APPENDIX. (continued 2)

14 2 b. c. S.E. 2 a. s. S.E. f. 1

15 8 b. c.a.s. W. 4 b. c.a.s. W.

16 22 b. f. N.W. 4 b. f. N.W. f. 1

17 45 b. f. N. 28 b. f. N. r. 3

18 32 b. f. W. 16 b. f. S.W. r. 1

19 2 b. c. S.W. 16 a. f. S. r. 1

20 24 a. f. N.W. 22 a. c. W. r. 2

21 22 a. f. N.W. 22 a. c. N.W. r. 2

22 10 a. f. N.W. 23 a. f. N.W. r. 2½

23 18 a. c. S.W. 27 a. c. W. f. 1

24 22 a. s. S.W. 31 a. c.a.s. W. f. 2½

25 15 a. s. N.W. 20 a. c.a.s. N.W. f. 1

26 18 a. c. N.W. 21 a. f. N.W.

27 4 b. c. N.W. 14 a. c. N.W.

28 12 a. f. N. 13 a. f. N.W. r. 2½

29 9 b. f. N. 3 a. f. N. r. 1

30 20 b. f. N. 11 b. f. N. r. ½

31 10 b. f. S.E. 12 a. c. S.W. r. 1½

1805.

Jan. 1 18 a. s. S.E. 34 a. f. N.W. r. 1

2 4 b. s. N.W. 8 b. f.a.s. N.

3 14 b. c. N. 4 b. s. S.E.

4 28 a. c.a.s. W. 4 b. c. N.W. r. 2½

5 20 b. c. N.W. 18 b. s. N.E. r. 2

6 11 b. c.a.s. N.W. 16 b. f. N.W. r. 3

7 22 b. f. N.W. 14 b. f. W. f. 1

8 20 b. f. N.W. 10 b. f. N.W. r. 1

9 21 b. f. W. 18 b. f.a.c. N.W.

10 40 b. f. N.W. 28 b. f. N.W.

11 38 b. f. N.W. 14 b. f. N.W. f. ½

12 20 b. f. N.W. 16 b. f. N.W. r. 1

13 34 b. f. N.W. 20 b. f. N.W.

14 16 b. s. S.E. 8 b. c.a.s. S.E.

15 10 b. f. E. 3 a. c. S.W. r. 1

16 36 a. c. W. 16 a. f. S.W. r. 2½

17 2 b. c. W. 12 b. f. N.W.

18 1 b. f. N.W. 7 a. f.a.c. N.W. f. 1

19 12 a. c. N.E. 6 b. f. N.W. r. 1

20 28 a. f. N.E. 9 b. c. S.E. r. 1½

21 2 b. c. N.E. 8 a. f. S.E.

22 10 a. f.a.h. N.W. 19 a. c. N.W. r. 1¾

23 20 b. S. E. 2 b. c.a.s. N. f. 2½

24 12 b. c. N.W. 2 b. f. N.W. r. ¼

25 26 b. f. N.W. 4 b. f.a.c. W.

26 12 a. c. N.E. 20 a. f.a.c. S.E.

27 20 a. c. S.E. 16 a. c. N.W. r. 2

28 2 b. f. N.W. 15 a. f. S.W.

29 4 a. f. S.W. 16 a. f. W. r. ½

30 6 a. c. N.W. 14 a. c. N.W. r. 1

31 2 b. c.a.s. N.W. 8 a. f.a.c. N.W. f. 1

Feb. 1 6 a. c. N.W. 16 a. f. N.W. r. 2½

2 12 b. f. N.W. 3 a. f. S. f. 1

3 8 b. f. S.W. 2 a. f. W.

4 18 b. f. N.W. 9 b. f. W.

5 10 a. f. N.W. 20 a. f. N.W. r. 1

6 4 b. f. N.W. 12 a. f. W. r. ½

7 18 a. f. S.E. 29 a. c. S. r. ½

8 18 a. f. N.W. 28 a. c. N.E. f. 1

9 10 a. f. S.E. 33 a. c. S.E.

10 18 a. c.a.s. N.W. 12 a. c. N.W.

11 8 b. f. N.W. 2 b. f. N.W.

12 14 b. f. S.E. 2 a. f. W.

13 2 b. c. S.E. 10 a. c. N.W. f. 1

14 2 a. c.a.s. N.W. 2 b. f. N.W.

15 16 b. f. S.W. 6 b. f. W.

16 2 a. f. S.E. 8 a. f. W. f. 1

17 4 a. c. S.E. 12 a. f. N.W.

18 4 a. S. N.E. 10 a. f. S.

19 4 a. f. S.E. 20 a. f. S.

20 2 a. f. S. 22 a. f. S.

21 6 a. f. S. 30 a. f. S.

22 8 a. c. N. 32 a. c.a.r.

23 18 a. f. N.W. 32 a. f. W. r. ½

24 8 a. f. N.W. 32 a. f. W.

25 16 a. f. W. 38 a. f. N.W.

26 20 a. f. N.E. 31 a. f. N.

27 26 a. f. S.E. 36 a. f. E. f. ½

28 24 a. f. E. 38 a. c. S.E.

March 1 28 a. c. W. 38 a. f. N.W.

2 28 a. f. N.E. 36 a. f. N.E. r. 1½

3 28 a. c. E. 39 a. f. N.W.

4 26 a. f. N.W. 36 a. f. N.W.

5 22 a. f. E. 40 a. f. N.W.

6 26 a. c. E. 36 a. f. E. r. 2

7 12 a. f. E. 26 a. c. E. r. 2

8 7 a. c. E. 12 a. f. E. r. 2½

9 2 a. c. N. 18 a. f. N.W. r. 2

10 2 b. f. N.W. 12 a. f. N.W. r. 3½

11 12 a. c. S.E. 26 a. f.a.c. N.W. r. 4½

12 2 b. f.a.s. N. 10 a. f. N.W. r. 5

13 1 b. f. S.E. 28 a. f. S.W. r. 3½

14 18 a. f. S.E. 40 a. f. W.

15 24 a. f. S.E. 38 a. f. W. f. 1

16 32 a. c. E. 42 a. c. W. f. 3

17 30 a. f. S.E. 46 a. f. S.W. r. 2

18 24 a. c. N. 34 a. c. N. f. 1

19 20 a. c.a.s. N. 31 a. f. N.W. r. 1

20 28 a. c. N.W. 28 a. f. N.W. r. 3

21 16 a. c. E. 26 a. s.&h. S.

22 22 a. f.a.s. S. 36 a. f. S.W. f. 4

23 34 a. f. W. 38 a. c.a.r. N.W. f. 4

24 28 a. c.a.s. N.E. 30 a. c.a.s. N. r. 1

25 16 a. f. E. 32 a. f. S. r. 5

26 20 a. f. S.E. 46 a. f. W. r. 4½

27 28 a. f. S.E. 60 a. f. S.W. r. 9

28 40 a. f. S.E. 64 a. f. S.W. r. 1

29 42 a. f. N.W. 52 a. f. N.W. f. 11

30 28 a. f. N.W. 49 a. f. N.W. r. 1 1

31 35 a. c.a.r. S.E. 45 a. c. S.E. r. 9

April 1 33 a. c. N.W. 43 a. c.a.t. W. f. 11

2 28 a. c.a.r. N.W. 38 a. f.a.c. W. f. 5

3 24 a. f. N. 44 a. f. N. f. 4

4 36 a. f. S. 55 a. f. N.W. f. 4

5 30 a. f. N.W. 39 a. f. N. f. 2

6 19 a. f. N. 48 a. c. N.W. f. 1

7 26 a. f. N. 64 a. f. S.W. r. 2

8 19 a. f. N.W. 56 a. f. N.W. f. 2

9 38 a. f. S.E. 70 a. f. S.W. f. ½

10 42 a. f. E. 74 a. f. S.W. r. ⅛

11 42 a. f. N.W. 76 a. f. W. f. ½

12 56 a. f. N.W. 74 a. c.r.t.l. W. r. ⅛

13 58 a. f. S.E. 80 a. f. S.E. f. 1

14 52 a. c. S.E. 82 a. f. S.W. f. ¾

15 51 a. f. E. 78 a. f. S.W. f. ½

16 54 a. f. S.E. 78 a. f. S. f. ½

17 56 a. f. N.E. 74 a. c. N.W. f. ½

18 52 a. f. N.E. 64 a. c. N.

19 54 a. c. N.W. 56 a. c. N.W.

20 40 a. c. N.W. 42 a. c.a.s. N.W.

21 28 a. f. N.W. 40 a. c. N.W. f. ½

22 34 a. f.a.c. W. 40 a. f. N.W. r. 2

23 34 a. f. W. 52 a. c. N.W. r. 2

24 40 a. f. N. 56 a. f. N. r. 1

25 36 a. f. N. 52 a. f. N.W. r. 2

26 32 a. f. S. 63 a. f. S.E. r. 3

27 36 a. f. S.W. 64 a. f. N.W. f. 2

28 44 a. f. S.E. 63 a. f. S.E. f. 1½

29 42 a. f. N.E. 64 a. f. E. f. 1½

30 50 a. f. N.W. 58 a. f. S.E. f. ½

May 1 36 a. c. E. 46 a. c.a.f. N.E. f. 1½

2 28 a. s. N.E. 34 a. c.a.s. N.W. f. 1

3 26 a. f. W. 46 a. c. W. f. ¼

4 38 a. c. W. 48 a. f.a.c. W.

5 38 a. f. N.W. 62 a. f.a.r. S.E. r. 1

6 48 a. f. E. 61 a. c.a.r. S.E. r. 2

7 42 a. c. S. 60 a. f. N.E. r. 1½

8 41 a. c. E. 52 a. c.a.r. E. f. ¼

9 38 a. f. E. 58 a. f. W. r. ¾

10 38 a. f.a.c. W.N.W. 62 a. c.a.r. N.W. f. ¾

11 44 a. f. N.E. 60 a. c. S.W.

12 52 a. f. S.E. 54 a. c.a.r. N.W. r. 2

13 52 a. c.a.r. N.W. 54 a. f.a.c. N.W. f. 2¼

14 32 a. f. S.W. 52 a. c. S.W. f. 1¾

15 48 a. c.a.r. S.W. 54 a. c. N.W. f. ¾

16 48 a. c. S.W. 67 a. f. S.W.

17 60 a. f. N.E. 68 a. f. S.W.

18 58 a. f. W. 46 a. c.a.r. N.W. f. 1

19 38 a. f. E. 68 a. f.a.c. S.W.

20 52 a. f. N.E. 76 a. f. E. f. 1

21 50 a. f. S.W. 76 a. f. N.W.

22 46 a. c. N.W. 48 a. c. N.W. f. ½

23 32 a. f. S.W. 54 a. f. S.W. f. ½

24 32 a. f. N.W. 68 a. f. S.E. r. 3½

25 46 a. f. S.W. 82 a. f. S.W. r. 2

26 58 a. f. S.W. 80 a. f. S.W. r. ½

27 62 a. f. S.W. 82 a. f. S.W.

28 62 a. c. S.W. 72 a. c.&r. S.W. r. ½

29 62 a. c.a.r. S.W. 67 a. r. S.W. r. 1

30 56 a. c.a.r. S.W. 50 a. r. S.W. r. 5

31 48 a. c.a.r. W. 53 a. c.a.r. S.W. r. 1½

June 1 50 a. c. S.W. 62 a. c. S.E. r. 1½

2 56 a. c.a.r. S.W. 68 a. f. S.W.

3 46 a. f. S.W. 60 a. f. S.W.

4 48 a. f.a.c. N.E. 61 a. f. S.W. f. ¾

5 40 a. r. S.W. 42 a. c.a.r. N.E. f. ¾

6 35 a. c.a.r. N.E. 42 a. r.a.r. N.E. f. 1½

7 40 a. c.a.r. S.W. 43 a. r.a.r. S.W. f. 1½

8 41 a. r.a.r. S.W. 48 a. f.a. S.W. f. 1¼

9 50 a. f. S.W. 52 a. f. S.W. f. 1

10 52 a. f. S.W. 68 a. f.a.r. S.W. f. 2

11 54 a. f. S.W. 66 a. f. S.W.

12 54 a. f. S.W. 64 a. f.a.r. S.W.

13 52 a. f. S.W. 72 a. f. S.W. r. ¾

14 60 a. f. S.W. 74 a. f. S.W. f. ¾

15 60 a. f. S.W. 76 a. f. S.W. f. ½

16 64 a. c.r. S.W. 58 a. f. S.W. r. ½

17 50 a. c. S.W. 57 a. c. S.W. f. ½

18 48 a. c. S.W. 64 a. f.a.c. S.W. f. ½

19 52 a. f. S.W. 70 a. f. S.W. f. ½

20 49 a. c. S.W. 74 a. f.a.r. S.W. f. ¼

21 49 a. f. S.W. 70 a. c. S.W. f. ¼

22 45 a. c. S.W. 54 a. f. S.W. f. ½

23 48 a. f. S.E. 65 a. c. S.E. f. ¼

24 49 a. c.a.r. S.E. 74 a. f.a.c. S.W. f.

25 47 a. c.a.r. S.W. 72 a. f. S.W.

26 49 a. f. S.W. 78 a. f. S.W. r. ½

27 49 a. f. S.W. 77 a. f.a.r.h. S.W. r. 1¼

28 46 a. f. S.W. 75 a. c.a.f. S.W. r. 2

29 47 a. r.t.l. S.W. 77 a. f.a.r. S.W. r. 4½

30 49 a. f. S.W. 76 a. f. S.W. r. 2¼

July 1 59 a. f. S.W. 74 a. f. S.W. r. ½

2 60 a. f.a.r. S.W. 78 a. f. S.W.

3 56 a. f. S.W. 74 a. c.a.f.a.r. S.W.

4 52 a. f. S.W. 76 a. f.a.r. S.W. f. ¼

5 49 a. t.&r. S.W. 72 a. f. S.W. f. ½

6 47 a. c.a.h. S.W. 74 a. f.a.c. S.W. f. ¼

7 54 a. c.a.f. S.W. 77 a. f.a.c. S.W. f. ¼

8 60 a. f. S.W. 78 a. f.a.r. S.W. f. ¼

9 56 a. f. S.W. 76 a. c.a.r. N.W. ¼

10 52 a. f.a.r. S.W. 66 a. f. S.W.

11 46 a. f. S.W. 70 a. f. S.W. f.

12 50 a. f. S.W. 74 a. f. S.W. f. ¼

13 42 a. f. S.W. 76 a. f. S.W. ¼

14 45 a. f. S.W. 78 a. c.a.r. S.W.

15 60 a. f.a.r. S.W. 76 a. f. S.W. f. 1½

16 53 a. f. S.W. 80 a. f. S.W. f. ¾

17 58 a. f. S.W. 81 a. f. S.W. f. 1½

18 60 a. f. S.W. 84 a. f. S.W. f. ½

19 62 a. f. S.W. 68 a. c.a.h.r. S.W. f. ½

20 59 a. f.a.r. S.W. 60 a. f. N.W.

21 60 a. f. N.W. 67 a. f. N.W. f. ½

22 52 a. f. N.W. 80 a. f. N.E.

23 54 a. f. S.W. 80 a. c. S.W. f. ½

24 60 a. f. S.W. 90 a. f. S.W. f. ¾

25 60 a. f. S.W. 86 a. f. S.W. f. ½

26 60 a. f. S.W. 82 a. c.a.r. S.W. f. ¾

27 52 a. c. S.W. 80 a. c.a.r. S.W. f. ¾

28 49 a. f.a.r. S.W. 90 a. f. S.W. f. ½

29 54 a. f.a.r. N. 82 a. f. N.E. r. ½

30 50 a. f. S.E. 80 a. f. S.E.

31 48 a. f. S.W. 92 a. f. S.W.

Aug. 1 54 a. f. S.W. 91 a. f. S.W. f. ½

2 48 a. f. N.W. 81 a. f. N.W. f. ½

3 50 a. f. N.E. 86 a. f. N.E. f. ½

4 48 a. f. S. 92 a. f. S. f. ½

5 49 a. f. S.E. 79 a. f. S.E. f. ¼

6 52 a. f. S.W. 71 a. c. S.W.

7 54 a. c.a.r. S.W. 80 a. c. S.W.

8 54 a. f.a.r. S.W. 82 a. c.a.f. S.W.

9 58 a. f. N.E. 78 a. c. S.W.

10 60 a. c.a.r. S.W. 68 a. t.l.r. S.W.

11 58 a. c.a.r.h. N.E. 70 a. f. S.W.

12 58 a. f.a.r.h. W. 72 a. f.a.r.a.h. N.W.

13 52 a. c.a.f. N.W. 70 a. f.a.r. N.W.

14 51 a. f.a.r. N.W. 76 a. f. N.W.

15 52 a. f. S.E. 74 a. f. S.W.

16 48 a. f. S.W. 70 a. f. S.W.

17 42 a. f. N.E. 76 a. f. S.W.

18 45 a. c. S.W. 78 a. r. S.W.

19 30 a. f.a.r. S.W. 71 a. f.a.r. S.W.

20 32 a. f. S.W. 74 a. f. S.W.

21 19 a. f. S.E. 78 a. f. E.

22 22 a. f. E. 70 a. f. E.

23 35 a. f. E. 72 a. f. S.E.

24 40 a. f. S.E. 76 a. f.a.r. S.E.

25 32 a. f.a.r. S.E. 65 a. c. S.E.

26 31 a. f. S.E. 45 a. f. S.E.

27 32 a. f. S.E. 56 a. f. S.E.

28 35 a. f. S.W. 66 a. f. S.W.

29 32 a. f. S.W. 68 a. f. S.W.

30 34 a. c. N.E. 59 a. c. N.E.

31 38 a. c.a.r. N.E. 58 a. c.a.r.h. N.E.

Sep. 1 38 a. c. N.W. 67 a. c. N.W.

2 36 a. c.a.r. N.E. 60 a. c.a.r.h. N.E.

3 34 a. c.a.r. N.E. 52 a. c.a.r. N.E.

4 19 a. r.a.s. N.E. 34 a. c.a.r. N.E.

5 17 a. c.a.s. N.E. 29 a. c.a.r.s. N.E.

6 c.a.r. N.E. r. N.E.

7 c.a.r. N.E. c.a.r. N.E.

8 c. N.E. c.a.r. N.E.

9 c.a.r. N.E. f.a.r. N.E.

10 f. N.W. f. N.W.

11 f. N.W. f. N.W.

12 f. N.W. f. N.E.

13 c. N.E. r. N.E.

14 c.a.r. S.W. c.a.r. S.W.

15 c.a.s. S.W. s. S.W.

16 c.a.s. S.W. f. S.W.

17 f. S.W. f. S.W.

18 f. S.W. f. S.W.

19 f. S.W. f. S.W.

20 f. S.W. f. S.W.

21 f. S.E. f. S.W.

22 f. S.W. f. S.W.

23 f. S.W. f. S.W.

24 f. S.E. f. S.E.

25 f. E. f. S.W.

26 f. E. f. S.W.

27 f. E. f. S.W.

28 f. E. f. S.W.

29 E. f. S.W.

30 E. f. S.W.

October. November. December.

Day of month. Wind. Weather. Day of month. Wind. Weather. Day of month. Wind. Weather.

1 E. f. 1 N.E. f. 1 E. c.a.r.

2 N. f. 2 S.W. f. 2 S.W. c.a.r.

3 E. f. 3 N.E. f.a.fog. 3 E. f.a.r.

4 E. f. 4 W. c.a.r. 4 S.E. r.

5 E. f. 5 S.W. r.c.r. 5 S.W. r.

6 E. f. 6 S.W. r.a.r. 6 S.W. r.

7 E. f. 7 S.W. r.a.r.fog. 7 N.E. f.a.r.

8 E. f. 8 S.W. f.a.r. 8 N.E. c.

9 S.W. c. 9 S. r. 9 N.E. c.r.

10 N.W. f. 10 N.W. r.a.r. 10 N.E. r.

11 E.&S.W. c. 11 S.W. r. 11 S.W. r.

12 E.&S.W. f. 12 S.W. h.r.t.&l. 12 S.W. r.

13 S.W. f.a.r. 13 S.W. r. 13 S.W. r.

14 S.W. f. 14 r. 14 S.W. r.

15 S.W. f. 15 S.E. f.a.r. 15 S.W. c.a.r.

16 S.W. f. 16 W.S.W. f. 16 S.W. r.

17 S.E. f. 17 E. c.a.f. 17 S.W. f.a.r.&h.

18 S.E. f. 18 S.E. f.a.c. 18 S.E. c.a.r.s.h.

19 S.E. f. 19 S.E. c.a.r. 19 S.W. h.r.&c.

20 S.W. f. 20 S.E. f.a.r. 20 S.W. f.a.r.&h.

21 S.W. f. 21 S.E. c.a.r. 21 S.W. r.

22 S.W. f. 22 S.S.E. r. 22 S.W. r.

23 S.W. f. 23 S.W. c.a.r. 23 S.W. r.h.&t.

24 S.W. f. 24 W. f.a.r. 24 S.W. r.

25 W. f. 25 E.S.E. c.a.r. 25 S.W. c.r.

26 W. f. 26 E.N.E. r. 26 S.W. r.a.t.&l.

27 W. f. 27 S.W. r. 27 S.W. r.

28 N.W. r.a.f. 28 S.W.W. r. 28 S.E. r.

29 W. f.a.r. 29 S.W. r. 29 S.E. c.a.r.

30 S.E. r.a.r. 30 S.W. f.a.r.&h. 30 S.E. f.a.r.

31 S.W. f.a.r. 31 S.W. r.

Day of the month. Weather. Wind at sunrise. Weather. Wind at four o’clock. Columbia River.

r. and f. Feet. Inches.

1806

Jan. 1 c.a.r. S.W. r.a.c. S.W.

2 c.a.r. S.W. r. S.W.

3 c.a.r.h.t.&l. S.W. c.a.r.h.&f. S.W.

4 c.a.r.&h. S.W. r.a.f.&r. S.E.

5 r. S.E. r. S.E.

6 c.a.r. S.E. f. E.

7 f. N.E. c.a.f. S.E.

8 f. N.E. c.a.f. S.E.

9 f. S.W. c.a.f. S.W.

10 f.a.r. S.W. c.a.f. S.W.

11 c. S.W. c.a.r. S.W.

12 f.a.c. N.W. c. N.W.

13 r. S.W. r. S.W.

14 f.a.r. N.W. c.a.f. S.

15 r.a.c.&r. S.E. r.a.r. S.

16 r.a.r. S.W. r.a.r. S.W.

17 c.a.r. S.W. c. S.W.

18 r.a.r. S.W. c.a.r. S.W.

19 c.a.r. S. c.a.r. S.W.

20 r.a.r. S.W. r.a.r. S.W.

21 c.a.r. S.W. c.a.r. S.W.

22 r.a.r. S.W. c.a.r. S.W.

23 c.a.r.t.&l. S.W. c.a.f. S.W.

24 c.a.r.&s. S.E. c.a.r.h.&s. E.

25 c.a.r.h.s. N.E. c.a.r.h.&s. N.E.

26 c.a.h.&s. N.E. c.a.s. N.E.

27 f.a.s. N.E. f. N.E.

28 f. N.E. f. N.E.

29 f. N.E. f. N.E.

30 s.a.s. N. s.a.s. W.

31 f.a.c. N.E. f. N.E.

Feb. 1 f. N.E. f. N.E.

2 f. N.E. c.a.s. S.W.

3 c.a.s.&.r. N.W. c.a.f. N.E.

4 f. N.E. f. N.E.

5 f. N.E. f. N.E.

6 f. N.E. c. S.W.

7 c. S.W. c. S.W.

8 c.a.s.r.h. S.W. c.a.f.r.h.&s. S.W.

9 c.a.r.&h. S.W. c.a.r.&h. S.W.

10 c.a.r.h.s. N. c.a.f.&c. S.W.

11 c.a.f.&c. S.W. r.a.f.&r. S.W.

12 r.a.r.&c. S.W. r.a.c.&r. S.W.

13 c.a.r. S.W. c.a.r. S.W.

14 c.a.f.&s. S.W. r.a.r.f.&r. S.W.

15 c.a.r.&f. S. c.a.r.&f. S.W.

16 r.a.s.&r. S.W. r.a.f.&r. S.W.

17 c.a.r.h.&s. S.W. r.a.f.h.s.&r. S.W.

18 c.a.r.&h. S.W. r.a.r.&h. S.W.

19 r.a.r. S.W. r.a.r. S.W.

20 c.a.r. S.W. c.a.r. S.W.

21 r.a.c.&r. S.W. r.a.c.&r. S.W.

22 f.a.r. N.E. c.a.f. N.E.

23 f. S.W. c.a.f. S.W.

24 c.a.f.&c. S.W. r.a.c.&r. S.

25 r.a.r. S. r.a.r. S.

26 f.a.r. N.E. c.a.f.&r. S.

27 c.a.r. S.W. r.a.r. S.W.

28 r.a.r. S.W. c.a.c.&f. S.W.

March 1 f.a.r.&c. S.W. r.a.c.&r. S.W.

2 r.a.c.&r. S. r.a.c.&r. S.

3 c.a.r. S. c.a.r. S.

4 r.a.c.&r. S. r.a.r. S.

5 c.a.r. N.E. c.a.r. S.

6 f.a.r. S.E. c.a.f. S.E.

7 r.a.r.&h. S.E. r.a.f.r.h.c.&f. S.E.

8 h.&r.a.h.r.&s. S. r.a.r.&h. S.E.

9 s.&h.a.r.s.&h. S.W. r.a.h.&r. S.W.

10 s.&r.a.h.r.&s. S.W. f.a.r.h.&s. S.W.

11 f.a.r.h.&s. S.E. f.a.r.&h. S.E.

12 f.a.c. N.E. c.a.f. N.E.

13 f.a.r. N.E. f. N.E.

14 c.a.f. N.E. c. N.E.

15 c.a.c. N.E. f. N.E.

16 r.a.f.&c. S.W. c.a.f.c.r. S.W.

17 c.a.r. S.W. r.a.f.h.s.&r. S.W.

18 r.a.c.&r. S.W. r.a.f.r.&h. S.W.

19 r.&h.a.c.r.&h. S.W. r.a.f.r.&h. S.W.

20 r.a.r.&h. S.W. r. S.W.

21 r.a.r. S.W. c.a.r. N.E.

22 r.a.r. S.W. r.a.c.&r. S.W. N.E.

23 r.a.r. S.W. f.a.c.&r. S.W.

24 r.a.c.&r. S.W. f.a.c. N.W. S.W.

25 c.a.f. S.E. r.a.c.&r. S.E.

26 c.a.r. N.W. c.a.f.&c. S.E.

27 r.a.c. S.E. r.a.c.&r. S.E.

28 c.a.r. N. f.a.f.&r. S.W.

29 c.a.r.&f. S. c.a.r. S.W.

30 c. E. f.a.c. S.W.

31 f. S.E.

Ap. 1 c.a.f. S.E. c.a.f. S.E. r. 1

2 c. S.E. c.a.f. S.E. f. ⅛

3 c.a.r. S.W. c.a.r. W. f. 3½

4 c.a.r. S.W. c.a.r. S.W. f. 4½

5 c.a.r. S.W. c.a.f.&c. S.W. f. 2½

6 f.a.c. S.W. f. S.W. f. 1

7 f. S.W. f. S.W. r. ½

8 f. E. f. E. r. 1½

9 f. W. f. W.

10 c.a.r. W. c.a.r. S.W. r. 1

11 r.a.r. W. c.a.r. S.W. r. 2

12 c.a.r. W. r.a.c.&r. W. r. 2

13 r.a.c.&r. W. c.a.r.&f. W. r. 2½

14 f. W. f. W. r. 1

15 f. W. f. W.

16 f.a.c. S.W. f. S.W. f. 2

17 f. N.E. c.a.f. S.W. f. 2

18 f.a.r. S.W. f. S.W. f. 1

19 c.a.r. S.W. c. S.W. f. 3

20 f.a.r. S.W. c.a.r. S.W. f. 2½

21 f. N.E. f. E. f. 2

22 f. N.W. f. W. f. 1

23 f.a.c. E. f. N.E. f. 4

24 f. N.W. f. N.W. f. 2

25 f. N.E. f. N.E. f. 2

26 f.a.c. N.W. f. N.E. f. 2½

27 f.a.r. S.E. f. N.W. f. 1½

28 f.a.t. S.W. f. N.E. f. 2

29 f.a.c. N.W. f. N.W. f. 1

30 c.a.r. N.W. f.a.c. N.W. f. 2

May 1 c.a.r. S.W. c. S.W.

2 f.a.c. N.E. f. S.W.

3 c.a.h.r.s. S.W. c.a.r.h.s. S.W.

4 f.a.h. S.W. c.a.r.&h. S.W.

5 f. S.W. f. S.W.

6 r.a.c.r. N.E. f.a.r. N.E.

7 f.a.c. N.E. f. S.W.

8 f. S.W. f. S.W.

9 f. S.W. f.a.c. W.

10 c.a.r.&s. S.W. f.a.s. S.W.

11 f.a.r. S.W. f.a.c. S.W.

12 f. E. f. S.W.

13 f. S.W. f. S.W.

14 f. S.W. f. S.W.

15 f. N. f.a.c. N.W.

16 c. S.E. c.a.r. S.E. r. 6

17 r.a.r. S.E. c.a.r. S.E. r. 10¾

18 c.a.r. S.E. c. S.E. r. 2

19 r.a.r. S.E. c.a.r. S.E. f. 4

20 r.a.r. N.W. c.a.r. S.E. r. 2

21 c.a.r. S.E. f.a.c. S.E. f. 1

22 f. S.E. f. S.E. f. 2

23 f. N.W. f. N.W. S.E. f. 1½

24 f. S.E. f. N.W. f. 1

25 c.a.r.&t. N.W. f. N.W. r. 9½

26 f.a.r. S.E. f. N.W. r. 6

27 c. S.E. r.a.f.r.t.l. S.E. r. 6½

28 c.a.r.t.&l. S.E. c.a.f.r.t.l. S.E. r. 11

29 c.a.r.&t. S.E. c.a.r. N.W. r. 1 5

30 c.a.r. S.E. f. S.E. f. 6

31 c.a.f. S.E. f. S.E. r. 1 1

June 1 f.a.r.t.&l. S.E. f.a.c. N.W.

2 c.a.c. N.W. f.a.c. S.E.

3 c.a.f.&c. S.E. c.a.f. S.E.

4 c.a.r. S.E. f.a.c. N.W.

5 f. S.E. f. N.W.

6 f. S.E. f. N.W.

7 c.a.r. N.W. c.a.f.r.h. N.W.

8 c. S.E. c.a.f. N.W.

9 c. S.E. f.a.c. N.W.

10 f. S.E. f. N.W.

11 f. S.E. f. N.W.

12 f.a.r.l.&t. S.E. f. N.W.

13 c. S.E. c.a.f. N.W.

14 f. S.E. f. N.W.

15 c. N.W. r.a.f.&r. N.W.

16 f.a.c. S.E. c.a.f. S.E.

17 c.a.r. E. c.a.f.&r. S.E.

18 c.a.r. E. c.a.r.&h. S.W.

19 f.a.c. S.E. f. N.W.

20 f. S.E. f. N.W.

21 f. S.E. f. N.W.

22 f. N.W. f. N.W.

23 f. N.W. f. N.W.

24 f. N.W. f. N.W.

25 c.a.r. S.E. c.a.r. N.W.

26 c.a.r. S.E. f. S.E.

27 f.a.r. S.E. f. S.E.

28 f. S.E. f. S.E.

29 f. S.E. f.a.r.h.t. S.E.

30 f. S.E. f. N.W.

July 1 c.a.f. N.W. f. N.W.

2 f. S.E. f. N.W.

3 f. S.E. f. S.W.

4 f. S.W. f. S.W.

5 f. N.E. f. S.W.

6 f. S.W. c.a.r.t.&l. S.W.

7 c.a.r. W. f.a.r. S.W. by W.

8 f.a.r. W. f. S.W.

9 c. S.W. f. S.W.

10 f. S.E. f. S.W.

11 f. S.E. f. N.N.E.

12 f. S.E. f. N.W.

13 f. S.S.E. f. N.E.

14 f. N.W. f. N.W.

15 f. S.E. by E. f. N.E.

16 c. N.E. c. N.E.

17 f.a.r.h.t.l. S.E. f. S.W.

18 f. S.W. f. S.E.

19 f. N.W. f. S.E.

20 f. N.E. f. N.E.

21 f. N.E. c. N.E.

22 f.a.t.l.&r. N.E. c. N.E.

23 f. N.E. c. S.E.

24 f. S.W. r. S.W.

25 c. E. c.a.r. S.W.

26 c. S.S.W. f.a.r. N.W.

27 f. N.E. f. S.W.

28 c.a.r. N.E. f. N.W.

29 c.a.r.t.&l. N.E. f. N.

30 f.a.r.t.&l. N.W. f.a.r. S.E.

31 f. N.W. c.a.r. N.E.

Aug. 1 c.a.r. N.W. r. N. r. 5 ½

2 c.a.r. N. f.a.r. N. r. 3

3 f. S.W. f. S.W. r. 2 ¼

4 f. N.W. f. N.E. f. 6 ½

5 f. N.E. f. N.E. f. 7

6 c.a.r.t.l. S.W. f. N.E. f. 2 ¼

7 r. N.E. c.a.r. N. f. 2 ½

8 f. N. f. N.W. f.

9 f. N.E. f. N.E. f. 1 ¼

10 f. E. c. E. f. ¾

11 f. N.W. f. N.W. f. 2

12 f. S.W. c. S.W. f. 2 ¼

13 f.a.r. S.W. f. S.W. f. 2 ½

14 f. N.E. f. S.W. f. 3 ½

15 f. N.W. f. N.W. f. 2

16 f. N.W. f. N.W. f. 3 ½

17 c. S.E. c. S.E.

18 c.a.r. S.E. f. S.E. f. 1 ½

19 t.l.&r. S.E. c. S.E. f. ¾

20 c.a.t.l.&r. S.W. f. N.W. f. 1 ¼

21 f. S.E. f. N.W. f. 2 ½

22 c.a.r. S.W. f. S.E. f. 4

23 c. S.E. r. N.W. f. 1 ½

24 f. N.E. f. N.W. f. 2

25 f. S.W. f. N.W. f. 1 ¼

26 f. S.E. f. S.E. f. ¾

27 f. S.E. f. S.E. f. 1 ¼

28 f. S.E. f. N.W.

29 c. N.W. f.a.r. S.E. f. ½

30 c.a.r. S.E. f. S.E.

31 c.a.r.t.l.w. S.E. c.a.r. S.E.

Day of the month.REMARKS AND REFLECTIONS.

1804.

January 1 Snow one inch deep.

2 Some snow last night.

3 Hard wind.

4 River covered with ice out of the Missouri.

5 River Du Bois rise.

6 do. do. do.

7 do. do. do.

8 do. do. do. and discharge ice.

9 Some snow last night.

10 The Missouri rise.

13 Snowed last night.

17 River covered with ice, some 5½ inches thick.

19 do. do. do.

20 No ice passing to-day.

21 Ice running out of the Missouri 9 inches thick. Snow 2½ inches deep.

22 Ice running out of the Missouri, snow 5¾ inches deep.

23 Ice stopped.

24 The trees covered with ice.

28 Ice running, cold &c.

February 1 The wind blew hard, no frost, snow disappearing fast.

2 Frost this morning, the snow has disappeared in spots.

3 Frost this morning, the show thaws considerably.

4 Frost, number of swan and geese from N. and S.

5 Immense quantity of ice running, some of which is 11 inches thick.

6 A quantity of soft ice running, white frost, the snow disappeared, swans passing.

7 A small quantity of floating ice passing, swans passing.

8 Many swan from N.W. Creek rose and took off the water mark.

9 The river rose 2 feet: large quantity of drift ice from the Missouri.

10 Ice still drifting in considerable quantities: some geese pass from the south.

11 The sugar maple runs freely: swans pass from the north.

12 Pigeons, geese and ducks of various kinds have returned.

13 The first appearance of the blue crains.

14 But little drift ice: the Mississippi is not broken up: sugar trees run.

15 Immense quantity of swans.

27 The river rose three inches and fell immediately.

28 Began to snow, and continued all day.

29 Snow all night, and until eleven o’clock A. M. and cleared away.

March 7 Saw the first brant return.

8 Rain succeeded by snow and hail.

9 Cloudy in the morning.

19 The weather has been generally fair but very cold, the ice run for several days in such quantities, that it was impossible to pass the river; visited St. Charles; saw the first snake, which was the kind usually termed the garter snake; saw also a beetle of a black colour, with two red stripes on his back, passing each other crosswise from the but of the wing to the extremity of the same.

20 Heard the first frogs on my return from St. Charles.

25 Saw the first white crane return.

26 The weather warm and fair.

27 The buds of the spicewood appeared, and the tassels of the mail cottonwood were larger than a large mulberry, and with the shape and colour of that fruit: some of them had fallen from the trees. The grass begins to spring; the weather has been warm, and no falling weather until this time, though the atmosphere has been very smoky and thick; a heavy fall of rain commenced, which continued until twelve at night, attended with thunder and lightning. Saw large insects which resembled musquitoes, but doubt whether they are really those insects or the fly which produces them, they attempted to bite my horse, but I could not observe that they made any impression with their beaks.

31 Windy.

April 1 The spicewood is in full bloom, the dog’s-tooth violet, and May apple appeared above ground. A northern light appeared at 10 o’clock P. M. very red.

5 At St. Louis the buds of the peaches, apples and cherries appear.

6 A large flock of pellicans appear.

7 The leaves of some of the apple trees have burst their coverts and put forth, the leaves of the greenwood bushes have put forth.—Many of the wild plants have sprung up and appear above ground.

10 No appearance of the buds of the Osage apple; the Osage plum has put forth its leaves and flower buds, though it not yet completely in blow.

13 The peach trees are partly in bloom; the brant, geese, duck, swan, crane and other aquatic birds have disappeared very much within a few days, and have gone farther north I presume; the summer ducks raise their young: in this neighbourhood, and are now here in great numbers.

17 Peach trees in full bloom; the weeping willow has put forth its leaves, and are one fifth of their size: the violet, the dove’s-foot and cowslip are in blow, the dog’s-tooth violet is not yet in bloom. The trees of the forest, particularly the cottonwood, begin to obtain from the size of their buds, a greenish cast at a distance; the gooseberry, which is also in this country and black, have put forth their leaves—frost.

26 The white frost killed much fruit near Kahokia, while that at St. Louis escaped with little injury.

30 White frost; slight; did but little injury.

May 5 Thundered and lightened excessively this morning.

10 Distant thunder: sultry this evening.

12 The wind at four was uncommonly hard.

25 Strawberries in the prairies ripe, and abundant.

27 Service berries or wild currants ripe and abundant.

30 Mulberries begin to ripen; abundant in the bottom of the river.

June 10 Purple raspberries ripe and abundant.

11 Many small birds are now sitting; some have young: the whippoorwill sitting.

16 The wood duck now have its young; these ducks are abundant, and except one solitary pelican and a few geese, these ducks were the only aquatic fowl we have yet seen.

July 1 Saw some geese with their young; caught several; they are not yet feathered, nor can they fly; the old geese are in the same situation at this season.

4 A great number of young geese and swan in a lake opposite to the mouth of Fourth of July creek: in the lake there is also an abundance of fish of various species, the pike, perch, carp, cat, sun-perch, &c. &c.

12 The deer and bear are becoming scarce, and the elk begin to appear.

23 Catfish is very common, and easy taken in any part of this river; some are nearly white, particularly above the Platte river.

Sept. 19 The leaves of some of the cottonwood begin to fade: yesterday saw the first brant passing from the northwest to southeast.

20 The antelope is now rutting; the swallow has disappeared twelve days.

21 The elk is now rutting; the buffaloe is nearly ceased; the latter commence the latter end of July or the first of August.

22 A little foggy this morning; a great number of green-legged plover are passing down the river, also some geese and brant.

23 The air remarkably dry; plums and grapes fully ripe; in thirty-six hours two spoonfulls of water evaporated in a saucer.

27 Saw a large flock of white gulls, with wings tipped with black.

October 1 The leaf of the ash, poplar, and most of the shrubs begin to turn yellow, and decline.

3 The earth and sand which form the bars of this river are so fully impregnated with salt, that it shoots and adheres to the little sticks which appear on the surface; it is pleasant and seems nitrous.

5 Slight white frost last night: geese and brant passing south.

6 Frost last night; saw teel, mallards and gulls.

9 Wind blew hard this morning; saw some brant and geese passing to the south.

14 Cotton-wood all yellow, and the leaves begin to fall: abundance of grapes and red berries; the leaves of all the trees as ash, elm, &c. except the cottonwood, are now fallen.

17 Saw a large flock of white brant with black wings: antelopes are passing to the Black mountains to winter, as is their custom.

18 Hard frost last night, the clay near the water edge was frozen, as was the water in the vessels exposed to the air.

19 No mule-deer seen above the Chayenne river.

20 Much more timber than usual: saw the first black haws that we have seen for a long time.

29 The wind was so hard, that it was extremely disagreeable: the sand was blown on us in clouds.

Nov. 3 Wind blew hard all day.

7 A few drops of rain this evening; saw the aurora-borealis at 10 P. M.; it was very brilliant in perpendicular columns, frequently changing position.

8 Since we have been at our present station, the river has fallen 9 inches.

9 Very hard frost this morning.

10 Many geese passing to the south; saw a flock of the crested cherry birds passing to the south.

13 Large quantity of drift ice running this morning, the river having appearances of closing for this winter.

16 Hard frost this morning attached to the timber and boughs of the trees.

17 The frost of yesterday remained on the trees until 2 P. M. when it descended like a shower of snow; swans passing from the north.

20 Little soft ice this morning; the boat in much danger from ice, &c.

29 The snow fell eight inches deep, it drifted in heaps in the open ground.

30 The Indians pass the river on the ice.

Decr. 5 Wind blew excessively hard this night from the northwest.

7 Last night the river blocked up opposite fort Mandan.

8 The ice one and a half inches thick on the part that had not previously frozen; the buffaloe appear.

14 Captain Clark set out with a hunting party on the ice with sleighs.

15 Snow fell half inch.

24 Snow very inconsiderable.

27 The trees are all white with the frost which attached itself to their boughs.

28 It blew very hard last night; the frost fell like a shower of snow.

1805

January 3 The snow is nine inches deep.

6 At 12 o’clock to-day two luminous spots appeared on each side of the sun, extremely bright.

8 The snow is now ten inches deep, accumulating by frosts.

12 Singular appearance of three distinct Halos or luminous rings about the moon appeared this evening at half after nine, P.M. and continued one hour; the moon formed the centre of the middle ring, the other two which lay north and south of the moon, and had each of them a limb passing through the moon’s centre, and projecting north and south, a semidiameter beyond the middle ring, to which last they were equal in dimensions, each ring appearing to extend an angle of fifteen degrees of a great circle.

15 A total eclipse of the moon last night visible here, but partially obscured by the clouds.

19 Ice now three feet thick on the most rapid part of the river.

23 The snow fell about four inches deep last night, and continues to snow. It frequently happens that the sun rises fair and in about fifteen or twenty minutes it becomes suddenly turbid, as if the moon had some chemical effect on the atmosphere.

31 The snow fell two inches last night.

Feb. 8 The black and white speckled woodpecker has returned.

14 The snow fell three inches deep last night.

March 2 The snow has disappeared in many places, the river partially broken up.

3 A flock of ducks passed up the river this morning.

12 Snow but slight, disappeared to-day.

19 But little snow, not enough to cover the ground. Collected some roots, herbs and plants, in order to send by the boat, particularly the root said to cure the bite of a mad dog and rattlesnake. The Indians raise a kind of artichokes, which they say is common in the prairies; well tasted.

21 Some ducks in the river opposite the fort.

24 But little snow.

25 A flock of swan returned to-day: the ice in the river has given way in many places, and it is with difficulty it can be passed.

26 The ice gave way in the river about 3 P. M. and came down in immense sheets; very near destroying our new canoes; some geese pass to-day.

27 The first insect I have seen, was a large black gnat to-day; the ice drifting in great quantities.

28 Ice abates in quantity, wind hard, river rises thirteen inches, and falls twelve inches.

29 A variety of insects make their appearance, as flies, bugs, &c. The ice ceases to run, supposed to have formed an obstruction above.

30 The ice comes down in great quantities; the Mandans take some floating buffaloe.

31 Ducks and geese passing; the ice abates in quantity.

April 1 A fine refreshing shower of rain fell about 2 P. M. this was the first shower of rain that we had witnessed since the 15th September, 1804, though it has several times fallen in small quantities, and was noticed in the diary of the weather; the cloud came from the west, and was attended by hard thunder and lightning. I have observed that all thunder-clouds in the western part of the continent, proceed from the westerly quarter, as they do in the Atlantic states. The air is remarkably dry and pure in this open country; very little rain or snow, either winter or summer. The atmosphere is more transparent than I ever observed it in any country through which I have passed.

4 Observed a flock of brant passing up the river to-day: the wind blew very hard, as it does frequently in this quarter. There is scarcely any timber to break the winds from the river, and the country on both aides being level plains, wholly destitute of timber, the winds blow with astonishing violence, in this open country, and form a great obstruction to the navigation of the Missouri, particularly with small vessels, which can neither ascend nor descend should the wind be the least violent.

6 This day a flock of cherry or cedar birds were seen, one of the men killed several of them. They are common in the United States, usually associate in large flocks, and are frequently destructive to the cherry orchards, and in winter in the lower parts of the states of Maryland and Virginia feed on the berries of the cedar. They are a small bluish-brown bird, crested with a tuft of dark brown feathers, with a narrow black stripe passing on each side of the head underneath the eye, from the base of the upper beak to the back of the head; it is distinguished more particularly by some of the shorter feathers of the wing, which are tipped with red spots, which have much the appearance, at a little distance, of sealing-wax.

8 The killdeer and large hawk have returned; the only bird that I observed during the winter at fort Mandan, was the Missouri magpie, a bird of the corvus genus, the raven in immense numbers, the small woodpecker, or sapsucker as they are sometimes called, the beautiful eagle, or calumet-bird, so called from the circumstance of the natives decorating their pipe-stems with its plumage, and the prairie-hen or grouse.

9 The crows have also returned, saw the first to-day; the musquitoes revisit us, saw several of them.

10 The lark, bald-eagle, and the large plover have returned; the grass begins to spring up, and the leaf-buds of the willow to appear.

11 The lark-woodpecker, with yellow wings, and a black spot on the breast, common to the United States have appeared, with sundry small birds. Many plants begin to appear above the ground; saw a large white gull to-day; the eagle are now laying their eggs; and the geese have mated. The elm, large leafed willow, and the bush which bears a red berry is in bloom.

13 The leaves of the choke-cherry are about half grown, the cottonwood is in bloom; the flower of this tree resembles that of the aspin in form, and is of a deep purple colour.

15 Several flocks of white brant with black wings pass us to-day, on their flight to the northwest; the trees now begin to assume a green appearance, though the earth at the depth of about three feet is not yet thawed, which we discover by the banks of the river falling in and disclosing a strata of frozen earth.

16 Saw the first leather-wing bat; it appeared about the size of those common to the United States.

18 A heavy dew this morning, which is the first and only one we have seen since we passed the Council bluffs last summer; there is but little dew in this open country. Saw a flock of pellican pass from southwest to northeast; they appeared to be on a long flight.

19 The trees have now put forth their leaves; the gooseberries, currant, service berries, and wild plums are in bloom.

21 White frost last night; the earth frozen along the water’s edge.

23 Saw the first robbin, also the brown curfew.

28 Vegetation has progressed but little since the 18th; in short, the change is scarcely perceptible.

May 2 The wind continued so violent from 12 o’clock yesterday, until five o’clock this evening, that we were unable to proceed; the snow which fell last night and this morning, has not yet disappeared; it forms a singular contrast with the trees which are now in leaf.

3 At 4 P. M. the snow had not yet entirely disappeared; the new horns of the elk begin to appear.

4 The snow has disappeared; saw the first grasshoppers to-day; there are great quantities of a small blue beetle feeding on the willows.

8 The bald eagle, of which there are great numbers, now have their young; the turtle-dove appears.

9 The choke-cherry is now in bloom.

17 The geese have their young; the elk begin to produce their young; the antelope and deer as yet have not; the small species of whippoorwill begin to cry; the blackbird, both large and small have appeared. We have had scarcely any thunder and lightning; the clouds are generally white, and accompanied with wind only.

18 Saw the wild rose in bloom. The brown thrush or mocking bird have appeared; had a good shower of rain to-day, it continued about two hours; this is the first shower that deserves the appellation of rain, which we have seen since we left fort Mandan; no thunder, &c.

22 Saw some particles of snow fall to-day, which did not lie in sufficient quantity on the ground to be perceptible.

23 Hard frost last night; ice in the eddy water along the shore, and the water froze on the oars this morning; strawberries in bloom; saw the first king-fisher.

25 Saw the king-bird or bee-martin; the grouse disappear; killed three of the bighorn animals.

26 The last night was much the warmest that we have experienced; found the covering of our blanket sufficient: the air is extremely dry and pure.

28 A slight thunder storm, the air was turbid in the forenoon, and appeared to be filled with smoke; we supposed it to proceed from the burning of the plains, which we are informed are frequently set on fire by the Snake Indiana to compel the antelopes to resort to the woody and mountainous country which they inhabit; saw a small white and black woodpecker, with a red head, the same which is common to the Atlantic states.

30 The rain commenced about 4 o’clock in the evening, and continued moderately through the course of the night; more rain has now fallen then we have experienced since the 15th of September last.

31 The antelopes now bring forth their young; from the size of the young of the bighorn, I suppose they bring forth their young as early at least as the elk.

June 5 Great numbers of sparrows, larks, curlews and other smaller birds common to prairies, are now laying their eggs and sitting; their nests are in great abundance; the large bats, or night-hawks, and the common buzzards appear; first saw the mountain-cock near the entrance of Maria’s river.

15 The deer now begin to bring forth their young; the young magpies begin to fly. The brown and grizly bear begin to copulate.

27 At 1 P. M. a black cloud which arose in the southwest came on, accompanied with a high wind and violent thunder and lightning; a great quantity of hail also fell during this storm, which lasted about two hours and a half. The hail which was generally about the size of pigeons’ eggs, and not unlike them in form, covered the ground to one inch and a half. For about twenty minutes during this storm, hail fell of an enormous size with violence almost incredible. When the hail-stones struck the ground, they would rebound to the height of ten or twelve feet, and pass twenty or thirty before they touched again. During this immense storm, I was with the greater part of the men on the portage; the men saved themselves, some by getting under a canoe, others by putting sundry articles on their heads, two were knocked down, and seven had their legs and thighs much bruised. Captain Lewis weighed one of those hail stones which weighed three ounces, and measured seven inches in circumference; they were generally round and perfectly solid. I am convinced that if one of these had struck a man on his naked head, it would certainly have fractured his skull; young blackbirds are abundant and beginning to fly.

July 6 A heavy wind from the southwest, attended with rain about the middle of the last night; about day had a violent thunderstorm, attended with hail and rain; the hail covered the ground, and was near the size of musquet balls; one blackbird was killed with the hail; I am astonished that more have not suffered in a similar manner, as they are abundant, and I should suppose the hail-stones sufficiently heavy to kill them.

August 7 The river which we are now ascending, is so inconsiderable, and the current so much of a stand, that I relinquished paying further attention to its state.

21 Most astonishing was the difference between the height of the mercury at sunrise and at 4 P.M. to-day. There was the difference of fifty-nine degrees, and this in the space of eight hours, yet we experience this wonderful transition without feeling it near so sensibly as I should have expected.

Nov. 3 A thick fog continued until 12 o’clock, at which time it cleared off, and was fair the remainder of the day.

5 Commenced raining at 2 P.M. and continued at intervals all day; saw fourteen striped snakes to-day.

7 A thick fog this morning which continued until 11 A. M., at which time it cleared off, and continued fair about two hours, and began to rain; several showers during the evening.

12 Violent wind from, the southwest, accompanied with hail thunder and lightning, the thunder excessively loud, which continued from 3 till 6 A. M. when it cleared off for a short time; afterwards a heavy rain succeeded, which lasted until twelve o’clock, when it cleared off for an hour, and again become cloudy; the rain has been pretty generally falling since the 7th instant.

15 The after part of this day is fair and calm, for the first time since the 12th instant, and no rain.

20 Rained moderately from 6 o’clock A. M. until 1 P. M. on the 21st, after which it became cloudy, without rain.

22 The wind violent from the S. S. E. throwing the water of the river over our camp, and rain continued all day.

26 Rained all day; some hard showers; wind not so hard as it has been for a few days past; some rain on the morning of the 23d, and night of the 24th. instant.

27 Rained moderately all day; a hard wind from the southwest, which compelled us to lie by on the isthmus of point William on the south side.

28 The wind which was from the south west shifted in the after part of the day to the northwest, and blew a storm which was tremendous; rained all the last night and to-day without intermission.

29 Rained all last night hard, and to-day moderately.

30 Rained and hailed at intervals throughout the last night, some thunder and lightning.

Decr. 3 Fair from 12 to 3 P. M. rained all the last night and this morning; rained the night of the 1st and the morning of the 2nd, and cloudy the remainder of the day; rained at intervals the night of the 2nd instant, with constant, hard, and sometimes violent winds.

5 Rained yesterday, last night, and moderately to-day, all day the wind violent.

6 Rained all last night and to-day until 6 o’clock, at which time it cleared away and became fair; the winds also ceased to blow violent.

7 Rained from ten to twelve last night; fair day; a hard wind from the northwest, and a shower of rain at 2 P. M.

10 Rained all day, and the air cool; I returned from the ocean; a violent wind last night from the southwest; rained the greater part of the night of the 8th, and all day the 9th instant.

15 Rained at short intervals from the 10th instant, until 8 A. M. to-day.

16 Rained all the last night; cold wind violent from the southwest, accompanied with rain.

17 Rained all the last night and this morning until 9 o’clock, when we had a shower of hail, which lasted about an hour, and then cleared off.

18 Rained, snowed, and hailed at intervals all the last night; several showers of hail and snow until meridian.

19 Rained last night, and several showers of hail and rain this evening; the air cool.

20 Some rain and hail last night, rain continued until 10 A. M.

23 Rained all last night, and moderately all day, with several showers of hail, accompanied with hard claps of thunder &c.; rained 21st and 22d all day and night.

25 Rained at intervals last night and to-day.

26 Rained and blew hard all last night and to-day; some hard claps of thunder and sharp lightning.

29 Rained moderately without much intermission from the 26th until 7 A.M. this morning, hard wind from southeast.

30 Hard wind and some rain last night; to-day tolerably fair.

31 Rained last night and all this day.

1806.

January 1 The changes of the weather are exceedingly sudden, sometimes though seldom the sun is visible for a few moments, the next it hails and rains, then ceases and remains cloudy; the wind blows and it again rains; the wind blows by squalls most generally, and is almost invariably from southwest; these vicissitudes of the weather happen two, three or more times in half a day; snake seen 25th December.

3 The thunder and lightning of the last evening was violent, a singular occurrence for the time of year; the loss of my thermometer I most sincerely regret. I am confident that the climate here, is much warmer than in the same parallel of latitude on the Atlantic ocean, though how many degrees it is now out of my power to determine. Since our arrival in this neighbourhood on the 7th of November, we have experienced one slight white frost only, which happened on the morning of the 16th of that month; we have yet seen no ice, and the weather is so warm, that we are obliged to cure our meat with smoke and fire to save it; we lost two parcels by depending on the air to preserve it, though it was cut in very thin slices, and sufficiently exposed.

10 Various flies and insects now alive and in motion.

12 The wind from any quarter off the land or along the northwest coast, causes the air to become much cooler; every species of water fowl common to this country at any season of the year, still continue with us.

14 Weather perfectly temperate, I never experienced a winter so warm as the present has been.

23 When the sun is said to shine, or the weather fair, it is to be understood that it barely casts a shadow, and that the atmosphere is hazy, of a milky white colour.

25 It is now perceptibly colder than it has been this winter.

26 The snow this evening is four and three-quarter inches deep: the isicles continue suspended from the eaves of the houses during the day; it now appears something like winter, for the first time this season.

27 The sun shone more bright this morning than it has done since our arrival at this place; the snow since 4 P. M. yesterday, has increased to the depth of six inches, and this morning is perceptibly the coldest that we have had. I suspect the mercury would stand at twenty degrees above naught; the breath is perceptible in our room by the fire.

28 Last night exposed a vessel of water to the air, with a view to discover the depth to which it would frieze in the course of the night, but unfortunately the vessel was only two inches deep, and it friezed the whole thickness; how much more it might have frozen had the vessel been deeper, is therefore out of my power to decide; it is the coldest night that we have had, and I suppose the mercury this morning would have stood as low as fifteen degrees above naught.

31 Notwithstanding the cold weather, the swan, white brant, geese and ducks still continue with us; the sandhill crane also continues; the brown or speckled brant are mostly gone, some few are still to be seen; the cormorant, and a variety of other water fowls still remain. The winds from the land brings us cold and clear weather, while those obliquely along either coast or off the ocean brings us warm, damp, cloudy and rainy weather; the hardest winds are always from the southwest. The blue-crested corvus has already began to build its nest; the nest is formed of small sticks, usually in a pine tree.

February 3 The rain which fell in the latter part of the night froze, and made a slight incrustation on the snow which fell some days past, and also on the boughs of the trees &c.; yesterday it continued fair until 11 A. M. when the wind veered about to southwest, and the horizon was immediately overcast with clouds, which uniformly takes place when the wind is from that point.

4 All the water-fowls before enumerated still continue with us; the birds which resemble the robin have now visited us in small numbers; saw two of them yesterday about the fort; they are gentle.

8 The rain of the last night has melted down the snow which has continued to cover the ground since the 24th of January; the feeling of the air and other appearances seem to indicate that the rigor of the winter has passed; it is so warm that we are apprehensive our meat will spoil, we therefore cut it in small pieces and hang it separately on sticks. Saw a number of insects flying about: the small brown flycatch continues with us; this is the smallest of all the American birds except the humming-bird.

15 The robbin has returned and is singing, which reminds us of spring; some other small birds passed on their flight from the south, but were so high that we could not distinguish of what kind they were; the robbin had left this place before our arrival in November.

16 At 11 A. M. it became fair, and the insects were flying about; at half past 12 o’clock it clouded up and began to rain.

24 Much warmer this morning than usual; aquatic and other birds, heretofore enumerated, continue with us still; the sturgeon and a small fish like the anchovy begin to run, they are taken in the Columbia, about forty miles above us: the anchovy is exquisitely fine.

28 Saw a variety of insects in motion this morning, some small bugs as well as flies; a brown fly with long legs, about half the size of the common house fly was the most numerous; this is the first insect that has appeared; it is generally about the sinks or filth of any kind; the yellow and brown flycatch has returned, it is a very small bird with a tail as long proportionally as a sparrow.

March 1 A great part of this day was so warm, that fire was unnecessary, notwithstanding its being cloudy and raining.

6 Saw a spider this morning, though the air is perceptibly colder than it has been since the 1st instant. At 9 A. M. it clouded up and continued so the remainder of the day; even the easterly winds which have heretofore given us the only fair weather which we have enjoyed, seem now to have lost their influence in this respect.

7 The elk now begin to shed their horns. A bird of a scarlet colour as large as a common pheasant with a long tail has returned, one of them was seen to-day near the fort by captain Clark’s black man; I could not obtain a view of it.

11 It became cloudy at 10 A. M. and rained attended with some hail; at six P. M. it become fair, and the wind changing to northeast it continued fair during the night: the snow had all disappeared by 4 P. M. this evening.

12 It was fair in the morning, but became cloudy at 8 P. M. and continued so during the day.

13 Saw a number of insects in motion; among others saw for the first time this spring and winter, a downy black fly about the size of the common house fly. The plants begin to appear above the ground, among others the rush, of which the natives eat the root, which resembles in flavor the sweet potatoe.

15 The sorrel with an oval, obtuse, and ternate leaf has now put forth its leaves, some of them have already nearly obtained their growth; the birds were singing very agreeably this morning, particularly the common robbin.

16 The anchovy has ceased to run; the white salmon trout have succeeded them; the weather is so warm that insects of various species are every day in motion.

22 The leaves and petals of the flower of the green huckleberry have appeared, some of the leaves have already obtained one fourth of their size.

24 The brown briery shrub with a broad pinnate leaf has began to put forth its leaves; the polecat calwort is in bloom; saw the blue-crested fisher; birds are singing this morning; the black alder is in bloom.

25 The elder, gooseberry and honeysuckle are now putting forth their leaves; the nettle and a variety of other plants are springing up; the flowers of the broad-leafed thorn are nearly blown; several small plants in bloom.

26 The humming-bird has appeared; killed one of them and found it the same with those common to the United States.

27 The small or bank martin appeared to-day; saw one large flock of them; water-fowl very scarce; a few cormorant, geese, and the red-headed fishing duck are all that are to be seen; the red flowering currant are in bloom; this I take to be the same species I first saw on the Rocky mountains; the fruit is a deep purple berry, covered with a gummy substance, and not agreeably flavoured: there is another species not covered with gum which I first found on the waters of the Columbia, about the 12th of August last.

28 This evening we saw many swan passing to the north as if on a long flight; vegetation is not by several days as forward here as at fort Clatsop when we left that place; the river rising fast; the water is turbid; the tide only swells the water a little, it does not stop the current; it is now within two feet of its greatest height.

30 The grass is about sixteen inches high in the river bottoms; the frogs are now abundant.

April 1 From the best opinion I could form of the state of the Columbia on the first of April, it was about nine feet higher than when we descended it in the beginning of November last.

6 The cottonwood has put forth its leaves and begins to assume a green appearance at a distance; the sweet willow has not yet burst its bud, while the leaves of the red and broad-leafed willow are of some size; it appears to me to be the most backward in vegetating of all the willows; the narrow-leafed willow is not found below tide-water on this river.

8 The male flowers of the cottonwood are falling; the gooseberry has cast the petals of its flowers, and its leaves have obtained their full size; the elder which is remarkably large, has began to bloom, some of its flowrets have expanded their corollas; the service-berries, choke-cherries, the growth which resembles the beach, the small birch and gray willow have put forth their leaves.

9 The vining honeysuckle has put forth shoots of several inches; the dog-toothed violet is in bloom, as is also both the species of the mountain-holly, the strawberry, the bear’s-claw, the cowslip, the violet, common striped, and the wild cress or tongue grass.

11 The geese are yet in large flocks and do not yet appear to have mated; what I have heretofore termed the broad-leafed ash, is now in bloom; the fringe tree has cast the corolla and its leaves have nearly obtained their full size; the saccacommis is in bloom.

12 The duckinmallard, which breed in the neighbourhood, is now laying its eggs; vegetation is rapidly progressing in the bottoms, though the snow of yesterday and to-day reaches within a mile of the base of the mountains at the rapids of the Columbia.

16 At the Rock-fort camp saw the prairie lark, a species of the peaweet, the blue-crested fisher, the party-coloured corvus, and the black pheasant; a species of hyacinth, native of this place, bloomed to-day; it was not in bloom yesterday.

25 The last evening was cloudy; it continued to threaten rain all night, but without raining; the wind blew hard all night, the air cold, as it is invariably when it sets from the westerly quarter.

May 1 Having left the river we could no longer observe its state, it is now declining, though it has not been as high this season by five feet as it appears to have been the last spring; the Indians inform us that it will rise higher in this month, which I presume is caused by the snows of the mountains.

3 The mountains on our right seem to have had an increase of snow last evening.

10 It began to rain and hail about sunset this evening, which was shortly after succeeded by snow; it continued to fall without intermission until 7 A. M. and lay 8 inches deep on the plain where we were; the air was very keen; a sudden transition this day; yesterday the face of the country had every appearance of summer; after nine A. M. the sun shone, but was frequently obscured by clouds which gave us light showers of snow; in the after part of the day the snow melted considerably, but there was too great a portion to be dissipated by the influence of one day’s sun.

11 The crimson haw is not more forward now at this place than it was when we lay at Rock-fort camp in April.

20 A nest of the large blue or sandhill crane was found by one of our hunters; the young were in the act of leaving the shell; the young of the party coloured corvus begin to fly.

22 The air is remarkably dry and pure, it has much the feeling and appearance of the air in the plains of the Missouri: since our arrival in this neighbourhood on the 7th instant all the rains noted in the diary of the weather were snows on the plain, and in some instances it snowed on the plains when only a small mist was perceptible in the bottoms at our camp.

27 The dove is cooing, which is the signal, as the Indians inform us of the approach of the salmon. The snow has disappeared on the high plains, and seems to be diminishing fast on the spurs and lower regions of the Rocky mountains.

28 The river from sunrise yesterday to sunrise this morning rose one foot ten inches; driftwood running in considerable quantities, and the current incredibly swift though smooth.

29 The river rose six inches in the course of yesterday, and one foot five inches in the course of the last night; it is now as high as there are any marks of its having been in the spring 1805; at ten A. M. it arrived at its greatest height, having rose one and a half inches from sunrise to that time; in the balance of the day it fell seven inches; the natives inform us that it will take one more rise before it begins to subside for the season, and then the passage of the mountains will be practicable.

30 The river continued to fall until 4 A. M. having fallen three inches by that time since sunrise; it was now at a stand until dark, after which it began again to rise.

June 2 The river from sunrise until 10 A. M. yesterday rose one and a half inches, from that time until dark fell four and a half inches, and in the course of last night rose again eight inches—the Indians inform us that the present rise is the greatest which it annually takes; that when the water subsides to about the height it was at the time we arrived here, the mountains will be passable. I have no doubt but the melting of the mountain snows in the beginning of June is what causes the annual inundation of the lower portion of the Missouri from the first to the middle of July.

4 Yesterday the water was at its greatest height at noon, between that time and dark it fell fifteen inches, and in the course of the night rose one and a half inches; from the Indian information the water will now subside, and may therefore be said to be at its greatest annual height on the 3rd instant at noon.

5 The river fell three and a half inches in the course of the day; this fluctuating state of the river is no doubt caused by the influence of the sun in the course of the day on the snows on the mountains; the accession of water thus caused in the day does not reach us until night, when it produces a rise in the river. The wild rose is in bloom. The river fell ten inches in the course of this day.

6 In the course of last night the river rose a little, but fell an inch by morning lower than it was last evening; the seven bark and the yellow vining honeysuckle are just in bloom; a few of the does have produced their young.

7 The river fell three inches last night and seven yesterday; the gooseberry is fully grown; also, the serviceberry.

10 The river fell one inch last night and five and a half yesterday; it appears to be falling fast, and in the course of a few days will be as low as it was when we first arrived here; it is now about six feet lower than it has been.

16 On the top of the hills the dog-tooth violet is just in bloom, grass about two inches high; small huckleberry just putting forth its leaves.

22 Strawberries ripe at the Quamash flats; they are but small and not abundant.

29 The quamash and strawberries are just beginning to bloom at the flats on the head of the Kooskooskee river. The sunflower is also just beginning to bloom, which is two months later than those on the sides of the western mountains near the falls of the Columbia.

July 5 A dew this morning; the nights are cool; the musquetoes are troublesome until a little after dark when the air becomes cool, and the musquetoes disappear.

6 I arrived in an open plain in the middle of which a violent wind from the northwest accompanied with hard rain lasted from four until half past five P. M. Quamash in those plains at the head of Wisdom river is just beginning to bloom, and the grass is about six inches high.

7 A small shower of rain at 4 this morning was companied with wind from the S.S.W.

8 A heavy shower of rain was accompanied with wind from the southwest from four to five P. M.

9 Last night it was very cold and wind hard from the northeast; the river is twelve inches higher than it was last summer; there is more snow on the adjacent mountains than was at that time.

10 A large white frost last night; the air extremely cold; ice three quarters of an inch thick on standing water.

11 A slight frost last night; the air cool; the musquetoes retired a little after dark, and did not return until about an hour after sunrise.

12 A heavy shower of rain accompanied with hail, thunder and lightning at 2 A. M. with hard wind from the southwest; after the shower was over it cleared away and became fair.

20 The river Rochejhone falls about half an inch in twenty-four hours, and becomes much clearer than above. The grasshoppers are extremely numerous, and have destroyed every species of grass from one to ten miles above on the river, and a great distance back.

22 A few drops of rain last night at dark, the cloud appeared to hang to the southwest: wind blew hard from different points from five to eight P. M. at which time it thundered and lightened. The river by eleven A. M. to-day had risen fifteen inches, and the water was of a milky white colour.

23 The river has fallen within the last twenty-four hours seven inches. The wind was violent from the southwest for about three hours last night, from one to three A. M.

24 River falling a little; it is six feet lower than the highest appearance of its rise; rained from three to four P.M. but slightly; the wind violent from the southwest.

25 Several showers of rain with hard wind from the south and southwest the fore part of the day. The brooks on each side are high and the water muddy.

26 A slight shower this morning: with hard wind from the southwest. The river falling but very slowly, one inch in twenty-four hours.

28 A few drops of rain a little before daylight. River still falling a little.

29 A few drops of rain accompanied with hard peals of thunder and sharp lightning last night: wind hard from the northeast.

30 A slight shower of rain accompanied with thunder and lightning: several showers in the course of this day; it cleared away in the evening and became fair. River falling a little. Great quantities of coal in the bluffs on either side.

31 The wind blew hard and it was showery all day, though there was not much rain: the clouds came up from the west and northwest frequently in the course of the day.

August 22 The rains which have fallen in this month are most commonly from flying clouds which pass in different directions; those clouds are always accompanied with hard winds and sometimes with thunder and lightning. The river has been falling moderately since the third of the month; the rains have made no other impression on the river than causing it to be more muddy, and probably preventing its falling fast.