Volume 11 — THE ROMAN, CHRISTIAN, AND ARABIC PERIODS
Reading edition
THE ROMAN ADMINISTRATION IN EGYPT—THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY—THE ARIAN CONTROVERSY—THE GROWTH OF MONASTICISM—THE DECLINE OF ALEXANDRIA—THE ARAB INVASION AND THE SPREAD OF MUHAMMEDANISM—THE ARAB DYNASTIES.
Augustus remodels the government of Egypt—A new calendar introduced—Egypt surveyed—Dissension between Jews and Greeks at Alexandria—Strabo’s visit—The Egyptian religion at Rome—Wise administration of Tiberius—The rise of the Therapeutæ—Lake Mæris destroyed—The origin of Chemistry—The fable of the Phoenix—Christianity introduced—Fiscal reforms under Galba—Vespasian in Egypt—Fall of Jerusalem—The Nile Canal restored—Hadrian’s voyage up the Nile—Death of Antinous—Christians and Gnostics—Astrology and Astronomy—Roman roads in Egypt—Commerce and Sports—The Growth of Christianity—Severus visits Egypt—The massacre of the Alexandrians—Ammonius Saccas and the Alexandrian Platonists—The School of Origen—Rise of Controversy—Decline of Commerce—Zenobia in Syria—Growing importance of the Arabs—Revolt and recapture of Alexandria—Persecution of the Christians under Diocletian—Introduction of the Manichean heresy.
Constantine the Great converted—Privileges of the clergy—Dogmatic disputes—Council of Nicæa and the first Nicene Creed—Athanasian and Arian controversies—Founding of Constantinople—Decline of Alexandria—Imperial appointments in the Church—Religious riots—Triumphs of Athanasius—Persecution by Bishop George of Cappadocia—Early mission work—Development of the monastic system—Text of the Bible—The monks and military service—Saracenic encroachments—Theodosius overthrows Paganism—Destruction of the Great Library—Pagan and Christian literature—Story of Hypatia—The Arabs defeat the Romans—The Koptic New Testament—Egypt separated from Rome—The Council of Chalcedon—Paganism restored in Upper Egypt—The Henoticon—The writings of Hierocles—Relations with Persia—Inroads of the Arabs—Justinian’s fiscal reforms—Coinage restored—The Persians enter Egypt. The Life of Muhammed—Amr conquers Egypt—The legend of Omar and the Great Library—The founding of Fostât—The Christians taxed—Muhammedan oppression in Egypt—The Ommayad and Abbasid dynasties—Caliph Harun er-Rashid—Turkish bodyguards—Rise of the Tulunite Dynasty—Office of Prince of Princes—Reign of Muhammed el-Ikshid—War with Byzantium—Fatimite Caliphs—The Ismailians and Mahdism—Reign of Mustanssir—Turkish Rapacity—End of the Fatimite Rule.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I—EGYPT UNDER THE ROMAN EMPIRE
CHAPTER II.—THE CHRISTIAN PERIOD IN EGYPT
CHAPTER III.—EGYPT DURING THE MUHAMMEDAN PERIOD
List of Illustrations
Spines
Cover
Frontispiece
001.jpg Page Image
002.jpg Page Image
003.jpg Page Image
007.jpg Plan of Alexandria
011.jpg the Nilometer at Elephantine
016.jpg on the Edge of The Desert
018.jpg a Koptic Maiden
022b.jpg Fragments in Wood Painted
024.jpg Temple at Tentyra, Enlarged by Roman Architects
027.jpg on the Banks of The Nile.
029.jpg Bedouin Tent in the Desert
041.jpg Egyptian Threshing-machine
047.jpg an Arab Girl
051.jpg Farming in Egypt
056.jpg Egyptian Threshing Machine
057.jpg Maltese Coin
058.jpg Coin of Cossyra
059.jpg Coin of Nero
063.jpg Ethiopian Arabs
078b.jpg Scene in a Sepuuchral Chamber
080.jpg Harpocrates
081.jpg Coins of Domitian
082.jpg Coin of Nerva
083.jpg Trinity of Isis, Horus and Nephthys
084.jpg Coins of Trajan
086.jpg Egyptian Wig (british Museum)
089.jpg Antoninian Temple Near Sinai
095.jpg Commemorative Coin of Antinous
097.jpg Rose-coloured Lotus
099.jpg Vocal Statue of Amenhothes
100b..jpg the Slumber Song
102.jpg Egyptian Oracle
106.jpg Koptic Charm and Scarabeus
107.jpg Gnostic Gem
108.jpg Gems Showing Symbol of Death and the Word [Îah Javeh
109.jpg Hadrian’s Egyptian Coins
112.jpg Coins of Antoninus Pius.
115.jpg Statue of the Nile
117.jpg Coins of Marcus Aurelius
120.jpg Alexandrian Forms of Writing
122.jpg a Snake-charmer
123.jpg the Sign of Nobility
125.jpg Cartouche of Commodus
126.jpg the Anubis Staff
128.jpg Canopic Jars
130.jpg Religious Procession
131.jpg Shrine
135.jpg Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, and Demotic Writing
138b.jpg a Native of Aswan
139b.jpg Painting at the Entrance of The Fifth Tomb
149.jpg a Modern Scribe
151.jpg Symbol of Egypt
155.jpg a Harem Window
158b.jpg Egyptian Slave
59.jpg Coins of Zenobia
161.jpg Coin of Athenodorus
164.jpg Street Vendors in Metal Ware
165.jpg Coin of Domitianus With Latin Inscription
167.jpg Coin of Severina
169.jpg Coin of Trajan’s Second Legion
179.jpg Symbol of Mithra
184.jpg Dome Palm of Upper Egypt
187.jpg Page Image
199.jpg the Island of Rhodha
213.jpg Temple of Abu Simbel in Nubia
220.jpg Coin of Constantius
225.jpg a Young Egyptian Wearing the Royal Lock
231.jpg an Egyptian Water-carrier
237.jpg Remains of a Christian Church in the Temple Of Luxor
243.jpg Temple Courtyard, Medinet Abu
248.jpg Christian Picture at Abu Simbe
250.jpg Manfaloot, Showing the Height of The Nile In Summer
257.jpg Quarries at Toorah on the Nile
258b.jpg Street and Mosque of Mahdjiar
264.jpg Ramses Ii. And St. Peter
267.jpg the Papyrus Plant
271.jpg Arabs Resting in the Desert
279.jpg Isis As the Dog-star
285.jpg Street Sprinkler at Alexandria
291.jpg Illustrations from Copy of Dioscoride
302.jpg Fortress Near Mount Sinai
307.jpg Pyramid of Medum
313.jpg a Modern House in the Delta at Rosetta
316.jpg Coins of Justinian
322.jpg Tailpiece
323.jpg Page Image
325.jpg Coins of Ali abd Omar
329.jpg Old Cairo (fostat)
333.jpg a Modern Kopt
335.jpg Mosque of Amr
337a.jpg Coin of Abu Bekr
337b.jpg Coin of Othman
338.jpg Coin of Malik
339.jpg Citadel of Cairo (fostat).
341.jpg a Crocodile Used As A Talisman
347.jpg Door of an Arabian House.
349.jpg a Veiled Beauty
351.jpg Tomb of a Sheikh
356.jpg the Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Cairo.
359.jpg Sanctuary of the Mosque Of Ibn Tulun
361.jpg the Mosque of Ibn Tulun
365.jpg Coin of Abu Bekr.
371.jpg Mosque Tomb Near Syene
379.jpg Mosque of Hakim
383.jpg Mustanssir’s Gate at Cairo
