Note 26 — JAVA AND CAMBODIA.

Appendix IV. Java. That the Hindu settlement of Sumatra was almost entirely from the Appendix IV. Java. east coast of India and that Bengal Orissa and Masulipatam had a large Appendix IV. Java. share in colonising both Java and Cambodia cannot be doubted.26 Appendix IV. Java. Reasons have been given in support of the settlement in Java of large bodies of men from the north-west coasts of India and evidence has been offered to show that the objections taken to such a migration have little practical force. It remains to consider the time and the conditions of the Gujarát conquest and settlement of Java and Cambodia. The Javan date S. 525 that is a.d. 603 may be accepted as marking some central event in a process which continued for at least half a century before and after the beginning of the seventh century. Reasons have been given for holding that neither the commercial nor the political ascendancy of Rome makes it probable that to Rome the Rúm of the legends refers. The notable Roman element in the architecture of Java and Cambodia may suggest that the memory of great Roman builders kept for Rome a place in the local legends. But the Roman element seems not to have come direct into the buildings of Java or Cambodia; as at Amrávati at the Kṛishṇa mouth, the classic characteristics came by way of the Panjáb (Táhia) only, in the case of Java, not by the personal taste and study of a prince, but as an incident of conquest and settlement.27 Who then was the ruler of Rúm near Taxila, who led a great settlement of Hindus from the Panjáb to Java. Names in appearance like Rome, occur in north-west India. None are of enough importance to explain the prince’s title.28 There remains the word raum or rum applied to salt land in the south Panjáb, in Márwár, and in north Sindh.29 The great battle of Kárur, about sixty miles south-east of Multán, in which apparently about a.d. 530 Yaśodharmman of Málwa defeated the famous White Húṇa conqueror Mihirakula (a.d. 500–550) is described as fought in the land of Rúm.30 This great White Húṇa defeat is apparently the origin of the legend of the prince of Rúm who retired by sea to Java. At the time of the battle of Kárur the south Panjáb, together with the north of Sindh, was under the Sáharáis of Aror in north Sindh, whose coins show them to have been not only White Húṇas, but of the same Jávla family which the great conquerors Toramáṇa Appendix IV. Java. and Mihirakula adorned. So close a connection with Mihirakula makes it probable that the chief in charge of the north of the Aror dominions shared in the defeat and disgrace of Kárur. Seeing that the power of the Sáharáis of Aror spread as far south as the Káthiáváḍa ports of Somnáth and Diu, and probably also of Diul at the Indus mouth, if the defeated chief of the south Panjáb was unable or unwilling to remain as a vassal to his conqueror, no serious difficulty would stand in the way of his passage to the seaboard of Aror or of his finding in Diu and other Sindh and Gujarát ports sufficient transport to convey him and his followers by sea to Java.31 This then may be the chief whom the Cambodian story names Phra Tong or Thom apparently Great Lord that is Mahárája.32