 f Karpov, member of "Jewish Committees," advocates Jewish emancipation, II 196 ff Karpovich (government of Chernigov), pogrom at, II 315 Kattowitz (Prussia), conference of "Lovers of Zion," at, II 376 Katzaps, nickname for Great-Russians in Little Russia, II 248; III 115, 117 Katzenellenbogen, Saul, rabbi of Vilna, objects to heterodoxy of Menashe Ilyer, II 115 f Kauffmann, governor-general of Vilna, appoints commission to investigate Brafman's charges, II 189 Kaulbars, military governor of Odessa, fails to check pogrom, III 129 Kazan (Central Russia), Jews of Vitebsk exiled to (1654), I 154 cantonists stationed in, II 25 suicide of cantonists in, II 27 mosques destroyed in government of, I 254 Kazimiezh (Polish, Kazimierz), suburb of Cracow, established as Jewish ghetto, I 64 Jews of, restricted in business, I 75 Kedars, name for Polovtzis, conquerors of Crimea, I 29 Kempster, United States commissioner, sent to Russia, II 407 Keneset Israel, Hebrew periodical, II 372, III 58 Kerch, pogrom at, III 120; see Bosporus Kertz, Crimean city, probably identical with Kerch, I 26 Khagan, title of Khazar king, I 20 ff Khappers, Yiddish name for recruiting agents, II 23 Kharkov (city), Jews permitted to visit fair of (1835), II 40 Jews expelled from, II 319 merchants of, protest against exclusion of Jews, II 319 Bilu, organization of Palestine pioneers, formed in, II 321 Kharkov (government), Jews permitted to visit fairs of (1734)[62], I 251 Gubernatorial Commission appointed for, I 273 governor of, condemns Jews, II 276; advocates school-norm, II 339 Khazars, various forms of name, I 18 appear in Caucasus, I 19 establish kingdom on Volga, I 19 penetrate as far as Kiev, I 19 establish another center in Crimea, I 19 f church attempts conversion of, I 20 converted to Judaism, I 20 f invite teachers from Babylonia, I 21 inner life of, I 22 Jewish merchants travel through kingdom of, I 23 Jews of Byzantium flee to, I 23 f Hasdai Ibn Shaprut corresponds with king of, I 24 ff K's. defeated by Russians, I 28 withdraw to Crimea, I 28 K's. in Crimea destroyed by Russians and Byzantines, I 28 relatives of last king of, flee to Spain, I 28 Jews from kingdom of, attempt conversion of Vladimir, I 30 settle in principality of Kiev, I 31 civilizing influence of, on Kiev, II 252 Khazars, Sea of, name for Caspian Sea, I 23 Khazaria, name for Crimea, I 28 ff Khelm (province of Lublin), bishop of, imprisons Jews on charge of host desecration, I 86 rabbi of, author of Polish pamphlet defending Jews, I 283 Kherson (city), visited by White, emissary of Baron Hirsch, II 418 Kherson (government), seat of Zaporozhian Cossacks, I 143 Jews settled as agriculturists in, I 363 f, II 71 included in Pale (Statute of 1835), II 40 pogroms in, II 251, 304, III 33, 100 governor of, deplores effect of Jews on their domestics, I 404 Localities in: Alexandria, III 100 Anayev, II 251 Borki, II 378 Kantakuzenka, III 33 Khlopitzki, Polish dictator, declines offer of Jewish volunteers, II 105 Khlops, nickname for Polish peasants, I 140, 182; see Serfs Khmelnitzki (Polish, Chmelnicki), Bogdan, I 144 ff elected Hetman by Cossacks, I 144 forms alliance with Tartars of Crimea, I 144 defeats Polish army, I 145 heads rebellion of Ukrainians against Poles, I 145 organizes massacre of Jews, I 145 sends detachment of Cossacks against Niemirov, I 146 derides Polish generals, I 149 besieges Lemberg, I 150 f demands delivery of Jews, I 151 receives ransom and withdraws, I 151 defeated by Poles, I 152 signs Treaty of Byelaya Tzerkov (1651), I 152 enters into negotiations with Tzar Alexis, I 152 f extent of K. massacres, I 157 recollection of K. massacres stirs later Ukrainians, I 182 185 reports of K. massacres arouses Sabbatai Zevi, I 205 K. massacres described by Gogol, II 139; and Bogrov II 242 See Cossacks Kholonyevski, member of Polish Diet, objects to extension of Jewish rights, I 288 Khomyakov, Russian poet, condemns régime of Nicholas I., II 141 Khovanski, governor-general of White Russia, ordered to provide livelihood for Jews expelled from villages, I 406 recommends discontinuation of expulsion, I 407 recommends proceedings in ritual murder trial of Velish, II 76 ff believes to have discovered monstrous crime, II 78 asks governors of Pale for incriminating material, II 80 censured by Nicholas I., II 80 exposed as Jew-baiter by Council of State, I 81 Khoza Kokos, Jew of Crimea, agent of Grand Duke Ivan III. of Moscow, I 35 arranges alliance between grand duke and Khan of Crimea, I 35 writes to Ivan III. in Hebrew, I 35 Khwarism, city in Asia, I 26 Kiev (city), Khazars make raids on, I 19 captured by Lithuanians (1320), I 94 forms part of Polish empire, I 94, 140 incorporated, together with Little Russia, in Russian empire (1654), I 94 ceded to Russia by Poland (1667), I 159 Metropolitan of Greek-Orthodox Church resides in, III 125 Jews settle in, I 31 Jews and Khazars in, II 252 Khazar Jews appear in, to convert Prince Vladimir (986), I 30 f Greek-Orthodox priests in, preach hatred against Jews, I 31 pogroms at (12th century), I 32 Jews of, protected by Prince Svyatopolk II., I 32 fire at, damages Jews (1124), I 32 "Jewish Gate" at, mentioned in Russian Chronicles, I 32 visited by early Jewish travellers, I 32 f Jews, fleeing from Germany, settle in, I 33 Moses, rabbi of, mentioned in early Hebrew sources, I 33 "Skharia," Jew of, settles in Novgorod (15th century), I 36 burghers of, obtain right of excluding Jews (1619), I 95 Jews permitted to settle in (1794), I 317, II 31 Nicholas I. orders expulsion of Jews from (1827), II 30 ff authorities of, secure postponement of expulsion, II 33 Nicholas I. insists on expulsion from, II 36 closed to Jews by Statute of 1835, II 40 Jews permitted to visit K. temporarily, II 172 privileged categories of Jews settle in (under Alexander II.), II 264 Government agents prepare pogrom at (after accession of Alexander III.), II 248 pogrom at (April, 1881), II 251 ff, 287; tried in court, II 264 "illegal" Jews expelled from (May, 1881), II 263 f wholesale expulsions of Jews from (1882), II 319; (1886), II 346 Jews of, subjected to raids, or oblavas, II 346; III 20 wives of Jewish artisans in, forbidden to trade, II 385 visited by White, emissary of Baron Hirsch, II 418 persecution of Jews in (under Nicholas II.), III 19 f Jews made to pay for night raids, III 20 Government frustrates project of trade bank in, III 25 f Russian Nationalist Society of, incites to pogroms, III 114 pogrom at (October, 1905), III 128 Jewish students excluded from Polytechnicum at (1907), III 152 1200 Jewish families expelled from (1910), III 157 Stolypin assassinated at (1911), III 164 impending pogrom at, stopped, III 165 Beilis ritual murder case in, III 165 f Jewish printing-press in, II 43; transferred to Zhitomir, II 43 Jewish printers of Slavuta imprisoned in, II 123 Censorship Committee in, ordered to examine Jewish books, II 44 Professor Mandelstamm, resident of, II 298, 304, III 47 Dashevski, avenger of Kishinev pogrom, student in, III 81 Jüdisches Volksblatt appears in, III 59 Kiev (province, or government), subject to Poland, I 140 estate in, owned by Polish nobles, I 140 ceded to Russia (1667), I 159 part of, annexed by Russia (1793), I 292 Jews of, flee to Tatars (1648), I 145 Jews forbidden to settle in (1649), I 151 Jews in part of, exterminated, I 157 few Jewish survivors in, I 246 Haidamacks massacre Jews in (1768), I 183 f included in Pale (1794), I 317; (1804), I 342; (1835), II 40 Jewish deputies from, arrive in St. Petersburg (1803), I 337 Jews of, invited to send delegates to city of Kiev (1807), I 349 Hasidism spreads in, I 382; II 119 f Jews expelled from villages in (1830), II 32; expulsion postponed until 1835, II 33 number of Jewish artisans in, II 168 Poles and Jews forbidden to acquire estates in (1864), II 173 economic activity of Jews in, II 194 pogroms in (1881), II 256 f Court of Appeals of, tries Homel pogrom, III 101 Localities in: Berdychev, II 256 f Chernobyl, I 382, II 119 Ruzhin, II 120 Shpola, III 33 Smyela, II 256 Uman, I 184 f, 383, II 122 Bibikow, governor-general of, condemns Jews, II 47; arrests Israel of Ruzhin, II 120 f Vasilchikov, Count, favors transfer of Jewish artisans to Russian Interior, II 168 Dondukov, Korsakov, points out economic danger of Jews, II 193 f Drenteln, fierce anti-Semite, II 276, 316 f, 319, 341 Kiev, principality of, claims overlordship over Russian lands, I 29 influenced by Byzantium, I 29 ff passes under sovereignty of Tatars, I 33; see Kiev (city) Kievlanin, anti-Semitic paper in Kiev, III 20 Kings, Polish, favor Jews because of financial advantages, I 69 elected by Poles, I 89 keep Jewish body-physicians, I 132 counteracted by Diets, I 160 lose their authority, I 168 Kirgiz, tribe, placed in Russian law above Jews, II 367 Kiselev, count, appointed chairman of Committee for Radical Transformation of Jews (1840), II 50, 157 addressess circular to governors-general concerning projected Jewish reforms (1845)[63], II 65 f receives petitions in favor of Jews from Moses Montefiore, II 688 advocates mitigation of Jewish restrictions (1856), II 157 Kishinev, modern Jewish school in, II 52 Jews of, accord friendly reception to Max Lilienthal, II 56 "Congregation of New Testament Israelites" in, II 225 "Smugglers," anti-Semitic play, produced in, III 38 pogrom at (1903), III 69 ff; stirs Jewish national sentiment, III 82; avenged by Jewish youth, II 81, 132; stimulates emigration, III 85; intensifies animosity of Nicholas II., III 93; tried in court, III 90 ff authorities of, impeached before Senate, III 92 Jews accused of seeking to avenge K. massacre, III 95, 101 fear of new pogrom at, causes emigration, III 96 f Russian Nationalist Society of, incites to pogroms, III 114 pogrom at (October, 1905), III 128 Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise, III 121 Kitovich, Polish writer, accuses Jews of ritual murder, I 180 Klaus, name for hasidic house of prayer, II 124 Klausner, Joseph, Hebrew writer, editor of ha-Shiloah, III 58, 163 Klopstock, German poet, imitated in Hebrew, II 135 Kmita, Peter, voyevoda of Cracow, accepts bribes from Jewish merchants, I 76 Kobrin (province of Grodno), Bezalel of, Hebrew author, I 201 Kochubay, Minister of Interior, appointed chairman of Committees for Amelioration of Jews (1802), I 335 f instructs governors to allay fears of Jews, I 336 assisted by Speranski, I 340 recommends postponement of expulsion of Jews from villages, I 347 assists settlement of Jewish agriculturists in New Russia, I 363 accepts dedication of pamphlet by Nyevakhovich, I 387 recommends severe measures against "Judaizers," I 402 Koenigsburg (Prussia), visited by Solomon Maimon, I 239 visited by Menashe Ilyer, II 114 Jewish socialists arrested in, III 223 f Hebrew periodicals published in, II 223 Kohan, Jacob, Hebrew poet, III 162 Kohen, Sabbatai, see Cohen Kokovtzev, Minister of Finance, favors Jewish franchise, III 122 Kol Mebasser, Yiddish periodical, II 218 Kollontay (Polish, Kollontaj), radical member of Polish Diet, I 280 suggests abolition of Jewish autonomy, I 282 assists Jews in struggle for rights, I 291 Kolomea (Galicia), capital of Pokutye province, I 150 Königsberg, see Koenigsburg Konotop (government of Chernigov), pogrom at, intensified by Jewish self-defence, II 257 Koppelman, Jacob, Hebrew author, I 133 Koretz (Volhynia), Phineas of, disciple of Besht, I 227 Korff, Baron, advocates admission of Jewish artisans into Russian Interior, II 170 Korobka, or basket tax, name explained, II 61; see Tax Korolenko, Russian writer, signs protest against Jewish persecutions, II 387 writes public letter in defence of Jews, II 388 portrays Kishinev massacre, III 76 f Korostyshev, hasidic center, II 120 Korsun (province), Poles defeated by Cossacks at (1648), I 145 Kosciuszko, spelling and pronunciation of name, I 292 leads Polish uprising of 1794, I 292 liberal and democratic, I 292 f permits formation of Jewish regiment, I 294 announces it in special army order, I 294 f captured by Russians, I 296 Zayonchek, general under, I 296, II 91 Kosovo (Galicia), Besht settles in, I 223 Nahman of, disciple of Besht, I 227 Kostantinia, Sea of, name for Black Sea, I 26 Kostomarov, Russian historian, defends ritual murder libel, II 205 Kotzebue, governor-general of New Russia, fails to check Odessa pogrom (1871), II 192 Kotzk (Polish, Kock), near Warsaw, Berek Yoselevich killed in vicinity of, I 303 hasidic dynasty of, II 122 Kovalevski, Minister of Public Instruction, advocates admission into Russian Interior of graduates of secondary schools, II 164 Kovno (city), Jews of, barred from city government (1805), I 370 growth of pauperism in, III 24 "Bund" holds convention in (1899), III 57 Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights (1905), III 108 Abraham Mapu, Hebrew writer, native of, II 226 ff Isaac Elhanan Spector, rabbi of, II 304 Kovno (government), part of, called Zhmud, I 293, II 133 formed originally part of government of Vilna, I 317 constituted 1872, I 317 forms part of Lithuania, II 39 vitally affected by expulsion of Jews from border zone (1843), II 63 placed under military dictatorship of Muravyov (1863), II 188 Lutostanski, anti-Semitic writer, priest in, II 203 Friedman from, deputy to Third Duma, III 153 Localities in: Dusyaty, III 115 Salant, II 133 Vilkomir, II 236 Kozhenitz (Poland), Israel of, hasidic leader in Poland, I 384, II 122 Kozhmyan, member of Polish Council of State, objects to emancipation of Jews, II 93 Kozlovska, witness in ritual murder case of Velizh, II 82 Kozodavlev, Russian assistant-minister of Interior, member of "Jewish Committee," I 352 Kozubales, tax to Catholic academies in Poland, I 161, 166 Kramshtyk, president of Warsaw community, arrested for participating in Polish Insurrection, II 181 Krasinski, Vincent, Polish general, author of pamphlet on Jews of Poland, II 96 f Kraushar, quoted, I 136 Krechatinikov, Russian general, captures Haidamack leaders, I 186 Kremenchug (government of Poltava), pogrom at (October, 1905), III 128 Kremenetz (Volhynia), Jewish community of, represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110 massacre at (1648), I 149 Mordecai Jaffe, rabbi of, I 127 native place of Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 125 ff[64] Kremsier (Moravia), meeting-place of Austrian Parliament, II 179 Kreslavka (government of Vitebsk), Frank, Jewish physician, resident of, I 331, 386 Krestentzya, form of lease, forbidden to Jews, I 404 f Kretingen (province of Zhmud), Berek Yoselovich born at, I 293 Krochmal, Nahman, Galician thinker, associates with Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 126 work of, compared with that of Levinsohn, II 127 Kronenberg, convert, protests against Polish anti-Semitism, II 178 Kronenstadt, fortress near St. Petersburg, place of imprisonment, II 42 Krueger, Russian official, accuses Jews of Saratov of ritual murder, II 151 Krushevan, journalist and petty official in Kishinev, III 69 editor of Bessarabetz, III 69 ff carries on violent agitation against Jews, III 69 ff invited by Plehve to publish Znamya, anti-Semitic paper, in St. Petersburg, III 70 accuses Jews of ritual murder, III 71 incites to pogroms, III 71 wounded by Dashevski, III 81 f Krushnitza, ancient Polish capital, Jew elected king at, I 40 Krysa, Leib, represents Frankists at religious disputation, I 217 baptized, I 217 Kuantung (Shantung) Peninsula, Jews expelled by Russians from, III 94 Kukhazhevski (Polish, Kucharzewski), Polish anti-Semitic candidate to Russian Duma, defeated by Warsaw Jews, III 167 Kulak, Russian name for village boss, II 318, 325 Kupernik, Jewish lawyer, acts as council for victims of Homel pogrom, III 102 Kursk (government), number of artisans in, II 168 Kut, Crimean city, I 26 Kutais (city in Caucasia), ritual murder case at, II 204 Kutaysov, Count, declares pogroms result of Jewish "exploitation," II 271 Kutover, Gershon, rabbi of Brody, brother-in-law of Besht, I 223 receives message from Besht in Palestine, I 228 Kuty (Galicia), Besht settles in neighborhood of, I 228 Kuyavia, former Polish province, I 75; II 90 Ladi (government of Moghilev), residence of Shneor Zalman, founder of Habad, and his successors, I 234; II 117 Lakh, Ukrainian nickname for Pole, I 142, 184 Lambat, Crimean city, I 26 Lamsdorff, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, has interview with Herzl, III 84 Landed Property, see Villages Landau, Adolph, Russian-Jewish publicist, II 221 Language, use of Polish L., abandonment of Yiddish, and restriction of Hebrew advocated by Poles (1788-1791), I 273, 281 use of Polish in business [and elimination of Hebrew and Yiddish] advocated by Friesel, governor of Vilna (1800), I 327 use of Russian, Polish, or German in legal documents and in business suggested by Dyerzhavin (1800), I 333 Russian, Polish, or German made obligatory for Jewish schools and for public documents and business [Statute of 1804], I 345 reading and writing knowledge of Russian, Polish, or German required for Jewish members of municipalities [Statute of 1804], I 345 Jewish deputies plead for use of Hebrew in business, I 349 f followers of David Friedländer call upon Polish Jews to abandon Yiddish and adopt L. of country, I 386 Statute of 1835 requires use of Russian, or other local dialect, for public and business documents, and forbids Hebrew categorically, II 40 Kahal elders required to read and write Russian [1835], II 41 Isaac Baer Levinsohn calls on Jews to study L. of country, II 126 Jews of Poland forbidden use of Hebrew and Yiddish in civil affairs, legal documents, and business correspondence [Act of 1862], II 182 Jews of Poland retain use of their L., II 195 freedom of L. demanded by League for Equal Rights [1905], III 112 fight between Hebrew and Yiddish (1908), III 161 See Hebrew, Polish, Russian, and Yiddish Lanskoy, Minister of Interior, favors admission into Russian Interior of Jewish graduates of secondary schools, II 164 corresponds with officials concerning admission of Jewish artisans into Russian Interior, II 168 Lantzkorona (Polish, Lanckorona, Podolia), assembly of Frankists at fair of, I 213, 215 Lapin, Shalom, of Grodno, suspected of ritual murder, II 73 Lapkovski, Benish, from government of Vitebsk, elected Jewish deputy, I 393 Laski, John, Polish chancellor, edits Polish code of laws, I 71 Laschenko organizes pogrom at Ananyev, government of Kherson, II 251 Lavrov, Russian revolutionary in London, II 223 Layze (Lazarus), son of Jewish arendar, I 266 Lazhentzka, Dorothy, of Sokhachev, sentenced on charge of having sold host to Jews, I 86 League for the Attainment of Equal Rights for the Jewish People in Russia, the, organized in Vilna (1905), III 111 program of, III 111 f establishes Central Bureau in St. Petersburg, III 112 conventions of, III 131, 133 f protests against pogroms, III 132 sends greetings to Dashevski, avenger of Kishinev pogrom, III 132 decides to call All-Russian Jewish National Assembly, III 133 Jewish Duma deputies accept program of, III 134 presided over by Vinaver, III 134 represents doctrine of National-Cultural Autonomism, III 144 stands above class and party affiliations, III 145 f disintegration of, III 146 f League of Jewish Socialists, in London, II 223 League of Jewish Workingmen, see "Bund" League of Russian People, organization of Black Hundred, III 141 favors re-establishment of unlimited autocracy, III 149 secures pardon for pogrom makers, III 150 forms "Second Government," III 141, 151 badge of, demonstratively worn by Nicholas II., III 151 See Black Hundred "Learned Jew" (Uchony yevrey), Russian title for Jewish Government expert, II 239 Lebensohn, Abraham Baer (called "Adam"), Hebrew poet, II 134 f prominent in Maskilim circle of Vilna, II 136 Lebensohn, Micah Joseph, son of former, Hebrew poet, II 226 Legal Profession, see Bar Leipsic, Russian-Jewish merchants visit fair of, I 359 f place of publication, II 135 Lekkert, Hirsch, shoots at governor of Vilna, III 67 Lelevel (Polish, Lelewel), Polish historian, issues manifesto to Jews, II 107 f calls upon Poles to be friendly to Jews, II 178 eulogized by Jews at memorial service, II 180 Lemberg (Lvov, Polish, Lwow), leading city of Red Russia, I 74, 196 anti-Jewish riots in (1463), I 63 f Jews of, restricted in commerce, I 74 besieged by Khmelnitzki(1648), I 150 f authorities of, refuse to deliver Jews, I 151 Jesuit college students in, attack Jews, I 161 Jews of, organize self-defence, I 161; but are massacred (1664), I 162 Pikolski, monk in, conducts agitation against Jews, I 174 Jews of, receive communal autonomy (1356), I 53; granted communal constitution(1692), I 191 rights of Kahal elders upheld by voyevoda of, I 190 Jewish community of, represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110 rabbis assembled at, excommunicate adherents of Sabbatai Zevi, I 211 disputation between Frankists and Orthodox at, I 216 f, 229 conversion of Frankists at, I 217 Isaiah Horowitz (Sheloh) educated in, I 135 Rabbis of: Joshua Falk Cohen, head of yeshibah, I 128 David Halevi (Taz), I 130, 206 Meir of Lublin, I 129 Hayyim Rapoport, I 216 Solomon, I 115 Le Nord, newspaper in Brussels, organ of Russian Government, II 393 Lenchitza (Polish, Leckyca, province of Kalish), Jews of, executed on ritual murder charge, I 100 Solomon Ephraim of, criticises yeshibahs, I 119 f Leon, Jewish physician, executed by Ivan III., I 37 Leshek, Polish prince, receives Jewish delegation from Germany, I 40 Leshek The White, Polish ruler, favorable to Jews, I 42 Lesnaya (White Russia), battle at, I 248 Lessing, referred to by Nyevakhovich, Russian-Jewish writer, I 387 Levanda, Leon (Lev), Russian-Jewish writer, native of Lithuania, II 238 teacher in Jewish Crown school, II 239 "Learned Jew" in Vilna, II 239 f novels by, II 239 f joins Palestine movement, II 240, 332 corresponds with Bogrov, II 241 Levendahl, Russian official, inspires Kishinev massacre, III 71, 77 Levi Itzhok, of Berdychev, hasidic leader, I 232 f saintliness of, I 233, 382 Hebrew author, I 382 Levin, Shmaryahu, member of Central Committee of League for Equal Rights, III 112 deputy to First Duma, III 134 denounces Bialystok pogrom, III 137, 139 demands equal rights for Jews, III 137 Levinsohn, Isaac Baer, called "the Russian Mendelssohn," II 125 ff born in Volhynia, II 125 associates with Maskilim of Galicia, II 125 f author of Te'udah be-Israel, II 126; conclusions of, II 126 author of anonymous anti-hasidic satire, II 127 author of Bet Yehudah, II 127 f suggests plan of Jewish reforms, II 128; and modifications in Jewish religious life, II 129 keeps in contact with Russian dignitaries, II 129 f receives subsidies from Russian Government, II 129, 132 advocates prohibition of "harmful" books, II 129 f naiveté of, II 130 publishes refutation of blood accusation, II 131 author of apologetic treatise Zerubbabel, defending the Talmud, II 131 compared with scholars in other lands, II 131 dies unappreciated, II 132 Levita, Benedict, of Cracow, granted monopoly of importing Hebrew books, I 131 Levy, Lipman, financial agent at Russian Court, I 248 Lewin, L., quoted, I 111 Lewin, Mendel, of Satanov (Podolia), Hebrew writer, I 388 Liberum Veto, Polish parliamentary law, source of anarchy, I 92, 168 Lieberman, A. (Freeman), Jewish socialist, II 223 f Lieders, Russian viceroy in Poland, arrests Jewish leaders, II 181 Lieven, Russian Minister of Public Instruction, receives memorandum from Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 129 Lifschitz, Gedaliah, of Lublin, Hebrew author, I 133 Lilienblum, Moses Leib, advocates religious reforms, II 236 joins Russified intelligenzia, II 237 writes "Sins of Youth," II 237 joins "Love of Zion" and later Zionist movement, II 237, 328 f, 376, III 42, 49 Lilienthal, Max, native of Bavaria, II 52 director of modern Jewish school in Riga, II 52 commissioned by Russian Government to carry out school reforms, II 53 visits Vilna, II 54; meets with approval of local Maskilim, II 136 f meets with opposition in Minsk, II 55 presents report to Uvarov, Minister of Public Instruction, II 55 tours Russian South and South-west, II 56 assured by Jewish communities of co-operation, II 56 campaign of, hailed by Jewish leaders of western Europe, II 67 not supported by Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 136 emigrates to America, II 59 quoted, II 55 Lippomano, papal nuncio, instigates host trial of Sokhachev, I 86 f Liquor, use of, encouraged by Hasidim, II 124 f Liquor Trade, see Propination Literature, rabbinic L. in Poland, I 121 ff; see also Hebrew, Yiddish, and Russian Lithuania, Kiev incorporated in, I 94 Volhynia annexed by, I 59 "Union of Lublin," between Poland and L. (1569), I 88 annexed by Russia (1795), I 297 Jews emigrate from Crimea into, I 35 important Jewish communities in, I 59 Jews of, obtain charter from Vitovt (1388), I 59 favorable economic condition of Jews in, I 60, 72 f Jewish tax farmers in, I 72, 94 Karaites in, I 60 Jews expelled from (1493), and allowed to return (1503), I 65, 70 f Jews of, suspected of sheltering proselytes, I 80; and of planning to leave country, I 81 cleared of suspicion by royal charter (1540), I 81 "Lithuanian Statute" (1566) imposes restrictions on Jews, I 87 blood accusations in, I 87 f, 96, 162 ff "Union of Lublin" affects unfavorably Jews of, I 88 Ukrainian rebels penetrate into, I 149 invaded by Russians (1654 ff), I 153 ff, 156, 264 Jews, persecuted by Cossacks, flee to, I 157 Jewish cultural center moves to, I 159 f Jewish conditions in, described by Solomon Maimon, I 239 f Jews of, barred from Russia, I 243 f; yet penetrate into Moscow, I 245 numbers of Jews in, I 263 f included in Pale (1795), I 317; (1804), I 342; (1835), II 39 Polish nobility of, advocate Jewish reforms (1800), I 325 f Jews establish woolen mills in, I 363 Jewish agricultural colonies in, II 72 Jews admitted to municipal government in, I 369; but speedily disfranchised, I 370 Jews of, loyal to Russia in Polish insurrections of 1861 and 1863, II 107, 182 f Russian authorities of, believe Brafman's charges against Jews, II 189 pogroms checked in, II 267, 276 Jewish labor movement in, III 55 Jews of, called Litvaks, object of Polish anti-Semitism, III 166 f Jewish communities of, represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110; but later form separate Council (1623), I 112, 193 f, 195 Michael Yosefovich appointed "senior" of Jews of, I 72 Kahals of, granted right of herem (1672), I 190 different intellectual development in, I 221 strong position of Rabbinism and Talmudism in, I 199 f, 221, II 113 Elijah of Vilna, champion of Rabbinism in, see Elijah of Vilna yeshibahs of, adopt method of Elijah of Vilna, I 381 f Messianism preached among Jews of, I 208 Hasidim penetrates into, I 230 ff, 237 type of Hasidism in, I 232 f rabbis of, oppose Hasidism, II 233, 237 f Kahals of, appealed to against Hasidism, I 373 Hasidism weak in, I 274, 372 Hasidim of, denounced to Russian authorities, I 376 spirit of denunciation (mesirah) among Jews of, I 377 f disintegration of Kahals in, I 275 f Jews of, plead for preservation of Kahal courts, I 320 greater political sense among Jews of, I 379 rabbis of, arbitrate between Kahal and rabbi of Vilna, I 276 rabbis of, appeal to I. B. Levinsohn to refute blood accusation, II 131 opposition to secular learning among Jews of, II 114 f Haskalah movement in, see Haskalah and Vilna Hebrew writers originate from, II 238 Little Poland, see Poland, Little Little Russia, see Russia, Little Livadia, summer residence of Alexander III., II 429, III 18 Livonia, inhabitants of, demand admission of Jews, I 256 Empress Elizabeth refuses to admit Jews into, I 257 Jews expelled from (1744), I 257 Jewish newcomers expelled from (1829), II 32; see Baltic Provinces Lizno (Galicia), Elimelech of, hasidic leader, I 232 Lobanov-Rostoveki, chairman of Committee for Amelioration of Jews (1871), II 191 Lobzovo, near Cracow, residence of Estherka, favorite of Casimir the Great, I 53 Lodz, Jewish labor movement in, III 55 pogrom at, III 119 f economic success of Jews in, stimulate Polish boycott, II 166 Loewenthal, professor, sent by Baron Hirsch to Argentina, II 416 Lokhvitz (province), massacre at (1618), I 145 London, Moses Montefiore of, goes to Russia, II 68 M'Caul, missionary in, II 131 Jewish Socialist Society in, II 223 Mansion House Meeting held in (February 1, 1882), II 288 ff Lord Mayor of, presides at meeting, II 288; and joins pogrom committee, II 291 bishop of, joins pogrom committee, II 291 secret circular of Plehve circulated in, II 381 new protest meeting planned in, II 382 Guildhall Meeting held in (December 10, 1890), II 388 ff effect of protest meeting in, felt in St. Petersburg, II 397 f Moscow refugees in, II 408 Jewish Colonization Association in, II 414, 419 Fourth Zionist Congress held in, III 45 L. Times publishes account of pogroms and persecutions, II 287; attacks Russia, II 381, 389 f; publishes secret letter of Plehve, III 77 Longinus, see Dlugosh Lopukhin, Russian prosecutor general, receives denunciation against Hasidim, I 375 f Loris-Melikov, Russian statesman, favors popular representation, II 245 discusses Jewish question with American Minister, II 293 Louis of Hungary, Polish king (1370-1382), persecutes Jews, I 54 Louisiana, Jewish agricultural colonies, in, II 374 "Love of Zion," see Zionism Lovich, Synod of (1720), forbids building or repairing of synagogues, I 171 Lozno (government of Moghilev), residence of Shneor Zalman, founder of Habad, I 234, 330, 372, 376, 378, II 117 Lubavichi (government of Moghilev), residence of Shneor Zalman's successors, II 117 Lubbock, Sir John, protests against pogroms, II 288 Lubenski, Polish Minister of Justice, objects to emancipation of Jews, I 300 f suggests law barring Jews from liquor trade, I 304 Lublin, leading city of Little Poland and capital of Poland, I 42, 110 "Union of" (1569), I 88 Lublin (province), annexed by Austria (1795), I 297 ritual murder cases in, I 96, 100 Crown Tribunal in, tries ritual murder cases, I 96, 100, 172 conference of rabbis and Kahal elders meet at, I 109 f, 123 Council of Four Lands meets periodically at, I 110, 152, 194 community of, receives royal permission to open yeshibah (1567), I 115 printing-press in, I 131, 196 disputations between Jews and Christians at, I 136 Gedaliah Lifschitz, Hebrew author, of, I 133 Jacob Itzhok, hasidic leader, of, I 384 Martin Chekhovich, Christian theologian, of, I 136 Rabbis of: Shalom Shakhna, father of Polish Talmudism, I 105, 122 f Israel, son of former, I 123 Joshua Falk Cohen, I 112, 128 Solomon Luria (Maharshal), I 125 Mordecai Jaffe, I 127 Meir of (Maharam), I 128 f, 199 Samuel Edels (Maharsho), I 129 Towns in: Shchebreshin, I 158 Voistovitza, I 178 Zamoshch, I 203 Lubliner, Polish-Jewish writer and patriot, II 109 Lubny (province of Poltava), Cossack massacres at (1637), I 144; (1648), I 145 Lubomirski, Polish Crown Marshal, imposes tax on Jews sojourning in Warsaw, I 268 f Lueger, anti-Semitic burgomaster of Vienna, III 32 Luga (government of St. Petersburg), Alexander I. causes expulsion of Jews from, I 409 Lukasinski, Valerian, Polish army officer, defends Jews, II 97 f Lukov (province of Shedletz), I 287 Luria, Isaac (Ari), name explained, I 134 influence of Cabala system of, on Poland, I 134, 202 study of writings of, forbidden before age of forty, I 214 writings of, studied by Besht, I 223 prayer-book of, accepted by Hasidim, I 231 Luria, Solomon (Reshal or Maharshal) native of Posen, I 124 rabbi in Ostrog and Lublin, I 125 follows casuistic method of Tosafists, I 125 criticises Shulhan Arukh, I 125 gravitates towards mysticism, I 126 criticises study of Aristotle in yeshibahs, I 120 leaves profound impress on posterity, I 199 Lutherans, Isaac Troki argues with, I 137; see Reformation Lutostanski, Hippolyte, accuses Jews of ritual murder, II 203 f receives acknowledgment from Alexander III., 203, 244 Lutzk (Volhynia), Crimean Jews settle in, I 35 important Jewish community in, I 59 Karaites in, I 60 Jews of, expelled (1495), I 65 Lvov, see Lemberg Lvov, Russian statesman, discloses connection between Government and pogroms, III 125 f Lyck (Prussia), ha-Maggid, published in, II 217 Lysyanka (province of Kiev), massacre at, I 184 Maeotis, see Azov, Sea of "Magdeburg Law," name explained, I 44 granted to Germans in Poland, I 44 bestowed on city of Lemberg, I 53 granted to Karaites of Lithuania, I 61; and confirmed, I 64 taken advantage of by Polish estates to oppress Jews, I 74 Jews exempted from jurisdiction of, I 94 Jewish Kahal forms counterpart to, I 103; see also Autonomy Magister, Russian university degree, explained, II 165 Magistracies, see Municipalities Maimon, Solomon, born in Lithuania, I 239 receives talmudic education, I 239 studies in Germany, I 239 f student of Kantian philosophy, I 240 writes "Autobiography," I 240 quoted, I 221 Maimonides, philosophic writings of, studied by Moses Isserles, I 126; and Mordecai Jaffe, I 132 studied and interpreted by Solomon Maimon, I 240 influences Shneor Zalmon, I 382 does not appeal to Nahman of Bratzlav, I 383 invoked by Maskilim in support of secular learning, II 126 quoted, II 119 Makarov (government of Kiev), hasidic center, II 120 Makov, chairman of Commission for Revision of Laws concerning Jews, II 336 Malakh, Hayyim, Sabbatian propagandist, I 208 joins Judah Hasid, I 209 heads party of pilgrims to Palestine, I 209 holds Sabbatian services in Jerusalem, I 210 Melchevski, Polish bishop, invites David Friedländer to render opinion on Polish-Jewish question, II 90 Maliss, Eda, victim of pogrom, II 302 Manasseh, I., and II., kings of Khazars, I 26 Manassein, Minister of Justice, excludes Jews from Russian bar, II 352 Mandelstamm, successor to Max Lilienthal, II 118 Mandelstamm, professor, of Kiev, insists on necessity of organizing emigration, II 298 attends conference of Jewish notables in St. Petersburg, II 304 denounces Ignatyev's offer to settle Jews in Central Asia, II 306 supports Zionist leaders in Western Europe, III 47 Manifesto, name explained, II 246 coronation M. of Alexander II. abolishes Jewish conscription, II 155 f M. of Alexander III. promising to uphold autocracy, II 246 coronation M. of Alexander III. disregards Jews, II 338 M. of Nicholas II., on birth of heir-apparent Alexis, offers trifling alleviations to Jews, III 98 M. of October 17, promising Constitution, III 127; followed by pogroms, III 127 ff Vyborg M., see Vyborg Mankup (Mangup), Crimean city, I 26 Manning, cardinal, protests at Mansion House Meeting against pogroms, II 289 f joins pogrom committee, II 291 expresses sympathy with Guildhall Meeting, II 390 Mansion House Meeting, see London Mapu, Abraham, Hebrew writer, II 226 ff Margolis, M., Jewish expert, invited by Pahlen Commission, II 369 Marini, general of Dominican Order, deprecates persecution of Polish Jews, I 165 Mark (Mordecai), victim of blood accusation, I 100 Markovich, Moses, "general syndic" of Polish Jews, I 160 Marriage, among Jews, restrictions placed upon, by Polish Diet (1775), I 267; disregarded, I 268 limitation of number of M's proposed by Poles, I 282 age of, restricted by Russian law (1835), II 40 early M's in vogue, II 112 Marseilles, Altaras of, visits Russia, II 69 Masalski, bishop of Vilna, employs Berek Yoselovich, I 294 Maskilim, see Haskalah Massacres, see Pogroms Masudi, Arabic writer, quoted, I 23 f May Laws, see Temporary Rules Maximova, witness in ritual murder case, II 82 Mazovia, Polish principality and province, I 42, 85 annexed by Prussia (1795), I 297 M'Caul, London missionary, attacks Talmud, II 131 Me'assef, Hebrew periodical, I 386; II 137 Meat Tax, see Tax Meath, Earl of, addresses Guildhall Meeting, II 391 Mechanics, see Artisans Mechislav, prince of Great Poland, forbids violence against Jews, I 42 Mechislav (Meshko), Polish king, mentioned on coins, I 42 Medicine, see Physicians Medzhibozh (Podolia), Besht settles in, I 225 visited by his disciples, I 228 residence of Borukh Tulchinski, I 384; and his disciples, II 121 Meir of Lublin (Maharam), rabbi and scholar, I 128 f leaves profound impress on posterity, I 199 Meir, of Shchebreshin, describes Cossack persecutions, I 158 Meir, of Tarnopol, Hebrew author, I 201 Meisels, Berush, rabbi in Cracow, and member of Austrian parliament, II 179 rabbi in Warsaw, and active in Polish Insurrection (1863), II 179 ff Melammed, see Heder Melitopol (government of Tavrida), pogrom at, III 115 Melitzah, conventionalized Hebrew style, II 225, 228 Menahem, king of Khazars, I 26 Mendel, chief rabbi of Great Poland, I 104 Mendel Kotzker, hasidic leader, II 122 Mendel, of Lubavichi, see Shneorsohn Mendel, of Vitebsk, hasidic leader, I 234 Mendele Mokher Sforim, see Abramovich Mendelssohn, Moses, "Father of Enlightenment," I 238, II 125 "Enlightenment" of, contrasted with Russian Haskalah, II 137 followers of, among Polish and Russian Jews, I 239, 331, 384, 385, 387 Isaac Baer Levinsohn, called "the Russian M.," II 125 Bible translation of, rendered into Russian, II 118 David Friedländer, pupil of, approached by Polish Government, II 90 attacked by Smolenskin, II 235 Wessely, associate of, II 135 Mengli-Guiray, Khan of Crimea, communicates with prince of Moscow through Jewish agents, I 35 f Menorah, represented on tombstones in Tauris, I 16 Merchants, the, form separate estate in Russia, I 308 exempted from military service, II 20 called to military service (1874), II 200 few first-guild Jewish M's. in Pale, II 162 Jewish M. permitted temporary visit to Interior (1835), II 40 admission of, into Interior voted down by Council of State, II 35 f; discussed by Committee for Amelioration of Jews, II 161 f Jewish first-guild M's. admitted into Interior (1859), II 62, 343 attempt to exclude Jewish M's. from Interior (under Alexander III.), II 399 permitted to remain in Moscow, III 14; but restricted in rights, III 15 See Commerce Meshcherski, Count, editor of anti-semitic weekly Grazhdanin, II 380, 413 Meshko, see Mechislav Mesirah ("Informing") develops among Jews under Russian rule, I 377 discharged rabbi of Pinsk engages in, I 377 f in Novaya Ushitza, II 84 f, 121 in Mstislavl, II 85 ff Messianism, preached in Poland, I 204 ff superseded by Hasidism, I 222 defended by Smolenskin, II 235 "Love of Zion" viewed with suspicion by Orthodox as rival of, II 377 Messianic character of Political Zionism, III 48 Methodius, Slavonian missionary, engages in disputation with Jews, I 18 Metternich, represents Austria at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 399 Mezherich (or Mezhirich), Volhynia, hasidic center, I 229 f Baer of M., called "Mazhiricher Maggid," I 227, 229 f, 384, II 120 Michinski, Sebastian, Polish anti-Semitic writer, I 97 Mickiewicz, see Mitzkevich Mikhailishok (government of Vilna), residence of Abraham Lebensohn, II 134 Mikolski, Polish priest, favors Frankists, I 216 Mikweh Israel, agricultural settlement in Palestine, II 322 Miletus (Asia Minor), Jewish community in, I 14 Military Service (or Conscription), Jews of Poland free from, I 304 payment of ransom in lieu of, confirmed by Polish law (1812), I 304; (1817), II 95; (1831), II 107 imposed on Jews of Poland (1843), II 109 imposed on Jews of Austria, II 30 merchants in Russia exempted from, by paying conscription tax, I 318; II 15 merchants subjected to (1874), II 200 imposition of, on Jews planned by Alexander I., II 15 conceived by Nicholas I. as means of de-Judaization, II 15 danger of imposition of, on Jews set forth by Novosiltzev, II 16 Jews alarmed by rumors concerning imposition of, II 17 imposed upon Jews by conscription ukase of August 26, 1827, II 18 ff, ukase reaffirmed in Statute of 1835, II 41 juvenile M. S., see Cantonists certain classes of Jews exempted from, II 20 weight of, falls principally on burghers, II 29 horrors of, II 24 ff, 27 ff, 145 ff Jews of Old-Constantinov "protest" against, II 21 f early marriages due to fear of, II 28 alleviations in, proposed by Council of State and rejected by Nicholas I., II 36 ineffectiveness of, in reforming Jews pointed out by Council of State (1840), II 48 term of, reduced for graduates of Crown schools (1844), II 58 Jewish agriculturists exempted from, II 71 shunned by Russians in general, II 146 evaded by Jews, II 146 barbarous penalties decreed for evasion of (1850), II 147 f severities of, repealed by Alexander II. (1856), II 155 ff tax in lieu of, proposed for graduates of secular schools and rejected (1859), II 164 newly regulated by Law of 1874, II 199 ff discriminations against Jews in new M. S. Statute of 1874, II 200 f, 355 evasion of, punished by fining family of recruit (1886), II 356 fine for evasion of, stimulates emigration, II 373, 414 Jewish emigrants relieved from, II 420 See Army, Recruits, and Soldiers Milton, indirect effect of, on Hebrew literature, II 135 Minor, rabbi of Moscow, refuses blackmail offer of Lutostanski, II 203 dismissed from office and exiled by Russian Government, II 423 f Minsk (city), Jews of, complain against abuses of Kahal, I 275 Kahal of, decides to send deputation to Tzar, I 336 Jews of, communicate with Jews of Vilna concerning Hasidism, I 373 Max Lilienthal opposed by Jews of, II 55 visited by Alexander II., II 187 minutes of Kahal of, used by Brafman as incriminating material, II 189 growth of pauperism in, III 24 Convention of Russian Zionists at, III 45, 51, 59 pogrom at, III 119 Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise, III 121 Jehiel Halperin, rabbi of, I 200 Naphtali, resident of, Hebrew author, I 201 Pollak, resident of, offers to establish agricultural farms, III 25 Minsk (province, or government), annexed by Russia (1793), I 292 included in Pale (1794), I 316 f; (1804), I 342; (1835), II 39 famine in, I 322 f Polish nobles of, propose restrictions for Jews, I 322 ff Jewish deputies from, active in St. Petersburg, I 337 Jews of, asked to elect delegates, I 349 massacre of Jews and Russians threatened by Poles in, I 357 Solomon of Karlin killed by troops in, I 372 placed under military dictatorship of Muravyov, II 188 Brafman, accuser of Jews, native of, II 187 Localities in: Bobovnia, II 80 Mir, II 113 Nesvizh, I 239 Mint, Polish, administered by Jews, I 42 Mir (government of Minsk), yeshibah at, II 113 Mishnah, term explained, II 114 Mithnagdim, name of opponents of Hasidim, I 238, 372 oppose Hasidim, I 274, 278, 372, 375 Mitropolit, highest ecclesiastic title in Russia, III 125 Mitzkevich (Polish, Myckiewicz), Adam, Polish poet friendly to Jews, II 108 Mizrahi, Orthodox Zionists, III 47 Mladanovich, Polish governor of Uman, betrays Jews, I 184 killed by Haidamucks, I 185 Mocatta, Moses, English translator of Isaac Troki's work, I 130 Modebadze, Sarre, Gruzinian girl, alleged victim of ritual murder, II 204 Moghilev, on the Dnieper (city), I 98 Jews of, transferred to outskirts of city (1633), I 98; and barred from Christian neighborhood (1646), I 98 f Jews of, expelled by invading Russians (1654), I 153; and massacred by Russian soldiers, I 154, 245 echo of Sabbatian propaganda, in, I 205 rabbinical conference at, protests against Hasidism, I 238 Kahal of, appealed to by Vilna Gaon against Hasidism, I 373 Shmerling, deputy from, dies at St. Petersburg Conference (1882), II 304 pogrom at (1904), III 100 f; avenged by Jewish youth, III 107 Moghilev (government), forms part of White Russia, I 187, 262, 307 communities of, form federation, I 196 Polish Jewish prisoners of war from, form nucleus of Moscow community, I 245 Jews of, visit Smolensk and Moscow, I 315 made part of Pale (1794), I 317; (1835), II 40 Jewish deputies from, arrive in St. Petersburg (1803), I 337 Jews of, invited to send delegates (1807), I 349 Jews from apply to be settled as agriculturists in New Russia, I 363 Jews elected to municipal offices in, I 368 Jews expelled from villages of (1823), I 406 governor of, reprimanded for accusing Jews falsely, II 87 governor of, decrees "polite manners" for Jews, II 383 governor of, censures Jews of Homel, III 89 Localities in: Dubrovna, I 252 Homel, III 87 ff Ladi, I 239, II 117 Lozno, I 234, II 117 Lubavichi, II 117 Monostyrchina, II 86 Mstislavl, II 85 ff, 383 Moghilev, on the Dniester (Podolia), I 98 Mohammedans, king of Khazars invites representative of, I 21 destroy Synagogue and are punished by Khazar king, I 22 protected by Khazars against Russians, I 26 persecuted in Russia, I 254 excluded from Russian bar, II 252 f Mohilever, Samuel, rabbi of Bialystok, joins "Love of Zion" movement, II 376 f Moldavo-Wallachia, Jews export goods from Poland to, I 67 f Moldavia, Lithuanian Jews accused of sending proselytes to, I 81 Moment, Yiddish daily in Warsaw, III 162 Monastyrchina (government of Moghilev), Itzele of, pleads for Jews, II 86 Montagu, Sir Samuel, of London, expelled from Moscow, II 345 Montefiore, Sir Moses, corresponds with Max Lilienthal, II 67 visits Russia and pleads for Jews, II 68 fund in honor of, established by "Lovers of Zion," II 376 Moravia, Jacob Frank moves to, I 219 Kremsier, city in, II 179 Moravski, Polish Minister of War, objects to Jewish volunteers, II 105 Mordecai (Motele), of Chernobyl, hasidic leader, II 119 Mordvinov, member of Council of State, saves Jews of Velizh from ritual murder charge, II 81 f Morenu, title of ordained rabbi, I 117 Moscow, Principality (Tzardom) of [Muscovy], growth of, I 29 Jews of Tauris brought into contract with, I 33 Crimean Jews render services to rulers of, I 35 f closed to Jews, I 60, 242 Little Russia incorporated in (1654), I 94, 153; (1657), I 159 Jews barred from (1610), I 244 rulers of Muscovy invade Polish provinces, I 153 f, 244; and troops of, expel or massacre Jews, I 154, 243, 245 f See Moscow (city) Moscow (city), "Judaizing heresy" spreads in, I 36 f Jewish court-physician burned in, 37 Jewish merchants from Poland and Lithuania penetrate into, I 242 f Ivan the Terrible refuses to admit Jews to (1550), I 243 influx of Poles and Jews into, I 244 Polish-Jewish prisoners of war permitted to stay in, I 245 Jewish cloth merchants permitted to visit, I 245 Jews barred from (1676), I 245 Borukh Leibov pays visit to, I 251; and converts Voznitzin to Judaism, I 251 f Jewish merchants of White Russia pay visits to, I 315 Russian merchants of, protest against admission of Jews, I 315 Jewish merchants excluded from (1790, 1791), I 316 Jewish merchants permitted temporary sojourn in (1835), II 40 Jewish physicians, though admitted to Interior, excluded from, II 167 burgomaster of, objects to admission of Jews to city government, II 199 Jews expelled from (under Ignatyev), II 264, 319 Russian merchants plead for admission of Jews to, II 319 Sir Samuel Montagu, of London, expelled from, II 345 admission of Jews to schools and university of, restricted to 3% (1887), II 350; restriction placed on statute books (1908), III 157 f Jews harassed in, II 385, 397 Russian celebrities of, sign protest against Jewish persecution, II 387 Dolgoruki, governor-general of, lenient towards Jews, II 401 Grand Duke Sergius appointed governor-general of, II 400 Alexeyov, burgomaster, of, agitates against Jews, II 400 f Istomin, agent of Pobyedonostzev, appointed to important post in, II 401 ukase, expelling Jews from city and government of, decreed (March 28, 1891), II 402; wording of ukase affected by hope for foreign loan, II 408 "illegal" Jews raided and imprisoned, II 403 Alexander III. pays visit to, II 404 discharged Jewish soldiers forbidden to remain in, II 404 Jewish artisans and tradesmen expelled from, II 404 f horrors of expulsion from, II 405 f news of expulsion from, suppressed in Russian press, II 407; reported in foreign press, II 407 expulsion from, witnessed by United States commissioners, II 407; causes protest of President Harrison of United States, II 408 f expulsion from, affects unfavorably Russian loan in Paris, II 408 M. refugees deported from St. Petersburg, II 410 expulsion of Jews from, continued, II 413; causes emigration to Western Europe and America, II 410, 413, 420 visited by White, representative of Baron Hirsch, II 418 synagogue of, closed (1892), II 423 Minor, rabbi of M., and Schneider expelled from, II 423 f conversion of synagogue of, into charitable institution ordered by Alexander III., II 424 "Marranos" in, II 425 request of Jews of, to open synagogue for Coronation services, refused, II 112 complete fashioning of synagogue of, ordered (1897), III 13 f Jewish merchants left in, persecuted and expelled, III 14 f new settlement of Jewish merchants in, prohibited (1899), III 15 International Congress of Medicine held in, III 15 Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights, III 109 Grand Duke Sergius, governor-general of, assassinated, III 110 Russian laborers from, assist in Zhitomir pogrom, III 115 armed uprising in (December, 1905), III 131 Troitza monastery, in vicinity of, II 203 Minor, rabbi of, II 203, 423 f Pobyedonostzev, professor at University of, III 245 Russ, newspaper in, deprecates sympathy with pogrom victims, II 278 headquarters of People's Freedom, revolutionary party, II 279 f Moscow News criticises Imperial Messenger for connivance at pogroms, II 279 Bogolyepov, professor in, anti-Jewish minister of Public Instruction, III 27 f Mitroplolit, head of Russian Church, resides in, III 125 Moser, see Mesirah Moses, king of Khazars, I 26 Moses, of Kiev, early Jewish scholar, corresponds with Gaon in Bagdad, I 133 Moses, rabbi of Great Poland, confirmed in office by Polish king (1518), I 104 Moses Ben Abraham, rabbi, author of Polish pamphlet defending Jews, II 98 Moskal, nickname for Russians among Poles, III 36 Motele, see Mordecai Moyetzki, Polish priest, anti-Jewish writer, I 96 Moyshe (Moses), Jewish martyr in Zaslav, I 177 Mstislavl (government of Moghilev), anti-Jewish riot at, stopped by Peter the Great, I 248 Jews of, accused of mutiny (1844), II 85 ff Jews of, threatened with public whipping, II 383 Munich (Bavaria), Max Lilienthal born in, II 52 Municipalities (Magistracies), autonomy of Polish M. guaranteed by Magdeburg Law, I 44 subject Jews to economic restrictions, I 70, 74 f of several cities combine against Jews, I 75 form compacts with Kahals, I 84 f obtain right of excluding Jews, I 85 arrogate jurisdiction over Jews, I 93 f Jews engaged in litigations with, I 171 Jews placed under control of (1768), I 267 Russian Government regulates relation of Jews to (1785 ff), I 308 ff Jewish merchants of White Russia admitted as members of (1783), I 310, 367 f Jews complain against oppression of, I 311 f hostility of Christian burghers bars Jews from, I 320, 369 ff Jewish membership in, restricted to one-third, I 368; (1836), II 41; (1870), II 199, 425 Jews of Lithuania declared eligible to (1802), I 369 Jews of Lithuania barred from (1805), II 41 participation of Jews in, discussed by special Government Committee, II 198 f Jews of Pereyaslav invited to resign from, II 266 Jews take conspicuous part in, II 425 Jews deprived of votes in (1892), II 425 f local authorities ordered to appoint Jewish members, II 426 League for Equal Rights calls on Jewish appointees in, to resign (1905), III 112 Jewish Government appointees resign, III 113 combined deputation of Zemstvos and M. favors universal suffrage, III 122 See Kahals and Zemstvos Muravyov, Minister of Justice, misrepresents facts of Homel pogrom, III 101 Muravyov, Michael, governor-general of Vilna, subdues Poles, II 183 appointed military dictator of six governments, II 188 pursues policy of Russification, II 188, 239 Muravyov, Nikita, leader of "Northern" revolutionaries, I 410 limits political rights of Jews to Pale, I 413 Musar (Ethical Literature), name explained, I 201 flourishes in Poland, I 201 f Muscovy, see Moscow, principality of Mysticism, see Cabala Nagartava, agricultural Jewish colony, pogrom at, III 35 Nahman, of Belzhytz, see Jacob of Belzhytz Nahman, of Bratzlav, hasidic leader, I 382 makes pilgrimage to Palestine, I 383 deprecates rationalism, I 383 21 dies at Uman, I 383 grave of, visited annually by devotees, II 122 adherents of, persecuted by other Hasidim, II 122 Nahman, of Horodno, disciple of Besht, I 227 Nahman, of Kosovo, disciple of Besht, I 227 Nahum, see Nohum Names, Jews of St. Petersburg ordered to use mutilated first N. (1890), II 397 f Jews prohibited from using Russian first N. (1893), II 427 Naphtali, of Minsk, Hebrew author, I 201 Napoleon, creates duchy of Warsaw, I 297 f "Code of N." introduced into duchy of Warsaw, I 298 "suspensory decree" of (1808), duplicated in duchy of Warsaw, I 299 announces to Jews of Europe convocation of "Great Synhedrion," I 346 marches towards Russia (1806), I 347 influence of, over Jews feared by Russian Government, I 347 presented by Russian authorities to Jews as enemy of Judaism, I 348 denounced by Holy Synod as "savior" of Jews, I 348 f wins friendship of Alexander I., I 350 f invades Russia (1812), I 354 meets with sympathy of Poles, I 355 Russian Jews prejudiced against, I 356 f marches through Palestine, I 383 Narodnaya Vola ("The People's Freedom"), revolutionary party, II 279; see Revolution Narodnichestov ("Populism"), II 222; see Revolution Narol (Volhynia), massacre at (1648), I 149 Naryshkin, Russian dignitary, opposes Jewish suffrage, III 122 Nathan, successor of Nahman of Bratzlav, II 122 Nationalism, Jewish, preached by Smolenskin, II 233 ff growth of, in Russia, II 372 rise of, III 40 ff National-cultural Autonomism (spiritual nationalism), II 327, 332, III 41, 51 ff, 144 effect of, on Jewish Labor Movement, III 57 national emancipation (and self-determination) demanded by League for Equal Rights, III 112, 133 calling of Russian-Jewish National Assembly decided upon by League, III 133 national-cultural Jewish institutions prohibited and suppressed, III 160 f strength of, III 163 Nationalist Society, organization of Russian Black Hundred, III 114 Neidthart, city-governor of Odessa, assists pogrom, III 129 Nekhludov, member of Committee for Amelioration of Jews, favors emancipation of Jews, II 196 ff Nemirov, see Niemirov Neo-Hebraic Literature, see Hebrew Nesselrode, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, forwards memorandum on Jews to Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398 discusses plan of settling Russian Jews in Algiers, II 69 Nestor, Russian chronicler, refers to Jews, I 31 Nesvizh (government of Minsk), Solomon Maimon born in vicinity of, I 239 Simeon Volfovich, opponent of Vilna Kahal, imprisoned in, I 276 Eliezer Dillon, Jewish deputy, native of, I 358 Netter, Charles, sent by Alliance Israélite to help emigrants in Brody, II 269 Neu Freie Presse, Vienna daily, Dr. Herzl acts as correspondent of, in Paris, III 42 Neuman, rabbi in St. Petersburg, member of Executive Committee of Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment, II 214 Nevel, Jews, driven from villages, huddled together in, I 407 New Israel, Jewish sect in Odessa, II 334 f New Jersey, Jewish agricultural colonies in, II 374 New Russia, see Russia, New New York, Max Lilienthal accepts post as rabbi in, II 59 Joseph Jacobs settles in, II 287 Cox, Congressman from, addresses Congress on persecutions in Russia, III 284 f protest meeting against pogroms held in, II 296 f Jewish emigrants settle in, II 374 Shalom Aleichem dies in, III 62 place of publication, II 290, 297 Nicholas I., emperor of Russia (1825-1855), II 13-153 policy of, foreshadowed by Alexander I., I 390 character of reign of, I 391, II 13, 140 f era of, depicted by Mendele Mokher Sforim, III 61 coronation of, celebrated by Hebrew poet, II 135 ascends throne through resignation of brother, II 13 suppresses uprising of Decembrists, I 410, II 13 characterizes Jews as "leeches," II 14 plans to de-Judaize Jews through military conscription, II 15 f signs Conscription Ukase (August 26, 1827), II 17 decrees expulsions of Jews, II 30 ff rejects plea for postponement of expulsion, II 33 rejects recommendations of Council of State in favor of Jews, II 35 ff signs "Statute concerning Jews" (1835), II 39 sentences Jews with expired passports to penal service, II 42 subjects Hebrew books to censorship (1836), II 42 ff dissolves "Society of Israelitish Christians," I 400 interested in conversion of Jews, II 44 f appoints Committee for Radical Transformation of Jews (1840), II 49 places Jewish schools under Government supervision (1842), II 56 orders opening of Government schools for Jews (1844), II 57 f expels Jews from 51-verst zone (1843), II 62 approached on behalf of Jews during stay in England, II 63 German Jews plan gift to, II 67 receives Moses Montefiore, II 68 prohibits Jews from leaving Pale, II 70 interested in spreading agriculture among Jews, II 71 f, 197, III 24 closes synagogues in Velizh on ritual murder charge (1826), II 78 believes ritual murder accusation, II 78 f warns Commission of Inquiry, at Velizh, against exaggerations, II 80 sanctions acquittal of Velizh Jews (1835), II 82 reiterates belief in ritual murder, II 83 inflicts severe punishment on Jews of Mstislavl, II 86 deports Jewish printers to Siberia, II 123 orders "assortment" of Jews (1851), II 142 f prohibits Jewish dress (1851), II 144 f issues draconian conscription measures (1850), II 147; (1853), 148 f appoints committee to investigate blood accusation (1854), II 151, 203 eclipsed by Alexander III., II 354 See "Nicholas Soldiers" Nicholas II., emperor of Russia (1894-1917), III 7-169 reign of, characterized, III 7 ascends throne, III 7 pledges himself to uphold autocracy, III 8 thanks Jews for address of welcome, III 8 surrounds himself with reactionaries, III 9 influenced by Pobyedonostzev, III 9 f objects to abrogation of Pale, III 11 Jews of Moscow restrained from celebrating coronation of, III 12 economic collapse of Russian Jewry during reign of, III 22 ff Jews barred from liquor trade, III 22 calls Hague Conference, III 35 disappoints hopes of liberals, III 66 appoints Plehve, III 67 hatred of, toward Jews, intensified by Kishinev massacre, III 93 grants trifling privileges to Jews on birth of heir-apparent, III 99 makes partial concession to revolution (1904), III 106 orders shooting of demonstrators (January, 1905), III, 106 f forced to make further concessions (February 18, 1905), III 110 patronizes Black Hundred, III 113 f receives deputation of Zemstvos and municipalities, III 122 defers consideration of Jewish question, III 123 abets counter-revolutionary pogroms (October, 1905), III 127 pursues double-faced policy, III 130 receives deputation of Black Hundred, III 131 dissolves First Duma, III 135, 139 objects to mitigation of Jewish disabilities, III 141 changes electoral law, III 142 expresses confidence in Black Hundred, III 149 pardons pogrom perpetrators, III 150 wears ostentatiously badge of Black Hundred, III 151 ratifies restrictive school norm of 1887 (1908), III 157 extends school norm to Jewish "externs" (1911), III 159 witnesses assassination of Stolypin at Kiev, III 164 checks pogrom at Kiev, and stirs up Beilis case, III 165 "Nicholas Soldiers," term explained, II 29 forbidden to live outside Pale, II 29 permitted to live outside Pale (1867), II 29, 172 Nicholayev (government of Kherson), Jews expelled from (1829), II 32 f excluded from Pale and closed to Jews (1835), II 4 included in Pale by Alexander II., II 172 pogrom at (April 19, 1899), III 34; (October, 1905), III 128 Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise, III 128 Niemen, river, Lithuanians settled on banks of, I 59 part of Jewish Pale, I 317 Niemirov (Podolia), Khmelnitzki massacre at (1648), I 146 f pogrom at, commemorated annually, I 152 Jacob Joseph Cohen, rabbi of, I 227, 230 name of, used as substitute for Kishinev, III 79 Nietzscheanism, preached by Hebrew writer, III 60 Nikitin, Russian-Jewish writer, quoted, I 315 Nisselovich, Jewish deputy to Third Duma, III 153 collects signatures for abrogation of Pale, III 156 Nissi, king of Khazars, I 26 Nizhni-Novgorod, Jews permitted to visit fair of (1835), II 40 pogrom at (1884), II 360 f Nobility, in Poland, see Shlakhta Nohum, of Chernobyl, hasidic preacher and leader, I 232, 382; II 119 Nordau, Max, Zionist discourses of, discussed in Russia, III 47 denies future of diaspora, III 52 Norov, Minister of Public Instruction, suggests admission into Russian Interior of Jewish graduates of Russian schools (1857), II 163 North-West (Lithuania and White Russia), rabbinism of, contrasted with Hasidism of South-west (Ukraina and Poland), I 199, 221, 274 Hasidism weak in, I 371 f; and different from Hasidism of South-west, I 233 ff Kahals in, stronger than in South-west, I 274, 379 Notkin, see Shklover Novaya Ushitza (Podolia), Jews of, accused of collective crime, II 84 f Israel of Ruzhin implicated in case against Jews of, II 121 Novgorod, Jews of Kiev emigrate to, I 36 f Jews of Vitebsk exiled by Russians to (1654), I 154 Novgorod-Seversk, former name of government of Poltava, I 321 included in Pale (1794), I 317 Novo-Moskovsk (government of Yekaterinoslav), pogrom at (1883), II 360 Novoshelski, burgomaster of Odessa, favors admission of Jews to municipal government, II 199 Novosiltzev, Nicholas, Russian Commissary in Poland, II 16 warns against imposing conscription on Jews, II 16 f proposes plan of reorganization of Polish Jews, II 92 f plan of, discussed and rejected by Polish Council of State, II 93 f Novosti ("The News"), liberal paper in St. Petersburg, II 379 suppressed for expressing sympathy with Moscow exiles, II 407 Novoye Vremya ("The New Time"), St. Petersburg daily, adopts anti-Semitic policy, II 205 becomes organ of reaction, II 247 advocates repression of Jews, II 278, 381 commends pogrom at Warsaw, II 282 exerts anti-Jewish influence on Government circles, II 380 read by Alexander III., II 380 attacks Rothschild of Paris, II 410 utilizes Dreyfus Affair for attack upon Jews, III 32 report of Shpola pogrom in, quoted, III 33 Suvorin, publisher of, produces anti-Semitic play, II 38 libels Jews in Russo-Japanese war, III 95 Nyeshava (Polish, Nieszawa), Diet of, adopts anti-Jewish "Statute" (1454), I 63 "Statute" of, confirmed by Piotrkov Diet (1496), I 64 Nyevakhovich, Judah Leib (Lev), author of Russian pamphlet on Jewish question, I 386 f becomes Russian playwright, I 388 embraces Christianity, I 388 descendants of, occupy prominent Government positions, I 388 Nyezhin (government of Chernigov), pogrom at (1881), II 267; (October, 1905), III 129 Obadiah, king of Khazars, I 26; invites Jewish sages from Babylonia, I 21 Oblavas, or raids, on Jews of Moscow, II 403 on Jews of Kiev, III 20 Obolanin, procurator-general of Senate, gives anti-Jewish instructions to Dyerzhavin, I 229 Obolenski, member of Council of State, favors Jewish franchise, III 122 Octobrists, conservative Russian party, name explained, III 153 demand exclusion of Jews from office of Justice of Peace, I 156 Odessa, Jewish families in, converted to Christianity, I 400 Jewish model school in, II 52, 133, 137 Lilienthal kindly received by Jews of, II 56 Bezalel Stern, resident of, appointed on Rabbinical Commission, II 57 center of Haskalah, II 132 f pogrom at (1871), II 191 ff, 215 f; effects of, II 216, 239 burgomaster of, advocates admission of Jews to municipal government, II 199 Pirogov, school superintendent of, encourages Jewish cultural aspirations, II 207, 209 branch of Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment established in, II 215 f; discontinued as result of pogrom, II 216 ha-Melitz, published in, II 217 Jewish periodicals in Russian published in, II 219 Smolenskin removes to, II 234 Lilienblum settles in, II 237 Osip Rabinovich, founder of Russian-Jewish literature, resides in, II 238 Government emissaries prepare pogrom in, II 248 pogrom at (May, 1881), II 257 f Jewish students of, organize self-defence, II 258 "New Israel," Judeo-Christian sect, founded in, I 334 center of "Love of Zion" movement, II 376 headquarters of Palestine Relief Society, II 422 Jews of, warned by city-governor, II 383 visited by White, representative of Baron Hirsch, II 418 growth of pauperism among Jews of, III 24 pupils of Jewish Agricultural School in vicinity of, barred from land ownership, III 25 Order Bne Moshe founded by Ahad Ha'am in, III 49 ha-Shiloah edited in, III 58, 162 Jews of, organize self-defence (1904), III 96 Grigoryev, city-governor of, prevents pogrom, III 97; dismissed, III 151 chief-of-police of, fired at by Jew, III 107 Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights, III 109 Russian Nationalist Society of, incites to pogrom, III 114 pogrom at (October, 1905), III 128 f Jewish self-defence of, sentenced by court-martial, III 150 f Jews of, assaulted by Black Hundred, III 151 governor-general of, condemns Jews, II 276 Gurko, governor-general of, suggests restrictive school norm, II 339 governor of, recommends forbidding Jewish emigrants to return to Russia, II 414 Odoyevski, Count, advises Catherine II. concerning admission of Jews into Russia, I 259 Ofen, see Buda Offenbach (Germany), Jacob Frank settles in, I 220 Olbia, on Black Sea, Jewish settlement in, I 14 Old-Constantine (Staro-Constantine), see Constantinov "Old Testament Believers," term of assimilated Polish Jews, II 96, 100 ff Oleshnitzki, Zbignyev, archbishop of Cracow, denounces Casimir IV. for protecting Jews, I 62 starts campaign against Jews, I 62 f dictates anti-Jewish "Statute" of Nyeshava, I 63 Omsk, Territory of (Siberia), lands in, set aside for Jewish colonists, II 71 Oppenheim, German-Jewish painter, stops painting ordered for Nicholas I., II 67 Orlov (government), "Judaizers" in, I 402 Orlov, Count, president of Council of State, urges punishment of Jews accused of ritual murder, II 162 Orsha (government of Moghilev), pogrom at, III 128 Orshanski, Ilya (Elias), Russian-Jewish writer, II 238 f Orshanski, Dr., brother of former, reports interview with Ignatyev, II 284 f, 297 Oryol (city), Jews expelled from, II 264 anti-Semitic play produced at, III 38 f Ostrog (Volhynia), Jewish community of, represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110 Cossack massacre at (1648), I 149 bombarded by Russian army (1792), I 292 Jewish conference at (1798), I 324 Rabbis of: Solomon Luria (Reshal), I 125 Samuel Edels (Maharsho), I 129 David Halevi (Taz), I 130 Naphtali Cohen, I 204 Ostropol, Samson of, Cabalist and martyr, I 148 f Ostropoler, Hershel, "court-fool" of Tzaddik Borukh Tulchinski, I 348 Ostrov, at extreme end of Jewish Pale, II 70 Ostrovski, Anton, commander of National Guard in Warsaw, II 106 defends Jews, II 107 Ottocar, of Bohemia, Jewish charter of, serves as model for Boleslav of Kalish, I 45 Otyechstvennyia Zapiski ("Records of the Fatherland"), radical Russian magazine, records Jewish question as economic problem, II 325 quoted, II 325 Oxman, Jewish informer, II 84 Padua, Polish Jews study medicine at University of, I 105, 132 Pahlen, Count, chairman of "Pahlen Commission," II 336 f Pahlen, governor of Vilna, suggests removal of Jewish disabilities, III 93 Pale of Settlement (Russian, cherta osyedlosti), foreshadowed in decree of May 7, 1786, restricting Jews to annexed White Russia, I 314 f enlarged as result of second partition of Poland (1793), I 316 f formally sanctioned by Law of June 23, 1794, I 317 enlarged as result of third partition of Poland (1795), I 317 f Courland added to (1795), I 321 defined in Statute of 1804, I 342 Kiev excluded from (1827), II 31 ff Courland [and Livonia] excluded from (1829), II 32 Sevastopol and Nicholayev excluded from (1829), II 32 accurately defined in Statute of 1805, II 39 f Nicholas I. watches over strict maintenance of, II 70 number of Jews and Jewish artisans in, II 168 Commission for Amelioration of Jews considers thinning out of (1871), II 193 gubernatorial commission appointed for every government of (1881), II 273 Ignatyev refuses to add to, II 285, 306 Rostov and Taganrog excluded from (1887), II 346 admission of Jews to schools in, restricted to 10% (1887), II 350; restriction placed on Statute books (1908-1909), III 157 f admission of Jews to universities in, restricted to 7%, II 29 disproportionately large number of Jewish recruits in, II 355 f congestion in cities of, II 385 Jews in, compared with prisoner in cell, II 389 Moscow refugees driven into, II 406 visited by United States commissioners, II 407 visited by Arnold White, emissary of Baron Hirsch, II 417 Yalta excluded from (1893), II 428 f governor of Vilna recommends abrogation of, III 11 zealously maintained under Nicholas II., III 16, 20 f growth of pauperism in, III 23 f localities in, barred to Jews in 1882, reopened to them (1903), III 80 f preservation of, affirmed by Third Duma (1908), III 154 one hundred and six Duma deputies favor abrogation (1910), III 156 exclusion of Jews from villages in, see Villages See also Interior, and Residence, Right of Palestine, Teutonic Order originates in, I 63 Cabalists of, influence Polish Jewry, I 134 Sabbatian propaganda carried on in, II 205 mass emigration of Polish Jews to (1700), I 209 f Shneor Zalman accused of collecting money for, I 376 Nahman of Bratzlav makes pilgrimage to, I 383 Lelevel, Polish historian, promises Polish help in restoration of, II 108 restoration of Jews to, preached by Smolenskin, II 236; advocated by Levanda, II 240 Bilu pioneers emigrate to (1882), II 321 f beginnings of Jewish colonization in, II 322 "Lovers of Zion" establish colonies, in, III 42 Jewish national center in, championed by Lilienblum, II 328 ff; and, as an alternative, by Pinsker, II 331 expulsion from Moscow stimulates emigration to, II 416 attempt at mass emigration to (1891), II 421 f feeble results of colonization in, III 42 colonization of, made part of Basle program, III 44 modern Hebrew writers in, III 163 See also Zionism Palestinophilstvo, Russian name for "Love of Zion," II 328; see also Zionism Pan, noble landowner in Poland, name explained, I 93 Panticapaeum, see Kerch Pardes, Hebrew annual, III 58 Paris, Sanchez, Jewish court-physician in St. Petersburg, removes to, I 258 Berek Yoselovich pays visit to, I 294 "Jewish Parliament" meets in, I 346 ff; III 53 Rothschilds of, II 69, 375, 407, 410 Lelevel, Polish historian, refugee in, II 107 Polish refugees in, II 108 anti-Semitism among Polish refugees in, II 109 Alliance Israélite Universelle in, II 189, 194, 297, 322 Plehve's secret circular made known in, II 381 Moscow refugees arrive in, II 408 Jewish Colonization Association in, sends deputation to Pobyedonostzev, III 10 Herzl resides in, III 42 Paskevich, Russian viceroy in Poland, pacifies Poland (after 1831), II 109 Moses Montefiore communicates with, II 68 Altaras of Marseilles negotiates with, II 69 Passek, governor-general of White Russia, questioned by Senate concerning Jewish law courts, I 310 restricts Jews of White Russia in economic pursuits, I 310 f Passover, Christian, see Easter Passover, lawyer, member of Jewish deputation to Alexander III., II 261 Passports, Jews with expired P's. severely punished, II 42 Jews found without P's. sent into army, II 148 f Jewish P's. examined in St. Petersburg, II 343 Jewish emigrants relieved from tax on, II 418 disabilities imposed by P. Regulations of 1894, II 427 Paul IV., pope, encourages anti-Jewish policy in Poland, I 86 Paul I., emperor of Russia (1796-1801), I 321-334 includes Courland in area of Jewish settlement, I 321 imposes restrictions on Jews of government of Minsk, I 323 Jews of Volhynia prepare to send deputation to, I 324 f dispatches Dyerzhavin to White Russia, I 328 f releases Shneor Zalman from prison, I 376 receives denunciation against Hasidim, I 378 Arakcheyev prominent in military affairs during reign of, I 395 Pavlovsk, District of (government of Voroneyezh), "Judaizing" sect spreads in, I 401 Pavluk, Cossack leader, instigates attacks upon Jews, I 144 Pavolochi (province of Kiev), Jews of, accused of ritual murder, I 178 Pecheneges succeed Khazars in Crimea, I 29 Pechera Monastery, in Kiev, Abbot of, preaches hatred toward Jews, I 31 "People's Freedom" (in Russian, Narodnaya Vola), revolutionary party, responsible for assassination of Alexander II., II 279 pursues anti-Jewish policy, II 279 f Perekop, gulf and isthmus of, I 13, 29 Peretz, rabbi of Bohemian Community in Cracow, I 104 Peretz, Abraham, of St. Petersburg, assists Jewish deputies, I 338 acts as Jewish Maecenas, I 386 converted to Christianity, I 388 Peretz, Gregory, son of former, Russian revolutionary, I 412 Pereyaslav (province, or government of Poltava), Cossack massacre at (1648), I 145 pogrom at (1881), II 265 f Perez, I. L., editor of Yiddish magazine, III 59 Yiddish and Hebrew writer, III 61 f, 162 Perl, Joseph, Hebrew writer in Galicia, II 126 f Perm (Central Russia), Jewish cantonists driven to, II 25 Perovksi, Russian statesman, considers emigration of Russian Jews to Algiers, II 69 Persia, Khazars make inroads into, I 19 Jewish merchants travel through, I 23 Pestel, Paul, leader of early Russian revolutionaries, I 410 discusses Jewish problem, I 410 ff favors establishment of separate Jewish Commonwealth, I 412 Peter, Carmelite monk in Lublin, alleged victim of ritual murder, I 100 Peter I., The Great, emperor of Russia (1688-1725), extends influence of Russia over Poland refuses to admit Jews into Russia, I 246 f prejudiced against Jews, I 247 f stops military riot against Jews, I 248 admits Jewish financiers to St. Petersburg, I 248 quoted in favor of barring Jews from Russia, II 35 f originator of penalty by Spiessruten, II 85 Peter II., emperor of Russia (1727-1730), permits Jews to visit fairs in Little Russia, I 250 Peter III., emperor of Russia (1761), dethroned by Catherine II., I 259 Peterhof, near St. Petersburg, Plehve killed on way to, III 97 Jewish franchise discussed at conferences in, III 122 Petersburg, see St. Petersburg Pethahiah, of Ratisbon, Jewish traveller, I 29 refers to Russia, I 32 f Petrograd, Greco-Jewish inscription kept in Hermitage at, I 15 Russian Mitropolit resides at, II 125; see St. Petersburg Pfefferkorn, Jewish convert, II 189 Phanagoria (Taman Peninsula), Jews settled in, I 14, 18 Philadelphia, Marcus Jastrow accepts post of rabbi in, II 179 place of publication, III 51 Philippson, Ludwig, founder of Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums, II 67 corresponds with Max Lilienthal, II 67 serves as model for Russian-Jewish publicists, II 219 Philipson, David, quoted, I 54 Philosophy, Jewish, studied in Poland, I 132 f opposed by Joel Sirkis, I 133 reflected in doctrine of Besht, I 225 f imbedded in doctrine of Shneor Zalman, I 374, 382 opposed by Rabbinism, I 381 regarded as destructive by Nahman of Bratzlav, I 383 Phineas, of Koretz, disciple of Besht, I 227 descendants of, II 123 Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople, hopes for conversion of Crimean Jews, I 18 Physicians, Jewish, in Poland, attacked by Christian physician, I 96 originally natives of Spain or Italy, I 131 f study at University of Padua, I 105, 132 at Polish court, I 132, 136 at Russian court, I 258 in White Russia, I 331, 386 admitted to residence in Russian Interior and to civil service (1861), II 165, 167 excluded from civil service, III 27 Physicians, Jewish, in Russian army: number of, restricted, II 319 f first to be mobilized in Russo-Japanese war, III 94 f families of mobilized P. expelled, III 95 accused of revolutionary propaganda, III 156 Piast, progenitor of Piast dynasty in Poland, I 40 Piatoli, secretary of Polish king, assists Jews, I 291 Pidyon, contribution of Hasidim, term explained, II 119 Pikolski, monk at Lemberg, conducts agitation against Jews, I 174 Pilpul, method of talmudic dialectics, fostered in Poland, I 119 f carried from Bohemia to Poland, I 122 opposed by Solomon Luria, I 256 grafted upon by Cabala, I 135, II 117 shunned by Elijah of Vilna, I 236 Pinkasevich, Jacob, Jewish martyr in Posen, I 175 Pinsk, important community in Lithuania, I 73 Jewish community of, represented in Lithuanian Waad, I 112 Avigdor, rabbi of, I 377 f Pinsker, Leon, editor of Sion, II 220 author of Autoemancipation, II 330 f ideas of, affect "Love of Zion" movement, II 332 becomes its leader, II 376, III 42, 49 elected president of Society for Granting Relief in Syria and Palestine, II 422 contrasted with Herzl, III 43 Pinsker, Simha, father of former, teacher in Odessa school, II 133 Piotrkov, Diet of (1496), confirms anti-Jewish Statute, I 64; restricts commercial rights of Lemberg Jews (1521), I 75 Sigismund II. confirms liberal Jewish Statute at Diet of (1548), I 83 Church Synod of, passes anti-Jewish "Constitution" (1542), I 82 f Crown Tribunal of, tries ritual murder cases, I 95 f; and Jews accused of blasphemy, I 164 f Jewish communities in province of, destroyed, I 156 Tobias Feder, Hebrew writer, native of, I 388 Pirhe Tzafon, Hebrew periodical in Vilna, II 136 Pirogov, Nicholas, Odessa physician, friend of Jews, II 207, 209 Piryatin (province of Poltavia), Cossack massacre at (1648), I 145 Pisarevski, instigator of Kishinev pogrom, commits suicide, III 91 Pisaryev, radical Russian writer, influences Russian-Jewish intelligenzia, II 209 influences M. L. Lilienblum, II 238 Plehve, Russian assistant-minister of Interior, II 379 chief of political police, II 381 objects to Jewish participation in Zemstvos, II 386 chairman of secret anti-Jewish Committee, II 399 suggests expulsion of Jews from Moscow, II 402 bars Jews from municipal government, II 425 appointed Minister of Interior, III 16, 67 plans to check revolution by pogroms, III 68 f subventions Krushevan's anti-Semitic paper, III 70 sends telegram to stop Kishinev massacre, III 75, 97 stifles press protests against Kishinev massacre, III 77 suspected of sending orders encouraging massacre, III 77 forbids Jewish self-defence, III 80, 90 forbids Zionism, III 82 f negotiates with Herzl, III 83 f plans regulating Jewish legislation, III 92 f stops expulsion of families of mobilized Jews, III 95 assassinated, III 97 urges Russo-Japanese War as anti-revolutionary measure, III 98 death of, predicted in Voskhod, III 98 investigation of Homel pogrom started during lifetime of, III 101 Plotzk (Polish, Plock), city in Poland, I 243 city and province of, annexed by Prussia (1793), I 292 Synod of, passes anti-Jewish resolution (1733), I 171 archbishop of, endorses project of Jewish reforms, I 292 Poale Zion, see Zionism Pobyedonostzev, Constantine Petrovich, professor at Moscow University, II 245 tutor of Alexander III., II 245 head of Holy Synod, II 245 defends autocratic régime, II 245 member of reactionary Sacred League, II 248 disparages popular education, II 348 f inspires educational restrictions for Jews, II 349 utilizes railroad accident at Borki for purposes of reaction, III 378 opposes Jewish participation in Zemstvos, II 386 endorses expulsion of Jews from Moscow, II 401 receives gift for ecclesiastic schools from Baron Hirsch, II 415 receives White, emissary of Baron Hirsch, II 417 recommends him to officials, II 418 condemns Jews as parasites, II 417 bars Jews from municipal self-government, II 425 all powerful under Nicholas II., III 9 continues fight against Jews, III 9 f Podol, Jewish quarter in Kiev, pogrom in, II 252 ff Podolia, part of Red Russia, I 53 subject to Poland, I 140 uprising against Poles in (1648), I 145 regained by Poland (1667), I 159 annexed by Turkey (1672), I 208 returned to Poland (1699), I 208 strip of, annexed by Austria (1772), I 187 annexed by Russia (1793), I 292 included in Pale (1794), I 317; (1804), I 342; (1835), II 39 Jews prohibited from selling cloth in, I 75 Jews massacred by Cossacks in (1648), I 146 ff, 157 part of, forbidden to Jews (1649), I 151 Jews massacred by haidamacks (1768), I 183 ff Talmudic culture deteriorates in, I 199 Sabbatian movement propagated in, I 208, 210 f Jacob Frank active in, I 211, 212 f, 216 rabbis of, summoned to disputation with Frankists, I 214 f difference of intellectual development in, I 221 Besht, founder of Hasidism, active in, I 222, 224 f, 228 Hasidism spreads in, I 229, 274 type of Tzaddik in, I 233 conquered by Hasidim, I 371, 383 Kahal of, appealed to by Vilna Gaon against Hasidism, I 373 remains hotbed of Hasidism, II 121 f Jews of, suffer from civil war in Poland (1792), I 292 Shlakhta of, suggests anti-Jewish measures (1798), I 324 Jews of, decide to appeal to Paul I., I 325 Jews of, send delegate to St. Petersburg (1803), I 337 Jews of, invited by Government to elect deputies (1807), I 349 Jews of, protest against discrimination in municipal government, I 369 Jews of, indifferent towards Polish insurrection (1831), II 107 Jewish economic activity in, II 194 pogroms in (1881), II 256; (1882), 299 ff, 304 governor of, favors emigration of Jewish proletariat, II 414 Localities in: Balta, II 299 ff Bratzlav, I 288, 383 Kamenitz, I 215, 324 Lantzkorona, I 213 Moghilev (on the Dniester), I 98 Satanov, I 213, 388 Pogroms (under Polish régime), occasioned by Black Death, I 52 at Cracow, I 56 f, 63 f, 97, 102, 161, 166 at Lemberg, I 64 at Posen, I 64, 75, 90, 95, 166 at Brest-Kuyavsk, I 75 at Brest-Litovsk, I 99 at Vilna, I 94, 99 at Warsaw (1790), I 285 ff occasioned by meetings of provincial diets, or dietines, I 170 perpetrated by Polish irregular troops (1656), I 155 f suppressed by Sigismund I., I 76 energetically opposed by Stephen Batory, I 90 forestalled by Sigismund III., I 97 prevented by Vladislav IV., I 98 forbidden by diet of Warsaw (1717), I 171 perpetrated by theological students (Schülergelauf), I 161 student P's. forbidden by Mechislav III. (1173), I 42; and condemned by Polish diet, I 166 f Pogroms (in the Ukraina), under Pavluk, Cossack leader (1637), I 144 under Khmelnitzki, Cossack leader, (1648), I 145 ff by Haidamacks (1768), I 183 at Uman, I 184 f Pogroms (under Russian régime), term explained, II 191 perpetrated in Poland by invading Russians (1563), I 243; (1654), I 153 f, 245 checked by Peter the Great (1708), I 248 at Odessa (1871), II 191 ff; halts assimilation endeavors, 215 f; depicted by Smolenskin, II 245; produces staggering effect on Orshanski, II 239 initiation of policy of (1881), I 247 carefully prepared by Government agents, II 248 Katzaps, or Great Russians, imported for perpetration of, II 248, 256, 359, III 115 at Yelisavetgrad (April, 1881), II 249 ff in district of Yelisavetgrad and government of Kherson, II 251 at Kiev (April, 1881), II 251 ff; effects of, minimized by Government press, II 255 f; tried in court, II 264 f new P's. in South Russia, II 256 ff averted at Berdychev by Jewish self-defence, II 256 f at Odessa (May, 1881), II 257 f; Jewish self-defence punished, II 264 believed by peasants to have been ordered by Tzar, II 257 ascribed by Government to Russian revolutionary propaganda, II 259 f, 269, 279 later attributed by it to Jewish economic exploitation, II 261, 315 Government indifferent towards victims of, II 263 perpetrators of, receive slight sentences in court, II 264 outbreak of new P's. in South Russia (summer 1881), II 265 ff suppressed in Lithuania and White Russia, II 267, 276 replaced there by incendiary activities, II 267 give rise to emigration movement, II 267 f at Warsaw (December, 1881), II 280 ff; effect of, on Europe and America, II 283; London, II, 287; welcomed by Government "Jewish Committee," II 310 Alexander III. regrets necessity of suppressing, II 284 Jews hold public mourning for victims of, II 286 cause agitation in England, II 287 f Mansion House Meeting in London protests against (February 1, 1882), II 288 ff committee to aid victims of, organized in London, II 290 f perpetrators of, arrested, II 291 at Balta (March, 1882), II 299 ff; horrors of, II 302 f, terrifies Government, II 314; tried in court, II 315 f; produces emigration panic, II 321 discussed by Jewish Conference in St. Petersburg, II 306 f justified in report of "Jewish Committee," II 309 policy of, abandoned by Government, II 311 ff perpetrators of, receive severe sentences, II 315 f Russian press and literature react feebly on, II 325 f effect of, on Russian-Jewish intelligenzia, II 326 outbreak of new P's. in South Russia (1883), II 358 ff at Rostov (May, 1883), II 358; news of, suppressed, II 358 at Yekaterinoslav (July, 1883), II 358 ff at Nizhni-Novgorod (1884), II 360 ff; prompted by greed and prospect of immunity, II 361 referred to by Pahlen Commission, II 367 at Starodub (government of Chernigov, 1891), 411 ff; displeases Government, II 412 bred in public houses, III 23 outbreak of new P's. in Russian South and South-west (1897), III 32 ff stopped by Government on account of Hague Conference, II 35 at Chenstokhov (by Poles), stopped by Russian Government (1902), III 36 planned by Plehve as counter-revolutionary measure, III 68 f at Kishinev (April, 1903), III 69 ff; see Kishinev at Homel (August, 1903), III 87 ff; tried in court and misrepresented by Government, III 101 ff impending P's. stopped by Government (1904), III 96 f in Russian South-west (August, 1904), III 99 by mobilized soldiers (September, 1904), III 100 at Moghilev (October, 1904) III 100 f; avenged by Jewish youth, III 107 in government of Vitebsk (October, 1904), III 101 organized by Black Hundred (April, 1905), III 113 ff at Bialystok, III 114 f at Dusyaty (government of Kovno), III 115 at Melitopol (government of Tavrida), III 115 at Simferopol (government of Tavrida), III 115 at Zhitomir (Volhynia), III 115 f; followed by tragedy at Troyanov, III 116 ff; misrepresented by Government, III 118 intensify revolutionary movement among Jews, III 119 perpetrated by soldiers (summer, 1905), III 119 f at Minsk, III 119 at Brest-Litovsk, III 119 at Syedletz, III 119 at Lodz, III 119 f at Bialystok (June, 1905), III 120 at Kerch (Crimea), July, 1905, III 120; prepared by Government, III 120 "October P's." (October 18-25, 1905), III 124 ff; organized by Black Hundred, with help of Tzar and police, III 125 f; vast extent of, III 128; followed by anarchy, III 130 f at Odessa, III 129; assisted by police, III 129 at Nyezhin (government of Chernigov), III 129 outside Pale (October, 1905), III 130 participation of Government in, denounced by assembled Russian Jews, III 132 Jews threatened with, during elections to First Duma, III 135; to Third Duma, III 153 discussed by First Duma, III 130 ff; and condemned in resolution (1906), III 139 at Bialystok (June, 1906), III 136 f; investigated and reported upon by commission of First Duma, III 137 perpetrators of October P. either untried or pardoned, III 150 planned at Kiev but averted (September, 1911), III 165 List of pogroms according to cities and governments: Alexandria (Kherson), III 100 Ananyev (Kherson), II 251 Balta (Podolia), II 299 ff Berdychev (Volhynia), II 256 f Bialystok, III, 114 f, 120, 136 f Borispol (Poltava), II 267 Chenstokhov (Poland), III 36 f Chernigov (city), III 128 Chernigov (government), II 257 Dusyaty (Kovno), III 115 Homel (Moghilev), III 87 ff Kularash, III 128 Kamenetz (Podolia), III 128 Kantakuzenka (Kherson), III 33 Karpovich (Chernigov), II 315 Kerch (Tavrida), III 120 Kherson (government), II 304 Kiev (city), I 32, II 251 ff, III 128, 165 Kiev (government), II 256 Kishinev, III 69 ff, 128 Konotop (Chernigov), II 257 Lodz, III 119 f Melitopol (Tavrida), III 115 Minsk, III 119 Moghilev (city), I 153 f, 245; III 100 Moghilev (government), III 100 Mstislavl (Moghilev), I 248 Nagartava, Jewish agricultural colony, III 35 Nicholayev (Crimea), III 34 f, 128 Nizhni-Novgorod, II 360 f Novo-Moskovsk (Yekaterinoslav), II 360 Nyezhin (Chernigov), II 267, III 129 Odessa, II 191 ff, 257 f, III 128 f Orsha (Moghilev), III 128 Pereyaslav (Poltava), II 265 Podolia (government), II 256, 304 Polotzk (Vitebsk), I 243 Romny, III 128 Rostov, II 358 Rovno (Volhynia), III 99 Saratov, III 130 Semyonovka (Chernigov), III 129 Shpola (Kiev), III 33 Simferopol (Tavrida), III 115, 128 Smyela (Kiev), II 256; III 99 Starodub (Chernigov), II 411 ff Syedletz (Poland), III 119 Troyanov (Volhynia), III 116 ff Vilna, I 154, 245 Vitebsk (city), I 154, 245 Vitebsk (government), III 101 Volhynia (government), II 256 Voronyezh, III 130 Warsaw, II 280 ff Yekaterinoslav, II 359 f, III 128 Yelisavetgrad, II 249 ff, III 128 Zhitomir (Volhynia), III 115 ff See also Self-Defence Poklonski, Russian colonel, massacres Jews of Moghilev, I 153 f Pokutye (Polish, Pokucie), region in Poland, I 150 Polakov, Lazarus, Jewish financier in Moscow, II 400 Polakov, Samuel, Jewish financier in St. Petersburg, participates in Jewish Conference, II 304 discusses Jewish question with Ignatyev, II 305 f Poland, first partition of (1772), I 262 condition of Jews in, after first partition, I 263 ff, 270 schemes for improving condition of Jews in, I 271 ff, 284 inner life of Jews in, I 274 ff Hasidism spreads in, I 231 f problem of Jews in, discussed in Polish literature, I 280 ff Polish Diet appoints committee to consider Jewish question, I 287 f; postpones action, I 290 second partition of (1793), and revolution under Kosciuszko, I 292 f patriotism of Jews in, I 292 ff third partition of (1795), I 297 reconstituted by Napoleon as Duchy of Warsaw (1807), I 297 equality of all citizens proclaimed in, I 298 Government of, suspends emancipation of Jews (1808), I 299, II 100 f Government of, passes anti-Jewish restrictions, I 300 assimilated Jews of, apply for equal rights, I 300 ff; and are refused, I 302 Jews of, released from military service (1812), I 304 Jews of, barred from liquor trade (1812), I 304, II 100 French influences among Jews of, I 385 f growth of Hasidism in, I 384, II 122 Poles side with Napoleon in Franco-Russian War, I 355; and threaten to massacre Jews and Russians, I 357 reconstituted as "Kingdom of Poland," and assigned by Congress of Vienna to Russia [Russian Poland, or Congress Poland] (1815), I 390 granted complete autonomy by Alexander I., II 88 number of Jews in kingdom of, I 390 Government of, appoints Committee on Jewish Question (1815), II 89 David Friedländer of Berlin submits memorandum on Jews of, II 90 Zayonchek, viceroy of, opposed to Jewish emancipation, II 91 f Polish Diet unfriendly to Jews of, II 93 f, 99 f Government of, passes anti-Jewish restrictions, II 94 f condition of Jews in, discussed in Polish literature, II 95 ff blood accusation in, II 74; forbidden by Russian Government, II 99 assimilationist tendencies among Jews of, II 100 ff Kahals abolished in, and replaced by Gminas (1822), II 102 Government of, appoints Committee to Polonize Jews, II 103 anti-Semitism in, II 104 f, 178 Polish insurrection of 1831, II 33, 105 Jews volunteer in revolutionary army of, II 105 ff Polish writers express sympathy with Jews, II 108 f Nicholas I. imposes conscription on Jews of (1843), II 109 f prohibition of Jewish dress in Russia extended to (1845), II 110 Jews of, continue to wear Jewish dress, II 145 influence of Talmud prevails in, II 51 Hasidism firmly established in, II 122 f Polish insurrection of 1863, II 178 ff, 182 f patriotic attitude of Jews in, II 179 ff Jewish disabilities in, removed by Alexander II. (1862), II 181; and re-established by Alexander III., 367 Jews of, accused of separation, II 195 Poles try to stop pogrom at Warsaw (1881), II 283 Poles perpetrate pogrom on Jews of Chenstokhov (1902), III 36 Jewish labor movement in, III 55 Jews of, active in Russian revolution of 1905, III 107 terrorism in (1905), III 130 Jews in, intimidated during Duma elections, III 134 recrudescence of anti-Semitism in (1905), III 166 ff Jews of, subjected to economic boycott (1912), III 167 f Jewish life in, depicted by Perez, III 61; and Ash, III 162 See also Poland (Great), Poland (Little), Polish Language, Polonization, and Warsaw Poland, Great, forms feudal principality, I 41 f Posen leading city of, I 74, 110, 196 part of, conquered by Swedes (1655), I 154 f part of, annexed by Prussia (1772), I 187; (1793), I 292; (1795), I 297 formed by Napoleon into Duchy of Warsaw (1807), I 297 tribunal of, at Piotrkov, I 96 provincial diet of, I 113 Boleslav, prince of, grants charter to Jews of principality (1264), I 45, 51 Jews of, secure ratification of charter (1548), I 83 Jewish communities of, receive charter of autonomy (1551), I 105 ff "senior rabbis" of, confirmed by Sigismund I. (1518), I 105 represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110 federated Kahals of, meet periodically, I 196 Jews of, massacred by Polish troops (1656), I 155 f Poland, Little, forms feudal principality, I 41 f Cracow, leading city of, I 74 includes Western Galicia, I 53 part of, conquered by Swedes (1655), I 154 f annexation of, completed by Austria (1795), I 297 added by Napoleon to duchy of Warsaw (1809), I 297 tribunal of, at Lublin, I 96 "senior rabbis" of, confirmed by Sigismund I. (1541), I 105, 109, 122 represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110 federated Kahals of, meet periodically, I 196 Jews of, massacred by Polish troops (1656), I 155 f Jewish commercial activity held to be injurious to, I 288 Polemics, and Political Literature, between Jews and Christians in Poland, I 136 ff Police, central department of, in St. Petersburg co-operates with rioters in Kerch, III 120 abets October pogroms (1905), III 125 f charged by First Duma with complicity in pogroms, II 136 complicity of, in pogroms disclosed by Urussov, III 138 Police, Political, known as "The Third Section," term explained, II 21 chief of, appointed on Committee for Radical Transformation of Jews (1840), II 50 crushes revolutionary endeavors, II 140 calls forth terrorism, II 184 distributes anti-Semitic book among detectives, II 204 reports on revolutionary activities of Jews, II 348 Polish Language used for literary purposes by Nahman and Belzhytz, I 136 f by rabbi of Khelm, I 283 by anonymous orthodox rabbi, II 98 by Jewish weekly, II 213 See also Language and Polonization Politz, Universal History by, translated into Hebrew, II 134 Pollak, Jacob, of Prague, introduces pilpul method into Poland, I 122 Pollak, of Minsk, offer of, to establish Jewish agricultural colony refused by Government, III 25 Polonization, advocated by David Friedländer and his followers, I 386, II 90 champions of, advocate abolition of Jewish autonomy, II 100 rabbinical seminary at Warsaw established for, II 103 among Jewish intelligenzia in Poland, II 182 extreme form of, in Warsaw, II 213 Polonnoye (Volhynia), Khmelnitzki massacre in (1648), I 148 f Jacob Joseph Cohen, rabbi of, I 227, 230 Polotzk (government of Vitebsk), Jews of, drowned by Russian invaders (1654), I 243 Jewish coachmen of, forbidden to drive beyond Pale, II 70 government of, former name for government of Vitebsk; see Vitebsk (government) Kahal of, appealed to by Elijah of Vilna against Hasidism, I 373 Polovtzis, succeed Khazars as masters of Crimea, I 29 Poltava (city), Osip Rabinovich, Russian-Jewish writer, native of, II 238 Poltava (region, or government), subject to Poland, I 140 ceded to Russia (1667), I 159 included in Pale (1794), I 317; (1835), II 40 Pavluk, Cossack leader, massacres Jews of (1637), I 144 Jews forbidden residence in (1649), I 151; readmitted (1651), I 152 Jewish communities of, disappear almost entirely (1648), I 157 few Jews survive in (after 1648), I 246 Jews of White Russia settle in, 321 Jews expelled from villages of, II 341 Localities in: Borispol, II 267 Lokhvitz, I 145 Lubny, I 144, 145 Pereyaslav, I 145; II 265 Piryatin, I 145 Pomerania, annexed by Prussia (1772), I 187, 262 Poniatovski, Stanislav Augustus, king of Poland (1764-1795), reign of, I 180 ff election of, preceded by change in system of Jewish taxation, I 197 protects Simeon Volfovich, spokesman of Vilna Jewish masses, against Kahal, I 276 receives plan of Jewish reform from Hirshovich, royal broker, I 284 grants solemn audience to Jews, I 290 f Pontus Euxinus, see Black Sea Populism (in Russian, narodnichestvo), branch of Russian revolutionary movement, II 222 f anti-Semitic tendency of, II 279 f influences Jacob Gordin, II 333 Popiel, ancient Polish ruler, I 40 Popov, member of "Jewish Committee" of Russian Government, I 352 Port Arthur, Jews expelled from, III 94; and denied right of residence in, III 157 Posen (Polish, Poznan), leading city of Great Poland, I 42, 74, 110, 116 surrendered by Shlakhta to invading Swedes (1655), I 155 refugees from crusades settle in, I 41 Jews of, petition Casimir IV. to renew charter (1447), I 61 Jews of, petition Sigismund I. to ratify election of rabbis (1518), I 104 Jews of, persecuted on charge of host desecration, I 55, 95 riots in, I 64, 75, 90, 95, 161 Jews of, restricted in economic pursuits, I 74, 95 magistracy of, joins other cities in economic fight against Jews, I 75 Jews of, limited to separate quarter, I 75; and forbidden to increase number of houses, I 85 rights of Jews of, enlarged by Stephen Batory, I 89 f Jews of, accused of ritual murder (1736), I 172, 174 ff Jewish community of, represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110 exorcism of devils in, I 203 rabbis of: Naphtali Cohen, I 204 Solomon Edels (Maharsho), I 129 Sheftel Horowitz, I 135, 158 Mordecai Jaffe, I 127 Solomon Luria (Maharshal), native of, I 120 Arie Leib Calahora, preacher in, I 175 Posen, province of, annexed by Prussia (1772), I 187, 262 Polish troops destroy Jewish communities in (1656), I 156 Posner, Solomon, prominent Jew in Warsaw, II 103 Potemkin, Nota Shklover purveyor to army of, I 338 Pototzki (Polish, Potocki), commander of Polish army, I 145 Politzki, voyevoda of Kiev, I 184 Polotzki, Severin, member of "Jewish Committee" of Russian Government (1802), I 335 Politzki, Stanislav, delivers eulogy on Berek Yoselovich, I 303 f Praga, suburb of Warsaw, attached by Russian Government (1802), I 335 home of Berek Yoselovich, I 294 Prague, capital of Bohemia, visited by Pethahiah of Ratisbon, I 33 Jews attacked by crusaders in, I 41 Mordecai Jaffe, rabbi of, I 127 Pravo ("The Law"), Russian journal, suppressed for protesting against Kishinev massacre, III 77 protests against court verdict in Homel pogrom, III 103 f Prayer, importance of, emphasized by Besht, I 226 Hasidim adopt Ari's form of, I 231 Press, Russian, used euphemistically to designate Russian Government, II 386 pursues anti-Semitic policy, II 278, 379, III 31 f makes no reference to expulsion from Moscow, II 407 liberal P. protests against Kishinev massacre, III 76 f stifled by Plehve, III 77 Press, Jewish, in Russia, II 216 ff in Hebrew, II 217 f, 372, III 58, 162 in Yiddish, III 58 f, 162 in Russian, II 218 ff, 277 f; yields to press in Hebrew, II 372 Press, Foreign, protest against Jewish disabilities, II 381 reports (together with Russian P.) on anti-Semitic exploits of Russian officials, II 384 denounces expulsion of Jews from Moscow, II 407 f protests against Kishinev massacre, III 77 See Printing-Presses Prikahalki, name for minor Kahals, I 108, 193; see Kahals Priluker, Jacob, founder of Judeo-Christian sect, II 334 f becomes Christian missionary, II 335 Printing-Press, Hebrew, of Cracow and Lublin, I 131 of Vilna, II 42, 115, 127 of Slavuta, II 42, 123 of Kiev, II 43; transferred to Zhitomir, II 43 establishment of, by Russian Government, suggested by Dyerzhavin, I 333 See Censorship Professions, restrictions in pursuit of, II 26 f; see Bar, and Physicians; also Education and University Pro-Gymnazium, term explained, III 29; see Gymnazium Prokhonvik, Abraham, legendary king of Poland, I 40 Property, Real; see Villages Propination (Polish, Propinacya), right of distilling and selling liquor, term explained, I 67 carried on by Jews in Poland, I 67; and Ukraine, I 141 forced upon Jews by economic factors, I 266 f from Polish pan by Jewish arendar, I 93, 170, 265 connected with other economic pursuits, I 93, 361 f elimination of Jews from, advocated by Polish reformers (1782), I 272 f, 280; recommended by Polish Government Committee (1815), II 89; and demanded by Polish Diet (1818), II 100 law barring Jews from, issued by Duchy of Warsaw (1812), I 304 f; but vetoed by Alexander I. (1816), II 94 participation of Jews in, defended by Polish officer, II 98 Jews of annexed White Russia hampered in pursuit of (1784), I 311 ff Polish nobles of annexed Polish provinces advocate elimination of Jews from, I 323 ff abuses of, set forth by Russian Government Committee (1804), I 341 f committee appointed to consider elimination of Jews from (1809), I 352 f; but reports against it (1812), I 353 f economic mainstay of village Jewry, I 361 f nobility of White Russia demands elimination of Jews from, I 405; decreed for villages of White Russia (1823), I 406 occupies central place in economic structure of Russian Jewry, II 72 big Jewish capital transferred from, to railroad, II 186 Government Committee recommends elimination of Jews from (1882), II 310 Government monopoly of, urged as means of removing Jews from villages, III 17 effects of Government monopoly of, III 22 f See Villages Protestantism, see Reformation Protoyerey, Russian ecclesiastic title, term explained, II 301 Prussia shares in partition of Poland, I 185 f, 262, 292, 297 participates in siege of Warsaw (1794), I 293 rules over Warsaw (1796-1806), I 385 shattered by Napoleon, I 347 represented at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398 f introduces Jewish reforms in annexed Polish provinces, I 385 Jewish regulations of, serve as model for Russian statesmen, I 331, II 46, 49 Jewish socialist expelled from, II 224 See Berlin Pshemyshl (Polish, Pszemysl), see Stupnitza Pskov, Jews exiled from (1654), I 154 situated outside Pale, II 70 Ptolemies, the Jewish center under rule of, I 14 Pulavy, Poland, Jews of, manifest Polish patriotism, I 292 Pushkin, Russian poet, relation of, to Jews, II 138 Pyetukhov, member of political police, exposes complicity of Government in pogrom, III 140 Quadrennial Diet, see Diet, Quadrennial Raaben, von, governor of Bessarabia, refuses to stop Kishinev pogrom, III 74 f sued for damages by Jews, III 92 Rabbanites, in Crimea, I 28, 34 Rabbinical Commission, appointed by Russian Government (1842), II 56 Jews of Western Europe invited to participate in, II 67 Rabbi Mendel of Lubavich, member of, II 118 Rabbinical Schools (modern), opened by assimilationist Jews in Warsaw (1826), II 103 f opening of, decreased by Nicholas I. (1844), II 38 pupils of, promised alleviations in military service, II 58 graduates of, intended to supersede former type of rabbis and teachers, II 58, 176 opened in Vilna and Zhitomir (1847), II 59, 174 f graduates of, act as Government agents, II 212 graduates of, form revolutionary circle, II 223 Levanda, graduate of, II 239 closed (1873), II 177 Rabbinism opposes Hasidism, I 233 f, 235 ff opposes enlightenment, I 238 f firmly entrenched during reign of Alexander I., 380 uncompromising attitude of, II 111 ff Rabbis (and Rabbinate), officially recognized by Polish king, I 101 ff clothed with wide powers, I 73, 105 ff bear title of Morenu, I 117 relation of, to Kahal, I 107 f conferences of, I 108 f conference of, "tries" demons in Posen, I 203 accused of purchasing offices from pans, I 284 jurisdiction of, limited to religious affairs (1804), I 344 deprived of right of imposing herem (1804), I 344 highly respected by Jews of Russia, II 112 exempted from military service, II 20 reform of, recommended by Council of State, II 49; by I. B. Levinsohn, II 128; and by other Maskilim, II 136 f fanaticism of, attacked by Mapu, II 227 f See Crown Rabbis Rabinovich, I., founder of Congregation of New Testament Israelites, II 335 Rabinovich, Osip (Joseph), editor of Razsvyet, II 219 f author of Jewish novels (in Russian), II 238 Rabinovitz, S., see Shalom Aleichem Radom, see Shidlovitz Radzieyevski, Polish sub-chancellor, betrays Poland to Swedes, I 155 Radzionovski, Greek-Orthodox priest, admonishes rioters at Balta, I 301 f Radziwill, Prince, patron of Saul Wahl, I 94 Radziwill, voyevoda of Vilna, settles dispute between rabbis and Kahal, I 276 Railroads, Jews become interested in, II 186 Rakhmistorvka (government of Kiev), hasidic center, II 120 Randar, see Arendar Rashi, works of, studied in Poland, I 117 Ratisbon, see Pethahiah of Ratisbon Ratner, M., counsel for victims of Homel pogrom, III 102 member of Central Committee of League for Equal Rights, III 112 Rav (or Rov), name for rabbi, II 120 Ravski, M., prominent Jew in Warsaw, II 103 Razryaden, "Assortment" of Jews; see Assortment Razsvyet ("The Dawn"), Jewish periodical in Russian, II 218, 219 f, 238 resumes publication, after interruption, in St. Petersburg, II 221, 277 publishes statement of Ignatyev inviting Jews to emigrate, II 285 favors organization of emigration movement, II 298 champions "Love of Zion," II 332 discontinued (1883), II 372 appears again in St. Petersburg, III 162 Razumovksi, president of Russian academy, deplores anti-Jewish prejudice, I 258 Real Estate, see Villages Rebbe, popular name for Tzaddik, or hasidic leader, II 120; see Tzaddik Recanati, Menahem, Italian Cabalist, work of, studied in Poland, I 134 Recruits (and Recruiting), recruiting ukase of 1827, II 18 ff minor recruits, see Cantonists Jewish committee, or Kahals held responsible for quota of, II 19 f oath of allegiance of, marked by great solemnity, II 20 kept apart from non-Jewish recruits, II 21 recruiting (or conscription) trustees of Kahals, II 19 f turned into police agents, I 22 f; retained after abolition of Kahal, II 60; made personally responsible for completion of quota, II 147 sent to recruiting jails, II 24 divorce wives before leaving home, II 28 drafting of "penal" recruits decreed (1850), II 147 f community of Mstislavl punished by drafting penal recruits, II 86 individual Jews permitted to capture recruits as substitutes (1853), II 148 f See Military Service and Soldiers Red Russia, see Russia, Red Reforms, religious, in Judaism, advocated by Lilienblum, II 236 preached by Jacob Gordin (and others), II 333 ff reform Judaism attacked by Smolenskin, II 234 Reformation affects unfavorably position of Jews in Poland, I 79 f, 85 ff stimulates literary polemics, I 135 ff Polish adherents of, welcome invading Swedes, I 155 fear of, responsible for Jewish tragedy in Cracow, I 164 f Russian sect of Stundists traceable to influence of, II 333 Reisin, Yiddish writer, III 162 Renan protests against Jewish persecutions, II 326 Repnin, governor-general of Lithuania, promises to respect Jewish autonomy, I 320 "Republic" (Polish, Rzecz Pospolita), title applied to Poland (after 1572), I 88, 262 Residence, Right of, denied to Jews in towns of ancient Poland; see "De non Tolerandis Iudæis"; particularly in Warsaw, I 85, 268, 300; II 94 f tax paid by Jews for, in Warsaw, II 95 all restrictions in, abolished in Poland (1862), II 181; reintroduced by Alexander III. (1891), II 367 withdrawn from Jews of Ukraina (1649), I 151; and returned to them (1651), II 152 withdrawn from Jews of Little Russia (1727), I 250 in ancient Russia, see Moscow, principality of in modern Russia, see Interior, Pale of Settlement, and Expulsions outside of cities and towns, see Villages non-Jews plead before Government for grant of, to Jews, I 256, II 319 denied to Jews in health and summer resorts, III 18 ff, 154, 157 See also Capitals, and under Kiev and Moscow Resolution, term explained, I 253 by Empress Anna, sentencing Borukkov and Voznitzin to death (1738), I 253 by Empress Elizabeth, excluding Jews from Russia (1741), I 257; referred to by Empress Catherine II., I 259, 261 by Paul I., approving of anti-Jewish restrictions (1797), I 323 by Nicholas I., postponing expulsion of Jews from villages, opposing admission of Jewish merchants to Interior, II 36; expelling Jews from 50-verst zone, II 62; limiting Jewish coachmen to Pale, II 70; closing synagogues in Velizh, II 78; expressing doubt about existence of ritual murder, II 80; punishing Jews of Mstislavl, II 86 R's. of Alexander III. assume power of laws, II 339 by Nicholas II., opposing abrogation of Pale, III 11 Resorts, see Residence, Right of Restrictions, against Jews, enormous extent of, admitted by Pahlen Commission, II 364 Guildhall meeting in London protests against, II 391 Russian governors favor repeal of, III 93 regarded by Council of Ministers as cause of revolutionary movement among Jews, III 141 new R's. decreed by Third Duma, III 156 f in army, II 319 f, 354 ff in commerce, see Commerce in dress, see Dress in keeping domestics, see Domestics in education, II 348 ff, III 27 ff; see Educational Restriction in language, see Language in professions, II 352 f, III 26 f in trades, see Artisans in rights of residence, see Residence, Right of, also Interior and Pale Revolutionary Movement, in Russia, unfriendly attitude of, towards Jews, I 409 ff anti-Semitic tendency of, II 279 f early pogroms ascribed to influence of, II 259 f, 269, 279 Jews participate in, II 198, 221 ff, 243 f, III 67 ff, 105 ff Jewish college men join ranks of, II 348; particularly graduates of foreign universities, III 31 Jews held responsible for, III 70 spread of, among Jews, admitted by Russian officials as due to restrictive laws, II 364 f, III 93, 141 participation of Jews in, blamed for pogroms, II 305, III 89 152; intensifies anti-Semitism, III 16; prompts anti-Jewish restrictions at universities, III 28 pogroms engineered for suppression of, III 66 ff, 137 pogroms intensify spread of, among Jews, III 90 Zionism prohibited as contributory to, III 82 intensified after death of Plehve, III 98 combated by Black Hundred, III 124 ff Jewish participants in, executed, III 140; see Bund and Socialism Rhescupondes, Dynasty of, rulers of Jewish colonies in Crimea, I 14 f Rhine, the, Jewish immigration into Poland from, I 41 Richelieu, Duke, governor of Kherson, interested in Jewish agriculture, I 303 f Richter, De, aide-de-camp of Alexander III., receives pro-Jewish petition from Mayor of London, II 393 Riesser, Gabriel, German-Jewish publicist, II 219 compared with Osip Rabinovich, II 238 Riga, magistracy of, protests against contemplated expulsion of Jews (1743), I 256 Jews of White Russia forbidden to settle in, I 313 Max Lilienthal resides in, II 52 Lilienthal's school in, pointed to as model, II 137 Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise (1905), III 121 See also Livonia Rindfleisch, persecution of, in Germany, drives Jews into Poland, I 50 Riots, see Pogroms Ripon, Bishop of, addresses Guildhall meeting in favor of Russian Jews, II 391 Rishon-le-Zion, Jewish colony in Palestine, II 322, 375 Ritual Murder Libel (blood accusation), forbidden by Boleslav of Kalish (1264), I 47; by Sigismund II. (1564 and 1566), I 88; by Stephen Batory (1575), I 89 frequency of, in Poland, I 95, 172 ff, II 74, 99 General of Dominican Order in Rome warns Poles against (1664), I 165 Polish Jews appeal to pope against (1758), I 179 prohibition of, confirmed by Augustus III. (1763), I 180 supported by sect of Frankists, I 216 f forbidden in kingdom of Poland by Russian Government (1817), II 99 repeated by Abbé Chiarini in Warsaw, II 104 prejudices Peter the Great against Jews, I 247 f assumes malign aspect under Nicholas I., II 73 believed by Nicholas I., I 79, 83 affects Jewish legislation in Russia, II 79 refuted by Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 131 commission for investigation of, appointed by Nicholas I. (1854), II 151 defended by Lutostanski, II 203 f, 244 Alexander III. gives credence to, II 203, 244 championed by Novoye Vremya, II 205 preached by Krushevan, III 70 cases of (in Poland): Bielsk, I 87 Cracow, I 56 f Lenchitza, I 100 f Lublin, I 96, 100 Posen, I 172 Ruzhany, I 162 ff Sandomir, I 172 ff Zaslav, I 172 Zhitomir, I 178 minor places, I 178 cases of (in Russia): Dubossary, III 71 Gordonya, II 247 f Grodno, II 73 Kiev (Beilis trial), see Beilis Kishinev, III 71 Kutais (Caucasus), II 204 Nizhni-Novgorod, II 360 f Saratov, II 150 ff Velizh, II 75 ff Vilna (Blondes trial), III 37 Rivkes, Moses, of Vilna, Hebrew author, I 200 Rodichev, Duma deputy, denounces Bialystok pogrom, II 137, 139 defends Jews, III 156 Rodkinson, publishes ha-Kol, II 223 Rogov, Anton, propagates "Judaizing heresy," I 402 Roman Empire, immigration into Western Europe proceeds from, I 13 sovereignty of, acknowledged by rulers of Crimea, I 14 f menaced by Khazars, I 20 Rome, nuncio Lippomano dispatched from, to Poland, I 86 general of Dominican Order in, defends Polish Jews, I 165 Ambassador of Muscovy at, I 242 Romny, pogrom at (October 1905), III 128 Ronne and Simon, quoted, I 331 Rosenthal, Leon, founder of Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment, II 214 Rosenthal, N., leader of Vilna Maskilim, II 136 Rosh-Pinah, Jewish colony in Palestine, II 375 Rosh-Yeshibah, head of Talmudic academy, recognized by Polish Government, I 115 f position of in Jewish community, I 116 ff Rossie, mythical philosopher, quoted in support of blood accusation, II 73 Rostov (on the Don), placed outside Pale and closed to Jews, II 346 pogrom at, II 358 Rothschild, Alphonse de, of Paris, refuses to participate in Russian loan, II 408 attacked by Novoye Vremya, II 410 refusal of, infuriates Russian Government, II 417 Rothschild, Edmond de, of Paris, supports Jewish colonization of Palestine, II 375 f, 422 Rothschild, Nathaniel de, of London, member of Committee for Pogrom Victims, II 291 Rothschilds, the, of Paris, offer to pay transportation of Russian Jews to Algiers, II 69 expected to participate in Russian loan, II 407 f Roumania compelled by Congress of Berlin to emancipate Jews, II 202 Jews of, establish colonies in Palestine, II 375 Rovno (Volhynia), pogrom at, III 99 Rum, name for Byzantium, I 24 Russ, old name for Russia, I 33; Red Russia, I 115 Russ, anti-Semitic newspaper in Moscow, II 278, 325 Russia, ancient, see Moscow, principality of, and Kiev, principality of exercises protectorate over Poland, I 181 Jews expelled from (1741), I 255 shares in partition of Poland, I 186 f, 262, 292, 297, 314 joins Prussia in besieging Warsaw (1794), I 293 represented at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398 Jews of Poland transferred to, I 241 Jews of White Russia brought under dominion of (1792), I 306 ff attitude of, towards Jews, I 242 ff admission of Jews to, favored by Senate and refused by Catherine II., I 259 f follows traditional Muscovite policy in excluding Jews, I 246 f, 341, II 35 f institutes Pale of Settlement, I 314 adopts policy of exceptional laws, I 314 ff Jews loyal to, in Franco-Russian War (1812), I 355 ff Zionists of, assemble at Minsk Convention, III 45 importance of Zionism for Jews of, II 146 ff Russia, Great, laborers from, active in pogroms, II 248, 256, 359 Russia, Little, population of, I 53 ceded to Russia (1654), I 94, 153 annexed by Russia (1667), I 159, 244 Jews barred from, I 246 ritual murder in, I 247 f Jews expelled from (1727), I 249 f Cossacks of, protest against exclusion of Jews, I 250 Jews admitted to fairs of, I 250 f Jews penetrate into, and settle in, I 253, 255 expelled again from (1740), I 254 inhabitants of, protest against exclusion of Jews, I 256 admission of Jews into, favored by Senate, I 257 Empress Elizabeth insists on expulsion of Jews from (1844), I 257 representatives of, plead for admission of Jews, I 260 Catherine II. refuses to admit Jews into, I 261 included in Pale (1794), I 317; (1804), 342; (1835), II 40 Jews of White Russia settle in, I 321 f Great Russians, or Katzaps, prepare pogroms in, II 248, 256, 359 Russia, New (South Russia), steppes of, inhabited by Cossacks, I 142 f Jews permitted to settle in (1791), I 316 Karaites of, granted special privileges (1795), I 318 included in Pale (1804), I 342; (1835), II 40 expelled village Jews beg to be transferred to, I 352 Jews of White Russia settle as farmers in, I 363 f agricultural immigration into, temporarily stopped (1810), I 365 Government attempts to settle "Israelitish Christians" in, I 400 Jewish agricultural colonies in, II 70 f, 197 Max Lilienthal makes educational tour, through, II 56 represented on Rabbinical Commission of Bezalel Stern, II 57 Odessa, capital of, center of Haskalah, II 132 Vorontzov, governor-general of, defends Jews, II 64 ff Stroganov, governor-general of, advocates emancipation of Jews, II 168 f pogroms in, II 249 ff See Odessa Russia, Red, occasionally called Russia (or Russ), I 75, 115 corresponds to Eastern Galicia, I 53 forms independent principality, I 53 annexed by Casimir the Great, I 42, 53 Lemberg, leading city of, I 74 invaded by Khmelnitzki, I 150 f Jews forbidden to sell cloth in, I 75 Jews of, represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110 federated Kahals of, I 196 Solomon of Lemberg, chosen spiritual head of, I 115 voyevoda of, grants constitution to Lemberg Jews, I 191 See Lemberg Russia, White, Ukrainian bands penetrate into (1648), I 149 invaded by Russian troops (1654), I 153 f, 244 f annexed by Russia (1772), I 186, 262, 306 divided into two governments (Moghilev and Vitebsk), I 307 becomes Jewish intellectual center, I 159 f federated Kahals of, I 196 traces of Sabbatian propaganda in, I 205 differs intellectually from South-west, I 221 Hasidism spreads in, I 230, 238, 372; but excelled by Rabbinism, I 274 distinct character of Hasidism in, I 233 ff Kahals of, appealed to by Elijah Gaon against Hasidism, I 373 Hasidism in, founded by Shneor Zalman, I 234, 356, II 57; and represented by his dynasty, II 117 Jews of, penetrate into Moscow, I 245; and Smolensk, I 249 Russian Government promises Jews of, preservation of ancient liberties (1772), I 306 f, 366 Jews of, numbered and taxed, I 307 internal organization of Jews in, I 308 ff Kahals of, recognized by Government, I 309; but restricted to spiritual affairs and collection of taxes, I 313 Jews of, oppressed by Passek, governor-general, I 310 ff Jews of, appeal to Catherine II., I 311 Jews of, refused permission to settle in Riga, I 313; and outside of White Russia in general, 315 f included in Pale (1794), I 317; (1804), I 342; (1835, except villages), II 40 Jews of, immigrate to New Russia, I 364, II 70 famine in (1821), I 329 Dyerzhavin sent as investigator to, I 328 f, 386 Jews of, emigrate to New Russia, I 364; II 70 Jews in, elected to municipal offices, I 368 Jews of, marked by public spirit, I 379 traces of "Enlightenment" in, I 386 new famine in (1821), suggests expulsion of Jews from villages, I 405 f expulsion of Jews from villages of, decreed (1823), I 406; and carried out, I 407; denounced as useless by Council of State (1835), I 407, II 34 f expelled village Jews of, settle in New Russia, II 70 Jewish agricultural settlements in, II 72 Khovanski, governor-general of, active in ritual murder trial, II 76 ff; see Velizh pogroms checked by authorities of (1881), II 267 pogroms spread in, III 87 ff, 100 f; see Moghilev, Vitebsk, and Villages Russian Language, the, Jewish literature in, II 238 ff Jewish writers in, hail from South, II 238 declared native language of Jews by sect "New Israel," II 334 Jewish press in, III 59, 162 Frug, Jewish poet, writes in, III 63 Jewish science in, III 65 See also Language Russian Poland, see Poland Russians, the, tribe, in land of Khazars, I 22 relation of, to Khazars, I 26, 28 converted to Greek-Orthodoxy, I 31 See Russia Russification of Jews, under Alexander II., II 174 ff, 206 ff, 215 advocated by Orshanski, II 239; and Levanda, II 239 f discarded by Jewish intelligenzia, II 326 ff, III 163 Russkaya Zhizn ("Russian Life"), newspaper in St. Petersburg, pictures sufferings of Moscow Jews, II 397 Russki Vyestnik ("Russian Herald"), Russian magazine, defends Jews, II 207 f Russki Yevrey ("The Russian Jew"), Jewish weekly in Russian, in St. Petersburg, II 221, 277 pursues moderate policy, II 332 discontinued (1884), II 372 Russo-Japanese War interrupts labor of Government Commission on Jewish Question, III 93 participation of Jews in, III 94 ff Jewish veterans of, granted universal right of residence, III 98 f Jewish surgeons in, accused of revolutionary propaganda, III 156 Jewish soldiers in, denied residence in Port Arthur, III 157 Ruthenians, or Little Russians, the, I 53 belong to Uniat Church, I 141; see Russia, Little Ruzhany (province of Grodno), ritual murder case of, I 162 Ruzhin, Israel of, hasidic leader, II 120 f Rybalenko, alleged victim of ritual murder, III 71 Sabbatai Zevi, name of, left out by Halperin, contemporary Polish-Jewish chronicler, I 201 Hayyun, emissary of, I 204 Polish Jews respond to claims of, I 204; and send deputation to, I 206 f betrayed by Nehemiah Cohen, I 207 Polish Jews loyal to, I 207 Jacob Frank considered reincarnation of, I 212 f, 214; and follows example of, I 216 See Sabbatians Sabbatarians, the, "Sabbath observers," "Judaizing" sect in Russia, I 401 ff Sabbatians, the, adherents of Sabbatai Zevi, movement of, in Poland, I 204 ff Council of Four Lands objects to, I 196 join adherents of Judah Hasid, I 209 pose as Mohammedans, I 210 continue secretly in Podolia and Galicia, I 210 f Jacob Frank associates with, I 212 ff Hasidim accused of continuing work of, I 376 Sack, St. Petersburg banker, member of Jewish deputation to Alexander III., II 261 "Sacred League," The, organization of high Russian officials, suspected of assisting pogroms, II 248 Sadogora (Bukovina), Israel of Ruzhin settles in, II 121 hasidic dynasty of, II 121 Safed (Palestine), Ari and Vital, Cabalists, in, I 134, 134 Salant (government of Kovno), M. A. Ginzburg, Hebrew writer, native of, II 133 Salisbury, Lord, English premier, answers interpellation concerning Jewish persecutions in Russia, II 382 Saloniki, center of Sabbatian movement, I 207 Jacob Frank resides in, I 212 Samkers, Jewish city on Taman Peninsula, I 23 Samkrtz (Samkers), locality in Crimea, I 26 Samogitia (Zhmud), Russian province, name explained, I 293, II 133 Samson, of Ostropol, cabalist and martyr, I 148 f Samoyeds, tribe in government of Archangel, II 367 Samuel Ben Ali, Gaon of Bagdad, corresponds with Moses of Kiev, I 33 San, river, provinces on, invaded by Swedes, I 154 Sanchez, Antonio, Jewish court physician in Russia, I 258 Sandomir (Galicia), ritual murder of, I 172 ff Jews expelled from, I 173 Saratov (city), ritual murder of, II 150 ff pogrom at, III 130 Saratov (government), "Judaizing" movement in, I 401 f Sardis, city in Asia Minor, Jewish community in, I 14 Sarkel, city in Crimea, I 26 Sarmatians, tribe, I 14 Sassanido, dynasty of, in Persia, I 19 Satanov (Podolia), rabbis assemble at, I 213 Mendel Lewin, Hebrew writer, native of, I 388 Savitzki, convert, accuses Jews of ritual murder, II 73 Savory, Sir Joseph, Lord Mayor of London, presides at Guildhall meeting, II 390 ff signs and forwards to Tzar petition on behalf of Russian Jews, II 392 Savranski, Moses, hasidic leader, II 121 Saym (Polish, Sejm), see Diet Saymists, the, name of Jewish Socialistic Labor Party, III 145 Sazonov, Russian terrorist, kills Plehve, III 97 Schechter, Solomon, quoted, I 27 Schiller, impressed by autobiography of Solomon Maimon, I 240 works of, translated into Hebrew, II 226 Schiltberber, German traveller, refers to Jews in Crimea, I 34 Schluesselburg, near St. Petersburg, prison at, II 97 Schneider, warden of Moscow synagogue, exiled, II 424 School, traditional Jewish, see Heder and Yeshibah modern Jewish S's. in Odessa (1826), II 133; and in Riga and Kishinev, II 52 S. of Handicrafts (in Zhitomir) closed by Alexander III. (1884), II 347 large S. fund offered to Russian Government by Baron Hirsch, II 415; transferred to S's. in Galicia, II 416 Jewish trade S. in Moscow, III 13 Talmud Torah S. in Moscow, III 13 sending of Jews to Russian Government S's. urged by Friesel, governor of Vilna, I 327, and Dyerzhavin, I 333 Statute of 1804 permits Jews to attend Government S's., or to open secular S's. of their own, I 344 f Jews shun secular S's., I 350, 380 graduates of Government S's. exempted from military service (1827), II 20 Council of State criticises traditional Jewish S. (1840), II 48; and suggests special Government (or Crown) S's. for Jews, II 49 opening of network of Jewish Crown S's. urged by Uvarov, II 51 S. of Lilienthal in Riga serves as model, II 52 Lilienthal commissioned to organize Crown S's., II 56 opening of Crown S's. decreed by Nicholas I. (1844), II 58 attendance at Crown S's. made compulsory, II 58 attendance at Crown S's. stimulated by alleviation in military service, II 58, 164, 174 graduation from Crown S's. made obligatory for rabbis and teachers, II 58 Crown S's. expected to weaken influence of Talmud, II 51, 58 Crown S's. opened (1847), II 59, 174 attendance at Crown S's. insignificant, II 175 Crown S's. closed (1873), II 177 J. L. Gordon and Levanda active as teachers in Crown S's., II 228, 239 Russian Government abandons fight against traditional Jewish S. (1879), II 177 attendance at general Government S's. urged by Russian officials, II 163 ff Jews begin to flock to Russian S's., II 209 Russian S's. as assimilationist factor, II 209 governors-general of Odessa and Kharkov suggest restrictive percentage for Jews at gymnazia (school norm), II 339 question of S. norm submitted by Pahlen Commission, II 339; and disapproved by majority thereof, II 348 Dyelanov, Minister of Public Instruction, directed by Alexander III. to frame enactment embodying S. norm, II 339, 349 S. norm decreed by ministerial circular (1887), II 350 f; without preliminary submission to Council of State, II 349 S. norm results in large number of Jewish "externs," II 351, III 31 attendance at commercial S's. and gymnazia further restricted (1901), III 29 f Jewish girls free to attend secondary S's. (gymnazia), but restricted in higher S's., III 30 f Pahlen, governor of Vilna, advocates separate S's. for Jews (1903), III 152 S. norm abolished in institutions of higher learning (1905), III 124; but restored (1907), III 152 S. norm placed on Statute books (1909), III 158 many higher S's. barred to Jews, III 158 S. norm applied to private S's., III 158 f; and extended to "externs" (1911), III 159 one hundred Jewish students excluded from Kiev Polytechnicum (1907), III 152 Jews barred from Military Academy of Medicine (1910), III 156 See Education, Enlightenment, and University Schorr, Solomon, follower of Jacob Frank, I 217 Schülergelauf, see Pogroms (in Poland) Schussberg, Gabriel, describes Cossack massacres of 1648, I 158 Schwartz, informer against Jews, II 48 Schwartz, Russian Minister of Public Instruction, opposed to Jews, III 157 f Scythians, the, tribe, I 14 Sejm, see Saym Selek, see Jacob Zelig Seleucids, dynasty of, I 14 Self-Defence, organized by Jews, in riot at Lemberg (1664), I 161 f in Posen (1687), I 166 in massacre at Uman (1768), I 184 f averts pogrom at Berdychev (1881), I 256 f intensifies pogrom at Konotop (Chernigov, 1881), II 257 checked by police in Odessa (1881), II 258; and punished in court, II 264 active in pogrom at Warsaw (1881), II 281 forbidden by authorities (during Balta pogrom, 1882), II 300 organized after Kishinev massacre, III 80 forbidden by Plehve, III 80, 90 active in pogrom at Homel (1903), III 87 ff; attacked by police, III 88; arraigned in court, III 102 Jews of Odessa organize (1904), III 96 pogroms checked by, at Melitopol and Simferopol (government of Tavrida, 1905), III 115 displays heroism during pogrom at Zhitomir (1905), III 116 ff movement for, intensified during revolution of 1905, III 119 attacked by soldiers during pogrom at Kerch (1905), III 120 police and soldiers ordered to drive off, III 129 displays heroism in Odessa pogrom (October, 1905), III 129; court-martialed, III 150 Self-Government, Jewish, see Autonomy local and rural, see Zemstvos urban, see Municipalities Selim II., Sultan of Turkey, attended by Jewish body-physician, I 132 Semender (Tarku), city in Caucasus, I 26 Semipalatinsk (territory), in Central Asia, uncivilized tribes of, placed on level with Jews, II 367 Semiryechensk (territory), in Central Asia, semi-civilized tribes of, placed on level with Jews, II 367 Semyonovka (government of Chernigov), pogrom at, III 129 Senate, the, in Poland, forms upper Chamber, I 167 censures King Sobieski for favoring Jews, I 167 re-established by Napoleon in duchy of Warsaw, I 298 refuses petition of Jews for equal rights, I 301 f Senate, the, in Russia, recommends death penalty for conversion to Judaism (1738), I 253 decrees expulsion of Jews from Little Russia (1739), I 254 recommends admission of Jews to Little Russia and Livonia (1743), I 257 favors admission of Jews into Russian empire (1763), I 259 sanctions Kahals in White Russia (1778), I 309; but suddenly questions their legality (1782), I 310; and restricts them to spiritual affairs and collection of taxes (1786), I 313 restricts Jews of White Russia in liquor trade (1786), I 312 refuses permission to White Russian Jews to settle in Riga, thus laying foundation for Pale (1786), I 313 f reaffirms Catherine's ukase ordering transfer of village Jews to towns (1797), I 323 f Friesel, governor of Vilna, forwards suggestions of Jewish reforms to, I 326 f declares Jews not subject to serfdom, I 328 Dyerzhavin's memorandum on Jews laid before (1800), I 334 loses executive power with creation of Council of State (1801), I 335 case against Shneor Zalman transferred to, I 378 Jewish communal affairs transferred from, to Minister of Ecclesiastic Affairs (1817), I 392 prohibits keeping of Christian domestics (1820), I 404 puts harsh interpretation on decree of Nicholas I. expelling Jews from Fifty-Verst Zone (1843), II 62 f takes over ritual murder case of Velizh (1830), II 81 sends ukase to governors warning against pogroms (1882), II 313 sets aside misconstruction of Temporary Rules (1884), II 341 sustains law of 1874 denying universal right of residence to discharged Jewish soldiers (1885), II 355 passes upon complaints against misapplication of Temporary Rules, III 17; and reverses decisions of lower courts, III 18 sustains expulsion of consumptive Jewish student from health resort, III 19 sustains practice of confining Jews of Siberia to their places of registration (1897), III 22 orders second trial of Blondes, III 37 sustains sentence against Dashevski, assailant of Krushevan, II 82 dismisses complaint of victims of Kishinev massacres, III 92 receives ukase from Nicholas II. permitting submission of suggestions to Government (1905), III 110 declares Zionism illegal (1907), III 152 prohibits Jewish soldiers from residing in Port Arthur, III 157 "Senior," the, title for elder in Poland, I 72 f, 94 title for chief rabbi in Poland, I 105 Separatism, of Jews, ascribed by Russian Government to their inferior "moral status," II 158 combated by Russian Government, II 190 ff commented upon unfavorably by Ignatyev, II 273; by Gubernatorial Commissions, II 275; and by Pahlen Commission, II 365 Serafinovich, Jewish convert, upholds blood accusation, I 173 f Serfs, or Khlops, form separate estate in Poland, I 442 S's. of Ukraina, resent Polish rule, I 140 Jews in Ukraina mediators between pans and, I 142 S's. of Ukraina rise against Poles and Jews, I 182 conversion of Jews into, rejected by Polish Diet, I 170 subjection of Jews to serfdom not recognized by Russian Senate, I 328 Sergius, grand duke, appointed governor-general of Moscow, II 400 f entrance into Moscow of, preceded by expulsion of Jews, II closes Moscow synagogue, II 423 f refuses petition of Jews to reopen it, III 12 f assassinated, III 110 Serra, papal nuncio, skeptical towards Frankists, I 216 Servia instructed by Berlin Congress to grant equality to Jews, II 202 Service, Military, see Military service Sevastopol (Crimea), ancient Jewish Community in neighborhood of, I 17 Jews expelled from (1829), II 32 barred to Jews (1835), II 40 reopened to Jews by Alexander II., II 172 thousands of Jewish soldiers fall at (in Crimean War), II 149 consumptive Jewish student marched through streets of, III 19 Sever, Slav tribe, subject to Khazars, I 26 Sforza, see Bona Sforza Shaftsbury, Earl of, addresses Mansion House meeting in London on behalf of Russian Jews, II 288 Shakhna, see Shalom Shakhna Shaizari, Ash-, Arabic writer, quoted, I 23 Shak, see Cohen, Sabbatai Shalom Aleichem (S. Rabinovitz), editor of Jüdische Volksbibliothek, III 59 Yiddish writer, III 62 Shalom Shakhna, rabbi of Lublin and Little Poland, I 105, 109 pioneer of Talmud study in Poland, I 122 f rabbinical conferences initiated by, I 123 responsa of, I 123 Shamir-Khan-Shur, city in Caucasus, I 26 Shantung Peninsula, see Kuantung Shapiro, Samuel Abba and Phinehas, Russian-Jewish printers, II 123 f Shargorod (Volhynia), Jacob Joseph Cohen, rabbi of, I 227, 230 "Shabsitzvinnikes," nickname for adherents of Sabbatai Zevi, I 210 Shaving of heads by Jewish women forbidden by Nicholas I. (1852), II 144 Shchebreshin (Polish, Szezebrzeszyn), Meir, Hebrew author, native of, I 158 Shchedrin-Saltykov, Russian satirist, protests against persecution of Jews, II 325 f denounces Novoye Vremya, I 380 Shcheglovitov, anti-Semitic Minister of Justice, secures pardon for pogrom makers, III 150 engineers Beilis case, III 165 St. Petersburg Bar Association protests against, III 166 "Shebsen," nickname for adherents of Sabbatai Zevi, I 211 Shedletz (Polish, Siedlce), Judah Hasid, native of, I 208 Lukov, in province of, I 287 Sheitel, Jewish name for wig, II 144 Shekel, societies of Sh. prayers organized by Zionists, III 45 Shidlovitz (Polish, Szydlowiec), near Radom, Poland, home of Judah Hasid, I 208 Shishkov, Minister of Public Instruction, advocates abolition of institution of Jewish deputies, I 395 I. B. Levinsohn applies for subsidy to, II 129 Shklov, rabbis assembled at, condemn Shneor Zalman, I 238 Dyerzhavin sent to, in response to complaints of Jews, I 328 Shklover, Borukh, see Borukh Shklover Shklover, Nota, of St. Petersburg (family name Notkin), I 338 purveyor to Potemkin's army, I 330 proposes establishment of Jewish colonies near Black Sea, I 331 participates in work of Jewish Government Commission, I 338 Shlakhovski, Baruch, killed in pogrom, II 303 Shlakhta (Polish, Szlachta: Polish nobility), term explained, I 58 forms separate estate, I 44 growing influence of, I 58 favors Jews on account of financial advantages, I 69 controls diets, I 77 attitude of, towards Jews, I 77 granted jurisdiction over Jews of its estates, I 84 elects kings, I 89 usurps power, I 91 ff resorts to services of Jews, I 93 represented among sect of Socinians, I 91 acts contemptuously towards serfs in Ukraina, I 141 f surrenders cities to Swedes, I 155 diets, controlled by clergy and S., impose restrictions on, I 160 oppresses Jewish arendars, I 170 tries to turn Jews into serfs, I 170 forces kings to impose restrictions on Jews, I 181 f exterminated in Ukraina, I 183 ff Kahals warn Jews against acting as stewards of, I 188 controls Quadrennial Diet, I 278 bars Jews from buying crown lands, I 296 Jews forbidden to acquire estates of (1808), I 300 proposes anti-Jewish restrictions to Russian Government, I 322 ff, 324 ff hypocrisy of, exposed by Polish writer, II 98 Shleshkovski, Polish physician, attacks Jewish physicians in Poland in anti-Semitic pamphlet, I 96 Shlieferman, Jewish soldier in Saratov, accused of ritual murder, II 151 sentenced to penal servitude, II 152 Shmakov, anti-Semitic lawyer, defends Krushevan, III 82 appears in Beilis case, III 82 acts as counsel for Kishinev rioters, III 91 f Shmerling, of Moghilev, dies while attending Jewish Conference in St. Petersburg, I 304 Shneor Zalman, founder of "rational Hasidism," or Habad, I 234 resides at Ladi (government of Moghilev), I 234, II 117 moves to Lozno (government of Moghilev), I 234, II 117, 33 favors Russian arms in Franco-Russian War, I 356 f establishes hasidic center in White Russia, I 372 arouses ire of Vilna Gaon, I 374 denounced to Russian Government, I 376 dispatched as prisoner to St. Petersburg and liberated by Paul I., I 376 dispatched again to St. Petersburg and liberated by Alexander I., I 378 author of philosophic work entitled Tanyo, I 374 philosophy of, I 381 f rejects Tzaddik cult, I 382 Mendel, grandson of, II 57 successors of, II 117 f See Shneorsohn Shneor, Hebrew poet, III 162 Shneorsohn, Mendel, leader of White Russian Hasidim, II 57 establishes residence at Lubavichi, II 117 member of Rabbinical Commission, II 118 forced to approve Mendelssohn's Bible translation, II 118 rejects innovations in Jewish education, II 118 f Shpola (government of Kiev), pogrom at, III 33 Shtadlan, representative of Jews before Government, term explained, I 111 officially designated in Poland as "general syndic," I 111, 160 appointed by Council of Four Lands, I 111, 193 secures ratification of Jewish privileges, I 160 presents applications of Polish Jews to King Sobieski, I 167 Shtar Isko, rabbinical form of promissory note, term explained, I 350 Shtiblach, name for hasidic houses of prayer, II 124 Shulhan Arukh, rabbinical code of law, composed by Joseph Caro, I 123 arrangement of, I 128 supplemented by Isserles, I 124 criticised by Solomon Luria, I 125 rivalled by code of Mordecai Jaffe, I 127 f Polish rabbis write commentaries on, I 128, 130, 200 firmly established in Poland, I 130 amplified by Gaon in Vilna, I 236 Siberia, Jewish prisoners in Russo-Polish War deported to (1654), I 245 "Judaizing" sectarians deported to, I 402 ff Jewish juvenile recruits, or cantonists, sent to, II 24 failure of Courland Jews to leave province punished by deportation to, II 34 colonization of Jews in, started by Government (1836); and stopped (1837), II 71 swamps of, considered for Jewish settlement (1882), II 285 accusers of Jews, in ritual murder trial of Velizh, deported to (1835), II 82 accused Jews of Novoya Ushitza (Podolia) deported to (1836) II 85 Jewish printers of Slavuta (Volhynia) deported to, II 123 revolutionaries exiled to, II 243 Jewish revolutionaries exiled to, II 224 governors granted right of deportation to, II 246 criminals sentenced to deportation to, placed in transportation prisons, II 403 "aliens" (semi-savage tribes) in, placed on level with Jews, II 367 Jews of, denied right of movement, III 21 f Jewish recruits dispatched to, III 94 Sicilist, vulgar pronunciation for Socialist, III 116 Sigismund (Polish, Zygmynt), I., king of Poland and duke of Lithuania (1606-1648), favorable to Jews, I 71 f appoints Jewish tax-farmers in Lithuania, I 72 warns authorities of Posen to respect Jewish privileges, I 74 forbids Jews of Posen to keep stores on market-place, I 74; and restricts Jews of Posen to separate quarters, I 75 restricts Jews of Lemberg in pursuit of commerce, I 75 prevents anti-Jewish riot in Cracow, I 76 wife of, accepts bribes from Jews, I 76 appoints commission to investigate charges against Jews of Lithuania, I 80 exonerates Lithuanian Jews, I 81 places Jews on estates under jurisdiction of nobles, I 84 appoints Michael Yosefovich "senior," or chief rabbi of Lithuanian Jews, I 72 f, 104 confirms election of other chief rabbis, I 104 f, 122 confers large powers on rabbis, I 73, 104 f rabbinical conferences meet during reign of, I 109 f kindness of, to Jews commented upon by Polish writer, II 98 Sigismund (Polish, Zygmunt) II. Augustus, king of Poland (1548-1572), ratifies Jewish privileges, I 83 enlarges and establishes Jewish autonomy, I 83 places Jews on estates under jurisdiction of nobles, I 84 endeavors to stop execution of Jews accused of host desecration, I 86 f forbids ritual murder and hosts trials, I 88 bestows on Jews of Great Poland charter of autonomy (1551), I 105 ff confers on Jews right of establishing yeshibahs, and bestows large powers on presidents of yeshibahs, I 115 grants Jews of Cracow monopoly of importing Hebrew books, I 131 attended by Jewish body physician, I 132 writes to Ivan the Terrible demanding admission of Jews to Russia, I 243 last king of Yaguello dynasty, I 88 Sigismund (Polish, Zygmunt) III., king of Poland (1588-1632), I 91 ratifies Jewish privileges, I 93 protects Jews against magistracies, I 94 reaction against "Arian" heresy during reign of, I 91 requires consent of clergy for erection of synagogues, I 98 attended by Jewish court physician, I 136 Silesia, Jews fleeing from Crusades seek shelter in, I 41 Jews own estates in, I 42 John Casimir, king of Poland, flees to, I 155 Solomon Maimon ends days in, I 240 Simferopol (government of Tavrida), pogrom at, checked (April, 1905), III 115 pogrom at (October, 1905), III 128 Simeon Volfovich, see Volfovich Simon, of Trent, alleged victim of ritual murder, I 179 Simon, Sir John, interpellates Gladstone concerning Russian Jews, II 291 Simon, Leon, quoted, III 51, 60 Sion ("Zion"), Jewish periodical in Russian, II 218, 220 Sipyaghin, Russian Minister of Interior, pursues reactionary policy, III 16 assassinated, III 66 Sirkis, Joel, called Bah, Polish rabbi and Talmudist, I 130, 206 opposed to philosophy, I 133 Sittenfeld, manager of secular Jewish school in Odessa, II 133 Skarga, Peter, leading Jesuit in Poland, I 90 Skharia (Zechariah) converts Russian priests to Judaism, I 36 Skvir (government of Kiev), hasidic center, II 120 Slaves, manumission of, among Jews of ancient Crimea, I 15 f Slavium, Slav tribe, tributary to Khazars, I 26 Slavs, the, tributary to Khazars, I 26 treated tolerantly by Khazars, I 22 throw off Khazar yoke, I 28 German Jews visit lands of, I 33, 39 Slavuta (Volhynia), Jewish printing-press in, II 42 f, 123 Sliosberg, G., counsel for Jewish victims of Homel pogrom, III 102 members of Central Committee of League for Equal Rights, III 112 Sloboda, older name for government of Kharkov, I 251 Slutzk, Jewish community of, represented on Lithuanian Waad, I 112 Smith, Charles Emory, United States Minister at St. Petersburg, II 395 f Smolensk, Polish king appoints Jewish convert starosta of, I 73 visited by Jewish merchants of Poland and Lithuania, I 242 colony of White Russian Jews in, I 249 Borukh Leibov, resident of, converts captain of navy to Judaism, I 249, 251 visited by Jewish merchants of White Russia, I 315 f; but Jews barred from settling in, I 316 anti-Semitic play produced in, III 38 Smolenskin, Perez, editor of ha-Shahar, II 218, 234 Hebrew writer, II 234 ff theory of Judaism by, II 235 f joins "Love of Zion" movement, II 232 Smorgoni or Smorgon (government of Vilna), home of Menashe Ilyer, II 114 Jewish labor movement in, III 55 Smyela (government of Kiev), pogrom at (1881), II 256; (1904), III 99 Smyrna, Asia Minor, Sabbatai Zevi appears in, I 205 center of Sabbatian movement, I 206 Sobieski, king of Poland (1674-1696), protects Jews, I 165 f enlarges autonomy of Jews, I 166 rebuked by Polish diet for protection of Jews, I 167 protects Jewish tax-farmer Bezalel, I 167 upholds authority of Waads, I 194 Socialism (and Socialists), in Russia, propaganda of, in Hebrew, II 223 f rise of, among Jews, III 55 ff championed by "League of Jewish Workingmen" ("Bund"), III 56 combined with Zionism by Poale Zion, III 57, 145 represented in Russia by Social-Democrats and Social Revolutionaries, III 66, 119 Jews active in both wings of, III 67 extreme wing of, resorts to terrorism, III 66, 109 f Socialists and Zionists organize self-defence at Homel, II 87 spread of, among Jews blamed for pogroms, III 89 gains in Second Duma, III 142 losses in Third Duma, III 153 Jewish socialists refuse co-operation with other Jewish parties, III 144 socialistic factions among Jews, III 145 socialistic candidate elected in Warsaw with help of Jews, III 167 See Bund and Revolutionary Movement Society of Israelitish Christians, designed for conversion of Jews, I 396, II 74 Alexander I. looked to, for solution of Jewish problem, I 399 endeavors of, futile, I 400 disbandment of, recommended by Golitzin (1824), I 400 disbanded (1833), I 400 Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment established in St. Petersburg (1867), II 214 f branch of, established in Odessa, II 215 f accused by Brafman of forming part of World Kahal, II 316 employs J. L. Gordon as secretary, II 229 adopts resolution demanding constitution for Russia, III 111 creates new type of Jewish school, III 160 Society for Granting Assistance to Jewish Colonists and Artisans in Syria and Palestine legalized by Russian Government (1891), II 421 f Socinians, the, Christian rationalistic sect in Poland, I 91, 136 Socinus, Faustus, founder of Socinian sect, I 91 Sokhachev, host trial in, I 86 f Jews of, display Polish patriotism, I 292 Sokolov, Russian lawyer, acts as council for Jewish victims of Kishinev pogrom, III 91; and of Homel pogrom, III 102 Sokolow, Nahum, editor of ha-Tzefirah, III 60 joins political Zionism, III 60 Soldiers, Jewish, refused right of universal residence by Alexander II., II 171 permitted to remain in St. Petersburg, II 172 forbidden to return to native villages, II 384 forbidden to remain in Moscow, II 404 forbidden to spend furlough outside of Pale, III 21 stationed in Siberia, III 94 families of, expelled, III 95 forbidden to reside in Port Arthur, III 157 Russian S's. make pogroms, III 100 f See Conscription, Military Service, "Nicholas Soldiers," and Recruiting Solkhat (now Eski Krym, Crimea), ancient capital of Tatar Khans, Jewish communities in, I 34 f Solomon (Shelomo), of Karlin, hasidic leader, I 372 Solomon, of Lemberg, recognized by Polish king as Rosh-Yeshibah, I 115 Solomon Ephraim, of Lenchytaa, criticises system of Jewish education in Poland, I 119 f Solovaychik, editor of Sion, II 220 Solovyov, Vladimir, Russian historian, quoted, I 247 collects signatures for public protest against persecution of Jews, II 386 ff appeals to Alexander III. on behalf of Jews, II 388 Sonnenberg, Sundel, of Grodno, represents Jews at Russian army headquarters, I 358 acts as deputy of Russian Jews in St. Petersburg, I 392 ff deprived of office, I 395 active against ritual murder libel, II 74, 99 South (and South-west), of Russia, forms part of Pale (1835), II 342 Max Lilienthal tours through, II 56 represented on Rabbinical Commission, II 57 Tzaddiks in, II 119 ff Jewish writers in Russian language hail from, II 238 pogroms in, II 267 f, 209, 258 f, III 99 ff emigration from, II 297 f agricultural colonies in, III 24; see Agriculture; see also North-west and Russia, White Spain, Caliphate of Cordova in, I 24 epistle of king of Khazars arrives in, I 27 Jewish physicians in Poland natives of, I 131 offers shelter to Russian Jews, II 268 Spector, Isaac Elhanan, rabbi of Kovno, attends Jewish Conference in St. Petersburg, II 304 Spektor, editor of Yiddish magazine, III 59 Spencer, Herbert, influences Russian-Jewish intelligenzia, II 209 Speranski, Russian statesman, recommends liberal policy towards Jews, I 399 ff Statute of 1804 contravenes policy of, I 345 Spiessruten (running the gauntlet), term explained, II 85 applied as punishment, II 85, 123 abolished in 1863, II 85 Spira, Nathan, Cabalist, I 135 Spiritual Biblical Brotherhood, Jewish reform sect in Yelisavetgrad, II 333 f St. Bartholomew Night, I 89 St. Petersburg, capital of Russia, Jewish financial agents admitted by Peter the Great to, I 248 Borukh and Vornitzin tried at, and burned, I 252 f delegates of Gubernatorial Kahals assembled at (1803), I 337, 386 beginnings of Jewish community in, I 337 f Committee for Jewish Affairs appointed in (1809), I 352 Finkelstein, delegate of Moghilev Jews, proceeds to, I 363 Shneor Zalman arrested and dispatched to, I 376, 378 Deputies of Jewish People reside in, I 393 f, II 74 temporary residence in, permitted to Jewish merchants (1835), II 40 Jews illegally residing in, severely punished, II 42 "harmful" Hebrew books ordered sent to, II 43 Max Lilienthal invited to, II 53 Rabbinical Commission summoned to, II 56, 118 influential Jews of Western Europe invited to, II 67 visited by Moses Montefiore, II 68 visited by Altaras of Marseilles, II 69 Congregation Board of Warsaw sends deputation to, II 110 Baron Joseph Günzburg presides over Jewish community of, II 152 influential Jews of, apply for equal rights, II 159 f Jewish physicians barred from, II 167 Jewish soldiers in body-guard of, permitted to remain in, II 172 Lutostanski, accuser of Jews, welcomed in, II 203 Illustratzia, Russian magazine in, attacks Jews, II 207 f Jewish intellectuals in, II 214 Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment established in, II 214 f Russian-Jewish press in St. Petersburg, II 221, 332 f, 59, III 77, 162 Yiddish press in, III 59, 162 Hebrew press in, see ha-Melitz Alexander II. assassinated in, III 243 governor of, granted wide discretionary powers, II 246 emissaries from, prepare pogroms in South, II 248 Jewish community of, presided over by Baron Horace Günzburg, II 260 English Jew expelled from, II 262 Jews of, forbidden to collect pogrom fund, II 263 Conference of Jewish Notables in (1881), II 277; (1882), II 299, 304 ff Jewish demonstration against pogroms in, II 286 Dr. Drabkin, rabbi of, interviews Ignatyev, II 305 Jews of Balta, send deputation to, II 316 f Jews expelled from, II 319 Jews of, persecuted by Gresser, city-governor, II 343 ff, 397 f admission of Jews to educational institutions of, limited to 3%, II 350, III 158 Jews prominent at bar of, II 352 Jewish notables of, consulted by Pahlen Commission, II 369 f British ambassador at, assured of discontinuation of Jewish persecutions, II 382 Jews of, harassed anew, II 385 Solovyov collects signatures for public protest against Jewish persecutions in, II 387 petition of Guildhall meeting in London sent to, II 392 American Minister at, instructed to exert influence on behalf of Jews, II 395 Russkaya Zhizn ("Russian Life"), paper in, depicts Jewish sufferings, II 397 Novosti ("The News"), paper in, confiscated for defending Jews, II 407 expulsion of all Jews from, contemplated, II 410 f visited by White, representative of Baron Hirsch, II 416 f, 419 Central Committee of Jewish Colonization Association established in, II 420 Jewish Colonization Association sends deputation to, III 10 Jews of, submit memorandum to Government, III 11 Jews of, ask permission to acquire land for agriculture, III 24 new educational restrictions in, III 30 "Smugglers," anti-Semitic play, produced in, III 38 Znamya ("The Banner"), anti-Semitic paper, appears in, III 70 Levendahl, Government agent dispatched from, to arrange pogroms, III 71 visited by Dr. Herzl, III 89 American ambassadors in, reported to have protested against persecution, III 96 Plehve assassinated in, III 97 Conference of Zemstvo workers in, opposes autocracy (1904), III 105 "Bloody Sunday" in, III 106 Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights, III 108 Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment in, demands constitution for Russia, III 111 League for Equal Rights establishes central bureau in, III 112 Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise, III 121 Bogdanovich, general in, assists October pogroms, 111 125 League for Equal Rights holds convention in, III 131 Jewish parties form permanent council in, III 148 Jewish Literary Society founded in, III 160 f Bar Association of, protests against Beilis trial, III 166 Natives and residents of: J. L. Gordon, Hebrew poet, II 229 Nyevakhovich, convert, Russian poet, I 386 f Abraham Peretz, Jewish merchant (convert), I 338, 386, 412 Antonio Sanchez, court physician, I 258 Nota Shklover, Jewish merchant, I 330 St. Petersburg (government), Jews expelled from villages of, I 409 Localities in: Luga, I 409 Schlüsselburg, II 97 Stage, Russian, anti-Semitism on, III 38 f Stanislav Augustus Poniatovski, see Poniatovski Staro-Constantinov, see Constantinov Starodub (government of Chernigov), Cossack massacre at (1648), I 149 pogrom at (1891), II 411 f Starosta, high Polish office, name explained, I 69 encroaches on duties of voyevoda, I 46 Lithuanian Jews subject to jurisdiction of, I 60, 94, 104 S. of Sokhachev ordered by king to stop execution of Jews, I 86 S. of Brest supports Kahal, I 190 S. of Kaniev makes sport of Jews, I 169 f S's. administer Ukraina, I 142 S's. begin to oppress Jews, I 169 determines extent of Jewish autonomy, I 191 Stashitz (Polish, Stashyc), Polish priest and statesman, anti-Semitic author, I 281 f, II 95 f opposes plan of reform favorable to Jews, II 93 Statistics, of Jews, in Poland, I 66, 187, 263 f, 390 in Russia, II 341, 415 in White Russia, I 307 in Pale, II 168 of Jewish first-guild merchants in Pale, II 162 of Jewish artisans in Pale, II 168 of Jewish economic activity in Russian South-west, II 194 of Jews in agrarian pursuits, III 24 of Jewish recruits, II 355 f of Jewish physicians in Russian army, III 95 of Jewish pauperism, III 23 f of Jews expelled from Russia, I 254, 258 of Jewish emigration to United States, II 373, 421, III 148 of Jewish emigration to Argentina, II 419 Statute, "Lithuanian S." (1566), I 87 "S. concerning the Organization of the Jews" (1804), I 342 ff; criticized by Jewish representatives, I 349 ff "S. of Conscription and Military Service" (1827), II 18 ff, 29; extended to Poland (1843), II 109; leaves inner life of Jews unchanged, II 48 Military S. (1874), II 199 ff, 355 "S. on the Jews" (1835), II 28, 33, 34 ff, 39 ff; fixes age of marriage, II 112; fails to assimilate Jews, II 47 "S. concerning Zemstvos Organizations" (1864), admits Jews to local self-government, II 173 "S. concerning Zemstvos Organizations" (1890), bars Jews from local self-government, II 385 f Municipal S. (1870) limits admission of Jews to one-third and bars Jews from office of burgomaster, II 198 f "S. concerning Enforced Public Safety" (1881), II 246 See Charter Stavropol (government), nomads of, placed on level with Jews, II 367 Stephen Batory, see Batory Stern, Abraham, Jewish scholar and mathematician in Warsaw, II 103 Stern, Bezalel, principal of modern Jewish school in Odessa, II 57, 133 Stillman, Jewish workingman, fires at Odessa Chief of Police, III 107 Stolypin, Russian Minister of Interior, answers interpellation concerning pogroms, III 136, 138 appointed Prime Minister, III 138, 140 attacked by terrorist, III 140 promises mitigation of Jewish disabilities, III 141 controlled by League of Russian People, III 151 excludes Jewish students from Kiev Polytechnicum, III 152 stops expulsion of Jews from Interior, III 154 becomes more reactionary, III 156 f determines to uproot alien cultures in Russia, III 159 f assassinated at Kiev, III 164 Strakhov, Russian official entrusted with conduct of Velizh ritual murder case, II 76 ff Strashun, Mattathiah, Talmudist and Maskil in Vilna, II 136 Strelnikov, Russian public prosecutor, calls upon Jews to leave Russia, II 264 f Strigolnik, Carp, founder of Strigolniki sect, I 36 Strikes adopted as revolutionary weapon, III 125 f arranged by "Bund," III 130 Stroganov, Russian Minister of Interior, advocates liberal attitude towards Jews, II 47 Stroganov, Count, governor-general of New Russia, advocates emancipation of Jews, II 168 f Studzienski, alleged victim of ritual murder, I 178 f Stundists, the, rationalistic Christian sect in Russia, II 333 Jacob Gordin influenced by, II 333 Stupnitza, near Pshemyshl (Galicia), ritual murder libel at, I 178 Sub-Starosta, Polish official, Jews subject to jurisdiction of, I 60; see Starosta Subbotin, Russian economist, points out pauperism in Pale, III 23 Sudak, locality in Crimea, subject to Khazars, I 26 Sugdas, locality in Crimea, subject to Khazars, I 26 Summer Resorts, Jews barred from, III 18 f bill admitting Jews to, rejected, III 154 Jews expelled from, III 157 See Residence, Right of Superstition rampant in Poland, I 203 f Supreme Secret Council, official body in Russia (18th century), I 249 f Surgeons, see Physicians Suvar, Slav tribe, subject to Khazars, I 26 Suvarov, Russian general, attacks Praga, suburb of Warsaw, I 296 Suvorin, editor of Novoye Vremya, II 380 produces anti-Semitic play, III 38 Svyatopolk II., prince of Kiev (1093-1113), favors Jews, I 32 Svyatopolk-Mirski, governor-general of Vilna and later Russian Minister of Interior, pursues liberal policy, III 99, 105 dismissed, III 107 Svyatoslav, prince of Kiev, defeats Khazars, I 28 Swedes, the, invade Poland, I 154 ff Switzerland, Zionist Congresses held in, III 44 Syech, name of Cossack Republic, I 143 Syedletz (Polish, Siedlce), pogroms at (1905), III 119, 140 f Syn Otyechestva ("Son of the Fatherland"), Russian magazine, protests against pogroms, III 35 Synagogue, in Bosporus, I 15 f erection of, in Poland, requires royal permission, I 98 building of new S's., in Poland, forbidden (1720), I 171 erection of, near church in Russia, forbidden (1835), I 41 S's. in Moscow closed, II 397 Great S. of Moscow closed, I 423 ff, III 12 Jews fight for preservation of Moscow S., III 12 ff Synhedrion, convoked by Napoleon, I 298, 351 convocation of, viewed with suspicion by Austria and Russia, I 346 ff represented by Russian Government both as anti-Jewish and anti-Christian, I 348 influences Jews of Warsaw, I 386 fatal error of, in denying Jewish nationality, III 53 creation of, in Russia, advocated by Dyerzhavin, I 333 convocation of, in Russia suggested by Pestel, Russian revolutionary, I 412 Synod, the, see Church Council Synod, Holy, in Russia, issues circular against Napoleon, I 348 deals severely with "Judaizers," I 402 f appoints Brafman, Jewish informer, instructor of Hebrew, II 187 presided over by Pobyedonostzev, II 245; III 9 f Syria, emigration of Jews from, to Tauris, I 16 Taganrog (government of Yekaterinoslav), excluded from Pale, II 346 Talmud, the, studied by Khazars, I 21 study of, pursued by early Russian Jews in Germany, I 33 predominant factor in Jewish education, I 114 ff study of, stimulated by Jewish autonomy, I 121 ff reigns supreme in Russia and Poland, I 195, 221, 264, 198 ff, 380, II 51 rejected by Frankists, I 214 f burned at Kamenetz-Podolsk, I 215 importance of study of, minimized by Besht, founder of Hasidism, I 224 ff arrogance of students of, attacked by Besht's disciple, I 230 neglected by Hasidim, I 235 burning of, recommended by Polish reformers, I 282 opposed by Frank of Kreslavka, Jewish Mendelssohnian, I 331 regarded by Russian Council of State as source of Jewish suffering, II 47 accused by Uvarov of demoralizing Jews, II 51 weakening and uprooting of, aimed at by Nicholas I., II 58, 66 criticised by David Friedländer, II 90 assailed by Abbé Chiarini in Warsaw, II 104 defended by I. B. Levinsohn, II 131 injuriousness of, emphasized by Russian Commission, II 195 attacked by Lutostanski, II 204 conceived by Lilienblum as factor in Jewish reform, II 236 attacked by Gubernatorial Commissions, II 275 rejected by New Israel Sect, II 334 Talmud Torah, Jewish public school in Poland, I 114, 118 maintained by Waads, I 195 in Moscow, placed in Synagogue, III 13 Talno (government of Kiev), hasidic center, II 120 Taman Peninsula, Greek city-republic on, I 14 Samkers, Jewish city on, I 23 owned by Guizolfi, Italian Jew, I 36 Tannaim, names of, collected by Polish rabbi, I 200 Tanyo, philosophic work by Shneor Zalman, I 372, II 117 Tarashkevich, anti-Semitic priest in Velizh, II 77 Targovitza (Polish, Targowica), confederacy of, between Russians and Poles (1792), I 292 Tarku (Semender), Caucasian city, subject to Khazars, I 26 Tarnopol (Galicia), Meir of, Hebrew author, I 201 Tarsus (Asia Minor), Jewish community in, I 14 Tatars, the, Russia under dominion of, I 29 conquer Crimea, I 33 Jews of Crimea under rule of, I 34 ff T. of Lemberg granted autonomy by Casimir the Great, I 53 barred from office and from keeping Christian domestics in Lithuania, I 87 invade Polish border provinces and combated by Cossacks, I 142 f form alliance with Cossacks under Khmelnitzki, I 144 ff, 150 spare Jewish prisoners, I 145, 157, 205 take Jews of Polonnoye captive, I 148 cause spread of Mohammedanism, I 254 Tauri, or Taurians, tribe, I 13 ff Taurian Bosporus, see Kerch Taurian Chersonesus, see Bosporus Tauris, northern shores of Black Sea, I 13 immigration of Jews into, I 13 ff Khazars move towards, I 19 bishops of, try to proselytize Khazars, I 20 remnant of Khazar kingdom in, I 28 ruled by Pechenegs and Polovtzis, I 29 retains name Khazaria, I 29 in relations with Kiev, I 33 ff Tavrida (region, or government), extent of, I 13 Jews permitted to settle in (1791), I 316 f Karaites settled in, I 318 included in Pale (1835), II 40, 428 pogroms in, III 115, 120, 128 Cities in: Kerch, III 115, 120 Melitopol, III 115 Simferopol, III 115, 128 Mylta, II 428 f Tax, under Polish régime, paid by Jews to Church, I 57 f paid by Jews to Catholic academies (called Kozubales), I 161, 166 Polish king conditions protection to Jews on payment of, I 84 collected by Jews on estates of Shlakhta, I 93 apportioned by Waads and collected by Kahals, I 107, 181, 189 f, 197 f Council of Four Lands declines responsibility for collection of, I 194 increased (1717), I 169 changed into individual T. of two gulden per head (1764), I 197 raised to three gulden per head (1775), I 267 disproportionately assessed by Kahals, I 275 Jews of Minsk complain about abuses in collection of, I 275 paid on taking possession of real estate, I 190 paid for right of sojourn in Warsaw, I 269, II 95 imposed on Jews in lieu of conscription (1817), I 95; (1831), I 107 Tax, under Russian régime, per capita T. of one rubel imposed on Jews of White Russia (1772), I 307 Kahals of White Russia charged with collection of, I 309 Jews of annexed Polish provinces required to pay double T. (1794), I 318 payment of double T. confirmed by Paul I., I 321 Karaites relieved from payment of double T., I 318 payment of double T. by Jews commented upon by "Jewish Committee" (1804), I 341 manufacturers and artisans relieved from payment of double T. (1801), I 344 Jewish deputies plead for abolition of double T., I 349 Kahals in Courland organized for collection of, I 321 estates, subject to payment of (so-called taxable estates), hindered in right of transit, I 322 alleviations in payment of, promised to converts, I 397 in lieu of conscription, I 318; II 15, 20 irregularity in payment of, punished by conscription, II 19 modification in payment of, suggested by Council of State, II 49 Kahals limited to conscription and collection of (1844), I 60 revenue from meat or basket T., called Korobka, placed under control of Russian authorities (1844), I 61 "auxiliary basket T." (on immovable property, etc.), instituted, II 61 levied on Sabbath candles for maintenance of Crown schools, I 61 f levied on traditional Jewish dress in Russia (1843), II 110; extended to Poland, I 110, 144 T. on passports waived in case of Jewish immigrants, I 418, 420 basket T. represented as Jewish system of finance, II 194 abuses of basket T. depicted by Mendele Mokher Sforim, II 232 Pahlen Commission inquires about purposes of basket T., II 370 use of basket T. for defraying emigration suggested by Russian official, II 420 basket and candle T. for non-Jewish purposes, II 426 f basket T. used to defray night raids upon Jews, III 20 Tax Farming (and Tax Farmers), Jews engage in, in Poland, I 44, 67, 69, 71 in Lithuania, I 60, 65 forbidden by Church Councils, I 49 opposed by petty Shlakhta, I 77 forbidden by Piotrkov Diet of 1538, I 77 f Shlakhta forces king to bar Jews from, I 182 law barring Jews from, upheld by rabbis, I 110 Kahals call upon Jews to refrain from, I 188 Jews from White Russia engage in, in Smolensk, I 249 class of Jewish tax farmers in Russia, II 72 Individual tax farmers: Bezalel, I 167 Borukh Leibov, I 249 Abraham and Michael Yosefovich, I 73 Yosko, I 71 Saul Yudich, I 94 Teachers, Jewish, see Heder and School "Temporary Rules" of May 3, 1882, known as May Laws, genesis of, II 309 ff contents of, II 312 effect of, II 318 f old settlers permitted to stay in villages under, II 16 misconstrued to apply to old settlers, II 340 ff check agriculture among Jews, III 24 f Tennyson, English poet, expresses sympathy with Russian Jews, II 258 Teplitz, T., prominent Jew of Warsaw, II 103 Terentyeva, Mary, accuses Jews of ritual murder, II 75 ff exiled to Siberia for false accusation, II 82 Territorialism accepts idea of Pinsker's Autoemancipation, II 332 rise of, III 41 born out of Zionist organization, III 185 secedes from Zionist organization, III 144 Terrorism, rampant under Alexander II., II 243 favored by Social-Revolutionary party, III 66, 109 f Jews take small part in, III 67 acts of, committed by Jews, III 107 rampant in Poland and Baltic provinces (1905), III 130 used as pretext for pogroms, III 136 intensified after dissolution of First Duma, III 140 Tetyev (government of Kiev), massacre at, I 184 Teutonic Order, the, name explained, I 63 engages in war with Poland, I 63 Theodosia, see Kaffa Theodosius II., emperor of Byzantium, persecutes Jews, I 18 Theodosius, Abbot of Kiev monastery, persecutes Jews, I 31 Theophanes, Byzantine writer, quoted, I 18 "Third Section," the, see Police, Political Thorn (Polish, Torun), annexed by Prussia (1793), I 292 Tiberias (Palestine), visited by Nahman of Bratzlav, I 383 Tiflis (Caucasia), anti-Semitic play produced at, III 38 Tikhanovich, chief of political police in Syedletz, engineers pogrom, III 140 thanked by governor-general of Warsaw, III 141 Tilsit, Peace of (1807), leads to establishment of duchy of Warsaw, I 297 affects policy of Alexander I. towards Jews, I 350 Tlusta (Galicia), Besht settles in, I 223 Tobias, of Ruzhany, martyr, I 162 f Tobolsk (government), lands in, set aside for colonization of Jews, II 71 Toledo (Spain), Jacob ben Asher rabbi of, I 118 Tolstoi, Demetrius, Minister of Interior, II 314 adopts energetic measures against pogroms, II 315 anti-pogrom circular of, quoted by United States Minister, II 293 destroys plans of Pahlen Commission, II 370 takes into consideration economic importance of Jews, II 428 Tolstoi, Leo, preaches "Going to the People," II 222 keeps silent on Jewish persecutions, II 325 preaches doctrine of non-resistance, II 371 protests against Jewish persecutions in Russia, II 387 f condemns Kishinev massacre, III 76 protests against atrocities of Russian Government, III 149 Tomsk (Siberia), pogrom against intellectuals at, III 128 Tosafists, the, name explained, I 117 Rabbi Eliezer, of school of, quoted, I 43 work of, studied in Poland, I 117 method of, followed by Solomon Luria, I 125 Totleben, Russian governor-general of Vilna, opposes settling of Jews in villages, II 276 checks pogroms, II 276 Tovyanski (Polish, Towianski), Polish mystic, preaches union of Jews and Poles peoples, II 108 Trades, see Artisans Trade-Unions, or Trade-Guilds, in Poland, hostile to Jews, I 70, 74 Trans-Caspian Region, Akhal-Tekke, oasis in, suggested for settlement of Jews, II 306 alien tribes of, placed on level with Jews, II 367 Transportation Prisons, term explained, II 403 exiled Moscow Jews placed in, II 403, 405 f Trepov, Assistant-Minister of Interior, favors Jewish franchise, III 122 Trepov, Chief of Police, orders suppression of revolution, III 126 Tribunal, Crown T. in Poland, name explained, I 96 tries ritual murder cases, I 96, 100, 172 f Troitza Monastery, near Moscow, II 203 Troki (province of Vilna), Crimean Jews settle in, I 35 Jewish community in, I 59 Karaites settle in, I 60 Jews expelled from (1495), I 65 Troki, Isaac, author of anti-Christian treatise, I 137 f Tromba, Nicholas, archbishop of Gnesen, attends Synod of Constance and presides over Synod of Kalish, I 57 Troyanov (Volhynia), tragic fate of Jewish self-defence at, III 116 ff Trubetzkoy, Russian commissioner, exonerates Jews of Mstislavl, II 87 Trubetzkoy, professor, head of delegation to Nicholas II., III 122 Trudoviki ("Laborites"), Bramson, Jewish member of, III 134 lose in Third Duma, III 153 Tsushima, Russian fleet destroyed by Japanese in vicinity of, III 119 Tudela (Spain), Benjamin of, Jewish traveller, I 32 Tugendhold, Jacob, Jewish assimilationist in Warsaw, II 98 f refutes Abbé Chiarini, II 104 Tugendhold, Wolf, brother of former, censor in Vilna, II 136 Tula (government), "Judaizers" in, I 401 f Tulchinski, Borukh, see Borukh of Tulchyn Tulchyn (Podolia), Khmelnitzki massacre at, 146 f residence of Pestel, Russian revolutionary, II 411 Turgay, Territory of (Central Asia), semi-civilized tribes of, placed on level with Jews, II 367 Turgenieff (Turgeniev), Russian writer, II 210 influences S. J. Abramovich, II 231 keeps silent on Jewish persecutions, II 325 Turish, hasidic center, II 120 Turkey, takes over colony in Kaffa, I 34 Jewish center in, I 66 Polish Jews export goods to, I 68 Jews of Lithuania suspected of preparing to flee to, I 51 raided by Cossacks, I 143 Jewish prisoners of war carried by Tatars to, I 145, 157, 205 lays claim to Ukraina, I 159 Sabbatai Zevi carries on propaganda in, I 205, 210 influence of, on Polish Jewry, I 207 f annexes part of Podolia (1672), I 208; returns it to Poland (1699), I 208 Jacob Frank travels about in, I 212; sent back from Poland to, I 213; returns to Poland from, I 216 engages in war with Russia (1739), I 253 f establishment of Jewish State in, suggested by Russian revolutionary, I 412 Moses Montefiore pays visit to, II 68 Bilu pioneers enter into negotiations with, II 322 hampers Palestinian colonization, II 375, 422, III 42 Dr. Herzl enters into negotiations with, III 45 f Russian Government promises to exert influence over, in favor of Zionism, II 83 Twenty-One-Verst Zone, see Border Zone Tver (Central Russia), pogrom against intellectuals at, III 128 Typography, see Printing-Press Tzaddik ("The Righteous Man"), title of hasidic leader, rival of rabbi, I 235 revered by Jewish masses, I 274; II 112 controls rabbinate in Russian South-west, I 371 gains foothold in Lithuania, I 372 type of, in Poland, resembles that of Habad, II 123 miraculous stories about, circulate among Hasidim, II 124 firmly entrenched, II 116 ff forbidden by Russian Government to travel about, II 212 See Tzaddikism and Hasidism Tzaddikism (cult of Tzaddik), as conceived by Besht, I 227 developed by Baer of Mezherich, I 230 practical consequences of, I 231 f extreme formulation of, I 232 f viewed with apprehension by Elijah of Vilna, I 374 triumphant in South-west, I 381 vulgar form of, rejected by Shneor Zalman, I 382 degeneration of, I 382 f extermination of, advocated by Kalmansohn, I 385 criticised by Pestel, Russian revolutionary, I 411 attacked by Maskilim, II 210; see Tzaddik and Hasidism Tzarmis, Slav tribe, subject to Khazars, I 26 Uganda (British East Africa), offered as Jewish settlement to Zionists, III 84 f Ukase, term explained, I 249; spelling of word, I 6 Ukraina (Ukraine), name explained, I 140 part of, called Little Russia, invaded and annexed by Russia (1654), I 153, 244 f divided between Poland and Russia (1667), I 159 Jewish massacres in (1648), I 139 ff part of, barred to Jews (1649), I 151; reopened to Jews (1651), I 152 Jews decimated in, I 157 uprisings against Poles and Jews in (18th century), I 182 ff Jewish massacres in, stimulate propaganda of Sabbatai Zevi, I 205 talmudic culture deteriorates in, I 199 intellectual development of Jews in, differs from that in North-west, I 221 character of Hasidism in, I 232, II 119 ff type of Tzaddik in, I 233; differs from that in Poland, II 123 Tzaddik dynasty of Chernobyl widely ramified in, I 382 Jews expelled from (1727), I 249 transfer of Polish Jews to, suggested, I 284 included in Pale (1794), I 317 Galatovski, Ukrainian writer, refers to Sabbatai Zevi, I 205 Russian revolutionaries appeal to Ukrainian people, II 274 Ukrainian cultural institutions suppressed by Russian Government, III 160 See Russia, Little Ulrich Von Hutten, epistles of, imitated in Hebrew, II 126 Uman (Polish, Human, province of Kiev), massacre at, I 184 Nahman of Bratzlav dies at, I 383 place of pilgrimage for Bratzlav Hasidim, I 383, II 122 Uniat Church, the, I 141 Union of American Hebrew Congregations appeals to United States Government on behalf of Russian Jews, II 293 "Union of Lublin" (1569), I 88 Unitarians, the, Christian rationalistic sect in Poland, I 136 United States of America, Max Lilienthal emigrates to, II 59 Marcus Jastrow emigrates to, II 179 emigration of Russian Jews to, II 268 f, 297 f, 321, 327 f, 373 ff, 421, III 104 stirred by Warsaw pogrom, II 283 Government of, protests against Jewish persecutions in Russia, II 292 ff, 394 ff, 408 ff Congress of, protests against Jewish persecutions in Russia, II 294 ff, 394 Jewish center in, suggested as alternative by Pinsker, II 331 Jacob Gordin settles in, II 335 Jewish agricultural colonies in, II 374 economic condition of Jews in, II 374 Jewish emigrants in, said to wish for return to Russia, II 393 Government of, sends two Commissioners to Russia, II 407 exiled Moscow Jews emigrate to, II 413, 416 emigration to, embodied in Jewish pogrom of Dubnow, III 54 agitated over Kishinev massacre, III 78 Kishinev massacre stimulates emigration to, III 85 f fear of new Kishinev pogrom intensifies emigration to, III 96 ambassador of, in St. Petersburg, reported to have protested against Jewish persecutions, III 96 emigration to, embodied in pogrom of Jewish National Party in Russia, III 147 f statistics of Jewish emigration to, III 148 Hebrew writers in, III 163 University, Polish Jews study at U. of Padua, I 132 "Statute of 1804" admits Jews to Russian U's., I 345 Jewish U. graduates admitted into Russian Interior and to civil service (1861), II 166; required to possess learned degree, II 165, 167; requirement dropped (1879), II 167 Jewish U. graduates permitted to keep two Jewish servants in Russian Interior, II 166; fictitious servants of, II 344 ff Jews with U. education permitted to live in villages and own property (1904), III 98; privilege extended to wives and children, III 99 Jewish U. students suspected of revolutionary leanings, II 348, III 28 admission of Jews to, restricted (1887), II 350; placed on Statute books (1908), III 157 f restricted admission drives Jews into foreign U's, II 351, III 31, 158; and makes them antagonistic to Government, III 31 restricted admission to, abolished by professional councils (1905), III 124; restored (1907), III 152; placed on Statute books (1908), III 157 f See Education and School Ural, territory of, semi-civilized tribes of placed on level with Jews, II 367 Urussov, governor of Bessarabia, and later Assistant-Minister of Interior, favors mitigation of Jewish disabilities, III 93 discloses personal animosity of Nicholas II. against Jews, III 93 issues warning against pogroms, III 97 reveals in Memoirs Plehve's share in pogroms, III 97 discloses in Duma share of Russian Government in October pogroms, III 126, 138 Ushitza, see Novaya Ushitza Ussishkin, Russian Zionist leader, III 47 Ustrugov, deputy-governor of Bessarabia, persecutes Jews, III 70 assists in arranging Kishinev massacre, VIII 71 sued by Jews, III 92 Uvarov, Sergius, Minister of Public Instruction, endeavors to spread enlightenment among Russian Jews, II 46 ff lays plans before "Jewish Committee," II 50 ff visits Lilienthal's school in Riga, II 52 negotiates with Lilienthal, II 53 instructs Lilienthal to enter into correspondence with Jewish leaders in Western Europe, II 67 petitioned by Moses Montefiore on behalf of Russian Jews, II 68 plans of, received favorably by Jews of Vilna, II 136 f See Lilienthal Valnyev, Minister of Interior, favors admission of Jewish artisans and mechanics into Russian Interior, II 169 f Vannovski, Minister of War, restricts number of Jewish surgeons in Russian army, II 319 f accepts post of Minister of Public Instruction and curtails admission of Jews to universities, III 29 Varta (Polish, Warta), Diet of (1423), restricts commercial operations of Jews, I 58 Varta (Polish, Warta), river, lands on banks of, attract Jews, I 39 Vasa Dynasty, of Swedish origin, rules in Poland, I 91 Vasilchikov, Count, governor-general of Kiev, favors admission of Jewish artisans into Russian Interior, II 168 Veitelson, Marcus, Jewish deputy in St. Petersburg, I 393 Velizh (government of Vitebsk), ritual murder trial at, II 75 ff Alexander I. passes through, and orders opening of case, II 76 Jews of, acquitted, II 83 Venentit, Slav tribe, subject to Khazars, I 26 Venice, Jewish Palestine pilgrims from Poland pass through, I 209 Master Leon, Russian court physician, invited from, I 37 Victoria, Queen of England, recommends Moses Montefiore to Nicholas I., II 68 Vienna, Jewish bankers in, petition Polish king on behalf of Posen Jews, I 176 Jews of, assist Jewish Palestine pilgrims from Poland to reach Constantinople, I 209 Congress of, inaugurates European reaction, I 359 Congress of, transfers duchy of Warsaw to Russia, I 390, II 88 Lieberman, Russian-Jewish socialist, publishes ha-Emet in, II 223 Smolenskin resides in, II 234; and publishes ha-Shahar in, II 218 secret circular of Plehve made known in, II 381 Dr. Herzl resides in, III 42 Vigdorovich, Samuel, rabbi of Vilna, engages in litigation with Kahal, I 275 f Vilenski Vyestnik ("The Vilna Herald"), publishes Brahman's articles against Kahal, II 189 Vilkomir (government of Kovno), home of M. Lilienblum, II 236 Villages, transfer of Jews from to towns ordered by Catherine II. (1795), I 319 Jews retained in, by land owners, I 323 Russian officials given wide powers in dislodging Jews from (1797), I 323 f expulsion of Jews from, decreed in Statute of 1804, I 343 projected expulsion from, affects half million Jews, I 346 expulsion checked by fear of Napoleon's invasion (1807), I 347 f Jewish deputies plead for repeal, or postponement of expulsion from, I 349 expulsion of Jews from, reaffirmed (1808), I 351 expulsion from, started, I 351 Alexander I. admits impossibility of removing Jews from (1809), I 352 "Jewish Committee" advises against expulsion of Jews from (1812), I 353 f economic importance of Jews in, I 361 f evil effects of endeavors to dislodge Jews from, I 362 f renewal of effort to remove Jews from, I 405 Jews expelled from, in White Russia (1823), I 406 f uselessness of expulsion from, in White Russia pointed out by Council of State (1835), I 407 f, II 34 f Jews expelled from, in government of Grodno (1827), II 30 f expulsion of Jews from, in government of Kiev, decreed (1830), II 33; delayed, II 33; objected to by Council of State and indefinitely postponed, II 35 barred to Jews in government of Kiev and Little Russia in Statute of 1835, II 40 barred to Jews in Fifty-Verst-Zone under same law, II 40 Jews of Poland permitted to live in (1862), II 181, 367; permission invalidated by restriction of property rights (1891), 367 Jews of Poland permitted to acquire land in (1862), II 172, 181; permission withdrawn as result of Polish insurrection (1864), II 173 exclusion of Jews from, recommended by Totleben, governor-general of Vilna, II 276 complete elimination of Jews from, recommended by "Jewish Committee" (1882), II 310 expulsion of old settlers objected to by Committee of Ministers, II 311 Jews forbidden to settle anew in, and to acquire property in ("Temporary Rules" of May 3, 1882), II 312 remain closed to Jews, II 318 old Jewish settlers expelled from, by peasant communes, II 318 f peasants encouraged to expel old Jewish settlers from, II 319, 340 Jews in, harassed by Russian officials, II 340 ff thousands of Jews expelled from, in governments of Chernigov and Poltava, II 341 disabilities of Jews in, commented upon by Pahlen Commission, II 366 discharged Jewish soldiers, being regarded as "new settlers," barred from returning to, II 384 towns transferred into, and barred to Jews (1890), II 385; reopened to Jews (1903), III 80 f policy of eliminating Jews from, continued under Nicholas II., III 16 ff Jews dislodged from, by introduction of liquor monopoly (1894), III 23 privileged Jews, though admitted into Interior, prohibited from acquiring property in (1903), III 81; exception made for Jews with higher education (1904), III 98 wholesale expulsions of Jews from (1910), III 157 See Expulsion, and Residence, Right of Villani, Matteo, Italian chronicler, quoted, I 52 Vilna (Polish, Wilna, city), superseded by Warsaw as capital, I 85 conquered by Russians (1654), I 154, 245 surrendered by Poles, I 155 Lithuanian Hetman resides in, I 192 anti-Jewish riots in (under Polish Régime), I 94, 99, 161, 166; by invading Russian troops, I 245 Jews of, permitted to engage, in petty trade, I 99 Jews of, restricted to "Jewish Street" and placed under jurisdiction of Municipal Courts (1633), I 99 Jewish community of, represented on Lithuanian Waad, I 112 Kahal of, engaged in litigation with rabbi of, I 275 f Jews of, support Polish troops fighting against Russians (1792), I 292 Christian burghers of, protest to Alexander I., against admission of Jews to city-government (1805), I 370 Jews of, barred from city-government in (1805), I 370 exclusion of Jews from city-government of, confirmed in Statute of 1835, II 41 hasidic societies secretly organized in, I 237 visited by Shneor Zalman to request interview with Gaon, I 238 Kahal of, excommunicates Hasidim (1772), I 237, 371; (1796), II 371, 373 Hasidim reside "illegally" in, I 372 Kahal of, sends out messengers to stir up anti-hasidic agitation, I 373 Hasidim of, rejoice over death of Gaon, I 375 Kahal elders of, vow to avenge insult to Gaon, I 375; and denounce Hasidism to Government, I 375 f Hasidim arrested in, I 376 Hasidim of, depose Kahal elders, I 377 conference of Jewish deputies at (1815), I 393 f Kahal of, pleads for abolition of cantonists, II 36 Kahal of, complains to Council of State about Jewish disabilities, II 38; and begs permission to send spokesmen to St. Petersburg, II 39 printing-press in, II 42, 127 censorship committee in, II 44 visited by Max Lilienthal, II 54 Maskilim of, promise support to Lilienthal, II 55; and form his mainstay, II 136 Rabbinical Institute opened in (1847), II 59, 174; closed (1873), II 177; graduates of, un-Jewish, II 212 Teachers' Institute in, II 177 pupils of both Institutes form revolutionary circle in, II 223 visited by Moses Montefiore, II 68 center of Haskalah, II 132 ff Maskilim circle in, II 136 ff residential restrictions in, abolished by Alexander II., II 172 Brafman carries on anti-Jewish agitation in, II 187 ff, 240 pauperism among Jews of, III 24 Blondes, Jewish barber in, accused of ritual murder, II 37 Jewish labor movement in, III 55 "Bund" holds convention in (1897), III 56 Lekkert, Jewish workingman in, assails governor of Vilna, III 66 f Dr. Herzl enthusiastically received by Jews of, III 84 Jews of, assured by Svyatopolk-Mirski of just treatment, III 99 Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights, III 108; and demands self-determination, III 109 league for Attainment of Equal Rights formed in (1905), III 111 Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise, III 121 f place of publication, II 115, 126, 131, 134, 136, 226 ha-Karmel, published in, II 217 ha-Zeman, Hebrew daily, published in, III 162 Sabbatai Cohen (Shak), famous Talmudist, native of, I 130, 157 f Budny, Christian theologian, of, I 136 Moses Rivkes, Talmudist, of, I 200 Elijah of; see Elijah of Vilna Masalski, bishop of, employs Berek Yoselovich, I 294 Saul Katzenellenbogen, rabbi of, II 115 M. A. Ginzberg, Hebrew writer, resident of, II 133 Abraham Baer Lebensohn, Hebrew poet, resident of, II 134 f Micah Joseph Lebensohn, Hebrew poet, native of, II 226 Levanda, Russian-Jewish writer, resident of, II 239 S. M. Dubnow, author of present work, resident of, III 112 See Vilna (government) Vilna (province or government), annexed by Russia (1795), I 297 included in Pale (1794), I 317; (1835), I 39 includes later government of Kovno, I 317 Jews of, invited to elect deputies (1807), I 349 Poles threaten to massacres Russians and Jews in, I 357 Samuel Epstein elected Jewish deputy from, I 393 Poles and Jews forbidden to acquire estate in (1864), II 173 placed under jurisdiction of Muravyov, II 188 Friesel, governor of, suggests Jewish reforms, I 325 ff governor of, testifies to loyalty of Jews to Russia (1812), I 357 governor-general of, opposes admission of Jewish artisans into Russian Interior, II 168 Muravyov, governor-general of, pursues policy of Russification, II 183, 239 Totleben, governor-general of, favors forbidding Jews to settle in villages, II 276 Kakhanov, governor-general of, insults Jewish deputation of welcome, II 383 governor of, favors abrogation of Pale (1895), III 11 Pahlen, governor of, favors mitigation of restrictive laws, III 93 Svyatopolk-Mirski, governor-general, promises Jewish deputation favorable treatment of Jews, III 99 Localities in: Ilya, II 114 Mikhailishok, II 134 Troki, see Troki Volozhin, I 380, II 57, 113 Vinaver, M., Russian-Jewish lawyer, acts as counsel for Jewish victims of Kishinev pogrom, III 92; and Homel pogrom, III 102 member of Central Bureau of League for Equal Rights, III 112 elected president of League for Equal Rights, III 134 deputy to First Duma, III 134 leader of Constitutional Democratic party, III 134 denounces in Duma oppression of Jews, III 136; and pogroms, III 139 head of Jewish People's Group, III 146 Vinchevski, M., publishes Hebrew periodical Asefat Hakamim, II 223 Vinnitza, Kahal of, appealed to by Vilna Gaon against Hasidim, I 373 Virgil, Aeneid of, translated into Hebrew, II 226 Visconti, papal nuncio at Warsaw, ordered to report on ritual murder trial in Poland, I 179 Vishniovetzki (Polish, Wisniowiecki), Count Jeremiah, Polish commander, protects Jews against Cossacks, I 149, 161 Vishniovetzki (Polish, Wisniowiecki), Michael, Polish king (1669-1673), son of former, ratifies Jewish privileges, I 160 Vistula, river, lands on banks of, attract Jews, I 39 provinces on banks of, invaded by Swedes, I 154 Plotzk, on banks of, I 243 Poles perish in, defending Warsaw against Russians, I 296 Hasidism established on banks of, I 384 Gher, or Goora Kalvarya, on left bank of, II 122 Poles admit only "one nation on banks of," III 168 Vital, Hayyim, Cabalist, I 134 Vitebsk (city), Jews of, defend city against invading Russians, I 154 Jews of, robbed by Cossacks and maltreated or exiled, I 154 Jews of, made prisoners of war by Russians, I 245 Mendel of, hasidic leader, I 234, II 117 Dyerzhavin writes "Opinion" on Jews in, I 330 pogrom at, III 101 Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise, III 121 See Vitebsk (government) Vitebsk (government), annexed by Russia (1772), I 186, 262 Jews from, made prisoners of war by Russia, I 245 formerly called government of Polotzk, I 307, 315, 317 forms part of White Russia, I 307, 315 included in Pale (1794), I 317; (1835), II 40 Jews of, visit Smolensk and Moscow, I 315 Jews of, invited to elect deputies, I 349 Jewish deputies from, I 393 expulsion of Jews from villages of, begun (1808), I 351 Jews, expelled from villages of, economically ruined, I 364 Jews elected to municipal offices in, I 368 expulsion of Jews from villages of, decreed (1823), I 406 Supreme Court acquits Velizh Jews accused of ritual murder, II 76 placed under jurisdiction of Muravyov, II 188 Cities in: Kreslavka, I 331 Polotzk, I 243 Velizh, II 75 See Vitebsk (city), and Russia, White Vitovt (also Vitold, or Witold; Polish, Witowt), grand duke of Lithuania (1388-1430) protects Jews of Lithuania, I 35 grants Jews charter (1388) and additional privileges (1389), I 59 Vladimir (Polish, Wlodzimierz Volhynia), early Jewish community in, I 59 Vladimir, prince of Kiev, receives Khazar Jews (986), I 30 Vladimir, Monomakh, prince of Kiev, stops anti-Jewish riots, I 32 Vladimir, grand duke, brother of Alexander III., holds Russian revolutionaries responsible for pogroms, II 260 Vladimir, archbishop (Mitropolit) of St. Petersburg, encourages pogroms, III 125 Vladislav (also Wladislaus and Leidislaus; Polish, Wladyslaw), Lokietek, Polish ruler, unites Great Poland and Little Poland, and assumes royal title (1319), I 42, 50 Vladislav (Polish, Wladyslaw) IV., Polish king (1632-1648), I 91 tolerant to other creeds, I 97 confirms Jewish privileges, I 98 makes erection of synagogues and establishment of cemeteries dependent on royal permission, I 98 restricts Jews in response to anti-Jewish petitions, I 98 f uprising of Khmelnitzki during reign of, I 144 dies during uprising, I 145 offered, as crown prince, Russian throne (1610), I 244 Voislovitza, near Lublin, Jews of, accused of ritual murder, I 178 f Volfovich, Simeon, denounces abuses of Vilna Kahal, I 276 persecuted and imprisoned, I 276 advocates abolition of Kahal, I 276 Volga, river, Khazars move towards banks of, I 19 Khazar capital situated at mouth of, I 23, 26, 28 called Ityl by Khazars, I 26, 28 bodies of alleged ritual murder victims found in, II 150 Volhynia (Polish, Volyn), forms part of Lithuania, I 59 ceded to Poland (1569), I 110 controlled economically by Polish magnates, I 140 uprising against Poles in (1648), I 145 returned to Poland (1667), I 159 annexed by Russia (1793), I 292 included in Pale (1794), I 317, (1804), I 342; (1835), II 39 called formerly government of Izyaslav, I 317 Cossack massacres in (1648), I 148 f Jews decimated in, I 157 Jews of, slain by haidamacks (18th century), I 182 f Jewish arendar of, oppressed by Polish squire, I 266 Jews of, suffer from Polish civil war (1792), I 292 Polish nobility of, advocates anti-Jewish restrictions, I 324 Jews of, hold conference and decide to appeal to Tzar (1798), I 324 f Jews of, invited by Alexander I. to elect deputies, I 349 woolen mills established by Jews in, I 363 Jews of, indifferent towards Polish revolution (1831), I 107 statistics of Jews in, II 194 pogroms in, II 256 represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110 Jewish Provincial Assembly (or Dietine) of, I 113; called "Volhynia Synagogue," I 196 Talmudism deteriorates in, I 199 intellectual development of Jews of, differs from that in North-west, I 221 Besht travels about in, I 224 Baer of Mezherich, hasidic preacher in, I 227 Hasidism spreads in, I 229, 274 becomes hasidic headquarters, I 229 f Hasidism triumphant in, I 371, II 119 f Gubernatorial Kahal of, appealed to by Vilna Gaon, against Hasidism, I 373 Isaiah Horowitz (Shelo), Cabalist, rabbi in, I 135 Levi Itzhok of Berdychev, leader of Hasidim in, I 382 Menashe Ilyer, Talmudist and writer, resides in, II 115 Isaac Baer Levinsohn, native of, II 125 ff rabbis of, request Levinsohn to refute blood accusation, II 131 Localities in: Chudnov, III 117 Kremenetz, II 125[65] Old (Staro-)-Constantinov, II 21 f Ostrog, I 125 Rovno, III 99 Slavuta, II 42, 123 Troyanov, III 116 Zaslav, I 116, 177 Zhitomir, see Zhitomir Volkspartei, see Jewish National Party Volozhin (government of Vilna), yeshibah of, established by Hayyim Volozhiner, pupil of Vilna Gaon (1803), I 380 f sends forth large number of pupils, II 113 Itzhok Itzhaki, president of, member of Rabbinical Commission, II 57 Volozhiner, Hayyim; see Volozhin Voltaire, praises polemical treatise of Isaac Troki, I 138 Vorontzov, governor-general of New Russia, protests against proposed "assortment" of Jews by Nicholas I., II 64 ff, 142 Voronyezh (city and government), "Judaizers" spread in, I 401 archbishop of, reports to Government on "Judaizers," I 401 f Senate refers to "Judaizers" in, I 404 pogrom in city of (1905), III 130 Voskhod ("The Sunrise"), Jewish weekly and monthly, in Russian, published in St. Petersburg, II 221, 277, 332, 372, III 162 opposes organizing of emigration, as subversive of emancipation, II 298 f protests against anti-Semitic speech of governor-general of Kiev, II 317 opposes "Love of Zion" movement, II 332 suppressed by censor, II 407 publishes Dubnow's "Letters on Old and New Judaism," III 52 leaning towards nationalism, III 59 suppressed for protesting against Kishinev massacre, III 77 appeals to patriotism of Jews in Russo-Japanese War, III 94 warns against impending pogroms, III 96 confiscated by censor, III 98 points out rightlessness of Jews, III 124 Voyevodas (Polish, Wojewoda), high Polish officials, name and functions of, explained, I 46 correspond to Starostas in Lithuania, I 60 exercise, as representatives of sovereign, special jurisdiction over Jews, I 46, 94 V. courts, see Courts Jewish Dietines assemble by order of, I 196 f instructed by Stephen Batory to protect Jews, I 89 accept bribes, I 76 begin to oppress Jews, I 169 V. of Cracow accepts bribes from Jews and their opponents, I 76 V. of Kiev owns city of Uman, I 184 V. of Lemberg, or Red Russia, upholds prestige of Kahal, I 190; grants constitution to Kahal of Lemberg (1692), I 191 V. of Vilna sides with Kahal against rabbi, I 276; imprisons Simeon Volfovich, opponent of Kahal, I 276 Voyevodstvo (Polish, Wojewodstwo), name for Polish province, term explained, I 46, 76 Voznitzin, Alexander, captain in Russian navy, converted by Borukh Leibov to Judaism, I 251 f burned at stake in St. Petersburg (1738), I 253 Vperyod ("Forward"), Russian revolutionary periodical in London, II 223 Vratislav, prince of Bohemia, robs Jews fleeing to Poland, I 41 Vyatka (government) cantonists carried to, II 24 Vyborg (Finland), V. Manifesto, protesting against dissolution of First Duma, signed by Jewish deputies, III 139 signatories to, prosecuted, III 142 Vyelepolski, Marquis, Polish statesman, secures assent of Alexander II. to Act of Emancipation of Polish Jews (1862), II 181, 195 Vyestnik Russkikh Yevreyev ("Herald of Russian Jews"), Russian Jewish periodical, II 221 Waad Arba Aratzoth ("Council of Four Lands"), central organization of Polish Jewry, pronunciation of word Waad, I 108 grows out of conferences of rabbis and Kahal leaders, I 108 f; which meet at fair of Lublin, I 109; at initiative of Shalom Shakhna, rabbi of Lublin, I 123; exercising judicial as well as administrative and legislative functions, I 109 f presided over by Mordecai Jaffe, I 127 presided over by Joshua Falk Cohen, I 128 meets periodically at Lublin and Yaroslav, I 110, 194 composition of, I 110 provincial Waads represented on, I 113, 196 f oligarchic character of, I 195 acts as court of appeals, I 111 decides litigations between Kahals, I 193 activities of, stimulate rabbinical learning, I 126 f regulates inner life of Jews, I 111 f, 152, 188 f concerned about maintenance of Talmud Torahs and yeshibahs, I 195 exercises censorship over Hebrew books, I 195 f issues herem against Frankists, I 214 appoints Shtadlans to represent Jews before Government, I 111, 193 apportions head-tax among Kahals, I 181, 189 f, 194 authority of, in apportioning head-tax upheld by King Sobieski (1687), I 194 authority of, undermined by withdrawing right of apportioning head-tax (1764), I 181, 197 meetings of, forbidden by diet; of 1764, I 198 Waad Kehilloth Rashioth Di-Medinath Lita ("Council of the Principal Communities of the Province of Lithuania"), central organization of Lithuanian Jews, formed in 1623, I 112 provincial Waads represented on, I 113, 196 meets periodically, I 194 functions of, I 112 f cultivates Jewish education, I 195 appoints Shtadlans to represent Jews before Government, I 193 apportions head-tax among Jews, I 181 Waddington, English representative at Berlin Congress, favors emancipation of Jews, I 202 Wagenseil, German professor, publishes Isaac Troki's Hizzuk Emuna, I 138 Wahl, Saul, legendary king of Poland, I 94 Wahl, Von, governor of Vilna, flogs Jewish workingmen, I 67 Wallachia, Jacob Frank settles in, I 212 Besht born on border of, I 222; see Moldavo-Wallachia Warsaw (Polish, Warszawa), capital of Poland, I 85, 111 capital of duchy of Warsaw, I 298 meeting-place of Polish diet, I 76, 98, 99, 111, 160, 165, 169, 171, 181, 278, II 96; see Diet Khmelnitzki moves towards, I 151 conquered by Swedes (1655), I 154 Russia maintains Resident at, I 279 besieged by Russian troops (1794), I 293 stormed by Suvarov, I 296 annexed by Prussia (1795), I 296; held by it (1796-1806), I 385 granted right of excluding Jews, I 85, 268 Jews permitted temporary visits to, I 111, 268 Serafinovich, converted Jew, invited to disputation in, to prove blood accusation, I 173 f Jews of, appeal to Polish king on behalf of Posen Jews, I 176 Visconti, papal nuncio at, instructed to report on ritual murder cases, I 177 Jacob Frank, baptized at, I 217 f; arrested at, and exiled to Chenstokhov, I 218; returns to, I 219 Jews permitted to stay in, during sessions of diet (1768), I 268 procedure in admitting Jews to, I 269 Jews pay tax for sojourn in, I 269, II 95 Polish dignitaries rent houses to Jews in outskirts of, I 269 "New Jerusalem," district in, I 269 Jews expelled from (1775), I 269 Jews return surreptitiously to, I 269 f, 285 burghers of, demand expulsion of Jews, I 285 f anti-Jewish riot at (1790), I 286 f Jews expelled from (1790), I 287 Jews volunteer in defence of, I 293 siege of, arouses patriotism of Berek Yoselovich, I 294; appeal for special Jewish regiment, II 295 Jews display heroism in defence of, I 296 Jews barred from principal streets of, (1809), I 300, II 94; exception made for widow of Berek Yoselovich, I 304 assimilated Jews of, plead for special privileges, I 300 representatives of Jewish community of, complain about disabilities, I 301 f "Enlightenment" among Jews of, I 385 visited by Moses Montefiore, II 68 visited by Altaras of Marseilles, II 69 Tugendhold, Jewish assimilator in, II 98 Jewish assimilators in, II 100 ff Congregational Board of, objects to special Jewish regiment, II 106 Jewish militia participates in defence of (1831), II 106 Congregational Board of, sends deputation to St. Petersburg to plead for equal rights, II 110 adherents of hasidic dynasty of Gher numerous in, II 122 assimilation in, II 177 f; assumes menacing proportions, II 213 Jews of, display Polish patriotism in uprising against Russia (1861-1863), II 179 ff pogrom at (1881), II 280 ff archbishop of, endeavors to check pogrom, II 283 prominent Poles of, offer to organize civil guard for protection of Jews, II 283; offer refused by governor-general of, II 283 number of writers arrested at, II 291 effect of pogrom in, upon Western Europe and America, II 283, 287 governor-general of, reports to Tzar on pogroms in, II 284 pogrom in, welcomed by Central Jewish Committee, II 310 center of "Love of Zion" movement, II 376 Jewish labor movement in, III 55 economic progress of Jews in, III 166 Jews of, instrumental in election of socialistic deputy to Duma, III 167 Hebrew papers and periodicals published in, II 333, 372, III 58, 60, 162 Yiddish papers and periodicals published in, III 59, 162 Goora Kalvarya (Gher), in vicinity of, II 122 Kotzk, in vicinity of, I 303, II 122 Praga, suburb of, I 294 Way, Lewis, representative of London Bible Society, I 397 submits memorandum to Alexander I. pleading for Jewish emancipation, I 398 memorandum of, laid before Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398 Weber, United States Commissioner to Russia, II 407 Wertheimer, banking house of, in Vienna, exerts influence over Polish king, I 176 Wessely, Naphtali Hirz, Hebrew poet, compared with A. B. Lebensohn, II 135 Western Europe, Jewish diaspora in, I 13 emigration from, into Poland, I 39 ff leading Jews of, invited by Russian Government to participate in work of enlightenment, II 67 Jews of, intercede on behalf of Russian Jews, II 67 ff public opinion of, influences Russia, II 262 effect of Warsaw pogrom on, II 283, 287 emigration from Russia to, II 321, 408, 413 Political Zionism originates in, III 42, 46 Jews of, deny Jewish nationalism, III 53 public opinion of, agitated over Kishinev massacre, III 78 "Western Region," term explained, II 16 number of Jews in, II 168 Jews form majority of population in cities of, III 11 Westminster, duke of, addresses Guildhall meeting in London against oppression of Russian Jews, II 390 f White, Arnold, member of English parliament, sent by Baron Hirsch to Russia, II 417 discusses Jewish question with Russian dignitaries, II 417 visits Pale and is favorably impressed by Jews, II 418 recommends regulation of emigration, II 418 dispatched to Russia a second time, II 419 White Russia, see Russia, White Wine grown by Jews in Palestine, II 376; see Liquor Witsen, burgomaster of Amsterdam, petitions Peter the Great to admit Jews into Russia, I 246 Witte, Russian Minister of Finance, advocates liquor monopoly as means of dislodging Jews from villages, III 17; and eliminating Jewish "exploitation," III 22 favors mitigation of Jewish disabilities, III 107 f Jews address petitions for equal rights to, III 108 f receives, as president of Council of State, memorandum on pogroms, III 125 appointed Prime Minister, author of manifesto of October 17, 1905, III 127 adopts policy of oppression, III 131 League for Equal Rights votes down proposal to send delegation to, III 131 Wolff, Sir H. D., member of English parliament, interpellates Government concerning pogroms, II 262 Worms, Baron Henry De, member of English parliament, interpellates Government concerning pogroms, II 262 Gladstone replies to interpellation of, II 292 Yadviga (Polish, Jadwiga), Polish queen, marries Yaguello, grand duke of Lithuania (1386), I 54 Yaguello, Vladislav II. (Polish, Wladyslaw Jagiello), king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania (1386-1434), I 54 converted from paganism to Catholicism, I 55 restricts commercial operations of Jews, I 58 Lithuania ruled by Vitovt, as representative of, I 59 extinction of Y. dynasty, I 88 f, 91 Yalta, health resort in Crimea, Jews expelled from, II 428 f, III 18 f Yampol (Volhynia), ritual murder trial at, I 178 Yaroshevski, Russian-Jewish novelist and physician, protests against affront to Jewish army surgeons, II 320 Yaroslav (Polish, Jaroslaw; Galicia), meeting-place of Council of Four Lands, I 110, 194 Yekaterinoslav (city), Orshanski, Russian-Jewish writer, native of, II 238 pogrom at (1883), II 358 ff; (October, 1905), III 128 Yekaterinoslav (government), territory of, raided by Turks and defended by Cossacks, I 143 territory of, opened to Jews (1791), I 316 tract of land in, set aside for Jewish converts (1820), I 400 included in Pale (1794), I 317; (1835), II 403 Jewish agricultural colonies in, II 72 Rostov and Taganrog transferred from, to territory of Don army and barred to Jews (1887), II 346 pogroms in (1883), II 360 Yelisavetgrad (government of Kherson), Government agents appear in, to prepare pogroms, II 248 pogroms at (1881), II 249 ff, 333; (October, 1905), III 128 "Spiritual Biblical Brotherhood," heterodox Jewish sect, founded by Jacob Gordin in (1881), II 333 f Yellow Waters (Polish, Zolte Wody), Polish army defeated by Cossacks near, I 145 Yemetyanov, Theodore, alleged victim of ritual murder, II 75 f Yeremyeyeva, Russian woman, accuses Jews of Velizh of ritual murder, II 75 convicted by Council of State, II 82 Yeshibah, or Talmudic Academy, imparts higher rabbinical education, I 114 f secular studies excluded from, I 120, 277 maintained by Council of Four Lands, I 195 sanctioned by Sigismund II. under name of gymnazium, I 115 head of, or rosh-yeshibah, granted wide powers by Polish Kings, I 115 f; enjoys great distinction, I 119 Y's spread all over Poland and Lithuania, I 115 f Y's of Lithuania adopt method of Talmud study of Vilna Gaon, I 380 f important Y's in Lithuania, II 113 f negative effect of, II 113 f placed under Government supervision (1842), II 56 Joshua Falk Cohen, head of, in Lemberg, I 128 Moses Isserles, head of, in Cracow, I 123 Nathan Spira, head of, in Cracow, I 135 Isaiah Horowitz (Shelo), studies in, of Lemberg and Cracow, I 135 Eliezer, head of, in Homel, I 150 Abel Gumbiner, head of, in Kalish, I 200 Hayyim Volozhiner, head of, in Volozhin, I 381 Itzhok Itzhaki, head of, in Volozhin, II 57 Yesod Hama'Alah, Jewish colony in Galilee, II 375 Yevrey, Russian term for Jew, officially introduced, I 320 Yevreyskaya Bibliotyeka ("Jewish Library"), Jewish periodical in Russian, II 221 Orshanski contributes to, II 238 Yevreyskaya Starina ("Jewish Antiquity"), Jewish periodical in Russian, III 160 Yevreyski Mir ("Jewish World"), Jewish weekly in Russian, III 162 Yezierski, Polish statesman, chairman of Jewish Commission of Polish Diet, I 287 recognizes economic importance of Polish Jews, I 287 f defends Jews in Diet, I 289 Yiddish, brought by Jews from Germany, I 43, 114 translations of prayers in, used by women, I 121 read by women and lower classes, I 202 Mendel Lewin translates Bible into, I 388; attacked by Tobias Feder, I 388 Y. press, II 217 f, III 58 f, 162 Y. literature, III 61 ff, 162 Mendele Mokher Sforim turns to, II 232 Gordin writes plays in, II 335 Frug, Russian-Jewish poet, writes in, III 63, 78 used as propaganda means by Jewish Labor movement, III 56 f position of, hotly discussed, III 161 adherents of (Yiddishists), III 161 Yosefovich, Hirsh, rabbi of Khelm, author of Polish pamphlet defending Jews, I 283 Yosefovich, Abraham, Jewish tax-farmer in Poland, I 73 converted to Christianity and appointed Chancellor of Lithuanian Exchequer, I 73 Yosefovich, Michael, brother of former, Jewish tax-farmer in Poland, 172 f appointed by Sigismund I. "senior" of Lithuanian Jews, I 72 f, 104 Yoselovich (Polish, Joselowicz) Berek, Polish-Jewish patriot, I 293 ff accompanies Bishop Masalski to Paris, I 294 offers to form special Jewish regiment, I 294 f regiment of, displays heroism, I 296 flees to France, I 296 f returns to Poland and dies heroic death, I 303 eulogized by Pototzki, I 303 f widow of, granted special permission to sell liquor, I 304 Yosko, Jewish tax-farmer in Poland, I 71 Yudich, Saul, Jewish tax-farmer in Lithuania, I 94 possibly identical with Saul Wahl, legendary king of Poland, I 94 Yurkevich, Peter, accused of stealing host for Jews, I 101 f Yurkovski, Moscow police commissioner, makes raid on Jews, II 403 Yushkevicher, Yankel, of Saratov, accused of ritual murder, II 151 sentenced, with son, to penal servitude, II 152 pardoned by Alexander II. through intercession of Crémieux, II 153 Zadok, Messianic propagandist in Lithuania, I 208 Zaleshkovska, Catherine, suspected of leanings towards Judaism and burned at stake, I 79 f Zalman Shneorsohn, or Zalman Borukhovich; see Shneor Zalman Zamyatin, Minister of Justice, defends Jews of Saratov accused of ritual murder, II 152 Zamoiski, Andreas, Polish chancellor, suggests reforms for Jews of Poland, I 271 ff Zamoshch (Polish, Zamosc), Joel Baal-Shem of, I 203 Zangwill, Israel, founder of Territorialism, III 144 Zaporozhians, the, or Zaporozhian Cossacks, name explained, I 143 raid Turks and fight Tatars, I 143 cultivate relations with Ukrainian Cossacks, I 143 form alliance with Tatars, I 144 exterminate Jews and Poles, I 145 f plunder Jews of Vitebsk, I 154 form bands attacking Poles and Jews, I 182 f petition Russian Government to admit Jews to fairs of Little Russia, I 250 See Cossacks Zarudny, Council of Jewish victims of Homel pogrom, III 102 Zaryadye, part of Moscow illegally inhabited by Jews, II 403 Zaslav (Polish, Zaslaw; Volhynia), Cossack massacre at (1648), I 149 ritual murder case in (1747), I 172, 177 f Nathan Hannover of, see Hannover, Nathan Zayonchek, Polish general, flees from Poland, I 296 appointed viceroy of Poland, II 91 opposes measures in favor of Jews, II 93 makes insulting remark about Jews, II 94 Zborov, Treaty of, between Poles and Cossacks (1649), I 151 not kept by Polish Government, I 152 Zebulun, king of Khazars, I 26 Zederbaum, Alexander, editor of ha-Melitz in St. Petersburg, II 217 refutes charge of ritual murder, I 204 publishes Vyestnik Russkikh Yevreyev, I 221 Zelenoy, city-governor of, warns Jews to use polite manners, II 383 Zelig, see Jacob Selig Zelikin, Isaac, called Rabbi Itzele, secures acquittal of Mstislavl Jews, II 86 f Zelva (province of Grodno), rabbis issue herem against Hasidim at fair of, I 237 Zemstvos (local self-governments in Russia), term explained, II 173 Jews admitted to (1864), II 173 rights of, curtailed by Alexander III., II 379, 386 Jews barred from (1890), II 385 f liberal Z. voice desire for constitution, III 7 f refuse to appoint Jewish physicians, III 27 conference of, in St. Petersburg protests against autocracy (1904), III 105 combined deputation to Nicholas II. of municipalities and Z. express desire for abolition of restrictions (1905), III 122 Zetlin, Yevzik, of Velizh, arrested on charge of ritual murder, II 75, 77 Zetlin, Hannah, wife of former, arrested on same charge, II 77 Zeno, emperor of Byzantium, persecutes Jews, I 18 Zhelezniak, Cossack leader, massacres Jews (1768), I 183 f Zhitomir, see Zhytomir Zhmud (Samogitia) region in North-west Russia, I 293, II 133 Zhukhovski, Stephen, Polish priest, accuses Jews of ritual murder, I 172 f Zhyd (and Zhydovski), Russian derogatory appellation for Jew, I 184, 320, 403, II 14, 78, III 155 officially abolished by Catherine II., I 320 Zhytomir (Polish, Zytomir; Volhynia), ritual murder trial at (1753), I 178 Kahal of, appealed to by Vilna Gaon against Hasidism, I 373 printing-press of, II 43 Rabbinical Institute opened in (1847), II 59, 174; closed (1873), II 177; graduates of, un-Jewish, II 212 Teachers Institute in, closed (1873), II 177 old privilege of, excluding Jews from parts of town, abolished by Alexander II., II 172 Mendele Mokher Sforim removes to, II 232 School of Handicrafts in, closed by Alexander III., II 347 pogrom in (1905), III 115 ff Jews of Chudnov attempt to defend Jews of Zhytomir and are massacred, III 116 f Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise, III 121 Zikhron Jacob, Jewish colony in Galilee, II 375 Zionism, before Herzl, called in Hebrew Hibbat Zion (in Russian, Palestinophilstvo) "Love of Zion," preached by Lilienblum, II 237, 328 ff expounded by Pinsker, II 220, 330 ff adopted by Lilienblum, II 237 engages in colonization of Palestine, II 375 f, 422 f adherents of, assemble in Kattowitz (1884), II 376; and Druskeniki (1887), II 377 legalized by Russian Government (1890), II 377 center of, in Odessa and Warsaw, II 376 wins over orthodoxy, II 376 f failure of, III 42 leaders of, join political Zionism, III 47 modified by Ahad Ha'am, II 423, III 49 f rise of political Z., III 41 ff proclaimed by Herzl, III 42 f First Zionist Congress (1897), III 44 political and cultural tendency within, III 44 f effects of, III 46 f Spiritual Z., or Ahad Ha´amism, III 41, 48 ff Russian Zionists Convention at Minsk, III 51 inadequacy of, III 51 f combined with Socialism by Poale-Zion, III 57 f, 145 Nahum Sokolow declares allegiance to, III 60 Reflected in poems of Frug, III 63 indifference to, denounced by Bialik, III 63 forbidden in Russia by Plehve, III 82 f Plehve promises support of, as result of Dr. Herzl's visit, III 83 Vilna Zionists give ovation to Dr. Herzl, III 84 crisis of, at Sixth Congress, III 84 f Schism between Palestinianism and Territorialism, III 85 organize self-defence at Homel, III 87 Shmaryahu Levin, representative of, deputy to First Duma, III 134 forms contrast to Social Democracy, III 143 Seventh Zionist Congress reaffirms allegiance to Palestine, III 144 Russian Zionist Convention at Helsingfors (1906) recognizes rights of diaspora, III 144 f adherents of, secede from League for Equal Rights, III 146 declared illegal by Senate, III 152 Znamya ("The Banner") anti-Semitic paper in St. Petersburg, III 70 demands execution of Dashevski, assailant of Krushevan, III 81 f Zohar, the, cabalistic standard work, study of, not permitted before the age of thirty, I 214 Frankists recognize authority of, I 214; call themselves Zoharists, 214 used by Besht to foretell the future, I 224 Zonch, Russian general, maltreats Jews on his estates, I 328 Zubov, Count, governor-general of New Russia, secures equal rights for Karaites, I 318 member of "Jewish Commission" appointed by Alexander I., I 335 Zunz, refutes charges of Abbé Chiarini, II 104 Zverovich, synagogue built in, by Borukh Leibov of Smolensk, I 249, 252