INDEX

Abruzzi, Duke of, 114, 126

Abu Zaid, 40

Abyssinia, 44, 54, 108, 110, 111

Adam of Bremen, 36

Adams, William, 71

Adare, Cape, 131

Adélie Land, 130, 133

Ægean civilisation, 4

Æschylus, 10

Afghanistan, 115

Africa, 5, 7, 13, 27, 31, 39, 50, 51, 53, 55, 57, 99, 113,107–14

African Association, 108, 146

Agartharchides of Cnidus, 23

Agassiz, Alexander, 144

Agrippa, M. Vipsanius, 25

Alaska, 78

Albert Edward, Lake, 113

—— Nyanza, 111, 113

Alexander Island, 128

—— the Great, 20

Alfred the Great, 37

Alleghany Mts., 67

Almagro, Diego, 66

Al-Mamun, Caliph, 39

Alonzo, Martin, 59

Amazon, River, 62, 66, 67

America. See North America, South America

Amundsen, Capt Roald, 127, 133

Amur, River, 72

Anaximander, 9

Anaximenes, 9

Andrada, Antonio, 72

Andree, 137

Angelus, Jacobus, 54

Angola, 53

Antarctic regions, 81, 128–134

Antilles, 61

Antillia, 56, 58

Antipodes, 23, 36

Antœci, 23

Antonine Itinerary, 26

Apianus, Peter, 97, 99, 104

Arabia, 13, 73, 117

Arabs, 39

Arctic regions, 44, 74, 122

Aristagoras, 9

Aristotle, 19

Arkansas, 69

Arrowsmith, Aaron, 104

Asia, 9, 13, 20, 27, 39, 42, 71, 72

Asia Minor, 7, 8, 71

Astrolabe, 90

Atlantis, 18, 56

Australia, 69, 83, 85, 87, 89, 117–21

Avila, Gil Gonçalez de, 64

Azores, 50, 52

Azov, Sea of, 14, 30

Babbage, 120

Babylonia, 3

Bäcklund, O., 138

Bacon, Roger, 43

Baeyer, 77, 136

Baffin Bay, 123

—— Land, 77

——, William, 77, 123

Bahr-el-Ghazal, 114

Baker, Samuel, 111

Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, 64

Balleny, John, 129

Baltic Sea, 21, 30, 41

Baluchistan, 115

Barents, William, 79

Barlæus, Kaspar, 84

Barrow, Pt., 123

——, Sir John, 122

Barth, H., 109

Bartholomew, John, 138

Bass, George, 117

—— Strait, 117

Batavia, 87

Beatus, 39

Beaufort Sea, 128

Beaumont, Elie de, 139

Bede, the Venerable, 36

Behaim, Martin, 57

Behm, 137

Bellingshausen, Fabian von, 89, 128

Bengal, 104

Benin, Bight of, 6

Bent, J. T., 117

Berghaus, H., 137

Bering Strait, 80, 122

——, Vitus, 80

Berlinghieri, Francesco, 55

Bertrand, M., 139

Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm, 136

Best, Capt., 71

Bianco, Andrea, 56

Bienewitz, Philip, 102

Biogeography, 140

Biscoe Is., 129

——, John, 129

Blache, Vidal de la, 138

Black Sea, 14, 30, 49

Blue Nile, 103

Blunt, Wilfrid, 117

Bonvalot, 116

Borchgrevink, C. E., 131

Bornu, 109

Borough, Stephen, 79

Borysthenes, River, 14

Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, 85

Bouguer, Pierre, 96

Bouvet Is., 86, 131

——, Lozier, 86

Bower, Hamilton, 116

Boyle, George, 73

Brahmaputra, River, 115

Brazil, 56, 60, 62, 66, 82

Britain, 5, 6, 21, 30, 37, 118

Brooke, J. M., 142

Bruce, James, 108

——, W. S., 132

Brunel, Olivier, 79

Buache, P., 101

Buchanan, T. Y., 143

Burckhardt, J. L., 117

Burke, Robert, 121

Burroughs, Christopher, 71

Burrus, 101

Burton, R. F., 110, 117

Button, Sir Thomas, 77

Byron, John, 85

Cabot, John, 61, 75

——, Sebastian, 79

Cabral, 62

Cadamosto, Aloise, 52

Cæsar, Julius, 24

Caillié, R., 109

California, Gulf of, 65

Cameron, Lovett, 113

Canada, 67

Canary Islands, 18, 27, 52

Cano, Sebastian del, 65

Canton, 69

Cão, Diogo, 53

Cape of Good Hope, 5, 53, 68

Cape Verde Islands, 52

Carpentaria, Gulf of, 70, 118

Carpenter, Nathanael, 105

Carpini, Joannes de Plano, 42

Carteret, Philip, 85

Carthage, 5

Cartier, Jacques, 66

Cartography. See Map-making

Caspian Sea, 30, 39, 49, 71

Cassini, J. and D., 95, 104

Catalan map, 50

Catalonians, 49

Cavendish, Sir Thomas, 67

Ceylon, 31, 50, 57

Chad, Lake, 109

Challenger, 130, 143

Champlain, Samuel, 67

Chancellor, Richard, 79

Charcot, J. B., 132

Chelyuskin, Lieut. T., 80

Chile, 66

China, 3, 30, 34, 43, 44, 71, 117

Chorography, 104

Chronometer, 97

Chrysoloras, Emanuel, 54

Cintra, Pedro de, 52

Clapperton, H., 109

Clarke, Capt., 122

Cluverius, Philip, 105

Coats Land, 132, 133

Cochin-China, 72

Columbus, Christopher, 56, 59

Compass, 48

Condamine, Charles de la, 96

Congo Free State, 113

—— River, 53, 103, 113, 114

Cook Archipelago, 88

Cook, Captain James, 78, 87, 103, 122

Coppermine River, 78

Cordova, Hernandez de, 64

Cortereal, Gaspar, 75

Cortez, 65

Covilhão, Pedro de, 53

Crates of Mallus, 23

Crete, 4, 18

Cross-staff, 91

Crozet Is., 86

Cruquius, M. S., 101

Crusades, 42, 48

Cuba, 61

Cunningham, 119

Cyrus, 17

Dahna, 117

d’Ailly, Cardinal, 56

Dampier, William, 85

Danes, 125, 127

Danfrie, 93

D’Anville, J. B. B., 103, 108

Darling, River, 119

Darwin, Charles, 146

——, Sir George, 139

David, T. W, E., 132

Davis, Edward, 84

——, John, 70, 77

—— Strait, 77

Deasy, Capt. H. H. P., 116

Debes, 137

Delisle, 9, 103

De Long, 127

Democritus of Abdera, 17

d’Entrecasteaux, 89

Desbarres, J. F. W., 103

Desideri, Fra, 72

Dezhnev, Simon, 80

Diaz, Bartolomeu, 53, 82

Dicæarchus of Messana, 20

Dicuil, 36

Digges, Leonard, 93

Diopler, 90

Dominica, 61

Donis. See Germanus

Doughty, Charles, 117

Drake, Sir Francis, 66, 84

Drygalski, E. von, 132

Dufour, Gen. H., 135

Dupain-Triel, 101

Duperrey, Louis, 89

D’Urville, Dumont, 89, 129

Dutch East India Co., 69

Earth, figure of, 19, 22, 34, 36, 43, 81, 90, 94, 104

Easter Island, 84

East India Co., 70, 115

—— Indies, 68

Egypt, 3, 7

Elephantine, 16

Emin Pasha, 113

Enderby Bros., 129

—— Land, 129

Ephemerides, 97

Ephorus of Cyme, 18

Equator, 21, 62

Eratosthenes, 22

Erebus, Mt., 130, 131

Eric the Red, 75

Erichsen, L. Mylius, 127

Ericsson, Leif, 75

Eskimo, 2

Eudoxus of Cnidus, 19

—— of Cyzicus, 24

Europe, 9, 13, 14, 27, 39

Europus, 10

Everest, Sir George, 135

Eyre, 120

Faeröe Islands, 37

Fernandez, John, 52

Fernel, Jean, 93

Filchner, Lieut., 133

Firmianus, Lactantius, 34

Flinders, Matthew, 117

Florida, 64, 66

Forbes, Edward, 143

Forel, F. A., 141

Forrest, Sir J., 121

Fortunate Isles, 27

Franklin, J., 122, 123

Franz Josef Land, 125, 127

Freycinet, J. C. D. de, 89

Freyre, Fra, 72

Frisius, Gemma, 97, 104

Frisland, 76

Frobisher, Martin, 76

—— Strait, 77

Gaetano, 88

Gama, Vasco da, 68

Gambia, River, 108

Ganges, River, 115

Gastaldi, 103

Geodesy, 138

Geomorphology, 139

Germanus, Nicolaus, 55

Gerrits, Dirk, 84

Giles, Ernest, 121

Gill, Sir David, 138

Glaser, E., 117

Gnomon, 9, 90

Gold Coast, 52

Gomez, Diego, 52

Goyder, 120

Graham Land, 129

Grant, T. A., 111

—— Land, 128

Graphometer, 93

Great Australian Bight, 118

—— Ice Barrier, 130, 131

Greeks, 8

Greeley, Lieut. A. W., 126

Green, Lowthian, 139

Greenland, 37, 75, 76, 80, 124, 126, 127, 128

Gregory, 121

——, A. C., 120

——, J. W., 139

Grenard, F., 116

Griesbach, L., 116

Grinnell Land, 124, 126

Grisalva, Juan de, 64

Haiti, 61

Halévy, J., 117

Hall, Charles, 124

Halley, E., 101

Hanno, 6

Harrison, John, 97

Hausaland, 109

Hawaii, 88

Hawkins, Captain, 70

Hayton, 43

Hearne, Samuel, 78

Hecatæus of Miletus, 11

Hedin, Sven, 116

Henry the Navigator, 51

Herodotus, 5, 11, 23, 30

Himilco, 6

Hiort, Dr. Johan, 144

Hipparchus, 22, 25

Hispaniola. See Haiti

Hollar, 102

Homann, 101

Homer, 7

Honduras, 61

Hooker, Sir Joseph, 146

Horn, Cape, 67, 82, 84

Houtman, Cornelis, 69

Howell, 119

Huber, C., 117

Hudson Bay, 67, 76, 80

—— Bay Co., 78, 123

——, Henry, 76, 80

Humboldt, Alexander von, 67, 144

Hume, Hamilton, 119

Huygens, Christiaan, 94

Ibn Batuta, 46

Ibn Haukal, 40

Iceland, 37, 75

Idrisi, 40

India, 3, 13, 20, 31, 44, 45, 50, 54, 57, 68, 69, 71, 115

Indicopleustes, Cosmas, 35

Inglefield, Captain, 124

International Council for the Study of the Sea, 144

—— Geographical Congress, 138

Ireland, 30, 37, 75, 102

Irtish, River, 72

Istakhri, 40

Ister, River, 14

Jackman, Charles, 79

Jackson, Frederick, 126

Jäderin, E., 137

Jamaica, 61

Jan Mayen Island, 80

Japan, 69, 70

Jefferys, Thomas, 104

Jenkinson, Anthony, 71

Jerusalem, 39, 49

Jesuits, 72

John of Montecorvino, 45

Johnston, W. and A. K., 138

Jones Sound, 127

Junker, W., 114

Justinian, Emperor, 34

Kaiser Wilhelm II. Land, 132

Kalahari Desert, 112

Kamchatka, 72, 89

Kane, Elisha Kent, 124

Kant, Immanuel, 144

Kara Sea, 79

Karlsefne, Thorfinn, 75

Kaulbars, Baron H., 116

Kemp, John, 129

Kennedy, 120, 123

Kenya, Mt., 110, 113

Kepler, 97

Kerguelen Is., 86

Kerguelen-Trémarec, Yves de, 86

Kiepert, H., 137

Kilimanjaro, Mt., 110, 113

Kimberley, 121

King, Capt. P. P., 118

King Edward Land, 130, 131

King George Sound, 117

Kircher, A., 101

Kola Peninsula, 79

Koldewey, 126

Kotzebue, Otto von, 89

Kozlov, P. K., 116

Krapf, L., 110

Kremer, Gerhard. See Mercator

Krishna, 115

Krusenstern, Adam, 89

Kublai Khan, 43

Labrador, 75

Lacerda, Francisco de, 109

Lachlan, River, 118, 119

Laing, A., 9, 109

Lambton, Col. W., 135

Lancaster, James, 70

—— Sound, 123

Langhans, 137

Lapparent, A. de, 139

Lapworth, C., 139

Latitude, 21, 97

Lauder, Richard, 109

Leachman, 117

Lefroy, H. M., 121

Lehmann, J. G., 101

Leichhardt, 120

Lemaire, Jacob, 84

Leon, Juan Ponce de, 63

Le Testu, Guillaume, 69

Lhasa, 72, 115

Limnology, 141

Littledale, St. George, 116

Liverpool Plains, 119

Livingstone, David, 112

Longitude, 97

Loubet Land, 132

Louisiana, 67

Louis Philippe Land, 129

Love, A. E. H., 139

Lualaba, River, 112

Luque, Hernando de, 66

McClintock, 124

McClure, 124

Mackenzie, Alexander, 78

—— River, 78

McKinlay, T., 121

McMurdo Sound, 132

Macquarie, River, 118, 119

Madagascar, 44, 57

Madeira, 50, 52

Magalhães, Fernao de, 64, 82

Magellan. See Magalhães

Magnetic Pole, 123, 127

Magnus, Albertus, 43

Mahomed Ali, 110

Malacca, 68

Malay Archipelago, 44, 57, 68, 69, 70

—— Peninsula, 5

Mam, Island of, 56

Manchuria, 89

Mandeville, Sir John, 45

Maoris, 2

Map-making, 2, 9, 12, 37, 41, 46, 54, 98, 137, 145

Marianne Islands, 65

Marinus of Tyre, 26, 40

Marion-Dufresne, 86

Marion Is., 86

Markham, 126

——, Albert, 124

Marquesas Is., 83

Martianus Capella, 34

Masailand, 113

Masudi, 40

Maupertuis, P. L. M. de, 96

Mauro, Fra, 50, 55

Maury, Matthew F., 14, 20

Mawson, Dr. D., 132, 133

Mediterranean, the, 3, 5, 37, 39, 48, 58, 143

Melville Island, 123

Mendana, 83

Mercator, 98, 102, 103

Meridian, 22, 41

Meroe, 16

Mexico, 64, 65

Middleton, Christopher, 78

Mill, H. R., 106

Mitchell, Sir Thomas, 120

Moeris, Lake, 3

Moluccas, 60, 69

Monaco, Prince of, 144

Mongolia, 115

Moseley, H. N., 143

Mota, Antonio de, 69

Mountains of the Moon, 31

Muhammad ben Musa, 90

Münster, Sebastian, 105

Murray, River, 119

——, Sir John, 141, 143

Murrumbidgee, River, 119

Muscovy Company, 79, 80

Musil, 117

Nachtigal, G., 114

Nain Singh, 115

Nansen, Fridtjof, 126

Nares, Sir George, 124, 143

Nasamonian youths, the, 16

Natal, 68

Nathorst, 127

Nearchus, 20

Necho, 5

Neckam, Alexander, 48

New Caledonia, 88

Newfoundland, 75

New Granada, 66

New Guinea, 69, 83, 87

New Hebrides, 83, 85, 88

New Pomerania, 84

New Siberian Is., 127

New South Wales, 117

Newton, Sir Isaac, 94, 105, 144

New Zealand, 70, 83, 87

Nicaragua, 64

Niebuhr, Carsten, 73

Niger, River, 16, 108, 109

Nile, River, 16, 31, 37, 49, 108, 110, 111

Nordenskiöld, A. E., 125, 126

Norfolk Is., 88

Norsemen, 37

North America, 2, 61, 67, 75

North American Indians, 2

North Cape, 75

North-East Passage, 78

North-West Passage, 76, 127

Norwood, Richard, 93

Nova Scotia, 75

Novaya Zemlya, 72, 75, 80

Ob, River, 80

Oceanography, 141

Odoric, 45, 71

Œcumene, 22, 23

Ohio, River, 66

Okhotsk, Sea of, 72

Orellana, Francisco de, 66

Orinoco, River, 61, 145

Orkney Islands, 37

Orléans, Prince Henry of, 116

Orontius, 82

Ortelius, 65, 102

Oudney, W., 109

Oxley, Lieut., 118

Pacific Ocean, 64, 65, 82, 83, 87

Palestine, 48

Palgrave, W. G., 117

Pamirs, 115

Paradise, 39

Paris, Matthew, 48

Park, Mungo, 108

Parmenides, 9

Parry (Arctic), 122, 126

—— (Australia), 120

Pascal, 93

Paulmyer, Sieur de Gonneville, 69

Paumotu Is., 84, 85

Pausanias, 32

Payer, Lieut. Julius, 125

Payva, Alphonso, 53

Peary, Robert E., 126, 127

Peking, 69

Penna, Orazio della, 72

Periodos (circuit of the earth), 12

Periœci, 23

Periplus, 12, 18

—— of the Erythræan Sea, 3

Pérouse, J. F. D. de la, 89

Persia, 71

Persian Gulf, 20

Perthes, Justus, 137

Peru, 3, 66

Peschel, Oscar, 145

Pet, Arthur, 79

Peter Is., 128

Petermann, A., 137

Peutinger Table, 26

Pevtsov, 116

Phasis, River, 11

Philip, George, 138

Philippine Islands, 65

Phipps, Captain, 122, 142

Phœnicians, 4

Picard, Jean, 94, 101

Pigafetta, F., 99

Pines, Isle of, 88

Pinzon, Vicente Yañez, 59, 62

Pizarro, Francisco, 66

Plane-table, 93

Plato, 18

Pliny the Elder, 26

Polo, Marco, 43, 69

Polybius of Megalopolis, 23

Polyhistor, Julius Solinus, 35

Pomponius Mela, 26

Pont, Timothy, 102

Portolano maps, 48, 50, 55

Portuguese, 51, 55, 60, 68, 79, 108

Posidonius the Stoic, 23, 72

Potamology, 141

Potanin, 116

Prester John, 53

Pretorius, Jean, 93

Prjevalsky, Nicolai, 116

Procopius, 34

Ptolemy, 26, 39, 54, 72

Putte, Samuel van der, 72

Pygmies, 7, 17

Pythagoras, 8

Pytheas of Massilia, 21

Quadrant, 91, 94

Queensland, 119, 120

Quiros, Pedro Fernandez de, 83

Rae, Dr. John, 124

Ramsden, 97

Ratzel, Friedrich, 145

Ravenstein, A., 137

Rawling, Capt. G. C., 116

Rebmann, T., 110

Red Sea, 5, 35

Regiomontanus, 97

Rennell, Maj. James, 104

Retes, Inigo Ortes de, 83

Retreat of the Ten Thousand, 17

Rhins, Dutreuil de, 116

Rhodesia, 5

Richard of Haldingham, 48

Richardson, Sir John, 124

Richer, Jean, 94

Richthofen, Ferdinand, Baron von, 117, 145

Rio de la Plata, 62

Ripon Falls, 111

Ritter, Karl, 145

Roborovsky, 116

Rockhill, W. W., 116

Roe, J. S., 121

Roggeveen, Jacob, 85

Rohlfs, G., 114

Romans, 24

Rome, 19

Rosen, P. G., 138

Ross, Capt., 122, 123, 142

——, James Clark, 123, 142

——, Sir James, 130

Roy, General, 103, 104

Royal Geographical Soc., 146

Russians, 72, 78, 80, 116

Rusticiano of Pisa, 44

Ruwenzori Mts., 113

Sadlier, Capt. G. F., 117

Sahara Desert, 52, 109, 114

St. Basil the Great, 34

St. Brandon, Island of, 58

St. Francis Xavier, 69

St. Lawrence River, 66

St. Martin, Vivien de, 138

Samoa, 85

San Salvador, 60

Sanson, Nicolas, 99

Saxton, Christopher, 102

Scandinavia, 7, 21, 30, 37, 49, 58, 75

Scaph, 90

Schouten, Willem Cornelis, 84

Schrader, F., 138

Schweinfürth, Georg, 114

Scoresby, William, 81, 126, 142

Scotland, survey, 103

Scott, Capt. R. F., 131, 133

Scroggs, John, 78

Scylax of Caryanda, 12

Semliki River, 113

Senegal, 109

Shackleton, Sir E., 131, 132

Shetland Islands, 37

Shirley, Sir Anthony and Robert, 71

Siberia, 44, 72, 80

Sicily, 7

Sidon, 7

Sierra Leone, 52

Sission, Jonathan, 97

Smith, William, 128

——, Leigh, 125

—— Sound, 78, 124, 128

Snell, Willibrord, 93

Society Is., 85, 87

Sokoto, 109

Solis, Juan Diaz de, 62

Somaliland, 110

Soto, Hernandez de, 66

South America, 56, 62, 66, 67, 82

Southern Continent, 81, 83

South Orkney Is., 128

South Shetland Is., 84, 128

Spaniards, 60, 63

Speed, John, 102

Speke, T. H., 110

Spitsbergen, 75, 79, 124, 127

Spruner, K. von, 137

Stanford, Edward, 138

Stanley, H. M., 112, 113

Stefansson, 128

Stein, Sir M. A., 116

Stieler, A., 137

Stony Desert, 120

Strabo, 18, 24, 141

Stuart, J. M., 121

Sturt, Charles, 119, 120

Submarine cable, 142

Sudan, 114

Suess, E., 139

Suleiman, 40

Supan, A., 137, 139

Surveying, 93, 102, 135

Sverdrup, 127

Swartha, Claudius Clavus, 55

Sydney, 117

Syene, 22

Syria, 71

Tachard, P., 72

Tahiti, 87

Tanais, River, 14, 21, 37

Tanganyika, Lake, 111, 112

Tasman, Abel Janszoon, 70, 83

Tasmania, 70, 117

Terror, Mt., 130, 131

Texeira, Pedro, 67

Thales of Miletus, 8

Theodolite, 97

Theophanes of Mytilene, 24

Theophrastus of Lesbos, 20

Thompson, Sir C. Wyville, 143

Thomson, Joseph, 113

Thule, 21

Thury, Cassini de, 104

Tibet, 44, 71, 73

Tierra del Fuego, 67, 84

Timbuktu, 109

Toll, Baron, 127

Tongan Archipelago, 84, 88

Torrens, Lake, 120

Torres, 70, 83

—— Strait, 83

Torricelli, 93

Toscanelli, Paolo del Pozzi, 56

Traverse Is., 128

Trinidad, 61

Triquetum, 90

Turkestan, 115

Turnagain, Cape, 123

Turner, Capt., 73

Tyre, 4

Uganda, 111

Ugyen Gyatso, 115

Unyamwezi, 111

Varenius, Bernhard, 105

Vernier, François, 93

Vesconte, Petrus, 49

Vespucci, Amerigo, 62

Victoria, 119

—— Falls, 112

—— Land, 130, 133

—— Nile, 111

—— Nyanza, 111, 113

Vinci, Leonardo da, 82

Vineland, 37, 75

Virgilius, Bishop of Salzburg, 36

Vlamingh, William de, 70

Volga, River, 30

Wagner, Hermann, 145

Waldseemüller, Martin, 63, 103

Wallace, Sir Alfred Russel, 146

Wallis, Samuel, 85

Warburton, 121

Watling Island, 60

Weddell, James, 129

Wellby, Capt. W. S., 116

Welle, River, 114

Werner, 99

Western Australia, 121

West Indies, 60

Weyprecht, Lieut., 125

Whale fisheries, 80

White Nile, 108

—— Sea, 75, 79

Wiggins, Capt. Joseph, 125

Wilkes, Charles, 89, 130

William of Rubruquis, 42

Willoughby, Sir Hugh, 79

Wills, William, 121

Wilson, 131

Wissmann, 113

Wright, Edward, 99

Xenophon, 17

Yenisei, River, 80, 125

Yucatan, 64

Zambezi, River, 5, 109, 112

Zanzibar, 44, 57, 110

Zeno, Nicolo, 76

Zoogeography, 140

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