Volume 2 / Book 4 — CHAPTER X. EVENTS OF THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE YEAR 705.

C. Claudius Marcellus and L. Cornelius Lentulus, Consuls.

I. IN the course of the summer, it will be remembered, Cæsar had returned to Arras, to the middle of his army, which was encamped in the north of Gaul. He was informed of the plots going on at Rome; he knew that his enemies would agree to no arrangement, but he still hoped that the Senate would maintain the equal balance between him and his rival, for that assembly had already shown its pacific tendencies, and did not even seem inclined to interfere in the quarrel.[889] In the winter between 704 and 705 he returned to Cisalpine Gaul; presided there, according to his custom, over the provincial assemblies, and stopped at Ravenna, the last town in his command.[890] He had only the 13th legion at his disposal, which was 5,000 men strong, with 300 cavalry;[891] nearly his whole army, to the number of eight legions, had remained in winter quarters in Belgium and Burgundy.[892]

It was at Ravenna that Curio, the year of whose tribuneship expired in December, 704,[893] hastened to him. Cæsar received him with open arms, thanked him for his devotedness, and conferred with him upon the measures to be taken. Curio proposed that he should call the other legions which he had beyond the Alps, and march upon Rome; but Cæsar did not approve of this counsel, still persuaded that things would yet come to an understanding. He engaged his friends[894] at Rome to propose a plan of accommodation which had been approved, it was said, by Cicero, and which Plutarch expressly ascribes to him: Cæsar was to have given up Transalpine Gaul, and kept Cisalpine Gaul and Illyria with two legions, until he had obtained the consulship. It was even said that he would be satisfied with Illyria alone and one legion.[895] “He made the greatest efforts,” says Velleius Paterculus,[896] “to maintain peace: the friends of Pompey refused all conciliatory proposals.” “The appearance of justice,” says Plutarch, “was on the side of Cæsar.” When the negotiation had failed, he charged Curio to carry to the Senate a letter full of impudence, according to Pompey; full of threats, according to Cicero;[897] well adapted, on the contrary, according to Plutarch, to draw the multitude to Cæsar’s side.[898]

Curio, after travelling 1,300 stadia (210 kilomètres) in three days, re-appeared in that assembly on the very day of the installation of the new consuls, the Calends of January, 705. He did not deliver to them, according to custom, the letter of which he was the bearer, for fear that they should not communicate it; and, indeed, at first they opposed the reading of it; but two tribunes of the people devoted to Cæsar, Mark Antony, formerly his quæstor, and Q. Cassius, insisted with so much energy, that the new consuls were unable to refuse.[899]

Cæsar, after reminding them of what he had done for the Republic, justified himself against the imputations spread against him by his enemies. While he protested his respect for the Senate, he declared that he was ready to resign his proconsular functions, and to disband his army, or deliver it to his successor, provided Pompey did the same. It could not be required of him to deliver himself up unarmed to his enemies while they remained armed, and alone to set the example of submission. He spoke not on this occasion of his pretensions to the consulship; the great question, to know whether he and Pompey should keep their armies, overruled all the others. The conclusion of the letter displayed a strong feeling of resentment. Cæsar declared in it that, if justice were not rendered to him, he should know how, by revenging himself, to revenge his country also. This last expression, which strongly resembled a threat, excited the loudest reclamations in the Senate. “It is war he declares,” they exclaimed, and the irritation rose to the greatest height.[900] No deliberation could be obtained on any of his propositions.

Lentulus carries the Senate against Cæsar.

II. The Consul L. Lentulus, in a violent oration, engaged the Senate to show more courage and firmness: he promised to support it, and defend the Republic: “If, on the contrary, the assembly, in this critical moment, was wanting in energy—if, as in the past, it meant to spare Cæsar and to conciliate his good graces, there would be an end of its authority: as far as he was concerned, he should hasten to withdraw from it, and should in future consult only himself. After all, he also might gain the friendship and favour of Cæsar.” Scipio spoke in the same spirit: “Pompey,” said he, “will not fail the Republic, if he is followed by the Senate; but if they hesitate, if they act with weakness, the Senate will henceforth invoke his aid in vain.” This language of Scipio seemed to be the expression of the thoughts of Pompey, who was at the gates of the town with his army. More moderate opinions were also offered. M. Marcellus demanded that, before coming to any decision, the Senate should assemble troops from the different parts of Italy in order to ensure the independence of their deliberations; M. Calidius proposed that Pompey should retire to his province, in order to avoid all motive for a war; for Cæsar might justly fear to see used against him the two legions taken away from his command, and retained under the walls of Rome. M. Rufus gave his opinion nearly in the same terms. Lentulus immediately burst out into violent reproaches against the latter speakers; he upbraided them with their defection, and refused to put the proposal of Calidius to a vote. Marcellus, terrified, withdrew his motion. Then there happened one of those strange and sudden changes, so common in revolutionary assemblies: the violent apostrophes of Lentulus, the threats uttered by the partisans of Pompey, the terror inspired by the presence of an army under the walls of Rome, exerted an irresistible pressure upon the minds of the senators, who, in spite of themselves, adopted the motion of Scipio, and decreed that “if Cæsar did not disband his army on the day prescribed, he should be declared an enemy of the Republic.”[901]

Mark Antony and Q. Cassius, tribunes of the people, oppose this decree.[902] A report is immediately made of their opposition, invoking the decision taken by the Senate the year before; grave measures are proposed: the more violent they are, the more the enemies of Cæsar applaud. In the evening, after the sitting, Pompey convokes the senators in his gardens: he distributes praise and blame amongst them, encourages some, intimidates others. At the same time, he recalls from all parts a great number of his veterans, promising them rewards and promotion. He addressed himself even to the soldiers of the two legions who had formed part of Cæsar’s army.[903]

The town is in a state of extreme agitation. The tribune Curio claims the right of the comitia which had been set aside. The friends of the consuls, the adherents of Pompey, all who nourished old rancours against Cæsar, hurry towards the Senate, which is again assembled. Their clamours and threats deprive that assembly of all liberty of decision. The most varied proposals follow each other. The censor L. Piso and the prætor Roscius offer to go to Cæsar, to inform him of what is going on; they only ask a delay of six days. Others desire that deputies be charged to go to make him acquainted with the will of the Senate.

All these motions are rejected. Cato, Lentulus, and Scipio redouble in violence. Cato is animated by old enmities and the mortification of his recent check in the consular elections. Lentulus, overwhelmed with debts, hopes for honours and riches; he boasts among his party that he will become a second Sylla, and be master of the empire.[904] Scipio flatters himself with an ambition equally chimerical. Lastly, Pompey, who will have no equal, desires war, the only way to get over the folly of his conduct,[905] and this prop of the Republic assumes the title, like Agamemnon, of king of kings.[906]

The consuls propose to the Senate to assume public mourning, in order to strike the imagination of the people, and to show them that the country is in danger. Mark Antony and his colleague Cassius intercede; but no attention is paid to their opposition. The Senate assembles in mourning attire, decided beforehand on rigorous measures. The tribunes, on the other hand, announce that they intend to make use of their right of veto. In the midst of this general excitement, their obstinacy is no longer considered as a right of their office, but as a proof of their complicity; and, first of all, measures are brought under deliberation to be taken against their opposition. Mark Antony is the most audacious; the Consul Lentulus interrupts him with anger, and orders him to leave the curia, “where,” he says, “his sacred character will not preserve him any longer from the punishment merited by his spirit of hostility towards the Republic.” Mark Antony thereupon, rising impetuously, takes the gods to witness that the privileges of the tribune’s power are violated in his person. “We are insulted,” exclaims he; “we are treated like murderers. You want proscriptions, massacres, conflagrations. May all those evils which you have drawn down fall upon your own heads!” Then, pronouncing the forms of execration, which had always the power of impressing superstitious minds, he leaves the curia, followed by Q. Cassius, Curio, and M. Cœlius.[907] It was time: the curia was on the point of being surrounded by a detachment of troops, which were already approaching.[908] All four left Rome in the night between the 6th and 7th of January, in the disguise of slaves, in an ordinary chariot, and reached Cæsar’s quarters.[909]

The following days the Senate meets outside the town. Pompey repeats there what he had employed Scipio to say. He applauds the courage and firmness of the assembly; he enumerates his forces, boasts of having ten legions—six in Spain, and four in Italy.[910] According to his conviction, the army is not devoted to Cæsar, and will not follow him in his rash undertakings. Besides, would he dare, with one single legion, to face the forces of the Senate? Before he will have had time to summon his troops, which are on the other side of the Alps, Pompey will have assembled a formidable army.[911] Then the Senate declares the country in danger (it was the 18th of the Ides of January), an extreme measure reserved for great public calamities; and the care to watch that the Republic receive no harm is confided to the consuls, the proconsuls, the prætors, and the tribunes of the people. Immediately, all his party, whose violence has driven Pompey and the Senate into civil war, fell upon the dignities, the honours, the governments of provinces, as so many objects of prey. Italy is divided into great commands,[912] which the principal chiefs divide amongst themselves. Cicero, always prudent, chooses Campania as being more distant from the scene of war. Scribonius Libo is sent to Etruria,[913] P. Lentulus Spinther to the coast of Picenum,[914] P. Attius Varus to Auximum and Cingulum,[915] and Q. Minucius Thermus to Umbria.[916] By a false interpretation of the law which allows proconsuls to be chosen among the magistrates who have resigned their functions within five years, the consular and prætorian provinces are shared arbitrarily: Syria is given to Metellus Scipio, Transalpine Gaul to L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Cisalpine Gaul to Considius Nonianus, Sicily to Cato, Sardinia to M. Aurelius Cotta, Africa to L. Ælius Tuberno, and Cilicia to P. Sextius.[917] The obligation of a curiate law to legitimate their power is regarded as useless. Their names are not drawn by lot; they do not wait, according to the established practice, till the people has ratified their election, and till they have put on the dress of war, after having pronounced the usual vows. The consuls, contrary to custom, leave the town; men, till then strangers to all high office, cause lictors to go before them in Rome and in the Capitol. It is proposed to declare King Juba friend and ally of the Roman people. What matters whether he be devoted or not to the Roman domination, provided he become a useful auxiliary for the civil war? A levy of 130,000 men in Italy is decreed. All the resources of the public treasure are placed at the disposal of Pompey; the money preserved in the temples is taken; and if that be not sufficient, the property of private persons themselves shall be employed for the pay of the troops. In the midst of this sudden commotion, rights divine and human are equally trampled under foot.[918] And yet a few days had scarcely passed “when the Senate,” says Appian, “regretted not having accepted the conditions of Cæsar, the justice of which they felt at a moment when fear brought them back from the excitement of party spirit to the counsels of wisdom.”[919]

Cæsar harangues his Troops.

III. Whilst at Rome all was confusion, and Pompey, nominal chief of his party, underwent its various exigencies and impulses, Cæsar, master of himself and free in his resolutions, waited quietly at Ravenna until the thoughtless impetuosity of his enemies should break itself against his firmness and the justice of his cause. The tribunes of the people, Mark Antony and Q. Cassius, accompanied by Curio and M. Cœlius, hasten to him.[920] At the news of the events in Rome, he sends couriers to the other side of the Alps, in order to unite his army; but, without waiting for it, he assembles the 13th legion, the only one which had crossed the Alps; he reminds his soldiers in a few words of the ancient insults and the recent injustices of which he is the victim.

“The people had authorised him, although absent, to solicit a new consulship, and, as soon as he thought that he ought to avail himself of this favour, it was opposed. He has been asked, for the interest of his country, to deprive himself of two legions, and, after he has made the sacrifice, it is against him they are employed. The decrees of the Senate and the people, legally rendered, have been disregarded, and other decrees have been sanctioned; notwithstanding the opposition of the tribunes. The right of intercession, which Sylla himself had respected, has been set at naught, and it is under the garb of slaves that the representatives of the Roman people come to seek a refuge in his camp. All his proposals of conciliation have been rejected. What has been refused to him has been granted to Pompey, who, prompted by envious malignity, has broken the ties of an old friendship. Lastly, what pretext is there for declaring the country in danger, and calling the Roman people to arms? Are they in presence of a popular revolt, or a violence of the tribunes, as in the time of the Gracchi, or an invasion of the barbarians, as in the time of Marius? Besides, no law has been promulgated, no motion has been submitted for the sanction of the people; all which has been done without the sanction of the people is unlawful.[921] Let the soldiers, then, defend the general under whom, for nine years, they have served the Republic with so much success, gained so many battles, subdued the whole of Gaul, overcome the Germans and the Britons; for his enemies are theirs, and his elevation, as well as his glory, is their work.”

Unanimous acclamations respond to this speech of Cæsar. The soldiers of the 13th legion declare that they are ready to make the greatest sacrifices; they will revenge their general and the tribunes of the people for all these outrages; as a proof of his devotion, each centurion offers to entertain a horseman at his expense; each soldier, to serve gratuitously, the richer ones providing for the poorer ones; and during the whole civil war, Suetonius affirms, not one of them failed in this engagement.[922] Such was the devotedness of the army; Labienus alone, whom Cæsar loved especially, whom he had loaded with favours, deserted the cause of the conqueror of Gaul, and passed over to Pompey.[923] Cicero and his party thought that this deserter would bring a great addition to their strength. But Labienus,[924] though an able general under Cæsar, was only an indifferent one in the opposite camp. Desertions have never made any man great.

Cæsar is driven to Civil War.

IV. The moment for action had arrived. Cæsar was reduced to the alternative of maintaining himself at the head of his army, in spite of the Senate, or surrendering himself to his enemies, who would have reserved for him the fate of the accomplices of Catiline, who had been condemned to death, if he were not, like the Gracchi, Saturninus, and so many others, killed in a popular tumult. Here the question naturally offers itself: Ought not Cæsar, who had so often faced death on the battle-fields, have gone to Rome to face it under another form, and to have renounced his command, rather than engage in a struggle which must throw the Republic into all the horrors of a civil war? Yes, if by his abnegation he could save Rome from anarchy, corruption, and tyranny. No, if this abnegation would endanger what he had most at heart, the regeneration of the Republic. Cæsar, like men of his temper, cared little for life, and still less for power for the sake of power; but, as chief of the popular party, he felt a great cause rise behind him; it urged him forward, and obliged him to conquer in despite of legality, the imprecations of his adversaries, and the uncertain judgment of posterity. Roman society, in a state of dissolution, asked for a master; oppressed Italy, for a representative of its rights; the world, bowed under the yoke, for a saviour. Ought he, by deserting his mission, disappoint so many legitimate hopes, so many noble aspirations? What! Cæsar, who owed all his dignities to the people, and confining himself within his right, should he have retired before Pompey, who, having become the docile tool of a factious minority of the Senate, was trampling right and justice under foot; before Pompey, who, according to the admission of Cicero himself, would have been, after victory, a cruel and vindictive despot, and would have allowed the world to be plundered for the benefit of a few families, incapable, moreover, of arresting the decay of the Republic, and founding an order of things sufficiently firm to retard the invasion of barbarians for many centuries! He would have retreated before a party which reckoned it a crime to repair the evils caused by the violence of Sylla, and the severity of Pompey, by recalling the exiles;[925] to give rights to the peoples of Italy; to distribute lands among the poor and the veterans; and, by an equitable administration, to ensure the prosperity of the provinces! It would have been madness. The question had not the mean proportions of a quarrel between two generals who contended for power: it was the decisive conflict between two hostile causes, between the privileged classes and the people; it was the continuation of the formidable struggle between Marius and Sylla![926]

There are imperious circumstances which condemn public men either to abnegation or to perseverance. To cling to power when one is no longer able to do good, and when, as a representative of the past, one has, as it were, no partisans but among those who live upon abuses, is a deplorable obstinacy; to abandon it when one is the representative of a new era, and the hope of a better future, is a cowardly act and a crime.

Cæsar crosses the Rubicon.

V. Cæsar has taken his resolution. He began the conquest of Gaul with four legions; he is going to commence that of the world with one only. He must first of all, by a surprise, take possession of Ariminum (Rimini), the first important fortress of Italy on the side of Cisalpine Gaul. For this purpose, he sends before him a detachment composed of trusty soldiers and centurions, commanded by Q. Hortensius; he places a part of his cavalry in échelon on the road.[927] When evening arrives, pretending an indisposition, he leaves his officers, who were at table, enters a chariot with a few friends, and joins his vanguard. When he arrives at the Rubicon, a stream which formed the limit of his government, and which the laws forbad him to cross, he halts for a moment as though struck with terror; he communicates his apprehensions to Asinius Pollio and those who surround him. A comet has appeared in the sky;[928] he foresees the misfortunes which are on the point of befalling Italy, and recollects the dream which the night before had oppressed his mind: he had dreamt that he violated his mother. Was not his country, in fact, his mother; and, notwithstanding the justness of his cause and the greatness of his designs, was not his enterprise an outrage upon her? But the augurs, those flattering interpreters of the future, affirm that this dream promises him the empire of the world; this woman whom he has seen extended on the ground is no other than the earth, the common mother of all mortals.[929] Then suddenly an apparition, it is said, strikes the eyes of Cæsar: it is a man of tall stature, blowing martial airs on a trumpet, and calling him to the other bank. All hesitation ceases; he hurries onward and crosses the Rubicon, exclaiming, “The die is cast! Let us go where I am called by the prodigies of the gods and the iniquity of my enemies.”[930] Soon he arrived at Ariminum, of which he takes possession without striking a blow. The civil war has commenced!

“The true author of war,” says Montesquieu, “is not he who declares it, but he who renders it necessary.” It is not granted to man, notwithstanding his genius and power, to raise at will the popular waves; yet, when, elected by the public voice, he appears in the midst of the storm which endangers the vessel of the state, then he alone can direct its course and bring it to the harbour. Cæsar was not, therefore, the instigator of this profound perturbation of Roman society: he had become the indispensable pilot. Had it been otherwise, when he disappeared all would have returned to order; on the contrary, his death gave up the whole universe to all the horrors of war. Europe, Asia, Africa, were the theatre of sanguinary struggles between the past and the future, and the Roman world did not find peace until the heir of his name had made his cause triumph. But it was no longer possible for Augustus to renew the work of Cæsar; fourteen years of civil war had exhausted the strength of the nation and used up the characters; the men imbued with the great principles of the past were dead; the survivors had alternately served all parties; to succeed, Augustus himself had made peace with the murderers of his adoptive father; the convictions were extinct, and the world, longing for rest, no longer contained the elements which would have permitted Cæsar, as was his intention, to re-establish the Republic in its ancient splendour and its ancient forms, but on new principles.

NAPOLEON.

The Tuileries, March 20, 1866.

APPENDIX A. CONCORDANCE OF DATES OF THE ANCIENT ROMAN CALENDAR WITH THE JULIAN STYLE, FOR THE YEARS OF ROME 691-709.

Bases on which the Tables of Concordance are Founded.

BEFORE the Julian reform, the Roman year comprised 355 days, divided into twelve months, namely: Januarius, 29 days; Februarius, 28; Martius, 31; Aprilis, 29; Maius, 31; Junius, 29; Quintilis, 31; Sextilis, 29; September, 29; October, 31; November, 29; December, 29.

Every other year, an intercalation of 22 or 23 days alternately was to be added after the 23rd day of February.

The mean year being thus too long by one day, 24 days were to be subtracted in the last eight years of a period of 24 years. We shall not here have to take this correction into consideration.

The intercalation appears to have been regularly followed from A.U.C. 691 (that of Cicero’s consulship) until 702, when it was of 23 days. In the middle of the troubles, the intercalation was omitted in the years 704, 706, and 708.

Towards the end of the year 708, Cæsar remedied the disorder by placing extraordinarily between November and December 67 days, and by introducing a new mode of intercalation.

The year 708 is the last of the confusion.

The year 709 is the first of the Julian style.

Historical Data which the Concordance must Satisfy.

Cicero relates that at the beginning of his consulship the planet Jupiter lighted the whole sky. (De Divin., I. 11.) Cicero entered on office on the Calends of January in the year of Rome 691; that is, on the 14th of December, 64 B.C. Jupiter had reached opposition eleven days before, on the 3rd of December.[931]

In the year 691, on the 5th of the Ides of November, Cicero, in his Second Oration against Catiline, 10, asks how the effeminate companions of Catiline will support the frosts of the Appenine, especially in these nights already long (his præsertim jam noctibus).[932] We are, in fact, on the 15th of October, 63 B.C. Later, in his Oration for Sextius, speaking of the defeat of Catiline at the beginning of January, 692 (the middle of December, 63 B.C.), Cicero asserts that the result is due to Sextius, without whose activity the winter would have been allowed to intervene (datus illo in bello esset hiemi locus).

In the year 696 of Rome (58 B.C.), the Helvetii appoint their rendezvous at Geneva for a day fixed: “is dies erat a.d.v. Kal-Aprilis.” (Cæsar, De Bello Gallico, I. 6.) This date corresponds with the Julian 24th of March, the day on which the spring equinox fell. The Helvetii had taken this natural period; Cæsar has referred it to the Roman calendar.[933]

In the year 700 of Rome (54 B.C.), Cæsar, after his second campaign in Britain, re-embarks his troops “quod æquinoctium suberat.” (De Bello Gallico, V. 23.) He informs Cicero of it on the 6th of the Calends of October, the Julian 21st of September. (Cicero, Epist. ad Atticum, IV. 17.) The equinox fell on the 26th of September.[934]

In the year 702, on the 13th of the Calends of February (that is, on the 30th of December, 53 B.C.), Clodius is slain by Milo. (Cicero, Orat. pro Milone, 10.) Pompey is created consul for the third time on the 5th of the Calends of March, in the intercalary month. (Asconius.)

In the year 703, Cicero writes to Atticus (V. 13): “I have arrived at Ephesus on the 11th of the Calends of Sextilis (12th of July, 51 B.C.), 560 days after the battle of Bovillæ;” an exact computation, if we count the day of the murder of Clodius, and reckon 23 days for the intercalation of 702.[935]

In the year 704 the intercalation is omitted. Cæsar’s partisans demanded it in vain. (Dio Cassius, XL. 61, 62.)

In 705, Cicero, who hesitates in joining Pompey, writes to Atticus: “a.d. xvii Kal. Junii: Nunc quidem æquinoctium nos moratur, quod valde perturbatum erat.” It was the 16th of April; the equinox was passed 21 days before, and the atmospheric disturbances might still last. Or was it anything else than an excuse on the part of Cicero?

Cæsar embarks at Brundusium on the eve of the Nones of January, 706. (De Bello Civili, III. 6.) It is the 28th of November, 49 B.C. “Gravis autumnus in Apulio circumque Brundusium ... omnem exercitum valetudine tentaverat.” (De Bello Civili, III. 2, 6.)—“Bibulus gravissima hieme in navibus excubabat.” (De Bello Civili, III. 8.)—“Jamque hiems appropinquabat.” (De Bello Civili, III. 9.)

After his arrival at Rome towards the end of the year 707, Cæsar started again for the African war. It was only on his return towards the middle of the year 708, that he could devote himself to the re-organisation of the Republic and the reform of the calendar. According to Dio Cassius (XLIII. 26), “as the days of the year did not concord well together, Cæsar introduced the present manner of reckoning, by intercalating 67 days necessary to restore the concordance. Some authors have pretended that he intercalated more; but this is the truth.”[936]

What concordance was it that required to be established thus? The 67 days necessary were exactly what required to be added that, in the secular year of Rome 700, the Julian month of March should coincide with the ancient Roman month of March. The month of March of the year 700 of Rome is the true starting-point of the Julian style.

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 64 BEFORE CHRIST.

SEPTEMBER. OCTOBER. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER.

YEAR OF ROME.

690 690 690 690-691

1 XVI Kal.Oct. XVII Kal. Nov. XV Kal. Dec. XIV Kal. Jan.

2XVXVIXIVXIII

3XIVXVXIIIXII

4XIIIXIVXIIXI

5XIIXIIIXIX

6XIXIIXIX

7XXIIXVIII

8IXXVIIIVII

9VIIIIXVIIVI

10VIIVIIIVIV

11VIVIIVIV

12VVIIVIII

13IVVIIIPridie

14 IIIIV PridieKAL. JAN.

15 Pridie III KAL. DEC.IV Nonas

16 KAL. OCT.PridieIV NonasIII

17VI Nonas KAL. NOV.IIIPridie

18VIV NonasPridie Nonæ

19IVIII NonæVIII Idus

20IIIPridieVIII IdusVII

21PridieNonæVIIVI

22NonæVIII IdusVIV

23VIII IdusVIIVIV

24VIIVIIVIII

25VIVIIIPridie

26VIVPridieIdus

27IVIII IdusXVII Kal.Feb.

28IIIPridieXVII Kal.Jan.XVI

29Pridie IdusXVIXV

30 IdusXVII Kal. Dec.XVXIV

31XVIXIII

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 64 BEFORE CHRIST.

JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MARCH. APRIL. MAY. JUNE.

YEAR OF ROME.

691 691 691 691 691 691

1 XII K. Feb. IX K. Mar. XII K.Apr. X Kal. Maii XI Kal. Ju. IX K.Quin.

2XIVIIIXIIXXVIII

3XVIIXVIIIIXVII

4IXVIIXVIIVIIIVI

5VIIIVVIIIVIVIIV

6VIIIVVIIVVIIV

7VIIIIVIIVVIII

8VPridieVIIIIVPridie

9 IVKAL. MAR.IVPridieIIIKAL QUIN.

10IIIVI NonasIIIKAL.MAIIPridieVI Nonas

11PridieVPridieVI NonasKAL. JUN.V

12KAL. FEB. IVKAL. APR.VIV NonasIV

13IV NonasIIIIV NonasIVIIIIII

14IIIPridieIIIIIIPridiePridie

15Pridie NonæPridiePridie Nonæ Nonæ

16 NonæVIII Idus NonæVIII IdusVIII IdusVIII Idus

17VIII IdusVIIVIII IdusVTII IdusVIIVII

18VIIVIVIIVIIVIVI

19VIVVIVIVV

20VIVVVIVIV

21IVIIIIVIVIIIIII

22IIIPridieIIIIIIPridiePridie

23Pridie IdusPridiePridie Idus Idus

24 IdusXVII K.AP. Idus IdusXVII Kal. Quin.XVII K.Sex.

25XVI K. Mr.XVIXVII Kal. MaiiXVII K.Jun.XVIXVI

26XVXVXVIXVIXVXV

27XIVXIVXVXVXIVXIV

28XIIIXIIIXIVXIVXIIIXIII

29XIIXIIIXIIIXIIXII

30XIXIIXIIXIXI

31XXIX

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 63 BEFORE CHRIST.

JULY. AUGUST. SEPTEMBER. OCTOBER. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER.

YEAR OF ROME.

691 691 691 691 691 691-692

1X Kal.Sex.VIII K.Sep.VI Kal.Oct.VII K. Nov.V Kal.Dec.IV Kal.Jan.

2IXVIIVVIIVIII

3VIIIVIIVVIIIPridie

4VIIVIIIIVPridieKAL. JAN.

5VIIVPridieIIIKAL. DEC.IV Nonas

6VIIIKAL. OCT.PridieIV NonasIII

7IVPridieVI NonasKAL. NOV.IIIPridie

8IIIKAL. SEP.VIV NonasPridie Nonæ

9PridieIV NonasIVIII NonæVIII Idus

10KAL. SEX.IIIIIIPridieVIII IdusVII

11IV NonasPridiePridie NonæVIIVI

12III Nonæ NonæVIII IdusVIV

13PridieVIII IdusVIII IdusVIIVIV

14 NonæVIIVIIVIIVIII

15VIII IdusVIVIVIIIPridie

16VIIVVIVPridie Idus

17VIIVIVIII IdusXVII K.Fb.

18VIIIIIIPridieXVII K.Jn.XVI

19IVPridiePridie IdusXVIXV

20III Idus IdusXVII K.Dc.XVXIV

21PridieXVII K.Oct.XVII K.Nv.XVIXIVXIII

22 IdusXVIXVIXVXIIIXII

23XVIIK.Sep.XVXVXIVXIIXI

24XVIXIVXIVXIIIXIX

25XVXIIIXIIIXIIXIX

26XIVXIIXIIXIIXVIII

27XIIIXIXIXVIIIVII

28XIIXXIXVIIVI

29XIIXIXVIIIVIV

30XVIIIVIIIVIIVIV

31IXVIIVIIII

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 62 BEFORE CHRIST.

JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MARCH. APRIL. MAY. JUNE.

YEAR OF ROME.

692 692 692 692 692 692

1 Pr. K. Feb. VI Id. int. VII Id.Mar. V Id. Apr. VI Id.Maii. IV Id.Jun.

2KAL. FEB.VVIIVVIII

3IV NonasIVVIIIIVPridie

4IIIIIIIVPridieIII Idus

5PridiePridieIII IdusPridieXVII K.Qu.

6 Nonæ IdusPridieXVII K. M. IdusXVI

7VIII IdusXV K. Mar. IdusXVIXVII K. Ju.XV

8VIIXIVXVII K.Ap.XVXVIXIV

9VIXIIIXVIXIVXVXIII

10VXIIXVXIIIXIVXII

11IVXIXIVXIIXIIIXI

12IIIXXIIIXIXIIX

13PridieIXXIIXXIIX

14 IdusVIIIXIIXXVIII

15XI Kal.int.VIIXVIIIIXVII

16XVIIXVIIVIIIVI

17IXVVIIIVIVIIV

18VIIIIVVIIVVIIV

19VIIIIIVIIVVIII

20VIPridieVIIIIVPridie

21VKAL. MAR.IVPridieIIIKAL. QUIN.

22IVVI NonasIIIKAL MAIIPridieVI Nonas

23IIIVPridieVI NonasKAL. JUN.V

24PridieIVKAL. APR.VIV NonasIV

25KAL. INT.IIIIV NonasIVIIIIII

26IV NonasPridieIIIIIIPridiePridie

27III NonæPridiePridie Nonæ Nonæ

28PridieVIII Idus Nonæ NonæVIII IdusVIII Idus

29 NonæVIII IdusVIII IdusVIIVII

30VIII IdusVIIVIIVIVI

31VIIVIV

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 62 BEFORE CHRIST.

JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MARCH. APRIL. MAY. JUNE.

YEAR OF ROME.

692 692 692 692 692 692-693

1V Id. Quin.III Id.Sex.Idus Sept.Pr.Id. Oct.XVII K.Dec.XVI K. Jan.

2IVPridieXVII K.Oct. IdusXVIXV

3III IdusXVIXVII K. Nv.XVXIV

4PridieXVII K.Sep.XVXVIXIVXIII

5 IdusXVIXIVXVXIIIXII

6XVII K.Sex.XVXIIIXIVXIIXI

7XVIXIVXIIXIIIXIX

8XVXIIIXIXIIXIX

9XIVXIIXXIIXVIII

10XIIIXIIXXVIIIVII

11XIIXVIIIIXVIIVI

12XIIXVIIVIIIVIV

13XVIIIVIVIIVIV

14IXVIIVVIIVIII

15VIIIVIIVVIIIPridie.

16VIIVIIIIVPridieKAL. JAN.

17VIIVPridieIIIKAL DEC.IV Nonas

18VIII KAL. OCT.PridieIV NonasIII

19IVPridieVI NonasKAL. NOV.IIIPridie

20III KAL. SEP.VIV NonasPridie Nonæ

21PridieIV NonasIVIIINonæVIII Idus

22KAL. SEX.IIIIIIPridieVIII IdusVII

23IV NonasPridiePridie NonæVIIVI

24III Nonæ NonæVIII IdusVIV

25PridieVIII IdusVIII IdusVIIVIV

26NonæVIIVIIVIIVIII

27VIII IdusVIVIVIIIPridie

28VIIVVIVPridie Idus

29VIIVIVIII IdusXVII K. Fb.

30VIIIIIIPridieXVII K.Jan.XVI

31IVPridie IdusXV

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 62 BEFORE CHRIST. (BISSEXTILE.)

JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MARCH. APRIL. MAY. JUNE.

YEAR OF ROME.

693 693 693 693 693 693

1XIV K.Feb. XI K.Mar. XIII K.Ap. XI K.Maii XII K.Jun. X Kal.Qu.

2XIIIXXIIXXIIX

3XIIIXXIIXXVIII

4XIVIIIXVIIIIXVII

5XVIIIXVIIVIIIVI

6IXVIVIIIVIVIIV

7VIIIVVIIVVIIV

8VIIIVVIIVVIII

9VIIIIVIIIIVPridie

10VPridieIVPridieIIIKAL.QUIN.

11IVKAL. MAR.IIIKAL. MAIIPridieVI Nonas

12IIIVI NonasPridieVI NonasKAL. JUN.V

13PridieVKAL. APR.VIV NonasIV

14KAL.FEB.IVIV NonasIVIIIIII

15IV NonasIIIIIIIIIPridiePridie

16IIIPridiePridiePridie Nonæ Nonæ

17Pridie Nonæ Nonæ NonæVIII IdusVIII Idus

18 NonæVIII IdusVIII IdusVIII IdusVIIVII

19VIII IdusVIIVIIVIIVIVI

20VIIVIVIVIVV

21VIVVVIVIV

22VIVIVIVIIIIII

23IVIIIIIIIIIPridiePridie

24IIIPridiePridiePridieIdusIdus

25Pridie Idus Idus IdusXVII K.Qu.XVII K.Sex.

26 IdusXVII K.Ap.XVII K.M.XVII K.Jn.XVIXVI

27XVIK.Mr.XVIXVIXVIXVXV

28XVXVXVXVXIVXIV

29XIVXIVXIVXIVXIIIXIII

30XIIIXIIIXIIIXIIXII

31XIIXIIXI

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 61 BEFORE CHRIST.

JULY. AUGUST. SEPTEMBER. OCTOBER. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER.

YEAR OF ROME.

693 693 693 693 693 693-694

1 XI K.Sex IX K.Sep. VII K.Oct. VIII K.Nv. VI K.Dec. V Kal. Jan

2XVIIIVIVIIVIV

3IXVIIVVIIVIII

4VIIIVIIVVIIIPridie

5VIIVIIIIVPridieKAL. JAN.

6VIIVPridieIIIKAL. DEC.IV Nonas

7VIIIKAL. OCT.PridieIV NonasIII

8IVPridieVI NonasKAL. NOV.IIIPridie

9IIIKAL. SEP.VIV NonasPridie Nonæ

10PridieIV NonasIVIII NonæVIII Idus

11KAL. SEX.IIIIIIPridieVIII IdusVII

12IV NonasPridiePridie NonæVIIVI

13III Nonæ NonæVIII IdusVIV

14PridieVIII IdusVIII IdusVIIVIV

15 NonæVIIVIIVIIVIII

16VIII IdusVIVIVIIIPridie

17VIIVVIVPridie Idus

18VIIVIVIII IdusXVII K.Fb.

19VIIIIIIPridieXVII K.JanXVI

20IVPridiePridie IdusXVIXV

21III Idus IdusXVII K.DecXVXIV

22PridieXVII K.OctXVII K.Nv.XVIXIVXIII

23 IdusXVIXVIXVXIIIXII

24XVII K.SepXVXVXIVXIIXI

25XVIXIVXIVXIIIXIX

26XVXIIIXIIIXIIXIX

27XIVXIIXIIXIIXVIII

28XIIIXIXIXVIIIVII

29XIIXXIXVIIVI

30XIIXIXVIIIVIV

31XXIIIVIIIV

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 60 BEFORE CHRIST.

JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MARCH. APRIL. MAY. JUNE.

YEAR OF ROME.

694 694 694 694 694 694

1 III K. Feb. VII Id. int. Nonæ Mart. VIII d. Ap. VIII Id. Ma. VI Id. Jun.

2PridieVIVIII IdusVIVIIV

3KAL. FEB.VVIIVVIIV

4IV NonasIVVIIVVIII

5IIIIIIVIIIIVPridie

6PridiePridieIVPridieIII Idus

7 Nonæ IdusIII IdusPridieXVII K. Qu.

8VIII IdusXVI K. Mar.PridieXVII K.M. IdusXVI

9VIIXV IdusXVIXVII K. Ju.XV

10VIXIVXVII K. Ap.XVXVIXIV

11VXIIIXVIXIVXVXIII

12IVXIIXVXIIIXIVXII

13IIIXIXIVXIIXIIIXI

14PridieXXIIIXIXIIX

15 IdusIXXIIXXIIX

16XI Kal. int.VIIIXIIXXVIII

17XVIIXVIIIIXVII

18IXVIIXVIIVIIIVI

19VIIIVVIIIVIVIIV

20VIIIVVIIVVIIV

21VIIIIVIIVVIII

22VPridieVIIIIVPridie

23IVKAL. MAR.IVPridieIIIKAL. QUIN.

24IIIVI NonasIIIKAL. MAIIPridieVI Nonas

25PridieVPridieVI NonasKAL. JUN.V

26KAL. INT.IVKAL. APR.VIV NonasIV

27IV NonasIIIIV NonasIVIIIIII

28IIIPridieIIIIIIPridiePridie

29PridiePridiePridie Nonæ Nonæ

30 Nonæ Nonæ NonæVIII IdusVIII Idus

31VIII IdusVIII IdusVII

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 60 BEFORE CHRIST.

JULY. AUGUST. SEPTEMBER. OCTOBER. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER.

YEAR OF ROME.

694 694 694 694 694 694-695

1 VII Id. Qu. V Id. Sext. III Id. Sep. IV Id. Oct. Pr. Id. Nov. Idus Dec.

2VIIVPridieIIIIdusXVII K. Jn.

3VIII IdusPridieXVII K.Dc.XVI

4IVPridieXVII K. Oct IdusXVIXV

5III IdusXVIXVII K.Nv.XVXIV

6PridieXVII K.Sep.XVXVIXIVXIII

7 IdusXVIXIVXVXIIIXII

8XVII K.Sex.XVXIIIXIVXIIXI

9XVIXIVXIIXIIIXIX

10XVXIIIXIXIIXIX

11XIVXIIXXIIXVIII

12XIIIXIIXXVIIIVII

13XIIXVIIIIXVIIVI

14XIIXVIIVIIIVIV

15XVIIIVIVIIVIV

16IXVIIVVIIVIII

17VIIIVIIVVIIIPridie

18VIIVIIIIVPridieKAL. JAN.

19VIIVPridieIIIKAL. DEC.IV Nonas

20VIIIKAL. OCT.PridieIV NonasIII

21IVPridieVI NonasKAL. NOV.IIIPridie

22IIIKAL SEP.VIV NonasPridie Nonæ

23PridieIV NonasIVIII NonæVIII Idus

24KAL. SEX.IIIIIIPridieVIII IdusVII

25IV NonasPridiePridie NonæVIIVI

26III Nonæ NonæVIII IdusVIV

27PridieVIII IdusVIII IdusVIIVIV

28 NonaeVIIVIIVIIVIII

29VIII IdusVIVIVIIIPridie

30VIIVVIVPridie Idus

31VIIVIIIXVII K.Fb.

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 59 BEFORE CHRIST.

JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MARCH. APRIL. MAY. JUNE.

YEAR OF ROME.

695 695 695 695 695 695

1 XVI K. Feb. XIII K. Mr. XVI K. Ap. XIV K. Maii XV K. Jun. XIII K. Qn.

2XVXIIXVXIIIXIVXII

3XIVXIXIVXIIXIIIXI

4XIIIXXIIIXIXIIX

5XIIIXXIIXXIIX

6XIVIIIXIIXXVIII

7XVIIXVIIIIXVII

8IXVIIXVIIVIIIVI

9VIIIVVIIIVIVIIV

10VIIIVVIIVVIIV

11VIIIIVIIVVIII

12VPridieVIIIIVPridie

13IV KAL. MAR.IVPridieIII KAL QUIN.

14IIIVI NonasIII KAL. MAIIPridieVI Nonas

15PridieVPridieVI Nonas KAL.JUN.V

16 KAL. FEB.IV KAL APR.VIV NonasIV

17IV NonasIIIIV NonasIVIIIIII

18IIIPridieIIIIIIPridiePridie

19Pridie NonæPridiePridie NonæNonæ

20 NonæVIII Idus Nonæ NonæVIII IdusVIII Idus

21VIII IdusVIIVIII IdusVIII IdusVIIVII

22VIIVIVIIVIIVIVI

23VIVVIVIVV

24VIVVVIVIV

25IVIIIIVIVIIIIII

26IIIPridieIIIIIIPridiePridie

27Pridie IdusPridiePridie Idus Idus

28 IdusXVII K. Ap. Idus IdusXVII K. Qu.XVII K.SEX.

29XVI K. Mr.XVII K.M.XVII K. Ju.XVIXVI

30XVXVIXVIXVXV

31XIVXVXIV

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 59 BEFORE CHRIST.

JULY. AUGUST. SEPTEMBER. OCTOBER. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER.

YEAR OF ROME.

695 695 695 695 695 695-696

1 XIV K. Sex. XII K. Sep. X Kal. Oct. XI K. Nov. IX K. Dec. VIIl K.Jan.

2XIIIXIIXXVIIIVII

3XIIXVIIIIXVIIVI

4XIIXVIIVIIIVIV

5XVIIIVIVIIVIV

6IXVIIVVIIVIII

7VIIIVIIVVIIIPridie

8VIIVIIIIVPridie KAL. JAN.

9VIIVPridieIII KAL.DEC.IV Nonas

10VIII KAL OCT.PridieIV NonasIII

11IVPridieVI Nonas KAL. NOV.IIIPridie

12III KAL. SEP.VIV NonasPridie Nonæ

13PridieIV NonasIVIII NonæVIII Idus

14 KAL. SEX.IIIIIIPridieVIII IdusVII

15IV NonasPridiePridie NonæVIIVI

16III Nonæ NonæVIII IdusVIV

17PridieVIII IdusVIII IdusVIIVIV

18 NonæVIIVIIVIIVIII

19VIII IdusVIVIVIIIPridie

20VIIVVIVPridie Idus

21VIIVIVIII IdusXVII K. Fb.

22VIIIIIIPridieXVII K.Jan.XVI

23IVPridiePridie IdusXVIXV

24III Idus IdusXVII K.Dec.XVXIV

25PridieXVII K.Oct.XVII K. Nv.XVIXIVXIII

26 IdasXVIXVIXVXIIIXII

27XVII K.Sep.XVXVXIVXIIXI

28XVIXIVXIVXIIIXIX

29XVXIIIXIIIXIIXIX

30XIVXIIXIIXIIXVIII

31XIIIXIXVII

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 58 BEFORE CHRIST.

JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MARCH. APRIL. MAY. JUNE.

YEAR OF ROME.

696 696 696 696 696 696

1 VI K. Feb. Pr.Non.int. III Non.Mr. Nonæ Ap. Pr.Non.Ma. VIII Id Ju.

2V NonæPridieVIII IdusNonæVII

3IVVIII Idus NonæVIIVIII IdusVI

4IIIVIIVIII IdusVIVIIV

5PridieVIVIIVVIIV

6KAL. FEB.VVIIVVIII

7IV NonasIVVIIIIVPridie

8IIIIIIIVPridieIII Idus

9PridiePridieIII IdusPridieXVII K.Qu.

10 Nonæ IdusPridieXVII K.M. IdusXVI

11VIII IdusXV K. Man IdusXVIXVII K.Ju.XV

12VIIXIVXVII K.Ap.XVXVIXIV

13VIXIIIXVIXIVXVXIII

14VXIIXVXIIIXIVXII

15IVXIXIVXIIXIIIXI

16IIIXXIIIXIXIIX

17PridieIXXIIXXIIX

18 IdusVIIIXIIXXVIII

19XI Kal.int.VIIXVIIIIXVII

20XVIIXVIIVIIIVI

21IXVVIIIVIVIIV

22VIIIIVVIIVVIIV

23VIIIIIVIIVVIII

24VIPridieVIIIIVPridie

25V KAL. MAR.IVPridieIII KAL. QUIN.

26IVVI NonasIII KAL. MAIIPridieVI Nonas

27IIIVPridieVI Nonas KAL. JUN.V

28PridieIV KAL.APR.VIV NonasIV

29 KAL. INT.IV NonasIVIIIIII

30IV NonasIIIIIIPridiePridie

31IIIPridie Nonæ

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 58 BEFORE CHRIST.

JULY. AUGUST. SEPTEMBER. OCTOBER. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER.

YEAR OF ROME.

696 696 696 696 696 696-697

1 Nonæ Qu. VII Id.Sex V Id.Sept. VI Id.Oct. IV Id.Nov. III Id.Dec.

2VIII IdusVIIVVIIIPridie

3VIIVIIIIVPridie Idus

4VIIVPridieIII IdusXVII K.Jn.

5VIII IdusPridieXVII K.Dc.XVI

6IVPridieXVII K.Oct IdusXVIXV

7III IdusXVIXVII K.Nv.XVXIV

8PridieXVII K.SepXVXVIXIVXIII

9 IdusXVIXIVXVXIIIXII

10XVII K.SexXVXIIIXIVXIIXI

11XVIXIVXIIXIIIXIX

12XVXIIIXIXIIXIX

13XIVXIIXXIIXXIII

14XIIIXIIXXVIIIVII

15XIIXVIIIIXVIIVI

16XIIXVIIVIIIVIV

17XVIIIVIVIIVIV

18IXVIIVVIIVIII

19VIIIVIIVVIIIPridie

20VIIVIIIIVPridie KAL. JAN.

21VIIVPridieIII KAL. DEC.IV Nonas

22VIII KAL. OCT.PridieIV NonasIII

23IVPridieVI Nonas KAL. NOV.IIIPridie

24III KAL. SEP.VIV NonasPridie Nonæ

25PridieIV NonasIVIII NonæVIII Idus

26 KAL. SEX.IIIIIIPridieVIII IdusVII

27IV NonasPridiePridie NonæVIIVI

28III Nonæ NonæVIII IdusVIV

29PridieVIII IdusVIII IdusVIIVIV

30 NonæVIIVIIVIIVIII

31VIII IdusVIVPridie

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 57 BEFORE CHRIST. (BISSEXTILE.)

JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MARCH. APRIL. MAY. JUNE.

YEAR OF ROME.

697 697 697 697 697 697

1 Idus Jan. XV K.Mar. XVII K.Ap. XV K.Maii XVI K.Jun. XIV K.Qu.

2XVII K.Fb.XIVXVIXIVXVXIII

3XVIXIIIXVXIIIXIVXII

4XVXIIXIVXIIXIIIXI

5XIVXIXIIIXIXIIX

6XIIIXXIIXXIIX

7XIIIXXIIXXVIII

8XIVIIIXVIIIIXVII

9XVIIIXVIIVIIIVI

10IXVIVIIIVIVIIV

11VIIIVVIIVVIIV

12VIIIVVIIVVIII

13VIIIIVIIIIVPridie

14VPridieIVPridieIII KAL. QUIN.

15IV KAL. MAR.III KAL. MAIIPridieVI Nonas

16IIIVI NonasPridieVI Nonas KAL. JUN.V

17PridieV KAL. APR.VIV NonasIV

18 KAL. FEB.IVIV NonasIVIIIIII

19IV NonasIIIIIIIIIPridiePridie

20IIIPridiePridiePridie Nonæ Nonæ

21Pridie Nonæ Nonæ NonæVIII IdusVIII Idus

22 NonæVIII IdusVIII IdusVIII IdusVIIVII

23VIII IdusVIIVIIVIIVIVI

24VIIVIVIVIVV

25VIVVVIVIV

26VIVIVIVIIIIII

27IVIIIIIIIIIPridiePridie

28IIIPridiePridiePridie Idus Idus

29Pridie Idus Idus IdusXVII K.Qu.XVII K.Sex.

30 IdusXVII K.M.XVII K.Jn.XVIXVI

31XVI K.Mr.XVIXV

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 57 BEFORE CHRIST. (BISSEXTILE.)

JULY. AUGUST. SEPTEMBER. OCTOBER. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER.

YEAR OF ROME.

697 697 697 697 697 697-698

1 XV K.Sex. XIII K.Sep XI Kal.Oct XII K.Nov. X Kal.Dec. IX Kal.Jan.

2XIVXIIXXIIXXIII

3XIIIXIIXXVIIIVII

4XIIXVIIIIXVIIVI

5XIIXVIIVIIIVIV

6XVIIIVIVIIVIV

7IXVIIVVIIVIII

8VIIIVIIVVIIIPridie

9VIIVIIIIVPridie KAL. JAN.

10VIIVPridieIII KAL. DEC.IV Nonas

11VIII KAL. OCT.PridieIV NonasIII

12IVPridieVI Nonas KAL. NOV.IIIPridie

13III KAL. SEP.VIV NonasPridie Nonæ

14PridieIV NonasIVIII NonæIII Idus

15 KAL. SEX.IIIIIIPridieVIII IdusVII

16IV NonasPridiePridie NonæVIIVI

17III Nonæ NonæVIII IdusVIV

18PridieVIII IdusVIII IdusVIIVIV

19 NonæVIIVIIVIIVIII

20VIIIVIVIVIIIPridie

21VIIVVIVPridie Idus

22VIIVIVIII IdusXVII K. Fb.

23VIIIIIIPridieXVII K.JanXVI

24IVPridiePridie IdusXVIXV

25III Idus IdusXVII K.DecXVXIV

26PridieXVII K.OctXVII K.Nv.XVIXIVXIII

27 IdusXVIXVIXVXIIIXII

28XVII K.SepXVXVXIVXIIXI

29XVIXIVXIVXIIIXIX

30XVXIIIXIIIXIIXIX

31XIVXIIXIXIII

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 56 BEFORE CHRIST.

JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MARCH. APRIL. MAY. JUNE.

YEAR OF ROME.

698 698 698 698 698 698

1 VII K.Feb. IIINon.int V Non.Mr. III Non.Ap IV Non.Ma. Pr.Non.Ju.

2VIPridieIVPridieIII Nonæ

3V NonæIII NonæPridieVIII Idus

4IVVIII IdusPridieVIII Idus NonæVII

5IIIVII NonæVIIVIII IdusVI

6PridieVIVIII IdusVIVIIV

7 KAL. FEB.VVIIVVIIV

8IV NonasIVVIIVVIII

9IIIIIIVIIIIVPridie

10PridiePridieIVPridieIIIIdus

11 Nonæ IdusIII IdusPridieXVII K.Qu.

12VIII IdusXVI K.Mar.PridieXVII K.M. IdusXVI

13VIIXV IdusXVIXVII K.Ju.XV

14VIXIVXVII K.Ap.XVXVIXIV

15VXIIIXVIXIVXVXIII

16IVXIIXVXIIIXIVXII

17IIIXIXIVXIIXIIIXI

18PridieXXIIIXIXIIX

19 IdusIXXIIXXIIX

20XI Kal.int.VIIIXIIXXVIII

21XVIIXVIIIIXVII

22IXVIIXVIIVIIIVI

23VIIIVVIIIVIVIIV

24VIIIVVIIVVIIV

25VIIIIVIIVVIII

26VPridieVIIIIVPridie

27IV KAL. MAR.IVPridieIII KAL.QUIN.

28IIIVI NonasIII KAL. MAIIPridieVI Nonas

29PridiePridieVI Nonas KAL. JUN.V

30 KAL. INT. KAL. APR.VIV NonasIV

31IV NonasIV NonasIII

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 56 BEFORE CHRIST.

JULY. AUGUST. SEPTEMBER. OCTOBER. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER.

YEAR OF ROME.

698 698 698 698 698 698-699

1 III Non. Qu. Nonæ Sext. VII Id. Sep. VIII Id. Oct. VI Id. Nov. V Idus Dec.

2PridieVIII IdusVIVIIVIV

3 NonæVIIVVIIVIII

4VIII IdusVIIVVIIIPridie

5VIIVIIIIVPridie Idus

6VIIVPridieIII IdusXVII K. Jn.

7VIII IdusPridieXVII K. De.XVI

8IVPridieXVII K. Oct. IdusXVIXV

9III IdusXVIXVII K. Nv.XVXIV

10PridieXVII K. Sep.XVXVIXIVXIII

11 IdusXVIXIVXVXIIIXII

12XVII K. Sex.XVXIIIXIVXIIXI

13XVIXIVXIIXIIIXIX

14XVXIIIXIXIIXIX

15XIVXIIXXIIXVIII

16XIIIXIIXXVIIIVII

17XIIXVIIIIXVIIVI

18XIIXVIIVIIIVIV

19XVIIIVIVIIVIV

20IXVIIVVIIVIII

21VIIIVIIVVIIIPridie

22VIIVIIIIVPridie KAL. JAN.

23VIIVPridieIII KAL. DEC.IV Nonas

24VIII KAL. OCT.PridieIV NonasIII

25IVPridieVI Nonas KAL. NOV.IIIPridie

26III KAL. SEP.VIV NonasPridie Nonæ

27PridieIV NonasIVIII NonæVIII Idus

28 KAL. SEX.IIIIIIPridieVIII IdusVII

29IV NonasPridiePridie NonæVIIVI

30III Nonæ NonæVIII IdusVIV

31PridieVIII IdusVIIIV

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 55 BEFORE CHRIST.

JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MARCH. APRIL. MAY. JUNE.

YEAR OF ROME.

699 699 699 699 699 699

1 III Id.Jan Idus Feb III Id.Mar Idus Apr Pr.Id.Ma. XVII K.Qu.

2PridieXVI K. Mr.PridieXVII K.Mr. IdusXVI

3 IdusXV IdusXVIXVII K.Ju.XV

4XVII K.Fb.XIVXVII K.Ap.XVXVIXIV

5XVIXIIIXVIXIVXVXIII

6XVXIIXVXIIIXIVXII

7XIVXIXIVXIIXIIIXI

8XIIIXXIIIXIXIIX

9XIIIXXIIXXIIX

10XIVIIIXIIXXVIII

11XVIIXVIIIIXVII

12IXVIIXVIIVIIIVI

13VIIIVVIIIVIVIIV

14VIIIVVIIVVIIV

15VIIIIVIIVVIII

16VPridieVIIIIVPridie

17IV KAL. MAR.IVPridieIII KAL.QUIN.

18IIIVI NonasIII KAL. MAIIPridieVI Nonas

19PridieVPridieVI Nonas KAL. JUN.V

20 KAL. FEB.IV KAL. APR.VIV NonasIV

21IV NonasIIIIV NonasIVIIIIII

22IIIPridieIIIIIIPridiePridie

23Pridie NonæPridiePridie Nonæ Nonæ

24 NonæVIII Idus Nonæ NonæVIII IdusVIII Idus

25VIII IdusVIIVIII IdusVIII IdusVIIVII

26VIIVIVIIVIIVIVI

27VIVVIVIVV

28VIVVVIVIV

29IVIVIVIIIIII

30IIIIIIIIIPridiePridie

31PridiePridie Idus

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 55 BEFORE CHRIST.

JULY. AUGUST. SEPTEMBER. OCTOBER. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER.

YEAR OF ROME.

699 699 699 699 699 699-700

1 Idus Qu. XVI K.Sep. XIV K.Oct. XV K.Nov. XIII K.Dec XII K. Jan.

2XVII K.SexXVXIIIXIVXIIXI

3XVIXIVXIIXIIIXIX

4XVXIIIXIXIIXIX

5XIVXIIXXIIXVIII

6XIIIXIIXXVIIIVII

7XIIXVIIIIXVIIVI

8XIIXVIIVIIIVIV

9XVIIIVIVIIVIV

10IXVIIVVIIVIII

11VIIIVIIVVIIIPridie

12VIIVIIIIVPridie KAL. JAN.

13VIIVPridieIII KAL. DEC.IV Nonas

14VIII KAL. OCT.PridieIV NonasIII

15IVPridieVI Nonas KAL. NOV.IIIPridie

16III KAL. SEP.VIV NonasPridie Nonæ

17PridieIV NonasIVIII NonæVIII Idus

18 KAL. SEX.IIIIIIPridieVIII IdusVII

19IV NonasPridiePridie NonæVIIVI

20III Nonæ NonæVII IdusVIV

21PridieVIII IdusVIII IdusVIIVIV

22 NonæVIIVIIVIIVIII

23VIII IdusVIVIVIIIPridie

24VIIVVIVPridie Idus

25VIIVIVIII IdusXVII K.Fb.

26VIIIIIIPridieXVII K.JanXVI

27IVPridiePridie IdusXVIXV

28III Idus IdusXVII K.DecXVXIV

29PridieXVII K.OctXVII K.Nv.XVIXIVXIII

30 IdusXVIXVIXVXIIIXII

31XVII K.SepXVXIVXI

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 54 BEFORE CHRIST.

JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MARCH. APRIL. MAY. JUNE.

YEAR OF ROME.

700 700 700 700 700 700

1 X Kal. Feb. Pr. Kal. int. KAL. MAR. KAL. APR. VI Non.Ma. IV Non. Ju.

2IX KAL. INT.VI NonasIV NonasVIII

3VIIIIV NonasVIIIIVPridie

4VIIIIIIVPridieIII Nonæ

5VIPridieIII NonæPridieVIII Idus

6V NonæPridieVIII Idus NonæVII

7IVVIII Idus NonæVIIVIII IdusVI

8IIIVIIVIII IdusVIVIIV

9PridieVIVIIVVIIV

10 KAL. FEB.VVIIVVIII

11IV NonasIVVIIIIVPridie

12IIIIIIIVPridieIII Idus

13PridiePridieIII IdusPridieXVII K. Qu.

14 Nonæ IdusPridieXVII K.M. IdusXVI

15VIII IdusXV K. Mar. IdusXVIXVII K.Ju.XV

16VIIXIVXVII K. Ap.XVXVIXIV

17VIXIIIXVIXIVXVXIII

18VXIIXVXIIIXIVXII

19IVXIXIVXIIXIIIXI

20IIIXXIIIXIXIIX

21PridieIXXIIXXIIX

22 IdusVIIIXIIXXVIII

23XI Kal. int.VIIXVIIIIXVII

24XVIIXVIIVIIIVI

25IXVVIIIVIVIIV

26VIIIIVVIIVVIIV

27VIIIIIVIIVVIII

28VIPridieVIIIIVPridie

29VIVPridieIII KAL. QUIN.

30IVIII KAL. MAIIPridieVI Nonas

31IIIPridie KAL. JUN.

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 54 BEFORE CHRIST.

JULY. AUGUST. SEPTEMBER. OCTOBER. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER.

YEAR OF ROME.

700 700 700 700 700 700-701

1 V Non. Qu. III Non.Sex Nonæ Sept. Pr.Non.Oct VIII Id.No VII Id.Dec.

2IVPridieVIII Idus NonæVIIVI

3III NonæVIIVIII IdusVIV

4PridieVIII IdusVIVIIVIV

5 NonæVIIVVIIVIII

6VIII IdusVIIVVIIIPridie

7VIIVIIIIVPridie Idus

8VIIVPridieIII IdusXVII K.Jn.

9VIII IdusPridieXVII K.Dc.XVI

10IVPridieXVII K.Oct IdusXVIXV

11III IdusXVIXVII K.Nv.XVXIV

12PridieXVII K.Sep.XVXVIXIVXIII

13 IdusXVIXIVXVXIIIXII

14XVIIK.Sex.XVXIIIXIVXIIXI

15XVIXIVXIIXIIIXIX

16XVXIIIXIXIIXIX

17XIVXIIXXIIXVIII

18XIIIXIIXXVIIIVII

19XIIXVIIIIXVIIVI

20XIIXVIIVIIIVIV

21XVIIIVIVIIVIV

22IXVIIVVIIVIII

23VIIIVIIVVIIIPridie

24VIIVIIIIVPridie KAL.JAN.

25VIIVPridieIII KAL.DEC.IV Nonas

26VIII KAL.OCT.PridieIV NonasIII

27IVPridieVI Nonas KAL.NOV.IIIPridie

28III KAL.SEP.VIV NonasPridie Nonæ

29PridieIV NonasIVIII NonæVIII Idus

30 KAL.SEX.IIIIIIPridieVIII IdusVII

31IV NonasPridie NonæVI

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 53 BEFORE CHRIST. (BISSEXTILE.)

JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MARCH. APRIL. MAY. JUNE.

YEAR OF ROME.

701 701 701 701 701 701

1 V Idus Jan III Id.Feb IV Id.Mar. Pr.Id.Apr. III Id.Maii Idus Jun.

2IVPridieIII IdusPridieXVII K. Qu.

3III IdusPridieXVII K.M. IdusXVI

4PridieXVI K.Mr. IdusXVIXVII K.Ju.XV

5 IdusXVXVII K.Ap.XVXVIXIV

6XVII K.Fb.XIVXVIXIVXVXIII

7XVIXIIIXVXIIIXIVXII

8XVXIIXIVXIIXIIIXI

9XIVXIXIIIXIXIIX

10XIIIXXIIXXIIX

11XIIIXXIIXXVIII

12XIVIIIXVIIIIXVII

13XVIIIXVIIVIIIVI

14IXVIVIIIVIVIIV

15VIIIVVIIVVIIV

16VIIIVVIIVVIII

17VIIIIVIIIIVPridie

18VPridieIVPridieIII KAL. QUIN.

19IV KAL. MAR.III KAL. MAIIPridieVI Nonas

20IIIVI NonasPridieVI Nonas KAL. JUN.V

21PridieV KAL. APR.VIV NonasIV

22 KAL. FEB.IVIV NonasIVIIIIII

23IV NonasIIIIIIIIIPridiePridie

24IIIPridiePridiePridie Nonæ Nonæ

25Pridie Nonæ Nonæ NonæVIII IdusVIII Idus

26 NonæVIII IdusVIII IdusVIII IdusVIIVII

27VIII IdusVIIVIIVIIVIVI

28VIIVIVIVIVV

29VIVVVIVIV

30VIVIVIIIIII

31IVIIIPridie

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 53 BEFORE CHRIST. (BISSEXTILE.)

JULY. AUGUST. SEPTEMBER. OCTOBER. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER.

YEAR OF ROME.

701 701 701 701 701 701-702

1 Pr.Id.Quin XVII K.Sep XV K. Oct. XVI K.Nov. XIV K.Dec. XIII K.Jan.

2 IdusXVIXIVXVXIIIXII

3XVII K.SexXVXIIIXIVXIIXI

4XVIXIVXIIXIIIXIX

5XVXIIIXIXIIXIX

6XIVXIIXXIIXVIII

7XIIIXIIXXVIIIVII

8XIIXVIIIIXVIIVI

9XIIXVIIVIIIVIV

10XVIIIVIVIIVIV

11IXVIIVVIIVIII

12VIIIVIIVVIIIPridie

13VIIVIIIIVPridie KAL.JAN.

14VIIVPridieIII KAL.DEC.IV Nonas

15VIII KAL.OCT.PridieIV NonasIII

16IVPridieVI Nonas KAL. NOV.IIIPridie

17III KAL.SEP.VIV NonasPridie Nonæ

18PridieIV NonasIVIII NonaæVIII Idus

19 KAL.SEX.IIIIIIPridieVIII IdusVII

20IV NonasPridiePridie NonaæVIIVI

21III Nonæ NonæVIII IdusVIV

22PridieVIII IdusVIII IdusVIIVIV

23 NonæVIIVIIVIIVIII

24VIII IdusVIVIVIIIPridie

25VIIVVIVPridie Idus

26VIIVIVIII IdusXVII K.Fb.

27VIIIIIIPridieXVII K.JanXVI

28IVPridiePridie IdusXVIXV

29III Idus IdusXVII K.DecXVXIV

30PridieXVII K.OctXVII K.Nv.XVIXIVXIII

31 IdusXVIXVXII

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 52 BEFORE CHRIST.

JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MARCH. APRIL. MAY. JUNE.

YEAR OF ROME.

702 702 702 702 702 702

1 XI K. Feb. IIIKal.int. III K. Mar. III K. Apr. Pr. K. Maii Pr. K. Jun.

2XPridiePridiePridie KAL.MAII KAL.JUN.

3IX KAL. INT. KAL. MAR. KAL. APR.VI NonasIV Nonas

4VIIIV NonasVI NonasIV NonasVIII

5VIIIIIVIIIIVPridie

6VIPridieIVPridieIII Nonæ

7V NonæIII NonæPridieVIII Idus

8IVVIII IdusPridieVIII Idus NonæVII

9IIIVII NonæVIIVIII IdusVI

10PridieVIVIII IdusVIVIIV

11 KAL. FEB.VVIIVVIIV

12IV NonasIVVIIVVIII

13IIIIIIVIIIIVPridie

14PridiePridieIVPridieIII Idus

15 Nonæ IdusIII IdusPridieXVII K.Qu.

16VIII IdusXVI K. Mar.PridieXVII K.M. IdusXVI

17VIIXV IdusXVIXVII K.Ju.XV

18VIXIVXVII K.Ap.XVXVIXIV

19VXIIIXVIXIVXVXIII

20IVXIIXVXIIIXIVXII

21IIIXIXIVXIIXIIIXI

22PridieXXIIIXIXIIX

23 IdusXXIIXXIIX

24XI Kal int.VIIIXIIXXVIII

25XVIIXVIIIIXVII

26IXVIIXVIIVIIIVI

27VIIIVVIIIVIVIIV

28VIIIVVIIVVIIV

29VIVIIVVIII

30VVIIIIVPridie

31IVIVIII

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 52 BEFORE CHRIST.

JULY. AUGUST. SEPTEMBER. OCTOBER. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER.

YEAR OF ROME.

702 702 702 702 702 702-703

1 KAL. QUIN. KAL. SEX. III Non.Sep IV Non.Oct Pr.Non.Nv. Nonæ Dec.

2VI NonasIV NonasPridieIII NonæVIII Idus

3VIII NonæPridieVIII IdusVII

4IVPridieVII Idus NonæVIIVI

5III NonæVIIVIII IdusVIV

6PridieVIII IdusVIVIIVIV

7 NonæVIIVVIIVIII

8VIII IdusVIIVVIIIPridie

9VIIVIIIIVPridie Idus

10VIIVPridieIII IdusXVII K.Jn.

11VIII IdusPridieXVII K.De.XVI

12IVPridieXVII K.Oct IdusXVIXV

13III IdusXVIXVII K.Nv.XVXIV

14PridieXVII K.SepXVXVIXIVXIII

15 IdusXVIXIVXVXIIIXII

16XVII K.SexXVXIIIXIVXIIXI

17XVIXIVXIIXIIIXIX

18XVXIIIXIXIIXIX

19XIVXIIXXIIXVIII

20XIIIXIIXXVIIIVII

21XIIXVIIIIXVIIVI

22XIIXVIIVIIIVIV

23XVIIIVIVIIVIV

24IXVIIVVIIVIII

25VIIIVIIVVIIIPridie

26VIIVIIIIVPridie KAL. JAN.

27VIIVPridieIII KAL. DEC.IV Nonas

28VIII KAL. OCT.PridieIV NonasIII

29IVPridieVI Nonas KAL. NOV.IIIPridie

30III KAL. SEP.VIV NonasPridie Nonæ

31PridieIV NonasIIIVIII Idus

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 51 BEFORE CHRIST.

JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MARCH. APRIL. MAY. JUNE.

YEAR OF ROME.

703 703 703 703 703 703

1 VII Id.Jan V Id. Feb. VII Id.Mar V Idus Apr VI Id.Maii IV Id.Jun.

2VIIVVIIVVIII

3VIIIVIIIIVPridie

4IVPridieIVPridieIII Idus

5III IdusIII IdusPridieXVII K.Qu.

6PridieXVI K.Mr.PridieXVII K.Mr. IdusXVI

7 IdusXV IdusXVIXVII K.Ju.XV

8XVII K.Fb.XIVXVII K.Ap.XVXVIXIV

9XVIXIIIXVIXIVXVXIII

10XVXIIXVXIIIXIVXII

11XIVXIXIVXIIXIIIXI

12XIIIXXIIIXIXIIX

13XIIIXXIIXXIIX

14XIVIIIXIIXXVIII

15XVIIXVIIIIXVII

16IXVIIXVIIVIIIVI

17VIIIVVIIIVIVIIV

18VIIIVVIIVVIIV

19VIIIIVIIVVIII

20VPridieVIIIIVPridie

21IV KAL. MAR.IVPridieIII KAL. QUIN.

22IIIVI NonasIII KAL. MAIIPridieVI Nonas

23PridieVPridieVI Nonas KAL. JUN.V

24 KAL. FEB.IV KAL. APR.VIV NonasIV

25IV NonasIIIIV NonasIVIIIIII

26IIIPridieIIIIIIPridiePridie

27Pridie NonæPridiePridie Nonæ Nonæ

28 NonæVIII Idus Nonæ NonæVIII IdusVIII Idus

29VIII IdusVIII IdusVIII IdusVIIVII

30VIIVIIVIIVIVI

31VIVIV

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 51 BEFORE CHRIST.

JULY. AUGUST. SEPTEMBER. OCTOBER. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER.

YEAR OF ROME.

703 703 703 703 703 703-704

1 V Id. Quin. III Id. Sex. Idus Sept. Pr.Id.Oct. XVII K.DEC. XVI K. Jan.

2IVPridieXVII K.Oct.IdusXVIXV

3IIIIdusXVIXVII K.Nv.XVXIV

4PridieXVII K.Sep.XVXVIXIVXIII

5IdusXVIXIVXVXIIIXII

6XVII K.Sex.XVXIIIXIVXIIXI

7XVIXIVXIIXIIIXIX

8XVXIIIXIXIIXIX

9XIVXIIXXIIXVIII

10XIIIXIIXXVIIIVII

11XIIXVIIIIXVIIVI

12XIIXVIIVIIIVIV

13XVIIIVIVIIVIV

14IXVIIVVIIVIII

15VIIIVIIVVIIIPridie

16VIIVIIIIVPridie KAL.JAN.

17VIIVPridieIII KAL.DEC.IV Nonas

18VIII KAL. OCT.PridieIV NonasIII

19IVPridieVI Nonas KAL. NOV.IIIPridie

20III KAL.SEP.VIV NonasPridieNonæ

21PridieIV NonasIVIIINonæVIII Idus

22 KAL.SEX.IIIIIIPridieVIII IdusVII

23IV NonasPridiePridieNonæVIIVI

24IIINonæNonæVIII IdusVIV

25PridieVIII IdusVIII IdusVIIVIV

26NonæVIIVIIVIIVIII

27VIII IdusVIVIVIIIPridie

28VIIVVIVPridieIdus

29VIIVIVIIIIdusXVII K.Fb.

30VIIIIIIPridieXVII K.Jan.XVI

31IVPridieIdusXV

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 50 BEFORE CHRIST.

JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MARCH. APRIL. MAY. JUNE.

YEAR OF ROME.

704 704 704 704 704 704

2XIIIXXIIIXIXIIX

3XIIIXXIIXXIIX

4XIVIIIXIIXXVIII

5XVIIXVIIIIXVII

6IXVIIXVIIVIIIVI

7VIIIVVIIIVIVIIV

8VIIIVVIIVVIIV

9VIIIIVIIVVIII

10VPridieVIIIIVPridie

11IV KAL. MARIVPridieIII KAL.QUIN.

12IIIVI NonasIII KAL. MAIIPridieVI Nonas

13PridieVPridieVI Nonas KAL.JUN.V

14KAl. FEB.IV KAL. APR.VIV NonasIV

15IV NonasIIIIV NonasIVIIIIII

16IIIPridieIIIIIIPridiePridie

17Pridie NonæPridiePridie NonæNonæ

18 NonæVIII Idus Nonæ NonæVIII IdusVIII Idus

19VIII IdusVIIVIII IdusVIII IdusVIIVII

20VIIVIVIIVIIVIVI

21VIVVIVIVV

22VIVVVIVIV

23IVIIIIVIVIIIIII

24IIIPridieIIIIIIPridiePridie

25Pridie IdusPridiePridie Idus Idus

26 IdusXVII K.Ap. Idus IdusXVII K.Qu.XVII K.Sex.

27XVI K. Mr.XVIXVII K.Mr.XVII K. Ju.XVIXVI

28XVXVXVIXVIXVXV

29XIVXVXVXIVXIV

30XIIIXIVXIVXIIIXIII

31XIIXIIIXII

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 50 BEFORE CHRIST.

JULY. AUGUST. SEPTEMBER. OCTOBER. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER.

YEAR OF ROME.

704 704 704 704 704 704-705

1 XII K.Sext. X Kal.Sept. VIII K.Oct. IX K. Nov. VII K. Dec. VI K. Jan.

2XIIXVIIVIIIVIV

3XVIIIVIVIIVIV

4IXVIIVVIIVIII

5VIIIVIIVVIIIPridie

6VIIVIIIIVPridie KAL. JAN.

7VIIVPridieIII KAL.DEC.IV Nonas

8VIII KAL OCT.PridieIV NonasIII

9IVPridieVI Nonas KAL NOV.IIIPridie

10III KAL SEP.VIV NonasPridie Nonæ

11PridieIV NonasIVIII NonæVIII Idus

12 KAL SEX.IIIIIIPridieVIII IdusVII

13IV NonasPridiePridie NonæVIIVI

14III Nonæ NonæVIII IdusVIV

15PridieVIII IdusVIII IdusVIIVIV

16 NonæVIIVIIVIIVIII

17VIII IdusVIVIVIIIPridie

18VIIVVIVPridie Idus

19VIIVIVIII IdusXVII K.Fb.

20VIIIIIIPridieXVII K.Jan.XVI

21IVPridiePridie IdusXVIXV

22III Idus IdusXVII K.Dec.XVXIV

23PridieXVII K.Oct.XVII K.Nv.XVIXIVXIII

24 IdusXVIXVIXVXIIIXII

25XVII K.Sep.XVXVXIVXIIXI

26XVIXIVXIVXIIIXIX

27XVXIIIXIIIXIIXIX

28XIVXIIXIIXIIXVIII

29XIIIXIXIXVIIIVII

30XIIXXIXVIIVI

31XIIXVIIIV

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 49 BEFORE CHRIST. (BISSEXTILE.)

JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MARCH. APRIL. MAY. JUNE.

YEAR OF ROME.

705 705 705 705 705 705

1 IV K. Feb. KAL. MAR. III Kal.Ap KAL. MAII Pr.Kal.Jun VI N.Quin.

2IIIVI NonasPridieVI Nonas KAL. JUN.V

3PridieV KAL. APR.VIV NonasIV

4 KAL. FEB.IVIV NonasIVIIIIII

5IV NonasIIIIIIIIIPridiePridie

6IIIPridiePridiePridie Nonæ Nonæ

7Pridie Nonæ Nonæ NonæVIII IdusVIII Idus

8 NonæVIII IdusVIII IdusVIII IdusVIIVII

9VIII IdusVIIVIIVIIVIVI

10VIIVIVIVIVV

11VIVVVIVIV

12VIVIVIVIIIIII

13IVIIIIIIIIIPridiePridie

14IIIPridiePridiePridie Idus Idus

15Pridie Idus Idus IdusXVII K.Qu.XVII K.Sex.

16 IdusXVII K.Ap.XVII K.M.XVII K.Ju.XVIXVI

17XVI K.Mr.XVIXVIXVIXVXV

18XVXVXVXVXIVXIV

19XIVXIVXIVXIVXIIIXIII

20XIIIXIIIXIIIXIIIXIIXII

21XIIXIIXIIXIIXIXI

22XIXIXIXIXX

23XXXXIXIX

24IXIXIXIXVIIIVIII

25VIIIVIIIVIIIVIIIVIIVII

26VIIVIIVIIVIIVIVI

27VIVIVIVIVV

28VVVVIVIV

29IVIVIVIVIIIIII

30IIIIIIIIIPridiePridie

31PridiePridie KAL. QUIN.

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 49 BEFORE CHRIST. (BISSEXTILE.)

JULY. AUGUST. SEPTEMBER. OCTOBER. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER.

YEAR OF ROME.

705 705 705 705 705-706 706

1 KAL. SEX. III N.Sep. III N.Oct. Pr. N.Nov. VIII Id.Dec VII Id.Jan.

2IV NonasPridiePridie NonæVIIVI

3III Nonæ NonæVIII IdusVIV

4PridieVIII IdusVIII IdusVIIVIV

5 NonæVIIVIIVIIVIII

6VIII IdusVIVIVIIIPridie

7VIIVVIVPridie Idus

8VIIVIVIII IdusXVII K.Fb.

9VIIIIIIPridieXVII K.JanXVI

10IVPridiePridie IdusXVIXV

11III Idus IdusXVII K.DecXVXIV

12PridieXVII K.OctXVII K.Nv.XVIXIVXIII

13 IdusXVIXVIXVXIIIXII

14XVII K.SepXVXVXIVXIIXI

15XVIXIVXIVXIIIXIX

16XVXIIIXIIIXIIXIX

17XIVXIIXIIXIIXVIII

18XIIIXIXIXVIIIVII

19XIIXXIXVIIVI

20XIIXIXVIIIVIV

21XVIIIVIIIVIIVIV

22IXVIIVIIVIIVIII

23VIIIVIVIVIIIPridie

24VIIVVIVPridie KAL. FEB.

25VIIVIVIII KAL. JAN.IV Nonas

26VIIIIIIPridieIV NonasIII

27IVPridiePridie KAL. DEC.IIIPridie

28III KAL. OCT. KAL. NOV.IV NonasPridie Nonæ

29PridieVI NonasIV NonasIII NonæVIII Idus

30 KAL. SEP.VIIIPridieVIII IdusVII

31IV NonasIV NonæVI

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 48 BEFORE CHRIST.

JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MARCH. APRIL. MAY. JUNE.

YEAR OF ROME.

706 706 706 706 706 706

1 V Idus Feb IV Id.Mar. V Idus Apr V Id. Maii IV Id.Jun. IV Id.Quin.

2IVIIIIVIVIIIIII

3IIIPridieIIIIIIPridiePridie

4Pridie IdusPridiePridie Idus Idus

5 IdusXVII K.Ap. Idus IdusXVII K.Qu.XVII K.Sex.

6XVI K.Mr.XVIXVII K.Mr.XVII K.Ju.XVIXVI

7XVXVXVIXVIXVXV

8XIVXIVXVXVXIVXIV

9XIIIXIIIXIVXIVXIIIXIII

10XIIXIIXIIIXIIIXIIXII

11XIXIXIIXIIXIXI

12XXXIXIXX

13IXIXXXIXIX

14VIIIVIIIIXIXVIIIVIII

15VIIVIIVIIIVIIIVIIVII

16VIVIVIIVIIVIVI

17VVVIVIVV

18IVIVVVIVIV

19IIIIIIIVIVIIIIII

20PridiePridieIIIIIIPridiePridie

21 KAL. MAR. KAL. APR.PridiePridie KAL. QUIN. KAL. SEX.

22VI NonasIV Nonas KAL. MAII KAL. JUN.VI NonasIV Nonas

23VIIIVI NonasIV NonasVIII

24IVPridieVIIIIVPridie

25III NonæIVPridieIII Nonæ

26PridieVIII IdusIII NonæPridieVIII Idus

27 NonæVIIPridieVIII Idus NonæVII

28VIII IdusVI NonæVIIVIII IdusVI

29VIIVIII IdusVIVIIV

30VIVIIVVIIV

31VVIV

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 48 BEFORE CHRIST.

JULY. AUGUST. SEPTEMBER. OCTOBER. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER.

YEAR OF ROME.

706 706 706 706 706-707 707

1 III Id. Sex. Idus Sept. Idus Oct. XVII K.Dec. XV K. Jan. XIV K. Feb.

2PridieXVII K.Oct.XVII K.Nv.XVIXIVXIII

3 IdusXVIXVIXVXIIIXII

4XVII K.Sep.XVXVXIVXIIXI

5XVIXIVXIVXIIIXIX

6XVXIIIXIIIXIIXIX

7XIVXIIXIIXIIXVIII

8XIIIXIXIXVIIIVII

9XIIXXIXVIIVI

10XIIXIXVIIIVIV

11XVIIIVIIIVIIVIV

12IXVIIVIIVIIVIII

13VIIIVIVIVIIIPridie

14VIIVVIVPridie KAL. FEB.

15VIIVIVIII KAL. JAN.IV Nonas

16VIIIIIIPridieIV NonasIII

17IVPridiePridie KAL. DEC.IIIPridie

18III KAL. OCT. KAL. NOV.IV NonasPridie Nonæ

19PridieVI NonasIV NonasIII NonæVIII Idus

20 KAL. SEP.VIIIPridieVIII IdusVII

21IV NonasIVPridie NonæVIIVI

22IIIIII NonæVIII IdusVIV

23PridiePridieVIII IdusVIIVIV

24 Nonæ NonæVIIVIIVIII

25VIII IdusVIII IdusVIVIIIPridie

26VIIVIIVIVPridie Idus

27VIVIIVIII IdusXVI K.Mr.

28VVIIIPridieXVII K.Fb.XV

29IVIVPridie IdusXVIXIV

30IIIIII IdusXVII K.Jan.XVXIII

31PridiePridieXVIXII

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 47 BEFORE CHRIST.

JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MARCH. APRIL. MAY. JUNE.

YEAR OF ROME.

707 707 707 707 707 707

1 XI K. Mar. XI Kal Ap. XII K. Ma. XII K. Jun. XI K. Quin. XI Kal.Sex.

2XXXIXIXX

3IXIXXXIXIX

4VIIIVIIIIXIXVIIIVIII

5VIIVIIVIIIVIIIVIIVII

6VIVIVIIVIIVIVI

7VVVIVIVV

8IVIVVVIVIV

9IIIIIIIVIVIIIIII

10PridiePridieIIIIIIPridiePridie

11 KAL. MAR. KAL. APR.PridiePridie KAL. QUIN KAL. SEX.

12VI NonasIV Nonas KAL. MAII. KAL. JUN.VI NonasIV Nonas

13VIIIVI NonasIV NonasVIII

14IVPridieVIIIIVPridie

15III NonæIVPridieIII Nonæ

16PridieVIII IdusIII NonæPridieVIII Idus

17 NonæVIIPridieVIII Idas NonæsVII

18VIII IdusVI NonæVIIVIII IdusVI

19VIIVVIII IdusVIVIIV

20VIIVVIIVVIIV

21VIIIVIIVVIII

22IVPridieVIIIIVPridie

23III IdusIVPridieIII Idus

24PridieXVII K.M.III IdusPridieXVIIK.Sep.

25 IdusXVIPridieXVII K.Qu. IdusXVI

26XVII K.Ap.XV IdusXVIXVII K.Sex.XV

27XVIXIVXVII K.Ju.XVXVIXIV

28XVXIIIXVIXIVXVXIII

29XIVXVXIIIXIVXII

30XIIIXIVXIIXIIIXI

31XIIXIIIXII

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 47 BEFORE CHRIST.

JULY. AUGUST. SEPTEMBER. OCTOBER. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER.

YEAR OF ROME.

707 707 707 707 707-708 708

1 X Kal. Sep. VIII K.Oct VII K. NV. VII K.Dec. V Kal. Jan. IV Kal. Feb.

2IXVIIVIIVIIVIII

3VIIIVIVIVIIIPridie

4VIIVVIVPridie KAL. FEB.

5VIIVIVIII KAL. JAN.IV Nonas

6VIIIIIIPridieIV NonasIII

7IVPridiePridie KAL DEC.IIIPridie

8III KAL. OCT. KAL. NOV.IV NonasPridie Nonæ

9PridieVI NonasIV NonasIII NonæVIII Idus

10 KAL. SEP.VIIIPridieVIII IdusVII

11IV NonasIVPridie NonæVIIVI

12IIIIII NonæVIII IdusVIV

13PridiePridieVIII IdusVIIVIV

14 Nonæ NonæVIIVIIVIII

15VIII IdusVIII IdusVIVIIIPridie

16VIIVIIVIVPridie Idus

17VIVIIVIII IdusXVI K. Mar.

18VVIIIPridieXVII K. Fb.XV

19IVIVPridie IdusXVIXIV

20IIIIII IdusXVII K.Jn.XVXIII

21PridiePridieXVII K. Dc.XVIXIVXII

22 Idus IdusXVIXVXIIIXI

23XVII K.Oct.XVII K.Nv.XVXIVXIIX

24XVIXVIXIVXIIIXIIX

25XVXVXIIIXIIXVIII

26XIVXIVXIIXIIXVII

27XIIIXIIIXIXVIIIVI

28XIIXIIXIXVIIV

29XIXIIXVIIIVIIV

30XXVIIIVIIVIII

31IXIXVIPridie

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 46 BEFORE CHRIST.

JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MARCH. APRIL. MAY. JUNE.

YEAR OF ROME.

708 708 708 708 708 708

1 KAL. MAR. KAL. APR. Pr. K. Maii Pr. K.Junii KAL. QUIN. KAL. SEX.

2VI NonasIV Nonas KAL.MAII KAL.JUN.VI NonasIV Nonas

3VIIIVI NonasIV NonasVIII

4IVPridieVIIIIVPridie

5III NonæIVPridieIII Nonæ

6PridieVIII IdusIII NonæPridieVIII Idus

7 NonæVIIPridieVIII Idus NonæVII

8VIII IdusVI NonæVIIVIII IdusVI

9VIIVVIII IdusVIVIIV

10VIIVVIIVVIIV

11VIIIVIIVVIII

12IVPridieVIIIIVPridie

13III IdusIVPridieIII Idus

14PridieXVII K.Mr.III IdusPridieXVII K.Sep.

15 IdusXVIPridieXVII K.Qu. IdusXVI

16XVII K.Ap.XV IdusXVIXVII K.Sex.XV

17XVIXIVXVII K. Ju.XVXVIXIV

18XVXIIIXVIXIVXVXIII

19XIVXIIXVXIIIXIVXII

20XIIIXIXIVXIIXIIIXI

21XIIXXIIIXIXIIX

22XIIXXIIXXIIX

23XVIIIXIIXXVIII

24IXVIIXVIIIIXVII

25VIIIVIIXVIIVIIIVI

26VIIVVIIIVIVIIV

27VIIVVIIVVIIV

28VIIIVIIVVIII

29IVVIIIIVPridie

30IIIIVPridieIII

KAL. SEP.

31PridieIIIPridie

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 46 BEFORE CHRIST.

JULY. AUGUST. SEPTEMBER. OCTOBER. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER.

YEAR OF ROME.

708 708 708 708 708 708

1 IV Non.Sep. IV Non.Oct Pr. Non.Nv. Non.int.pr. VII Id.int.post. III Kal.Dec.

2IIIIII NonæVIII IdusVIPridie

3PridiePridieVIII IdusVIIV KAL. DEC.

4 Nonæ NonæVIIVIIVIV Nonas

5VIII IdusVIII IdusVIVIIIIII

6VIIVIIVIVPridiePridie

7VIVIIVIII Idus Nonæ

8VVIIIPridieXXXI Kal.Dec.VIII Idus

9IVIVPridie IdusXXVVII

10IIIIII IdusXVII K.int. post.XXIVVI

11PridiePridieXVII K.int.XVIXXIIIV

12 Idus IdusXVI [pr.XVXXIIIV

13XVII K.Oct.XVII K.Nv.XVXIVXXIIII

14XVIXVIXIVXIIIXXPridie

15XVXVXIIIXIIXIX Idus

16XIVXIVXIIXIXVIIIXVII K. Jn.

17XIIIXIIIXIXXVIIXVI

18XIIXIIXIXXVIXV

19XIXIIXVIIIXVXIV

20XXVIIIVIIXIVXIII

21IXIXVIIVIXIIIXII

22VIIIVIIIVIVXIIXI

23VIIVIIVIVXIX

24VIVIIVIIIXIX

25VVIIIPridieIXVIII

26IVIVPridieK.INT.POST.VIIIVII

27IIIIIIK. INT. PR.IV NonasVIIVI

28PridiePridieIV NonasIIIVIV

29 KAL. OCT. KAL. NOV.IIIPridieVIV

30VI NonasIV NonasPridie NonæIVIII

31VIIIVIII IdusPridie

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 45 BEFORE CHRIST. (BISSEXTILE.)

JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MARCH. APRIL. MAY. JUNE.

YEAR OF ROME.

709 709 709 709 709 709

1 KAL. JAN. KAL. FEB. KAL. MAR. KAL. APR. KAL. MAII KAL. JUN.

2IV NonasIV NonasVI NonasIV NonasVI NonasIV Nonas

3IIIIIIVIIIVIII

4PridiePridieIVPridieIVPridie

5 Nonæ NonæIII NonæIII Nonæ

6VIII IdusVIII IdusPridieVIII IdusPridieVIII Idus

7VIIVII NonæVII NonæVII

8VIVIVIII IdusVIVIII IdusVII

9VVVIIVVIIV

10IVIVVIIVVIIV

11IIIIIIVIIIVIII

12PridiePridieIVPridieIVPridie

13 Idus IdusIII IdusIII Idus

14XIX K. Feb.XVI K. Mr.PridieXVIII K. M.PridieXVIII K. Q.

15XVIIIXV IdusXVII IdusXVII

16XVIIXIVXVII K. Ap.XVIXVII K. Ju.XVI

17XVIXIIIXVIXVXVIXV

18XVXIIXVXIVXVXIV

19XIVXIXIVXIIIXIVXIII

20XIIIXXIIIXIIXIIIXII

21XIIIXXIIXIXIIXI

22XIVIIIXIXXIX

23XVIIXIXXIX

24IXBissext.IXVIIIIXVIII

25VIIIVIVIIIVIIVIIIVII

26VIIVVIIVIVIIVI

27VIIVVIVVIV

28VIIIVIVVIV

29IVPridieIVIIIIVIII

30IIIIIIPridieIIIPridie

31PridiePridiePridie

Days of the Julian Months. JULIAN YEAR 45 BEFORE CHRIST. (BISSEXTILE.)

JULY. AUGUST. SEPTEMBER. OCTOBER. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER.

YEAR OF ROME.

709 709 709 709 709 709

1 KAL. QUIN. KAL. SEX. KAL. SEP. KAL. OCT. KAL. NOV. KAL. DEC.

2VI NonasIV NonasIV NonasVI NonasIV NonasIV Nonas

3VIIIIIIVIIIIII

4IVPridiePridieIVPridiePridie

5III Nonæ NonæIII Nonæ Nonæ

6PridieVIII IdusVIII IdusPridieVIII IdusVIII Idus

7 NonæVIIVII NonæVIIVII

8VIII IdusVIVIVIII IdusVIVI

9VIIVVVIIVV

10VIIVIVVIIVIV

11VIIIIIIVIIIIII

12IVPridiePridieIVPridiePridie

13III Idus IdusIII Idus Idus

14PridieXIX K.Sep.XVIII Kal.PridieXVIII K.Dc.XIX K. Jan.

15 IdusXVIIIXVII [Oct. IdusXVIIXVIII

16XVII K.Sex.XVIIXVIXVII K. Nv.XVIXVII

17XVIXVIXVXVIXVXVI

18XVXVXIVXVXIVXV

19XIVXIVXIIIXIVXIIIXIV

20XIIIXIIIXIIXIIIXIIXIII

21XIIXIIXIXIIXIXII

22XIXIXXIXXI

23XXIXXIXX

24IXIXVIIIIXVIIIIX

25VIIIVIIIVIIVIIIVIIVIII

26VIIVIIVIVIIVIVII

27VIVIVVIVVI

28VVIVVIVV

29IVIVIIIIVIIIIV

30IIIIIIPridieIIIPridieIII

31PridiePridiePridiePridie

APPENDIX B. CONCORDANCE OF ROMAN AND MODERN HOURS, For the Year of Rome 699 (55 B.C.) and for the Latitude of Paris.

Spring EquinoxMarch 23,5 o’clock, p.m.

Summer SolsticeJune 25,5 o’clock, p.m.

Autumnal Equinox September 26, 3 o’clock, a.m.

Winter SolsticeDecember 23,7 o’clock, p.m.

The dates are referred to the Julian style.

The Roman hours are reckoned from sunset and sunrise.

The modern hours are given in true solar time.

The Roman hours are given at the head of the columns, in Roman numerals. The modern hours are in ordinary numerals. Two examples will explain the use of the Table.

Division of the Night on the 16th of August.—To obtain it, we seek the date in the indicating column on the left, entitled Nights. We conclude from the line opposite: at 7h. 11m., sunset, beginning of the first hour and of the first watch; at 9h. 36m., end of the first watch and beginning of the second; at 12h. 0m. it is midnight, the second watch ends, the third begins; at 2h. 24m., end of the third watch, beginning of the fourth; at 4h. 49m. the sun rises, and the fourth watch ends.

Division of the Day on the 16th of August.—We seek the date in the indicating column to the right, entitled Days. We conclude from the line opposite: at 4h, 49m., sunrise, beginning of the first hour; the third hour ends at 8h. 25m.; the sixth, hour at noon; the ninth at 3h. 35m.; at 7h. 11m, the sun sets.

At the summer solstice, each watch embraces two of our hours; in the winter solstice, it embraces four.

1ST WATCH2ND WATCH 3RD WATCH 4TH WATCH DAYS

NIGHTS I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII.

H M H MH M H M H M H M HM H M H M H M H M H M H M

June 258 1 8 419 2010 010 401120 120 040 120 2 0 240 319 359December 23

July 5June 15758 8 399 19 95910 401120 120 040 120 2 1 241 321 4 2Jan. 1Dec. 14

July 16June 4751 8 339 14 95610 371119 120 041 123 2 4 246 327 4 9Jan. 11Dec. 4

July 26May 25741 8 419 7 95110 341117 120 043 126 2 9 253 336 419Jan. 21Nov. 25

Aug. 5May 15728 8 138 59 94410 291115 120 045 131 216 3 1 347 432Jan. 31Nov. 15

Aug. 16May 4711 8 08 48 93610 241112 120 048 136 224 312 4 0 449Feb. 10Nov. 5

Aug. 26April 24655 7 468 37 92710 1811 9 120 051 142 233 323 414 5 5Feb. 20Oct. 26

Sept. 5April 13637 7 318 25 91910 1311 6 120 054 147 241 335 429 523Mar. 2Oct. 16

Sept. 16April 2618 7 158 12 9 910 611 3 120 057 154 251 348 445 542Mar. 13Oct. 6

Sept. 26Mar. 236 0 7 08 0 9 010 011 0 120 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0Mar. 23Sept. 26

Oct. 6Mar. 12542 6 457 48 851 9 541057 120 1 3 2 6 3 9 412 515 618April 2Sept. 15

Oct. 16Mar. 2523 6 297 35 841 9 471054 120 1 6 213 319 425 531 637April 13Sept. 5

Oct. 25Feb. 215 6 6 157 24 833 9 421051 120 1 9 218 327 436 545 654April 23Aug. 26

Nov. 4Feb. 11449 6 17 13 825 9 361048 120 112 224 335 447 559 711May 3Aug. 16

Nov. 14Feb. 1433 5 487 2 817 9 311046 120 114 229 343 458 612 727May 14Aug. 6

Nov. 24Jan. 22419 5 366 58 810 9 271043 120 117 233 350 5 7 624 741May 24July 27

Dec. 3Jan. 124 9 5 286 46 8 5 9 231042 120 118 237 355 514 632 751June 3July 17

Dec. 13Jan. 24 2 5 226 41 8 1 9 211040 120 120 239 359 519 638 758June 14July 6

December 23359 5 206 40 8 0 9 201040 120 120 240 4 0 520 640 8 1 June 25

NIGHTSI. II. II.I. IV. V. V.I.VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. DAYS

APPENDIX C. NOTE ON THE ANCIENT COINS COLLECTED IN THE EXCAVATIONS AT ALISE.

THE result of the excavations made round Alise-Sainte-Reine would be sufficient to establish the identity of that locality with the Alesia of Cæsar; but the abundance of proofs can do no injury to the argument, and there is one the value of which cannot be disputed: we mean that furnished by the ancient coins found in the fosses of Camp D. (See Plate 23.) Lost in a combat, and falling into a fosse full of water, they thus escaped discovery in the immediate search made usually on a battle-field.

To establish the date of an event which has occasioned the burial of certain coins, we must first show that these coins have been struck at a period anterior to that event. Thus the coins lost at Alesia must naturally belong to a period anterior to the siege of that town.

The coins collected are in number 619; they may be divided into two distinct groups: some bear the impression of the Roman Mint, others are of the Gaulish Mint.

This being understood, let us examine separately the age of the two groups. M. le Comte de Salis and M. de Saulcy have kindly undertaken the classification.

All the Roman coins, without exception, have been struck by order and under the direction of the monetary magistrates, appointed by the government of the Republic: they belong to the republican period, and appertain to the class of coins called consular. Thanks to the labours of men like Morell, Borghesi, Cavedoni, Cohen, Mommsen, and, above all, the Comte de Salis, the age of the coins of this class is now pretty clearly determined. On the date of their emission, in general, it would be, so to say, impossible to commit an error of several years. The series of denarii and quinarii offers us the names of eighty-two magistrates, and the club, the symbol of an eighty-third; four of these denarii present neither name nor symbol; it is the same case with an as in copper, of the type of Janus with the prow of a ship, which has probably borne no other legend but the word ROMA. The most recent of these coins belong to the year 700 of Rome, or 54 B.C. The year in which the siege of Alesia took place was 702. This fact alone would serve, if needed, to demonstrate that Alise and Alesia are the same place.

The examination of the coins of Gaulish fabrication is equally important. They belong to twenty-four civitates, or different tribes. Military contingents, assembled from all parts of the Gaulish territory, have therefore taken part in the war in which these coins were lost and scattered in the soil. But the decisive fact is, that in this number we find 103 which are incontestably of Arvernan origin; one of them bears, distinctly inscribed, the name of Vercingetorix. Of 487 Gaulish coins, 103 belong to the Arverni.

We may add that, among the latter, 61 bear the name of Epasnactus, who became, after the capitulation of Alesia, a faithful ally of the Romans, and the chief of Arvernia. (De Bello Gallico, VIII. 44.) Now the coins of Epasnactus have been long well known; they may be subdivided into two classes: some, anterior to the submission of that personage, present pure Gaulish types; others, of later date, offer only Romanised types, if we may use the expression. In the fosses of Camp D have been found only coins of Epasnactus of the primitive type. The battle in which these coins were lost by the Arverni before Alise was, therefore, anterior to the year 51 B.C., the year of the submission of Epasnactus.

LIST OF ANCIENT COINS FOUND IN THE EXCAVATIONS AT ALISE.

COINS STRUCK IN THE MINT AT ROME.

Number of each Names or Symbols of the Magistrates inscribed on the Coins Probable Dates A.U.C. Numbers of the Plates in Cohen’s Work

1 Anonymous. 485-537 Pl. XLIII. Uncertain 1.

(The word ROMA is

not in incuse letters.)

1 Anonymous. 558-579Pl. XLIII. Uncertain 2.

(The word ROMA is in

a rectangle.)

1 M. ATILI. SARAN. 580-588Pl. VII Atilia 2.

1 NAT. 589-595 Pl. XXXI Pinaria 2.

1 L. CVP. 602-605Pl. XVI Cupiennia.

1 M. IVNI. 602-605Pl. XXIII Junia 2.

1 C. RENI. 606-609Pl. XXXVI Renia.

1 P. PAETVS. 606-609Pl. I Ælia 1.

1 CN. LVCR. TRIO. 624-627Pl. XXV Lucretia 1.

1 M. MARC. 640-643Pl. XXVI Marcia 3.

1 M. PORC. LAECA. 644-647Pl. XXXIV Porcia 2.

1 Q. METE. 648-651Pl. VIII Cæcilia 3.

1 M. VARG. 652Pl. XL Vargunteia.

1 T. CLOVLI. (a quinarius) 653Pl. XII Cloulia 2.

1 Q. PILIPVS. 658Pl. XXVI Marcia 4.

1 L. LIC. CN. DOM. L. PORCI. 662Pl. XXXIV Porcia 1.

LICI.

1 M. HERENNI. 663Pl. XIX Herennia.

2 L. IVLI. L.F. CAESAR. 664Pl. XX Julia 4.

1 C. COIL. CALD. 664Pl. XIII Cœlia 2.

1 CALD. 664Pl. XIII Cœlia 3.

1 Q. THERM. M.F. 664Pl. XXVIII Minucia 5.

1 L. THORIVS BALBVS 664Pl. XXXIX Thoria.

1 P. SERVILI M.F. RVLLI. 665Pl. XXXVIII Servilia 6.

1 C. ALLI. BALA 665Pl. I Aelia 3.

1 L. PISO FRVGI (a quinarius) 666Pl. IX Calpurnia 5.

2 L. PISO FRVGI. 666Pl. IX Calpurnia 10.

1 Q. TITI. 667Pl. XXXIX Titia 1.

4 Q. TITI. 667Pl. XXXIX Titia 2.

4 C. VIBIVS C.F. PANSA. 667Pl. XLI Vibia 4.

1 L. TITVRI. SABIN. 667Pl. XXXIX Tituria 4.

2 L. TITVRI. SABIN. 667Pl. XXXIX Titnria 5.

1 C. CENSO. 668Pl. XXVI Marcia 7.

8 CN. LENTVL. 668Pl. XIV Cornelia 7.

1 L. RVBRI. DOSSEN. 668Pl. XXXVI Rubria 1.

3 L.C. MEMIES L.F. GAL. 668Pl. XXVII Memmia 3.

1 MN. FONTEI. C.F. 669Pl. XVIII Fonteia 4.

1CAR. OGVL. VER. 670Pl. XI Carvilia 3.

2C. LIMETA. P. CREPVSI. 671Pl. XXVI Marcia 10.

I. CENSORIN.

1L. CENSOR. 671Pl. XXVI Marcia 9.

2P. CREPVSI. 671Pl. XVI Crepusia.

4C. MAMIL. LIMETAN. 671Pl. XXV Mamilia.

1C. ANNI. T.F.T.N.L. 672Pl. II Annia 2.

FABI. L.F.

1C. NAE. BALB. 672Pl. XXIX Nævia.

1L. PAPI. 673Pl. XXX Papia 1.

2TI. CLAVD. TI. F. AP. N. 673Pl. XII Claudia 3.

1C. MARI. C.F. CAPIT. 674Pl. XXVI Maria 3.

1L. PROCILI. F. 675Pl. XXXV Procilia 1.

2L. PROCILI. F. 675Pl. XXXV Procilia 2.

1P. SATRIENVS 676Pl. XXXVI Satriena.

1L. RVTILI. FLAC. 676Pl. XXXVI Rutilia.

1L. LVCRETI. TRIO 677Pl. XXV Lucretia 2.

1MN. AQVIL. MN. F. MN. N. 682Pl. VI Aquillia 2.

6PAVLLVS LEPIDVS 683Pl. I Æmilia 9.

2PAVLLVS LEPIDVS LIBO 683Pl. I Æmilia 10.

2LIBO 683Pl. XXXVI Scribonia 2.

2C. HOSIDI. C.F. GETA 683Pl. XIX Hosidia 1.

1C. HOSIDI. C.F. GETA 683Pl. XIX Hosidia 2.

1P. GALB. 683Pl. XXXVIII Sulpicia 2.

2L. ROSCI FABATI 684Pl. XXXVI Roscia.

1M. PLAETORI. CEST. 686Pl. XXXII Plætoria 3.

1M. PLAETORIVS M.F. 686Pl. XXXII Plætoria 9.

CESTIANVS

1C. PISO L.F. FRVGI. 690Pl. IX Calpurnia 15.

1C. PISO L.F. FRVGI. 690Pl. IX Calpurnia 16.

1Q. CASSIVS 695Pl. XI Cassia 6.

5M. SCAVR. P. HYPSAE. 696Pl. I Æmilia 1.

2Q. POMPEI. RVF. 697Pl. XV Cornelia 20. (This

coin ought to be classed

with the Pompeia.)

1PHILIPPVS 698Pl. XXVI Marcia 8.

1P. CRASSVS M.F. (incuse) 699Pl. XXIV Licinia 2.

1FAVSTVS (in a monogram) 700Pl. XV Cornelia 23.

1A. PLAVTIVS 700Pl. XXXIII Plautia 6.

The coins of the social war (664-665), of the time of Marias and Sylla (666-674), and of the last two years of the war of Spartacus (682-683), are extremely common, and mostly of very rude work.

COINS STRUCK IN SOUTHERN ITALY.

Number of each Names or Symbols of the Magistrates inscribed on the Coins Probable Dates A.U.C. Numbers of the Plates in Cohen’s Work

1A club. 485-537 This coin is not found in

Cohen.

1Anonymous. 538-557 Pl. XLIII uncertain 2. (The

name on the exergue is

written ROMA.)

1Anonymous. 558-579 Pl. XLIII uncertain 2. (The

name on the exergue is

written ROMA.)

3Q. FABI. LABEO 653 Pl. XVII Fabia 2.

1M. TVLLI. 653 Pl. XXXIX Tullia.

1M. SERGI. 655 Pl. XXXVII Sergia.

3L. FLAMINI. CILO 656 Pl. XVIII Flaminia 1.

1M. CIPI M.F. (incuse) 658 Pl. XII Cipia.

1P. NERVA 659 Pl. XXXVIII Silia.

1L. PHILIPPVS. 660 Pl. XXVI Marcia 5.

2M. FOVRI L.F. PHILI 662 Pl. XIX Furia 3.

1MN. AEMILIO LEP. 663 Pl. I Æmilia 3.

1CN. BLASIO CN. F. 663 Pl. XIV Cornelia 4.

1L. CAESI. 663 Pl. VIII Cæsia.

1Q. LVTATI 664 Pl. XXV Lutatia 2.

8L. MEMMI. 664 Pl. XXVII Memmia 1.

1L. VALERI FLACCI 664 Pl. XL Valeria 3.

1M. CATO 664 Pl. XXXV Porcia 6.

1A. ALBINVS S.F. 665 Pl. XXXV Postumia 2.

This series ends with the social war in 665.

COINS STRUCK OUT OF ITALY.

Number of each Names or Symbols of the Magistrates inscribed on the Coins Probable Dates A.U.C. Numbers of the Plates in Cohen’s Work

2 CN. LEN. Q. 678-682 Pl. XIV Cornelia 10.

2 LENT. CVR. X FL. 678-682 Pl. XIV Cornelia 11.

These coins were struck in Spain during the war of Sertorius. No provincial coins were struck during the interval between the two civil wars from 682 to 704.

GAULISH COINS (FROM CAMP D, ON THE BANKS OF THE OSE).

ARVERNI.

ANEPIGRAPHIC COINSNumber of each.

Electrum. Staters with the types of Vercingetorix3

Electrum. Stater with an effigy adorned with a singular head-dress1

Silver. Thick and ancient denarii of various types13

Silver. A thick and ancient denarius, with a bird under the horse1

Silver. A thick and ancient denarius, of the type, of the staters of Vercingetorix1

COINS WITH NAMES OF CHIEFS.

VERCINGETORIXS. This coin appears to be of copper, and yet

may be only a stater of very debased electrum1

Æ.CVNVANOS5

Æ.CALIIDV7

Æ.A. behind the effigy2

AR . PICTILOS8

AR . EPAD. Epasnactus, before his submission3

Æ. IIPAD·℞-CICIIDV·BRI. Epasnactus59

Note.—Three of these latter coins are stuck together.

ARULERCI-EBUROVICES.

Æ. CAMBIL. (Camulogenus?)5

BITURIGES.

ARNEPIGRAPHIC COINS.

Electrum. Staters with a peacock placed above the horse2

AR . Head. ℞. horse and boar1

AR . Head dressed with long locks of hair1

AR . The same type. A branch above the horse1

AR . The same type. A sword and pentagram1

COINS WITH LEGENDS.

Electrum. ABVDOS. A stater1

Æ. The same legend9

Æ. The same type. OSNAII1

Æ. The same type. ISVNIS1

Electrum. SOLIMA. A stater1

AR . The same legend6

AR . DIASVLOS7

Æ. The same type. YNO4

AR . The same type. ƎIOV1

Æ. Under the horse. ƆƐN1

Æ. Under the horse. CAM (Cambolectres?)1

BUCIOS.

Æ. An unknown coin, at present unique1

CADURCI.

Æ. Anepigraphic. Types of the coins of Lucterius1

CARNUTES.

ANEPIGRAPHIC COINS.

Brass7

Æ. Head. ℞. An eagle and serpent4

Æ. Head. ℞. Eagle and young eagle1

COINS WITH LEGENDS.

Æ. VANDIILIOS.19

Æ. CALIAGIIS.12

Æ. TASGIITIOS. Tasgetius1

ÆDUI.

ANEPIGRAPHIC COINS.

AR . Old denarii.27

COINS WITH LEGENDS.

AR . ΚΑΔ—ΕΔΟV. (Celts-Ædui).2

AR . ANORBO-DVBNOREX. (Dumnorix).14

AR . DVBNOREX-DVBNO-COV. (Dumnorix).4

AR . DVBNOREX-DVBNO-COV. (Dumnorix.) The

chief holds in his hand a man’s head cut off.1

AR . LITA. Litavicus.12

HELVII?

AR . EPOMIID. A lion. ℞. Two heads embracing.4

LEMOVICES.

AR . A human head above the horse.5

LEUCI.

Brass, with the boar.1

LEAGUE AGAINST THE GERMANS.

AR . Quinarii with the horseman.2

MANDUBII (OR LINGONES)?

Brass.32

MASSALIETES.

AR . Oboli with the wheel.2

PETROCORII.

AR . With the boar lying down4

PICTONES.

Electrum. A stater with the hand.1

Æ. Anepigraphic.1

COINS WITH NAMES OF CHIEFS.

AR . VIIROTAL. A warrior standing.10

AR . VIIROTAL. A lion.1

AEMI.

Æ. With three heads joined together.2

SANTONES.

Electrum. A stater. Under the horse SA.1

SENONES.

Brass, anepigraphic. Animals facing each other.1

Æ. YLLYCCI6

SEQUANI.

Brass, anepigraphic.12

AR . SEQVANOIOTVOS.16

AR . TOGIRIX.72

AR . Q·DOCI SAM·F.18

SUESSIONES.

Æ. Divitiacus. ΔEIOVICIA-COS.1

TREVIRI.

AR . Anepigraphic1

TRICASSES (OR LINGONES)?

Brass2

VELIOCASSES.

Æ. A figure kneeling1

VOLCÆ-ARECOMICI.

AR .1

VOLCÆ-TECTOSAGES.

AR .3

VOLCÆ-TECTOSAGES.

EMIGRANTS FROM GERMANY.

AR .1

UNCERTAIN FROM THE SOUTH.

Æ. A horse drinking in a vase3

UNDETERMINABLE.

AR .1

Æ. and brass14

APPENDIX D. NOTICE ON CÆSAR’S LIEUTENANTS.

IN his campaign against Ariovistus, Cæsar had six legions; he put at the head of each either one of his lieutenants or his quæstor. (De Bello Gallico, I. 52.) His principal officers, then, were at that period six in number, namely, T. Labienus, bearing the title of legatus pro prœtore (I. 21), Publius Crassus, L. Arunculeius Cotta, Q. Titurius Sabinus, Q. Pedius, and C. Salpicius Galba.

1. T. ATTIUS LABIENUS.

T. Attius Labienus had been tribune of the people in 691, and had, in this quality, been the accuser of C. Rabirius. He served Cæsar with zeal during eight years in Gaul. Although he had been loaded with his favours, and had, thanks to him, amassed a great fortune (Cicero, Epist. ad Atticum, VII. 7.—Cæsar, De Bello Civili, I. 15), he deserted his cause as soon as the civil war broke out, and in 706 became Pompey’s lieutenant in Greece. After the battle of Pharsalia, he went, with Afranius, to rejoin Cato at Corcyra, and passed afterwards into Africa. When Scipio was vanquished, Labienus repaired to Spain, to Cn. Pompey. He was slain at the battle of Munda. Cæsar caused a public funeral to be given to the man who had repaid his benefits by so much ingratitude. (Florus, IV. 2.—Appian, Civil Wars, II. 105.—Dio Cassius, XLIII. 30, 38.)

2. PUBLIUS LICINIUS CRASSUS.

Publius Licinius Crassus Dives, youngest son of the celebrated triumvir, started with Cæsar for the war in Gaul, made the conquest of Aquitaine, and was employed to conduct to Rome the soldiers who were to vote in favour of Pompey and Crassus. He quitted Cæsar’s army in 698, or at the beginning of 699. Taken by his father into Syria, he perished, in 701, in the war against the Parthians, still very young; for Cicero, attached to him by an intimate friendship (Epist. Familiar., V. 8), speaks of him as adolescens in a letter to Quintus (II. 9), written in May, 699. He was, nevertheless, already augur, and the great orator succeeded him in that dignity. (Cicero, Epist. Familiar., XV. 4.—Plutarch, Cicero, 47.)

3. L. ARUNCULEIUS COTTA.

The biography of Arunculeius Cotta, before his arrival in Gaul, is not known. His name leads us to suppose that he was descended from a family of clients or freedmen of the gens Aurelia, in which the name of Cotta was hereditary. The mother of Cæsar was an Aurelia.

4. QUINTUS TITURIUS SABINUS.

The antecedents of Quintus Titurius Sabinus are no more known than those of Arunculeius Cotta, whose melancholy fate he shared. His name shows that he descended from the family of Sabine origin of the Titurii, which had given different magistrates to the Republic. The name of Titurius is found on several consular medals; it is also found in some inscriptions posterior to the time of Cæsar.

5. Q. PEDIUS.

Q. Pedius was the son of a sister of Cæsar. (Suetonius, Cæsar, 83.) Elected ædile in the year 700 (Cicero, Orat. pro. Plancio, 7), he must have quitted the army of Gaul at the latest in 699. When the civil war broke out, he remained one of the firmest adherents of his uncle, whose interests he sustained, in 705, at Capua. (Cicero, Epist. ad Atticum, IX. 14.) He was prætor when he was besieged in Cosa, by Milo, a partisan of Pompey. He was sent into Spain with Q. Fabius. (Cæsar, De Bello Civili, III. 22; De Bello Hispan., 2.—Dio Cassius, XLIII. 31.) Made by Cæsar’s will the heir of one-eighth of his wealth, he gave up what was left to him to Octavius. (Suetonius, Cæsar, 83.—Appian, Civil Wars, III. 94.) It was at the motion of Q. Pedius, then consul, that the law was passed which has received its name from him, and which was directed against the murderers of the Dictator. (Velleius Paterculus, II. 65.—Suetonius, Nero, 3.) Q. Pedius remained faithful to Octavius, yet he proposed the retractation of the declaration of war launched against Antony and Lepidus. He was admitted to the secret of the triumvirate, which was on the point of being concluded, and died suddenly before the end of the year 711. (Dio Cassius, XLVI. 52—Appian, Civil Wars, IV. 6.)

6. SERVIUS SULPICIUS GALBA.

Servius Sulpicius Galba, whom the Emperor Galba reckoned among his ancestors, was of the illustrious family of the Sulpicii; he descended from Sulpicius Galba, consul in 610, who had left the reputation of a great orator. S. Sulpicius Galba, Cæsar’s lieutenant in Gaul, had already served in the war in that country under C. Pomptinus, in 693 (Dio Cassius, XXXVII. 48), which explains the choice made of him by the future Dictator. He must have quitted Cæsar’s army at latest in 699, for he was, at his recommendation, elected prætor in 700. (Dio Cassins, XXXIX. 65.) He solicited the consulship in vain in 705. Pressed by the creditors of Pompey, for whom he had made himself surety, he was relieved from his difficulties by Cæsar, who paid his debts. (Valerius Maximus, V. 2, §11.) Finding himself finally deceived in his hope of arriving at the consulship, S. Galba joined the conspiracy against his old chief. (Suetonius, Galba, 3.—Appian, Civil Wars, II. 113.) He served in the war against Antony, under the Consul Hirtius. We have a letter from him to Cicero, written from the camp of Modena. (Cicero, Epist. Familiar., X. 30.) Prosecuted, in virtue of the law Pedia, as a murderer of Cæsar, (Suetonius, Galba, 3), he was condemned, and died probably in exile.

The Senate granted Cæsar, in 608, ten lieutenants: Labienus, Arunculeius Cotta, Titurias Sabinus, already in Gaul, Decimus Brutus, P. Sulpicius Rufus, Munatius Plancus, M. Crassus, C. Fabius, L. Roscius, and T. Sextius. As to Sulpicius Galba, P. Crassus, and Q. Pedius, they had returned to Italy.

7. DECIMUS JUNIUS BRUTUS.

Decimus Junius Brutus, belonging to the family of the Junii, was son of Decimus Junius Brutus, elected consul in the year 677, and of Sempronia, who performed so celebrated a part in Catiline’s conspiracy. He was adopted by A. Postumius Albinus, consul in 655, and took, for this reason, the surname of Albinus, by which we find him sometimes designated. When Cæsar took him into Gaul, he was still very young; the “Commentaries” apply to him the epithet adolescens. He must have returned to Rome in January, 704, since a letter of Cicero mentions his presence there at that period. (Epist. Familiar., VIII. 7.) The year following he commanded Cæsar’s fleet before Marseilles. (Cæsar, De Bello Civili, I. 36.—Dio Cassius, XLI. 19.) He gained, although with unequal forces, a naval victory over L. Domitius. (Cæsar, De Bello Civili, II. 5.) Having received from Cæsar, in 706, the government of Transalpine Gaul, he repressed, in 708, an insurrection of the Bellovaci. (Titos Livius, Epitome, CXIV.) An object of the special favours of his old general, who felt for him a warm affection, D. Brutus, along with Antony and Octavius, was associated in the triumph which Cæsar celebrated in 709, on his return from Spain, and mounted with them on the car. (Plutarch, Antony, 13.) By his will of the Ides of September, the Dictator named him one of the guardians of Octavius, and made him one of his second heirs (Dio Cassius, XLIV. 35.—Appian, Civil Wars, II, 143.—Suetonius, Cæsar, 83); he caused to be given him, for the year 712, the government of Cisalpine Gaul. In spite of this friendship, of which Cæsar had given him so many proofs, and which the latter believed to be paid by a requital, Brutus, who had remained faithful to his benefactor in the civil war, lent his ear to the proposals of the conspirators, and yielded to the seductions of M. Brutus, his kinsman. He not only went to the Senate to assist in striking the victim, but he accepted the mission of going to persuade the Dictator, who was hesitating, to repair to the curia. (Dio Cassius, XLIV. 14, 18.—Appian, Civil Wars, II. 115.—Plutarch, Cæsar, 70.) Exposed to public hatred (Cicero, Philippic., X. 7), and intimidated by the threats of Antony, he left Rome to go and take possession of the province which Cæsar had caused to be assigned to him. (Cicero, Epist. ad Atticum, XIV. 13.)

He appears, however, to have acted but feebly in favour of the party he had embraced. Antony, having obtained from the people, in exchange for Macedonia, the province commanded by Brutus (Appian, Civil Wars, III. 30), the latter refused to abandon his government, and, supported by Cicero, he obtained from the Senate an edict maintaining him in it (Cicero, Philippic., III. 4.—Appian, Civil War, III. 45), which led to an armed contest between the two competitors. Pursued by his rival, Brutus threw himself into Modena, and there sustained a long siege (Appian, Civil Wars, III. 49.—Titus Livius, Epitome, CXVII), which had for its final result the celebrated battle in which Antony was defeated. D. Brutus, overlooked among new actors in this sanguinary drama, remained in it almost a mere spectator. (Dio Cassius, XLVI. 40.) He then ranged himself on the side of Octavius, yet without the existence of any very close or very sincere intimacy between these two men. He continued to exercise an important command during the war, but fortune was not long in turning against him. Pressed by Antony, who had united with Lepidus, and threatened personally by the prosecutions which Octavius, armed with the law Pedia, was directing against the murderers of Cæsar (Titus Livius, Epitome, CXX.—Dio Cassius, XLVI. 53), he found himself deserted by his troops, and, after a vain attempt to cross into Macedonia, he directed his steps with a small escort towards Aquileia; but a Gaulish chief, named Camillus, betrayed towards him the rites of hospitality, kept him prisoner, and sent information of what he had done to Antony. The old lieutenant of Cæsar immediately sent Furius with a party of cavalry, who slew Brutus, and carried away his head. (Appian, Civil Wars, III. 97, 98.—Velleius Paterculus, III. 63, 64.) Brutus was one of the correspondents of Cicero, who gives him praise, especially for his constancy in friendship, of which he was certainly little worthy.

8. PUBLIUS SULPICIUS RUFUS.

Publius Sulpicius Rufus, who belonged to the same family as S. Sulpicius Galba, served, in 705, the cause of Cæsar in Spain (Cæsar, De Bello Civili, I. 74); he commanded in the following year, with the title of prætor, the fleet which was cruising at Vibo, on the coast of Bruttium (Cæsar, De Bella Civili, III. 101); subsequently he obtained the government of Illyria, a country where he had served in the ranks of the Cæsarians, and consequently succeeded Q. Cornificius (Cæsar, De Bello Afric., 10; De Bello Alexandrin., 42). A letter of Cicero, addressed to him (Epist. Familiar., XIII. 77), shows that he was still in that province in 709. We know nothing certain relating to his actions. It has been supposed with probability that he is the same with a P. Sulpicius, censor under the triumvirate, and mentioned in a Latin inscription (Tabula Collatina), to which Drumann refers (tom. i., p. 528).

9. LUCIUS MUNATIUS PLANCUS.

Lucius Munatius Plancus, whose name is found in several inscriptions and on a rather great number of medals (see especially Orelli, Inscriptions, N. 591), belonged to an illustrious plebeian family. Intimate at first with Cato, he subsequently gained the entire affection of Cæsar (Plutarch, Cato of Utica, 42.—Cicero, Epist. Familiar., X. 24), and remained faithful to him to the last. After having served in Gaul, he became, in 705, one of his most active lieutenants in Spain (Cæsar, De Bello Civili, I. 40), and afterwards in Africa. (Cæsar, De Bello Afr., 4.) Cæsar caused to be given to him, for the year 710, the government of Transalpine Gaul, without the Narbonnese and Belgic Gaul (Appian, Civil Wars, III. 46—Cicero, Philipp., III. 15), and named him, with P. Brutus, for the consulship in 712 (Velleius Paterculus, II. 63.—Dio Cassius, XLVI. 53); he was then in great favour with the Dictator: Cicero made his approaches through him to obtain Cæsar’s favour. (Epist. Familiar., X. 3; XIII. 29.)

After the murder of Cæsar, Plancus, who no doubt, like Antony, feared the vengeance of the party of the conspirators, proposed an amnesty, in concert with him and Cicero (Plutarch, Brutus, 22), and hastened to go into the province which had been assigned to him. In Gaul he founded the colonies of Lugdunum and Raurica (Orelli, Inscriptiones, No. 590.—Dio Cassius, XLVI. 50); subsequently, gained by Antony, he abandoned to his vengeance, during the proscription, Plotius, his own brother. (Appian, Civil Wars, IV. 12.—Valerias Maximus, VI. 8, § 5.) In 712, Plancus took, with Lepidus, on the 1st of January, the consulship which Cæsar had destined for him. (Dio Cassius, XLVI. 53; LXVII. 16.) In the war of Perusia, he commanded the troops of Antony, who sent him, in 714, into Asia. In 719 he still governed Syria for that triumvir, and he has been accused of the death of Sextus Pompey. (Appian, Civil Wars, V. 144.) He proceeded to Egypt with Antony, to the court of Cleopatra. (Velleius Paterculus, II. 83.) Foreseeing the ruin of Antony, of whom he has been reproached with being the base flatterer, he did not wait for the defeat of Actium to embrace the party of Octavius: he returned to Rome, and attacked his former friend bitterly in the Senate. (Velleius Paterculus, II. 83.) Dio Cassius (L. 3) accuses him of having revealed Antony’s will. From this time devoted to Octavius, he proposed, in 727, to confer upon him the title of Augustus. (Suetonius, Octavius, 7.—Velleius Paterculus, II. 91.) In 732, he held the office of censor. (Dio Cassias, LIV. 2.) The inscriptions and medals show that he was also invested with other dignities. The date of his death is unknown. Horace addressed to him one of his odes. (Book I., Ode 7.)

10. MARCUS LICINIUS CRASSUS.

Marcus Licinius Crassus Dives was the elder brother of young Crassus, whose place he had taken as Cæsar’s lieutenant in Gaul. Little is known of his life. Cicero, less intimate with him than with his younger brother, has mentioned him but slightly. (Epist. Familiar., 8.) He ranged himself on Cæsar’s side at the time of the civil war, and became, in 705, governor of Citerior Gaul. (Appian, Civil Wars, II. 41.—Justin, XLII. 4.) The time of his death is unknown.

11. CAIUS FABIUS.

It is not known what Caius Fabius had been before the campaign of Gaul. When the civil war broke out, he remained faithful to Cæsar, who sent him orders to proceed from Narbonnese Gaul to Spain. With his usual rapidity, he moved by forced marches to Herda (Herida), near which town Afranius was encamped. He distinguished himself in the whole of this campaign, in which the army of Cæsar, which had joined him, was for a moment in danger.

No further mention is made of C. Fabius. His name does not occur either in the campaigns of Greece, Alexandria, or Africa, or in that of the second Spanish war, or elsewhere.

12. L. ROSCIUS.

L. Roscius, who only played a secondary part in the war of Gaul, appears to be the same as a personage to whom Cicero gives the name of L. Fabatus, and who fell in the battle of Modena in 711. (Epist. Familiar., X. 33.) He was prætor in 705, and Pompey, who knew the friendship which Cæsar had for Roscius, deputed him to him at Ariminum with proposals of peace. (Cæsar, De Bello Civili, I. 8, 10.—Dio Cassius, XLI 5.) It is believed that it is his name which, followed by the surname Fabatus, figures on the Roman denarii which bear the image of Juno Lanuvina. It is also believed to occur in a Latin inscription.

13. TITUS SEXTIUS.

Titus Sextius, whose history before his arrival in Gaul is not known, became, in 710, governor of Numidia. (Dio Cassius, XLVIII. 21.) According to Appian (Civil Wars, IV. 53), he took the side of Octavius; according to Dio Cassius (XLVIII. 21), that of Antony. He made war against Q. Cornificius, who sought to keep the ancient province of Africa, which the Senate had given him. Sextius aspired to the same government, and prepared to exercise it for Octavius, to whom Africa had been assigned in the partition of the triumvirs. (Appian, Civil Wars, IV. 53.) The defeat and death of Cornificius allowed him to realise his projects, and he remained in possession of his province until 713. Appian and Dio Cassius have told differently the events which forced Sextius, after the battle of Philippi, to abandon Numidia, where Octavius had sent a new governor. Nothing else is known of his biography.

In the year 700 two new lieutenants make their appearance, Q. Tullius Cicero and C. Trebonius, who came to replace Arunculeius Cotta and Titurius Sabinus, slain by the Gauls at Tongres.

14. Q. TULLIUS CICERO.

Quintus Tullius Cicero, younger brother of the great orator, was born in 652, and went with him to Athens, in order to perfect himself in literature, which he cultivated with success. The correspondence of the two brothers which has been preserved is a proof of this, and we know, from other sources, that Quintus had composed divers works which are lost. Quintas had married, before the year 686, Pomponia, sister of Atticus (Cicero, Epist. ad Atticum, I. 5, 6), with whom he lived on bad terms, and from whom he finally separated. He was ædile in 688, the year of his brother’s prætorship; and in 691, when his brother was consul, he lent him in the affair of Catiline his intelligent support, and shared the same dangers. (Cicero, Epist. ad Quintum, I. 1; Catilinaria Quarta, 2, 3.) However, he did not share in his opinion in the judgment of the conspirators, when he voted, with Cæsar, against the punishment of death. (Suetonius, Cæsar, 14.) He became prætor in 692, defeated in Bruttium the bands of the Catilinarian Marcellus (Orosius, VI. 6), and presided over the tribunal which judged Archias. (Scholiast of Bobbio on the Oration for Archias, p. 354, edit. Orelli.) In March of the year 693, he proceeded to the province of Asia, of which he had obtained the government (Cicero, Pro Flacco, 14); he administered that province with as much equity as talent, seconded by able lieutenants. (Cicero, Epist. ad Quintum, I. 1.) They had, however, to reproach him with frequent fits of anger, which drew upon him the remonstrances of his brother. At the end of April, 696, Quintus left Asia in order to proceed direct to Rome, without taking time to visit at Thessalonica M. Cicero, who was still under the weight of his condemnation to exile. The fact was, he feared an accusation of extortion, which his enemies, and those of his brother, endeavoured to prepare against him. (Cicero, Epist. ad Atticum, III. 9; Epist. ad Quintum, I. 3; Oratio pro Domo sua, 36.) He employed himself actively in favour of his brother, and narrowly escaped being killed in the riot raised by Clodius, on the 8th of the Calends of February, 697, on the occasion of the proposition of the tribune Fabricius. (Cicero, Oratio pro Sextio, 35.—Plutarch, Cicero, 44.) When this same Clodius opposed the rebuilding of the house of M. Cicero, Quintus saw his own, which was next to that of his brother, burnt by the partisans of that turbulent demagogue. (Cicero, Epist. ad Atticum, IV. 3.) Towards the end of the same year, Quintus was one of the fifteen lieutenants given to Pompey in order to direct the supplying of victuals, and in that quality he proceeded to Sardinia. (Cicero, Epist. ad Quintum, II. 2.) He started for Gaul in the beginning of 700, and it appears from a passage in the Oratio pro Milone that he was still there in 702. He left Cæsar’s army in 703, and joined, in the quality of legate, his brother, who had been made proconsul of Cilicia, and to whom he lent the indispensable support of his experience and ability in matters of war. (Cicero, Epist. Familiar., XV. 4; Epist. ad Atticum, V, 20.) During the civil war, Quintus took the side of Pompey, but he imitated his brother’s circumspection, and, after the battle of Pharsalia, he made every effort to clear himself in the eyes of Cæsar, to whom he sent as his deputy in Asia his own son, and thus obtained his pardon. After the death of Cæsar, Quintus pronounced energetically, like M. Cicero, against Antony, an opposition which turned out equally fatal to him, for, like his brother, he was comprised in the proscription. Having vainly attempted with him to reach Macedonia, he returned to Rome accompanied by his son, and both were delivered up by slaves to the executioner. (Appian, Civil Wars, IV. 20.—Plutarch, Cicero, 62.)

15. CAIUS TREBONIUS.

Caius Trebonius was the son of a Roman knight, of whom Cicero speaks in his Philippica (XIII. 10). Being quæstor in 694, he opposed the law Herennia, which authorised the adoption of Clodius by a plebeian; as tribune of the people in 699, he proposed the celebrated laws which gave to Pompey and Crassus important provinces, and continued for five years Cæsar’s command in Gaul. Having been called by Cæsar the year after in quality of legate, he remained in Gaul until the commencement of the civil war. He was afterwards sent to Spain against Afranius, and next charged with the siege of Marseilles by land. (Cæsar, De Bello Civili, I. 36.—Dio Cassius, XLI. 19;) In 706, he became præter urbanus (Dio Cassius, XLII. 20); a year later he succeeded Cassius Longinus in the government of one of the two Spains. (Cæsar, De Bello Alexandrino, 64; De Bello Hispano, 7.—Dio Cassius, XLIII. 29.) Compelled to leave the Peninsula, after some checks, he returned to Rome, where Cæsar caused him to be named consul in October, 709, and with the province of Asia, on quitting office. (Dio Cassius, XLIII. 46.—Appian, Civil Wars, III. 2.) All these acts of kindness, however, could not secure to the dictator the devotedness of his lieutenant: even before Trebonius had taken possession of his proconsulate of Asia, he entered into the conspiracy formed against the life of Cæsar. But, detained by Antony outside the curia, he could not strike him with his own hand. (Appian, Civil Wars, II. 117.—Dio Cassius, XLIV. 19.—Cicero, Philippica, II. 14; XIII. 10.) After the death of Cæsar, Trebonius started quietly for his government of Asia, and was in May, 710, at Athens. (Cicero, Epist. Familiar., XII. 16.) During his proconsulship he supported the party of Brutus and Cassius. In February, 711, Dolabella, who had come to replace him, drew him into a snare at Smyrna; slew him, and threw his head at the foot of a statue of Cæsar, thus revenging his friend who had been so shamefully betrayed. (Cicero, Philippica, XIII. 10.—Appian, Civil Wars, III. 26.—Velleius Paterculus, II. 69.—Dio Cassius, XLVII. 29.) Cicero, whose correspondent Trebonius had been, stigmatises this murder, in which Antony saw the just punishment of a villain and a parricide. It is certain that Trebonius had entered the conspiracy without remorse, since afterwards he wrote to Cicero: “If you compose anything on the murder of Cæsar, do not attribute a small part of it to me.” (Cicero, Epist. Familiar., XII. 16.)

During the years 701 to 705 new lieutenants joined Cæsar in Gaul: they were Minucius Basilus, Antistius Reginus, M. Silanus, Caninius Rebilus, Sempronius Rutilus, Marcus Antonius, P. Vatinius, Q. Calenus, and Lucius Cæsar.

16. MINUCIUS BASILUS.

L. Minucius Basilus had taken his name and surname from a rich Roman who had adopted him. Previously his name was L. Satrius. Cicero names him thus in one of his treatises (De Officiis, III. 18), although elsewhere (Epist. ad Atticum, XI. 5) he designates him by his name and surname. He became prætor in 709. (Dio Cassius, XLIII. 47.) Irritated at not having obtained, on leaving office, the province which he coveted, and at having only received money from Cæsar, he entered into the conspiracy formed against the Dictator. (Appian, Civil Wars, II; 113.—Dio Cassius, XLIII. 47.) A few months after, he was assassinated by his slaves, who thus took revenge for his having subjected several of them to the punishment of castration. (Appian, Civil Wars, III. 98.)

17. C. ANTISTIUS REGINUS.

Nothing is known of the antecedents or the end of this lieutenant of Cæsar. To judge by his name, he must have belonged to the family of the Antistii, which produced divers magistrates of the Republic, and several members of which have perpetuated their memory in inscriptions.

18. M. SILANUS.

Marcus Junius Silanus, son of Servilia, was brother, by the mother’s side, to M. Brutus. After the murder of Cæsar, he accompanied his brother-in-law Lepidus in his campaign in the north of Italy, and was sent by him, in 711, to Modena, without precise instructions (Dio Cassius, XLVI. 38); to the great regret of Lepidus, he took the side of Antony. (Cicero, Epist. Familiar., X. 30, 34.) After Antony’s defeat, Silanus, who had lost the confidence of Lepidus, proceeded to Sicily, to Sext. Pompey, and did not return to Rome until the peace of Misenum had been concluded with the latter, in 715. (Velleius Paterculas, II. 77.) Nothing more is known of his life, except that Augustus, in 729, took him as his colleague in the consulship. (Dio Cassius, LIII. 25.).

19. C. CANINIUS REBILUS.

Caius Caninius Rebilus, great-grandson, in all probability, of the person of that name who was prætor in 583, does not appear in history until the war with Gaul. Cæsar sent him, in 705, to Scribonius Libo, to treat of peace with Pompey. (Cæsar, De Bello Civili, I. 26.) Rebilus next accompanied Curio into Africa, and escaped only with a small number from the defeat inflicted upon them by King Juba. (De Bello Civili, II. 24.) In 708 he was still making war in the same province, and took Thapsus after the defeat of Scipio. (Cæsar, De Bello Africano, 86, 93.) In 709 he commanded in Spain the garrison of Hispalis. (Cæsar, De Bello Hispano, 35.) At the end of the same year, Cæsar caused him to be named consul, in the place of Q. Fabius, who had died suddenly: it was on the eve of the Calends of January that this event had taken place. Rebilus consequently was only consul for a few hours, and the short period of his office has excited the jokes of Cicero. (Epist. Familiar., VII. 30.—Dio Cassius, XLIII. 46.—Plutarch, Cæsar, 63.) No other details are known of the life of this lieutenant of Cæsar.