Volume 2 — INDEX.

Act of Parliament passed in 1733 for the encouragement of the sugar trade, p. 228

Acts, various retaliatory, and hostile legislation against England, pp. 404-6

Adams, W., settles in Japan and opens the trade with England, p. 159

African Company, sketch of the history of, p. 203, note

Alexander I. of Russia takes off the embargo and makes peace, p. 271

Alva, Duke of, seizes all the English residents in the Netherlands, p. 135

——, ships escorting him to Netherlands capture Spanish merchantmen in Calais roads, p. 139

America, North, discovered by the English, p. 56, note

——, not to be more favoured commercially than other nations, p. 251

——, instead of asserting the independence of her flag, intrigues with Napoleon for special immunities in the trade with England, p. 308

——, war between, and England, due to an intrigue which was a masterpiece of perfidy, p. 328

——, fraudulent certificates provided for sailors in, p. 330

——, committee of House of Representatives in, pass a measure opening the door to future measures of reciprocity, p. 376

——, many enlightened statesmen in, p. 377

—— quietly looks on, while England prepares to resist invasion by Bonaparte, p. 383

American Colonies, rapid commercial progress and prosperity of, p. 226

American Commissioners evince the strongest desire for conciliation, p. 393

—— satisfied with article in Treaty about the circuitous trade route, p. 393

American Government pass an Act of Non-intervention, March 1st, 1809, p. 400

American Independence recognised by England in 1783, p. 346

American Laws almost wholly founded upon English laws, p. 364

American Ships, six hundred seized, under orders of Council, Nov. 6, 1793, and March 28, 1794, p. 256

—— become liable to capture by both France and England, owing to order of Convention, May 1793, p. 262

——, extensive seizure of, under the decision of the English Admiralty Courts, p. 386

——, lists of those taken and condemned by the French and English, p. 395

American Shipowners’ belief is, that every act of the English Legislature is specially directed against them, p. 368

—— frightened at the mere suggestion of a policy of reciprocity, p. 369

—— maintain that the two countries are not on an equal footing while England stands by her Navigation Acts, p. 370

—— say that the English Navigation Act will prevent their carrying anything except their own produce, p. 373

——, various arguments of, addressed to different classes of their countrymen, ibid.

——, etc., stand by Lord Hawkesbury’s minute, p. 387

American Statesmen try to turn the attention of their countrymen to agricultural pursuits, p. 365

Americans form associations to dispense with English manufactures, p. 232

—— resolve to import no goods from Great Britain with the exception of Ireland, p. 233

——, immediately after their Independence, adopt a Registration system similar to the English, p. 246

—— lay a general embargo on their shipping in reply to Order in Council of Nov. 11, 1807, and complain that they are losing their carrying trade owing to the stringency of this Order, p. 321

—— prefer risking capture to keeping their ships unemployed, p. 322

——, in spite of his treatment of them, unequivocally aid Napoleon, ibid.

——, disposition of, to be subservient to Napoleon, while hating England, p. 324

—— assume that Napoleon must conquer Russia, and therefore declare war against England, May 18, 1812, p. 326

—— aware of the fresh promulgation of the Berlin and Milan Decrees before they went to war with England, p. 327

—— pretend that England has impressed 15,000 to 20,000 American sailors, p. 329

—— take a very short-sighted view of European affairs, ibid.

—— complain that their vessels are searched not only for enemies’ goods, but for seamen to man English ships, p. 382

Amiens, preliminaries of the peace of, signed Oct. 1, 1801, p. 271

——, many of the articles of the treaty of, not carried out by the French, p. 274

Angediva, Portuguese, under De Gama, anchor at the Island of, p. 18

Anson, Commodore, sails in 1740 with six ships, chiefly to make reprisals on the Spaniards in the Pacific, p. 217

—— returns with only one ship, the Centurion, having lost nearly all his crews by scurvy and other sickness, ibid.

——, scandalous manner in which his ships were manned, p. 218

Anthony, Anthony, ships of Henry VIII. drawn by him, in the British Museum, p. 96

Antigua, extraordinary robbery of vessel from, p. 415

Archæologia, inventory in, of the ships of Henry VIII., p. 95

Antwerp, the fall of, favourable to the concentration of trade in Holland, p. 178

Armada, the Spanish, size of, more than twice that of English fleet, p. 146

Armstrong, General, states that the Americans have the highest deference for the French Emperor, p. 400

—— and that if France will and England will not give explanation, war shall at once be declared, p. 401

Assurance Companies, Royal Exchange and London, founded during the period of the South Sea Bubble, and still existing as sound speculations, p. 214

Author, successful attempt by, in 1850-3, to improve the form and construction of merchant ships, pp. 492-4 note

——, description by, of the hard service he underwent when a sea-apprentice, pp. 497-9, note

Badajos, conference at, with reference to the Spanish rights in the Eastern seas, p. 69

Baltic, many new ports opened in, in anticipation of an ultimate rupture with Spain, p. 136

Baltimore, shipwrights of, strongly urge on Congress the necessity of protective duties, and maintain that they require more protection than the English when the Navigation Act of 1660 was passed, p. 366

Baltimore, a vessel from, reaches Canton in 1785, p. 377

“Baltimore Clippers,” a greatly improved class of American ships, p. 492

Baring, Alexander (Lord Ashburton), celebrated pamphlet by, p. 268

——, maintains English right of impressment, stating that there were more than 16,000 English sailors serving in American ships, p. 331

—— moves a resolution, 1813, requiring that all ships from India should unload in London, p. 460

Barlow, Mr., U. S. Envoy, receives, a year after the date, a decree revoking those of Berlin and Milan, p. 326

Basto, Mr. E. Pinto, supplies drawing of Vasco de Gama’s ship, p. 3

Baticala, King of, remonstrance of, on the way that De Gama was behaving, p. 31

——, Vasco de Gama levies tribute on, p. 32

Bells, used to mark time at sea, are struck every half hour, p. 531

—— sounded by two strokes following each other quickly, then a short interval, and then two more, p. 532

——, even, come at the full hours, odd bells at the half-hours, ibid.

Bere, O’Sullivan, his piratical armament at Berehaven, p. 118

Berlin Decree, (Nov. 10 and 24, 1806) principal articles of, p. 292

—— not fully enforced till the spring of 1807, p. 297

Bill, prohibiting importation into English America of W. Indian produce except in English ships, p. 237

Bonding, the privilege of, at present granted to eighty-five towns in Great Britain, p. 430

Boys or apprentices are sent at once aloft, to get accustomed to the ship’s motion, and though they stand watch like the rest of the crew, are generally set at first to light work, p. 530

Breda, Articles of the Peace of, require the Dutch to strike their flag to the English in the Channel, p. 195

Bridport, petition of the people of, p. 101

British Subjects allowed to carry in British vessels naval stores, lumber, etc., from U.S. of America to West Indies (July 2, 1783), p. 252

Brougham, Mr., in speech on the “Licence Trade,” quotes a circular of a Liverpool firm offering to forge licences, p. 318

Bull, Papal, question how far it limits the right of Spain in the Eastern Seas, p. 68

Byron, Commodore, sails, in 1764, on a voyage of special discovery to ascertain the existence of the Pepys and Falkland Islands, etc., p. 218

——, voyage of, valuable for his survey of the Straits of Magellan, and of many groups of islands in the Pacific, ibid.

Cabot, John, question whether he went with the earliest voyage, p. 59

Cabot, Sebastian, first certain journey of, 1497, p. 55

——, patent granted to, by Henry VII., ibid.

——, discoveries of, and their order, pp. 56-9 and notes

—— unquestionably preceded Columbus as the discoverer of the mainland of America, p. 59

——, like Columbus, believed that Cathay would be reached by sailing to the N.W., ibid.

——, evidence in favour of his discoveries from Privy Purse expenses, p. 61

——, how employed from 1498 to 1512, pp. 61-2

—— did not leave England till after the death of Henry VII., p. 63

—— enters the service of Spain in 1512, and is employed in the revision of Spanish maps, p. 64

—— nominated pilot-master for Spain; returns to Spain with Charles V., p. 68

—— placed at the head of a Spanish association for trade with the East, p. 69

—— appointed on commission to ascertain Spanish rights in the Eastern seas of India, and takes command of a Spanish expedition to the East, ibid.

——, bitter hostility of the Portuguese against, as supporting Spain against them in the question of the rights they claimed in the Eastern seas, p. 70

—— compels the malcontents in his fleet to land, ibid.

—— ascends the Rio de la Plata and the Parana, p. 71

—— has a sanguinary encounter with the natives on the Parana, p. 72

—— is detained long on the Plata owing to want of support from Charles V., ibid.

—— returns ultimately to Bristol about 1549, p. 73

—— chief employment on return to England, the reduction of his observations on the variation of the needle, p. 74

——, during his retirement, largely consulted on all questions relating to the Mercantile Marine, ibid.

—— forms the association known by the name of the ‘Merchant Adventurers’ Company,’ and becomes governor of that Company, p. 75

—— proposes to send ships to discover the “north” of Europe, p. 76

—— draws up the letters of instruction for the guidance of the Northern discoverers, p. 77

——, England more indebted to, than to “the navigation laws of Oliver Cromwell,” p. 84

—— much injured by death of Edward VI. and the accession of Philip and Mary, p. 85

——, not known when or where he died, but alive as late as May 25th, 1557, p. 86

Calçadilha, Bishop, celebrates mass previously to the starting of Vasco de Gama, p. 7

—— preaches on “the grandeur of India and its miraculous discovery,” p. 23

Calicut, arrival of the Portuguese at, p. 13

——, Moorish traders of, mistrust the Portuguese, ibid.

——, treaty concluded with, by the Portuguese, p. 15

——, treachery of the Moors and king of, p. 16

——, destruction by Vasco de Gama of large Moorish ships from, p. 32

——, de Gama refuses all peace with the people of, and bombards it, ibid.

——, king of, determines to avenge himself on the cruelty of de Gama, p. 37

——, second embassy from king of, to de Gama, p. 40

Canada, emigration encouraged with, partly with a view of England’s becoming independent of the Baltic and Russian trade, p. 288

——, great value of the trade with, in timber for ship-building purposes, ibid.

Cananore, King of, friendly relations between, and the Portuguese, p. 16

——, arranges trade with the Portuguese, p. 33

——, factory built at, by the Portuguese, p. 34

——, and completed before de Gama returns to Europe, p. 43

Carew, Sir Peter, ordered by Queen Elizabeth to suppress piracy in West of England, 1564, p. 118

Carpenter, if he ships as an able seaman, must do seaman’s work, p. 523

Carteret, Capt., the discoverer of Pitcairn’s Island, the future home of the mutineers of the Bounty, p. 219

Castlereagh, Lord, extraordinary influence of, in counteracting the schemes of Napoleon, p. 338

Catherine, Empress, declaration of, 1780, to the Courts of St. James, Versailles, and Madrid, p. 260

—— places herself at the head of an armed neutrality of Denmark, Sweden, and Russia, p. 261

——, attempt of the Emperor Paul to carry out the plan of the armed neutrality proposed by, p. 262

Catholics, all the ships of, considered by the English fair prize, p. 137

Cavendish, T., memorable voyage of, to the East Indies in 1591, p. 153

Chancellor, Richard, reaches the bay of St. Nicholas, where now Archangel, and making his way across Russia to Moscow, opens the first commercial intercourse between England and Russia, p. 81

—— returns to England with the first Russian ambassador—but is drowned at Pitsligo, Nov. 7, 1556, p. 82

Charles I. seizes charters of Colonies on the pretence that they were not rightly granted, p. 168

Chaumont, treaty of, and league between England and the European powers against Napoleon, p. 338

Child, Sir Josiah, terms Charles II.’s Navigation Act “The Maritime Charter of England,” p. 188

—— points out that ships can be built much more cheaply by the Danes, etc., than by us, p. 199

Clarke, an English shipowner, captures 18 prizes worth 50,000l., p. 110

Cobham, Thomas Lord, desperate piratical deeds of, p. 114

—— sews up the captain and survivors of the crew of a Spanish ship in their own sails and throws them overboard, p. 115

Cochym, King of, asks de Gama to settle with the Queen of Coulam about the pepper from her country, p. 39

Collier Service, the nursery of our most daring seamen in the old war, p. 538

Colliers, very hard life of those who serve on board them, p. 536

——, skill required in “jumping” or unloading colliers, p. 537

Colonial System of England not so disastrous to the Colonies as partial American writers assert, p. 196

—— secured the exclusive carrying trade of all produce from our own plantations, ibid.

Colonies, a Secretary of State appointed, and a council for the affairs of trade, organised as at present, in 1786, p. 210

——, northern and southern in North America, have widely differing interests, p. 237

Colonies, French, in the W. Indies, vigorously blockaded in 1804, p. 283

Colonists, English, in the W. Indies claim exclusive monopoly of the trade with the colonies on the continent, p. 227

Colquhoun, Mr. Patrick, able essay by, on the commerce and police of the Thames, p. 412

——, estimate given by, of the trades of London and the number of vessels employed in each, p. 413, note

——, estimate of the amount of plunder from the W. and E. India trades, etc., p. 414

——, list given by, of the different plunderers in the port of London, and of the nick-names whereby they were known, p. 415

——, numbers given by, of persons engaged in plundering merchant vessels in port of London, p. 420

Commerce, legitimate of England did not exceed 50,000 tons in 14th Eliz., p. 139

Commercial Docks, on Surrey side of the Thames, opened A.D. 1660, p. 409

Commercial Intercourse, between N. American Colonies, France, and Holland connived at, p. 235

Commercial Rights, controversy about the, to be conceded to America, p. 346

Confederacy against England of France, Prussia, Denmark, Sweden, Russia, and United States, p. 268

Congress, in 1784, recommends the prohibition, for fifteen years, of the importation of all merchandise from nations who have not commercial treaties with U.S., p. 253

——, in reply to England and France, passes an Act (May 1st, 1810) excluding from their waters English and French armed vessels, p. 323

——, Secretary of State of, attempts to adopt Free-Trade, p. 349

Congress, vested by its constitution with the power of regulating commerce with foreign nations, p. 348

—— proposes in 1784 to prohibit for fifteen years the import or export of merchandise with nations not having treaties with America, p. 347

——, and, without the consent of each separate State, to levy duties on exports and imports, p. 349

—— declines to increase the differential duties, p. 375

Consul, the first English, established in Chios in 1513, p. 54

Control, Board of, require that all matters concerning revenue in India be submitted to them, p. 455

Convention between England and America to regulate commerce and navigation—on the model of the English reciprocity treaties, p. 402

Conversation not allowed among the seamen, when at work, in presence of their officers, p. 534

Cook, Capt., early distinguishes himself on the St. Lawrence in aid of General Wolfe, p. 219

——, employed under Sir Hugh Palliser on surveys of the Coast of Newfoundland, p. 219

——, in command of the Endeavour, goes to Otaheite to view the transit of Venus, 1768, and is accompanied by Mr. (afterwards Sir Joseph) Banks, Dr. Solander, and Mr. Wales, p. 220

——, spends three months at Otaheite on first voyage, and names the group of Islands round it the “Society Islands,” ibid.

——, surveys West Coast of New Zealand, discovers Cook’s Straits, and runs along the Coast of New Holland for 2000 miles, p. 221

——, remarkable for his humanity and his enlarged views as to the rightful manner of dealing with the natives, ibid.

——, sails on second voyage July 13th, 1772, in the Resolution, surveys the S. Antarctic Ocean, and, after traversing 3660 leagues, reaches Dusky Bay in New Zealand, p. 222

——, lands on the shores of New Zealand several domestic animals, and sows there seeds of various vegetables, ibid.

——, examines New Amsterdam and Easter Island, and the groups of the New Hebrides and Friendly Islands, p. 223

——, sails on his third voyage in the Resolution, July 12, 1776, ibid.

——, principal object of this voyage being to ascertain if any water communication between North Pacific and North Atlantic, p. 224

——, on this voyage examines more fully Amsterdam Island (or Tongataboo), Fiji groups, Nootka Sound in Vancouver Island, and the Sandwich Islands, ibid.

——, is murdered Dec. 26, 1779, on the shore of Owhyhee, the largest of the Sandwich Islands, p. 226

Cook, chief business of, to attend to the “galley” and to keep the cooking utensils clean, p. 526

——, may be required to lend a hand in all-hands work, p. 527

Cooke, E. W., R.A., F.R.S., drawing by of the Discovery, one of Capt. Cook’s ships on his last voyage, p. 225

Copenhagen attacked and bombarded by Nelson, April 2, 1801, p. 270

Corn, extraordinary high prices of, in England in 1795, p. 259

Corn Vessels bound to France seized, but their cargoes paid for, p. 259

Coulam, the chief place where the pepper grows, p. 38

Coulam, the Queen of, sends an embassy to de Gama, p. 38

——, de Gama dissembles with, ibid.

——, de Gama bids her send embassy to the king of Cochym, p. 39

Council, the, general corruption of, in reign of Edward VI., pp. 106-7

Council, orders in, list of the dates, etc., of each, p. 292, note

Council, English, believe that few articles are specially brought from America, and that these may be got elsewhere, p. 351

Courts, English Admiralty, reverse (practically) Lord Hawkesbury’s minute, p. 387

Covilhan, Pero de, sent by the king of Portugal to make researches, p. 3

Crimps and other disreputable agents employed in collecting the crews, p. 496

Cromwell compels the Dutch to strike their flag to the ships of the Commonwealth, p. 187

Crown Lands sold to remedy the evils of a debased currency, p. 109

Currency, depreciation and debasement of, in 1549, p. 106

Dampier, W., one of the buccaneers, makes an interesting voyage to the Eastern Archipelago, p. 216

——, sent out by government to make further discoveries in the Eastern Archipelago, 1699, in which he surveys part of the east coast of New Holland, Timor, and New Guinea, ibid.

Dartmouth, two French ships attempt to cut out two merchantmen from harbour of, p. 90

Davis, John, discovers the Straits named after him in 1585, p. 151

——, is killed, after five voyages to India, by the Japanese in 1605, p. 152

Despotic government of India, evil effect of, as established by De Gama, p. 45

Discovery, New voyages of, by Johnson, Finner, and Frobisher, p. 147

Docks, London, opened for business in 1805, p. 426

——, now amalgamated with the St. Katharine’s and Victoria Docks, p. 428

Docks, St. Katharine’s, partially opened for traffic, Oct. 1828, p. 427

Docks, Victoria, constructed 1850, ibid.

Docks, Millwall, opened for traffic in 1868, p. 429

Dock Companies, charges levied by each, are, on the whole, very similar, p. 430

Docks, wet, now existing in thirteen towns of Great Britain, ibid.

Dover, the Mayor of, one of the most lawless plunderers of French ships, p. 116

Drake, Sir Francis, rides from Plymouth to London to relate the misfortunes of Hawkins’ expedition, p. 132

——, the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe, in 1577, p. 148.

——, and Sir John Norris, employed to ravage the Spanish coasts, p. 152

——, capture sixty ships belonging to the Hanse Towns, which the Queen condemns, p. 153

Dutch massacre English traders at Amboyna, p. 160

—— openly and derisively claim the dominion of the Narrow Seas, p. 172

—— drive the Portuguese out of the Japan trade in 1638, and secure Ceylon in 1656, p. 174

—— fail to make an establishment in China, p. 176

—— trade greatly advantaged by its perfect freedom, p. 178

—— owed much to ancient laws of England, forbidding exports in home bottoms, p. 179

—— allow their country to be an asylum for all foreigners who choose to come there, ibid.

—— perceive that the English Navigation Acts are directed against their trade, p. 185

——, violent animosity in England against, p. 186.

——, on the whole, the severest sufferers by the first war with England, ibid.

—— force the chain in the Medway and burn three ships in Chatham harbour, p. 193

Dutch East India Company established soon after the English, p. 156

—— drives the Portuguese from the Moluccas, p. 157

Dutch East Indiamen then far superior to the English, p. 175

East India Company, first plan for, sanctioned by Queen Elizabeth, 1600, p. 154

——, first voyage of, quite successful, p. 156

——, in difficulties, abandons the Greenland fisheries, p. 161

——, old and new companies, quarrels between, p. 445

——, different parties in the State side with one or the other, p. 446

——, united company, trade of, thrown open to the highest bidder, 1698, and joined under one title, ‘The United Company of Merchants trading to India,’ 1702, p. 447

——, charter-party of, and conditions of their trades, p. 448

—— absorbs most of the trade of the East, as the Dutch and Portuguese were ruined, p. 454

——, ships built in India first admitted in the trade, 1795, ibid.

——, a secret board of three directors to transact business with the Board of Control, p. 455

——, charter renewed 1796, with privileges of trade granted to outsiders and to civil servants of Company, p. 456

—— suffers heavily from loss of ships in 1808-9, and from the French War, p. 458

——, trade to India thrown open 1814, but not that to China, p. 459

——, comparative loss of the ships built by, and of those built by the shipowners of the out-ports, p. 460

——, number of ships employed by, varied very much and generally according to the demand, p. 462

——, no captain of a ship of, to be less than twenty-five years of age, p. 464

——, gallant actions and other services performed by their ships, Appendix, No. 11, ibid., note

——, naval service of, various particulars relating to, pp. 464-472

——, captains of ships required “to keep up the worship of Almighty God” every Sunday, when possible, p. 466

——, promotion in naval service of, strictly according to seniority, supposing character, abilities, etc., good, ibid.

——, details of pay, etc., in the naval service of, Appendix, p. 467, note

——, officers serving in the navy of, allowed largely to participate in the Company’s trade, ibid.

——, captains of ships in, able rapidly to realise large fortunes, p. 468

——, vast amount of illicit trade in, promoted by its own servants, p. 472

——, one captain in service of known to have realised, in one voyage, £30,000, ibid.

——, clerk of the Company of Private Trade required to ascertain from each ship’s books all details of her voyage out and home, p. 474

——, officers of the customs connive with its servants in the promotion of illicit trade, p. 475

——, ample remuneration of its servants on retirement from active duties, p. 476

——, usual regulations of the service on board of their ships, pp. 477-480

——, territorial aggrandisement by, the end and object of its later policy, p. 480

——, very doubtful whether, at any period of its history, its purely commercial operations were successful, p. 481

——, history of the ships sold by, on giving up their trade with the East, Appendix, No. 14, p. 483, note

——, Trade with China ceases, 1834, ibid.

——, all privileges taken from, and government placed directly under the Queen, 1858, ibid.

——, memorials of officers for pensions, etc., on the close of the trading operations, p. 484

——, actual and probable remuneration of the directors, pp. 487-8

——, enormous patronage of the directors of, p. 488

Edward VI., early youth of, and great expectations of, from his remarkable youthful ability, p. 73

——, remarkable knowledge of, and taste for all matters connected with shipping, ibid.

—— gives letters to the northern discoverers in Greek, Latin, and Chaldee, p. 76

——, king, too ill to witness the departure of his ships for the North, p. 80

Elizabeth, Queen, weakness of the Royal Navy at the commencement of her reign, p. 111

——, gives Hawkins The Jesus of Lubeck, p. 124

——, takes the treasure captured, and proposes to use it as a “loan,” p. 134

—— arrests all the Spanish merchants in England, p. 135

—— compelled to rely for the defence of her coasts on a fleet of privateers, p. 138

England, effect on, by the discoveries of the Portuguese, especially of Magellan, p. 50

——, noble families of, command the ships in Henry VIII.’s first fleet, p. 93

—— maintains her right to carry on her over-sea trade in her own ships, p. 185

——, large subsidies of money voted by, to Austria, Russia, Prussia, etc., p. 342

—— liable to lose more than any other nation by the present laws as to captures at sea, p. 358

—— imposes countervailing duties in reply to the American protectionists, p. 368

Englishmen of all ranks gallantly support Henry VIII. in his resistance to the French, p. 92

—— arm ships on pretence of avenging the misdeeds of the Inquisition, p. 111

—— acquire more knowledge of West Indies and Mexico through accession of Philip and Mary, p. 109

English Protection System (under Henry VIII.), defensible on the ground that the Italian republics did the same, p. 52

English Merchant Vessels of sixteenth century badly built, and slow as sailors, p. 54

English Trade less injured than had been expected by the quarrels with Spain, p. 54

Food, ordinary allowances of, per head, in merchant vessels bound on long voyages, p. 502

Foreign and Neutral Shipping, immense increase of, in English ports on the recommencement of the French War, p. 286

Fox, Mr., tries to make peace with France, 1806, p. 290

——, issues the first Order of Council for the blockade of the French Coasts April 18, 1806, p. 291

France collects vast fleets with the view of crushing Henry VIII., p. 91

—— furious at the Treaty concluded by Mr. Jay and Lord Grenville, p. 358

—— issues a decree that she will treat neutrals as they allow England to treat them, p. 359

—— condemns and destroys American vessels with every form of injustice, pp. 360-2

France, Coast of, blockaded in 1804, from Fécamp to Ostend, p. 383

Free-Trade, the warmest advocates of, saw no harm in depriving Africans of their liberty, p. 204

—— not really acknowledged by the Americans any more than by the mother-country, p. 256

Free Traders of the outposts think themselves as well qualified to judge of the Indian Trade as the directors of the E. I. C., p. 460

——, whenever they had once established a footing in India, always beat the Company, p. 481

Gage, General, seizes stores at Boston, p. 236

Gama, Estevan de, expedition of, p. 30

Gama, Paul de, brother of Vasco, dies at Terceira, p. 21

Gama, Vasco de, names of his ships different in different chroniclers, p. 4

——, solemn preparations for his departure, p. 7

——, commencement of his voyage, July 9, 1497, p. 8

—— threatens revenge on the King of Calicut, p. 16

—— obtains pilots for the King of Melinde, and sails for Portugal, p. 20

—— reaches the Tagus on return from his first voyage, Sept. 18, 1499, p. 21

—— created “Dom,” page 22

——, great value of the goods brought by him from India on first voyage, p. 23

——, second expedition of, for revenge rather than for commerce, p. 24

—— agrees with King of Portugal to revenge themselves on the Moors of Calicut, p. 24

——, second expedition of, starts March 25, 1502, attacks the Moors on Coast of India, and wars on all the people except those of Cananore, Cochym, and Coulam, p. 34

——, horrible barbarities of, at Calicut, p. 35

—— sails for Cochym and Coulam, p. 37

——, horrible cruelty of, to the second ambassador of the King of Calicut, p. 40

—— entirely destroys the fleet collected by the King of Calicut, p. 42

—— reaches Portugal at the close of his second voyage, Nov. 10, 1503, p. 43

—— goes to India for the third time in 1524, p. 47

——, establishes the rule of Portugal over all persons to the East of the Cape, and dies three months after, Dec. 24, 1524, p. 45-47

——, very inferior to either of his contemporaries, Columbus or Magellan, p. 47

——, had advantages in his command that neither Columbus nor Magellan enjoyed, p. 47

Georgia, state of, founded by General Oglethorpe in 1732, chiefly with the view of raising silkworms, p. 227

Glasgow, Port, docks at, commenced A.D. 1662, p. 409

Goods, enormous prices of many, owing to their circuitous routes through the Continent, p. 312

Goods not contraband of war, growing feeling that these should be exempt from capture, p. 358

Gosnold, Capt., the first to sail directly across the Atlantic to America, p. 167

Great Britain may fairly claim the honour of the first discovery of the American mainland, p. 60

Greenland, fisheries along the Coast of, ill-supported by the English, p. 206

——, fisheries along coast of, thrown open to all nations by Act of Parliament 1702, p. 207

Hampden, defeated in the Courts of Law, and the writs for Ship-Money pronounced legal, p. 170

Hampton Roads, action in, between H.M.S. Leopard and Chesapeake, p. 392

Hawkesbury, Lord, view of, with reference to the meaning of “direct trade,” p. 384

Hawkins, John, induces some lords of the Council and Queen Elizabeth to take shares in a slaving cruise, p. 123

—— and Thomas Hampton the first English slavers, ibid.

—— reaches West Indies with 400 slaves, whom he compels the colonists to buy (1565), p. 125

——, a third expedition—at first successful, but is surrounded by the Spanish Admiral at St. Jean d’Ulloa, and all his ships but one destroyed, p. 130

——, persuades Philip that he will help in placing Mary Queen of Scots on the throne, p. 144

——, thus obtains money from Philip and the release of the English prisoners from Seville dungeons, p. 144

Hawkins and Cartel sail on a slaving-cruise, but quarrel over the division of the spoil, p. 124

Hawkins and Drake start on a third expedition, having overcome the pretended scruples of Queen Elizabeth, 1567, p. 129

Heligoland, Island of, secured to England by the treaty of, p. 312

Helm always taken by the men, under the direction of the Master or deck-officer for time being, p. 521

Henry VII. passes a law prohibiting importing of Bordeaux wines, except in English, Irish, or Welsh bottoms, p. 51

—— asserts “that the earth is the common mother of mankind,” his chief object being to secure improved advantages for the English in foreign parts, and concludes a commercial treaty with Scotland, p. 52

—— removes differential duties in force against English shipping, p. 50

—— a merchant on his own account, as well as an encourager of distant expeditions, ibid.

Henry VIII. commences the formation of a Royal Navy, p. 89

——, Royal fleet, first successful engagement by, near Mount’s Bay, p. 91

——, great ship, The Harry Grâce à Dieu, p. 94

——, the average of his whole fleet was under 240 tons each, p. 96

——, before the time of, no reliable account of England’s Maritime Commerce, p. 100

—— makes many mistakes in his laws, especially in regulating labour, ibid.

Hojeda, story of, his seeing Englishmen in America during his voyage, p. 62

Holland not unlike Tyre and Venice, p. 178

Hollar, drawing of Dutch East Indiaman by, showing resemblance to much later English ships, p. 180

Hostilities, first effect of the renewal of, on the Maritime Commerce of England, p. 284

Hotham, Sir Richard, evidence of, as to the excessive cost of the ships built for the E. I. C., p. 450

Humphreys, Capt., of H.M.S. Leopard, conduct of, considered, p. 392, note

Iceland, the English fishermen to, the first sailors in Henry VIII.’s fleet, p. 89

India, private traders to, permitted under certain circumstances, 1698, p. 446

Insurance-rates to China, during the whole French war, did not exceed half what they had been in 1782, p. 265

Ireland secures commercial freedom for herself during the war between England and America, but fails altogether to become a leading naval power, p. 243

—— always a clog on the industry of England, p. 243

Jay, Mr. John, sent as Envoy Extraordinary from United States to London in 1794, p. 256

——, at the close of treaty concluded by, holds out the flag of Free-Trade, p. 256

—— proposes that, in war between United States and England, privateers shall not be allowed, p. 356

Jay, W. W., description by, of the state of feeling in England when Mr. John Jay arrived here, p. 355

Jefferson, Mr., in report to Congress of American trade, omits all notice of cotton, p. 357

Jenkinson, Master Anthonie, sent to Persia, p. 85

John, Dom, of Portugal, follows up the discoveries of Prince Henry, and sends two young men to make researches, p. 2

—— takes care that Vasco de Gama’s ships are properly supplied, p. 4

Kalitsch, treaty of, signed March 1, 1813, p. 335

Labour, great demand for, in the Plantations of America, p. 120

Levant, general character of the trade with, under Henry VII., and first voyages to, in “tall ships,” p. 52

——, many particulars of the voyages to, preserved in Hakluyt, ibid.

Lexington, skirmish at, the commencement of the war between England and America, p. 236

Licences, pernicious system of, adopted by England from France, p. 313

——, values of fees, etc., recoverable on, p. 314

——, statement about, by Mr. Alex. Baring, M.P., p. 315

Licensing system, scandalous practices in England, p. 316

—— leads to perjury on the parts of the owners, captains, and seamen of merchantmen, p. 318

Lighters, etc., vast number required for loading and unloading ships in the Thames in 1796, p. 412

Lindsay, of Pitscottie, account of the Great Michael of Scotland, p. 98

Lisbon, joy of the people of, at the safe arrival of Vasco de Gama, p. 21

—— becomes, what the Italian republics had been, the entrepôt of Eastern merchandise, p. 44

Liverpool, first wet-dock proposed for, A.D. 1709, p. 409

——, docks at, incomparably greater than those of the ancient Roman port of Ostia, p. 431

——, far larger dock accommodation than any other port in the world, ibid.

—— Docks, general history of, with the area and amount of accommodation for shipping, pp. 432-437

——, as a private undertaking, receive no aid from government, p. 437

Loan, temporary, advanced to the merchants of London, Bristol, etc., p. 258

Log, to be carefully kept by the ships proceeding to the North, p. 77

London, a central council in, to regulate every branch of trade by the aid of the municipal bodies, p. 102

——, only ten ships of 200 tons in port of, in 1615, p. 166

——, accommodation for vessels arriving from foreign parts far too limited before construction of the Docks, p. 420

M^cCulloch, I. R., doubts, but unwisely, the value of the British Registry Act, p. 246

——, remarks on the inconvenient system of levying duties previously to 1802, p. 410

——, observations by, on the privileges granted on renewal of E. I. C.’s charter in 1796, p. 457

——, remarks on the unfairness of the purchases of E. I. C., p. 482

Martin, Capt., of the Cincinnatus, tortured by the French, p. 362

Massachusetts, in 1785, prohibits the export of American produce in British vessels, p. 347

Master, special duties of, has absolute power in regulating the hours of duty, sleep, meals, etc., pp. 500-507

——, on the leaving of the pilot, all responsibilities devolve on, p. 499

—— has the entire control of the navigation and working of the ship, p. 502

——, the weather side of the quarter-deck belongs to; does not go aloft or perform manual labour; in tacking and wearing gives all the orders for trimming the yards, p. 503

—— does not generally superintend during the ordinary day’s work, p. 504

—— to give his orders to the officers, and not directly to the men, ibid.

——, authority of, would be lessened by giving orders direct to crew, p. 504

——, in the large packet-ships, has little to do with the day’s work, but has entire control of cabin, and generally lives in state-room by himself, p. 505

——, the good and evil on board ships mainly depends on his character and conduct, p. 506

——, everything to be reported to, and no man punished but by his order, ibid.

——, relative ages of, in Dutch and Prussian Marine, p. 507

Masters and Mates in Dutch and Prussian Marine, generally from a superior class of society, p. 507

Mate, Chief, looks after the head yards, p. 504

——, special duties of, as distinct from the captain, pp. 510-517

—— has, generally, to see that each man has something to do, and that he does it, with special duties at the times of anchoring or of getting under weigh, p. 511

—— has the chief care of the ship when in port, and commands the ship in the master’s absence, but does not inflict punishments, p. 513

—— directly superintends the evolutions of the ship under the master’s directions, pp. 513-515

—— is, in some sense, the confidential agent of the shippers, and cannot abroad be removed by master except for very special reasons, p. 516

—— responsible for correct keeping of the log, and successor, by law, to the master in case he should die, pp. 516, 517

Mate, Second, commands starboard watch when master is not on deck, and leads the men in their daily work, but does not necessarily succeed to the post of chief mate, p. 518

——, in furling sails goes aloft with the men, and, if fit, takes his place at the “bunt,” ibid.

——, in reefing, goes aloft with men, if fit, taking his place at the “weather earring,” p. 519

—— ought to be able to show the men how to do the neatest and the most difficult jobs, ibid.

—— expected, like ordinary seamen, to handle the tar-bucket, and, in making or taking in sail, hauls on the deck with and leads the men, p. 520

——, when no boatswain, has charge of spare tackle, rigging, etc., p. 521

——, when in port, stowing or discharging cargo, ought to be in the hold, p. 522

—— commands any boats sent out from the ship for any purpose, p. 522

Mate, Third, his duties not exactly defined, p. 522

—— generally goes aloft with the larboard watch to furl and reef sails, ibid.

—— generally divides his labours with the second mate, or looks after the boats, p. 523

Mate, Chief and Second, always addressed as “Mr.,” p. 517

Mate, a term generally used in the sense of “assistant,” as “boatswain’s mate,” etc., p. 523

Mecklenburg-Schwerin, the Duke of, the first to join the Alliance against Bonaparte, p. 335

Medals given by the King of Portugal to those who would make researches, p. 3

Mediterranean, wise suggestion to promote as far as possible trade with, p. 288

Melinde, King of, offers guides for the Portuguese to Calicut, p. 11

——, letter from King of, on a leaf of gold, p. 18

——, arrival of Vasco de Gama on second expedition, p. 29

——, rich gifts exchanged between the King of, and Vasco de Gama, p. 30

Merchant Adventurers and Cabot, England owes a deep debt of gratitude to, p. 83

Merchants, English, general corruption of, in the reign of Edward VI., p. 109

Merchants, Foreign, refuse to buy English wares as “fraudulent in make, weight, and size,” p. 109

Merchant Shipping Act has greatly benefited the condition of the crews trading beyond the jurisdiction of the Admiralty, p. 494

Mersey, character of the estuary of, p. 431

Mersey Board, laws of, drawn up agreeably with several Acts of Parliament, p. 438

Middleton, Sir Henry, commands the Trades Increase, the largest vessel hitherto built, but fails, p. 158

Moors, eight hundred burnt alive at Calicut by De Gama, p. 36

Mortier, Marshal, seizes the Hanseatic towns of Bremen, Hamburg, Lubeck, etc., p. 296

Mozambique, De Gama arrives there March 10, 1497, p. 9

——, Sheikh of, takes De Gama and his company for Turks, ibid.

Mulberry-trees, attempt to grow them in Chelsea as food for silkworms, though found by experience not to flourish well north of the Loire in France, p. 213, note

Napoleon sends military officers to England to spy out the state of her ports, trade, etc., p. 276

——, unsuccessful expedition of, against St. Domingo, and terrible losses, p. 277

—— declares he would rather see the English on the heights of Montmartre than in Malta, p. 279

—— denounces the conduct of England in a violent speech addressed to Lord Whitworth, ibid.

——, extravagant paper by, in the Moniteur, p. 280

—— determines on the invasion of England, p. 281

—— arrests all English people travelling in France, p. 284

—— tries to destroy the commerce of England by his “continental system,” p. 291

——, decrees of, list of the dates of, p. 292, note

——, Berlin Decree of, declares the blockade of the English coasts, ibid.

——, skill of, in framing his Berlin Decree so as to appear to be the champion of liberty, p. 293

—— stigmatises the Hamburg merchants as “smugglers by profession,” p. 295

—— meditates the invasion of Russia, p. 296

——, decree of, from Milan, Dec. 17, 1807, p. 304

——, decrees of, from Bayonne, April 17, 1808, and from Rambouillet, March 23, 1810, against the Americans, with the intention of forcing them into declaring war against England, p. 306

—— seizes all the American ships at Antwerp, Bordeaux, and Bayonne, and burns those at St. Sebastian, p. 307

——, by granting special licences, is the first to evade his own decrees, p. 308

——, scheme for excluding British goods from the continent wholly fails, p. 310

—— triumphant that “England has now a new enemy,” p. 327

—— compels the Pope to sign a concordat, p. 336

—— reaches the Tuileries, March 21, 1815, p. 341

—— finally overthrown at Waterloo, June 18, 1815, p. 343

—— pays no attention to the remonstrances of the American minister in Paris, p. 397

—— asserts that war had been practically declared against America when England issued her Orders in Council, p. 398

Natal, so named, from having been discovered on Christmas Day, 1497, p. 8

Naval battles between English and Dutch in 1652-3, p. 186

—— between the Dutch and English, 1664-1667, p. 191

Navigation Act, extreme stringency of, p. 181

Navigation laws of England, first prohibitory Act, 1646, with the object of restraining the Dutch, p. 183.

——, second Act, 1656, ibid.

——, Act of Cromwell, passed Oct. 9, 1651, p. 184

——, confirmed by Charles II. 1660, p. 188

——, supplemental statute of, 14 Charles II., prohibits all trade with the Dutch, p. 189

——, orders sent from England to enforce them in all their strictness, p. 231

——, dispute whether they apply to American as to other foreign shipping, p. 257

—— necessarily relaxed during the American war, as the Americans relayed their embargoes, p. 333

Nelson, Capt. (Lord Nelson), commands H.M.S. Boreas in 1784, in the West Indies, p. 254, note

——, carries out Act of Parliament against planters and Americans in the West Indies, ibid.

——, takes command of the Channel fleet, p. 283

Neutral nations, general views of, relative to the question whether the flag covers the merchandise, and on the right of search and the conditions thereof, p. 267

Neutrals’ right proclaimed in the name of the Emperor Napoleon by his minister, M. de Champigny, p. 397

Newfoundland, fisheries of, first opened up by the Merchant Adventurers, p. 85

——, the French, in reign of Louis XIV., encroach on the English fisheries there, p. 205

——, peculiar customs among the fishermen on its coasts, p. 206

New York Shipowners, views of, on duties of neutrals, private armed vessels, etc., pp. 388-391

—— admit the right of search of neutral ships at sea, p. 391

North, Expedition to, sails May 20, 1553, p. 79

Officers, chief, relative qualifications required for, in Danish and Norse ships, p. 509

Orders, English, in Council, principal provisions of, pp. 297-303

——, a necessary reply to Napoleon’s Berlin decree, p. 297

——, indignation in England against, on the part of merchants not owners of ships, p. 306

——, generally beneficial to British shipping interests except in the Baltic, p. 309

——, their effects on American trade, 1810, p. 320

——, made a stalking-horse by the Whigs, p. 325

Oxenham, in 1585, the first Englishman to sail on Pacific, p. 148

Panic, commercial, on the breaking out of the war with France, Feb. 1, 1793, p. 258

Paris, Treaty of, with provisions for settling the new boundaries of Europe, p. 339

Pavia, Gonsalvo de, sent by the King of Portugal to make researches, p. 3

Pembroke, Lord, and others, realise 60 per cent. by Hawkins’s slaving, p. 126

Peter the Great, extraordinary story of, p. 207

—— works with his own hands at ship-building at Saardam, Amsterdam, and Deptford, p. 208

Petty, Sir W., estimates by, of the value of European shipping, and of the quantity assignable to each state, p. 200

Philip II. of Spain retaliates, by seizing thirty English vessels in Spanish ports, p. 117

—— confiscates Hampton’s cargo of hides, procured by money earned by slaving, p. 123

—— peremptorily forbids his colonies to purchase the slaves brought in the English ships, p. 123

——, through his ambassador, remonstrates, but in vain, against the piracies, p. 128

——, the furniture from his chapel publicly burnt in Cheapside, p. 137

—— slowly plans complete vengeance on England, p. 142

——, the chief objects of, in his attacks on England, p. 143

Pickering, Mr., maintains that the English capture of American vessels, carrying French goods, is warranted by the law of nations, and in reply to the French, asserts that “free ships should make free goods,” p. 263

Pilots of the Mersey subject to a special committee of the Mersey Board, p. 439

—— undergo three examinations before admitted to full licence, p. 440

——, very various duties of the general superintendent of, p. 439

Pilot-boats of the Mersey not less than forty tons each, p. 440

——, each one has a master, second and third master, and ten apprentices; and the boats have seven stations, the last to take the pilots out of the ships and back to Liverpool, p. 441

Pirates, English, even when seized by the government, rarely punished with any severity, p. 120

Pitt, Mr., the firm supporter of the merchants, shipowners, and agriculturists, p. 265

—— retires from the Administration, owing to differences between him and the King with reference to Catholic Emancipation, p. 266

—— (supported by Mr. Fox) strenuously denies that “free bottoms make free goods,” p. 269

—— reduces the duties on many Indian articles of produce, 1784, p. 452

Pitt, Mr., establishes the Board of Control, including six members of the Privy Council, 1784, p. 455

Planters, West Indian, demand unrestricted freedom of trade with the Americans, p. 251

Portugal, enormous wealth accruing to, from the discovery of the way to India round the Cape of Good Hope, p. 44

Portugal, King of, his great joy on the return of Vasco de Gama from his second voyage, p. 43

Prayers to be said morning and evening in ships proceeding to the North, p. 78

Privateers and pirates naturally ready to take up slave-dealing, p. 120

Privateers, American, as reckless and as daring as the buccaneers, p. 379

Privateers, English, sailing under flag of the Prince of Orange, capture large treasures on their way to the Netherlands, p. 133

Proclamation ordering that the coins of the realm shall only be worth their intrinsic value, p. 108

—— relating to Ship-Money, and Hampden’s resistance, p. 170

—— to German Princes, stating that the only object of the Alliance was the rescuing Germany from France, p. 335

Protection System, gradual growth of the desire for, in all classes, p. 228

Protectionists in America carry a measure imposing differential duties, p. 369

Prussia, unprovoked attacks on Hanover, p. 301

Quiloa, an important city at the time of De Gama’s voyage, trading with Mecca, p. 10

——, Armenian merchants at, who call themselves “Christians,” p. 11

——, speeches of De Gama to the King of, pp. 26-29

——, treatment of the Moor of, by Vasco de Gama, p. 29

Raleigh, Sir W., first personal adventure in 1595, but had aided in seven previous ones, p. 150

——, remarkable views of respecting English commerce and how to benefit it, p. 162

—— shows that the position of England ought to make her the storehouse of all nations, p. 162

——, and how superior the Dutch were to us as traders, p. 163

Read, Capt., adopts great circle sailing between the Cape and China in 1788, p. 377

Registry, British Act of, Aug. 1, 1786, requires that every vessel above 15 tons should be accurately measured and registered, p. 245

Revolutionary War creates an immense demand for American ships, p. 363

Roberts, the most famous of the buccaneers, has one ship mounting 40 guns, p. 211

Roe, Sir J., sent as ambassador to the court of the Moghul Emperor of Delhi, p. 158

Russell, Admiral Lord, restores the prestige of England in the Mediterranean, p. 202

Russia, first ambassador from, enters London February 1557, and leaves it for his own country May 1557, after the signature of an important commercial treaty between England and, pp. 82, 83

——, trade with, practically thrown open, 1699, a small fee only being required for admission to the Russia Company, p. 207

——, bribed by the acquisition of Finland, Moldavia, and Wallachia, declares war against England, p. 303

Ryswick, peace of, 1697, causes great prosperity, p. 203

Sargarço, sea covered with, found by De Gama on his homeward voyage, 1499, p. 20

Sail-maker, if he ships as an able seaman, must do seaman’s work, and is expected to go aloft and help in furling sails, etc., if required, p. 524

Scotland, commerce of, chiefly, during the last century, with W. Indies and the plantations of North America, p. 209

Scotland, list (from Chalmers) of ships entering ports of, between 1769 and 1785, p. 244, note

Scott, Sir William, declines to say what is bonâ fide importation, p. 365

—— asserts that all writers on the Law of Nations unanimously admit the right of search, p. 391

Seafaring persons generally divided into three classes, able and ordinary seamen, boys or “green hands,” p. 527

Seaman, able, expected to be a good workman on rigging, making knots, etc., p. 528

Seamen, ordinary, expected to know how to “haul, reef, and steer,” and all the ordinary rigging, etc., but not expected to be complete helmsmen, p. 529

Seamen, proving incompetent, may be reduced from the grade for which they had contracted, p. 527

Seely, Dorothy, petition of, to Elizabeth’s Council, p. 113

Seven Years’ War, heavy expenses of, lead the Legislature to pass, in 1764, several acts unwisely pressing upon the Americans, p. 229

Seymour, Sir T., plans a separate kingdom in the Scilly Islands, p. 112

Sierra Leone, settlement formed at, in 1786, for free negroes, p. 249

Simulated papers provided for ships under the licensing system, p. 317

Shannon, H. M. S., captures the Chesapeake in Boston Bay, p. 332

Sheffield, Lord, and Mr. Chalmers maintain that the loyal colonies are able to supply W. Indies with lumber and provisions, p. 251

Ship-Money, story of the demand for, p. 170

——, struggle about, tends to the separation of the Royal and Mercantile Navy, p. 171

Shipowners, general complaints of the English, after the recommencement of the war with France, p. 285

Shipping Interests in England strenuously advocate the most restrictive policy, p. 252

Slave Trade, commencement and original causes of, p. 120

——, from its commencement, rendered infamous by the characters of those who first engaged in it, p. 121

——, returns of the vessels employed between 1760 and 1786, p. 248

Slaver, Brooks’, details of her capacity, fittings, provisioning, etc., p. 248, note

Smith, Adam, in his ‘Wealth of Nations,’ remarks of, on the wages of English seamen, p. 244

Smith, Capt. John, adventures of, the hero of the ballad, ‘The Honour of a London ’Prentice,’ p. 167

Smuggling, measures for the suppression of in America, p. 231

Smyrna Merchantmen, nearly the whole fleet of, captured by the French, 1692, p. 201

South Dock, forming the city canal, added to West India Docks in 1829, p. 424

South Sea Bubble, remarkable list of the strange schemes suggested for public support by, p. 212

—— peculiarly fatal to genuine commerce, as largely inducing among the people the habit of gambling, p. 212

South Sea Company (1710) had no real basis but the privilege of slaving on a large scale, p. 211

—— prosecutes some rival bubble companies, which leads to a collapse, p. 213

South Sea Directors, several of them severely and justly punished, p. 214

Spain, war with, the immediate result of the accession of Elizabeth, p. 109

——, English hatred of, like that of the Crusaders of the Infidels, p. 110

Spitzbergen, the whale fisheries at, first opened up by the Merchant Adventurers, p. 85

Spragge, Sir Edward, gallant defence of the mouth of the Thames, etc., p. 194, note

Stamp Act of the Grenville Administration, passed March 22, 1765, p. 232

—— burnt in a bonfire in New York, ibid.

Steel-yard, Merchants of, obtain relief from the Act of Edward VI. on the accession of Queen Mary, p. 86

——, largely defraud the revenue by giving rights of denizenship to other foreigners, p. 99

Steward, his duties depend on the class of ship in which he sails, p. 525

—— may be required, in cases of necessity, to lend a hand in working the ship, but not to stand watch, p. 526

Swearing not permitted in ships sent to the North by the Merchant Adventurers’ Co., p. 78

Sweating Sickness, distinctive character of, in 1517, p. 65

Taxation Act, new, passed in 1767, imposes import duties on teas, glass, and other articles, p. 234

Taylor’s, Capt. Meadows, excellent account of the East India Co., given in his ‘Manual of the History of India,’ p. 444, note

Tea, thrown overboard in the harbour of Boston, in 1774, p. 235

Thorne, Mr. Robert, a distinguished merchant of Bristol in the early part of the 16th century, p. 54

——, letter to Henry VIII., on the progress of the discoveries, p. 65

——, in association with Cabot for promoting Spanish trade with the East, p. 69

Tobias, “gentleman fisher and mariner,” views of, p. 165

Tooke, ‘History of Prices,’ note from, on the prices of 1808, p. 309, note

Torture, permitted in some French cruisers against the Americans, p. 362

Trade, Board of, first planned by Charles II. 1668—erected into a permanent establishment 1696, p. 209

——, had originally exclusive superintendence of the commerce of the plantations, p. 210

Trade between England and America, perfectly free on the recognition of American Independence, p. 250

Trade, circuitous routes of, remarkable instances of the, pp. 310-311, notes

Treaty, Commercial, between France and England, signed Sept. 26, 1786, p. 247

Treaty between United States and England, chief articles of, pp. 352-3.

——, date when signed and sanctioned, p. 354

——, a masterpiece of diplomacy, p. 357

——, commercial regulations of, framed on fair and liberal principles of reciprocity, p. 394

——, not carried out owing to the outburst in England on news of the Berlin Decree, p. 394

Treaty of reciprocity between United States and Bremen, p. 407

——, between United States and the King of the Netherlands, ibid.

“Trick, the,” or time at the helm, is two hours, p. 532

Trinity House memorial to King in 1615 strongly recommending protection, p. 166

Turkey Company, great success of, in the Levant, p. 177

Union, Legislative, between England and Scotland in 1707, p. 208

United States strenuously maintain “that the flag covers the merchandise,” p. 266

Vienna, Congress of, interrupted by the news of Napoleon’s escape from Elba, p. 340

Wallis, Capt., the first navigator to give any account of King George’s Island, or Otaheite, p. 219

Walpole, Sir R., recommends, in 1733, the adoption of a system of warehousing, p. 409

——, violent opposition to his excise scheme, 1733, p. 411

War first declared between England and Holland, 1652, p. 186

——, general result that England’s maritime resources increased as the Dutch declined, p. 195

—— formally declared against France, May 18, 1803, p. 283

Watch, each steers in turn, the watch on deck supplying the helmsman, p. 532

—— officer of, expected to stand by helm whenever relieved, p. 533

Watches, on board merchantmen, generally only two, the larboard and starboard, p. 499

Weavers, petition of, in the reign of Philip and Mary, p. 104

Wellington, advance of the troops into France, 1813-14, p. 336

West India Docks (Isle of Dogs), usual mode of conducting business in, p. 425

——, now amalgamated into one Co., with the East India Docks, p. 424

West India merchants, the first to construct wet-docks in London, p. 422

West India Trade, great improvements in the ships employed in, p. 490

West Indies, further concession made to, in 1788, p. 255

——, all vessels from, compelled to deliver their cargoes either in the docks or in the river below Blackwall, p. 423

Wheaton, Mr., says that Americans admitted that their flag could not cover enemy’s goods, p. 303, note

——, fully describes the “rights of war as to neutrals,” in his ‘Elements of International Laws,’ p. 391, note

Whitworth, Lord, applies in vain for equal justice to the English property in France, p. 275

Willoughby, Sir Hugh, and Richard Chancellor despatched to the North, on the recommendation of Sebastian Cabot, p. 76

——, driven on the coast of Lapland, and the whole of the crews of his two ships frozen to death, p. 81

Willoughby, Lord, forms a settlement at Surinam, p. 169

Wines, none from Guienne or Gascony to be imported (during reign of Henry VII.) except in English ships, p. 51

END OF VOL. II.

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.