INDEX

Accidents, highway, and their mitigation, 351-380

Agriculture, stage of, in development of civilization, 4-6. See Farms

Amos log loader, working of, 299

Anderson, A. P., tables from “Modern Road Building and Maintenance” by, 269

Appian Way, famous highway, 23-24

Ashley, Wm. H., founder of Rocky Mountain Fur Company, 54

Asia, early highways in western, 19-21

Asphalt and asphalt block roads, good qualities of, 265-266

Assessments for highway improvement, 311-321

Astor, John Jacob, exploring expedition organized by, 55

Automobiles, railway passenger earnings affected by, 163; effects of, on street-car lines, 164-166; great use of, for pleasure passenger traffic, 187-189; estimate of cost per mile of riding in, 189 n.; changes in society produced by, 203-208; effects on health, 211-213; and crime, 213-214; percentage of accidents due to, 351-352; responsibility of the driver for accidents and their avoidance, 352-355; horns for, 356-357; stopping on grades, backing, etc., 357-358; miscellaneous causes of accidents, 358 ff.; ranking and parking of, 420-425; ramp and elevator garages for, 427-429; gas, air, and water stations, 433-434

Automotive transportation, analysis and discussion of, 181-218

Auto trucks, effects of, on railroads, 163-164. See Trucking by motor

Babson, Roger W., quoted on relations between railways and auto trucks, 163-164

Backing of cars, accidents due to, 357-358

Baldwin Locomotive Works, origins of, 102

Beautification of roads, discussion of, 382-416

Bible, references in, to highways, 19-20

Bicycles, influence of, on roads, 127-136; highway accidents due to, 378

Bodies, removable, a device for loading and unloading freight, 191-192

Bonds, issuing of, for highway financing, 322-323; kinds of, 323-327; total cost of a loan, by the three kinds, 327-328; the term of, 328-331

Boone, Daniel, “Autobiography” quoted, 40-42

Boone’s Trace, account of, 39-43

Boston, early railroads centering at, 105

Brakes, parts played by, in automobile accidents, 359-360

Brick roads, good qualities of, 264

Bridger Pass, discovery of, 54

Bridges, road accidents caused by, 368

Buses. See Motor-buses

Cabot, Philip, article by, on New England railways, cited, 162; calculations and figures by, 171-172

Calk, William, “Diary” of, quoted, 43-46

Camden & Amboy R.R., chartering of, 104

Camping grounds for motor tourists, 451-456

Canals, era of, in England, 14-15; in America, 70-75; passenger traffic on, 75-76; inability of, to compete with railways, and results, 76-77; ship, 77; Sault Ste. Marie, Welland, and Cape Cod, 77; Panama Canal, 77-88

Canoes, travel and transportation by, 34-35

Cape Cod, ship canal across, 77

Cattle. See Stock raising

Census. See Traffic census

Central Pacific Ry., building of, 112

Charleston & Hamburg R.R., building of, 103

Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, building of, 73

Civilization, transportation a measure of, 1 ff.; five stages in, 1-2; stage of Direct Appropriation, 2-4; Pastoral Stage, 4; Agricultural Stage, 4-5; Handicraft Stage, 6-12; Industrial Stage, 14-18

Clark, William. See Lewis and Clark

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, terms of, 83

Clermont, Robert Fulton’s steamboat, 89

Clinton, De Witt, efforts of, in behalf of canal-building, 71

Coaches. See Stagecoaches

Colonial days, transportation in, 34-46

Concrete roads, good and poor qualities of, 264

Consolidated Rural Schools, importance of motor transportation to, 208-210

Container, the demountable, 176, 192-193

Cooper, Peter, locomotive built and operated by, 100-101

Coöperative marketing, advantages of, 277-282

Corporations, financing of highway transportation by, 345

Crédit Mobilier, notorious railway-construction scandal, 115-116

Crime, the automobile and, 213-214

“Cross Crossings Cautiously” campaign, 380

Culverts, road accidents caused by, 368

Cumberland Road, building of, 62-64; extension of, 64-66

Curves, dangers of, 367

Dairying, use of motor truck in, 293-294

De Lesseps, Ferdinand, and Panama Canal, 80-84

Des Moines, Iowa, good roads, movement at, 132-133

Destruction of highways, factors in, 245-248

Detour signs, 442-443; location of, 443

Distance and direction signs for motorists, 436-437

Driver, responsibility of the, for automobile accidents, 352-355

Dunlop, J. B., inventor of pneumatic tire, 128

Du Pont Road, example of private financing of highway, 307-308

Durability, an important factor in road building, 254

Earth roads, good and poor qualities of, 263

Efficiency outline of motor transport, 225-227

Electric-light poles along highways, 412-413

Electric traction, operation of street cars by, 122-124

Elevator garages, 427-428

Engine. See Steam engine

Eno, William Phelps, development of traffic regulation due to efforts of, 378-379; cited on width of parking spaces, 423; cited on opera house traffic, 426, 427

Eno Foundation for Highway Traffic Regulation, Inc., 379-380

Erie Canal, building of, 70-72; small profit from, 75

Esthetics, highway, 382-416

Express rates, reduction of, due to short-haul motor trucking, 174-175

Express terminal stations, 429-433

Factory products, transportation of, by motor truck, 301-303

Farms, meaning of the automobile to, 177; motor trucking to and from, 196-201; Rural Mail Delivery one of many modern advantages, 210-211

Federal aid, financing of highways and transportation lines by, 332-334; present state of, 334-335; plan of local matching of Federal Aid dollars, 335-342

Federal Aid Road Act, passage of, 152-153; provisions of, 153-154; rules and regulations for carrying out, 154-156; marked success of, 156

Feudal system, government under the, 5-6

Financing, highway, 343-349

Forestry, use of motor truck in, 295-298

France, traffic censuses in, 236-237, 240-242

Garages, public, 427-429

Gardening, road, 382-387

Gasoline, stations for selling, 433

Gila Trail, 55; route of, 58

“Good roads” movement, growth of, 128-129

Government, U. S., attitude toward river improvement, 94-97; ownership of railways by, 112; aid of state and Federal, for better roads, 147-156

Grain exchanges, account of, 275-277

Gravel roads, good and poor qualities of, 263-264

Greece, effects on ancient, of lack of roads, 21-22

Greeley, Horace, quoted on canals, 76

Guides, highway, for motorists, 435-445

Guilds, medieval, 6-8; destruction or lapsing of, 9-10; functions taken over by government, 10

Handicrafts, stage of, in growth of civilization, 6-12

Harding, President, discussion of transportation problem by, 217-218

Harriman interests, railway lines held by, 117

Haulage. See Trucking by motor

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, terms of, 84

Health, the automobile and, 211-213

Henderson, James, early American pioneer, 39-43

Highway, distinction between road and, 222

Highways, important early, 19-22; of ancient Rome, 22-27; classification of, 222; planning systems of, 222 ff.; units of systems, 227-229; principles of esthetic construction applied to, 382-416. See also Roads

Hogs. See Stock raising

Hoover, Secretary, quoted on farm motor trucks, 197

Horine, M. C., “Economics of Motor Transport” by, quoted, 225-227

Horns for automobiles, 356-357

Hotels, accommodations for tourists in, 460

Humboldt River route, discovery of, 54

Husband, Joseph, “Story of the Pullman Car” by, 120-121

Individual financing of highway transportation, 343-344

Information, supplying of, to automobile tourists, 461-462

Interurban railways, effects of motor competition on, 164

Intra-city traffic, calculations concerning, 170

Inventions, industrial stage of civilization brought about by, 14-15

Iron, invention of new methods of smelting, 15

Italy, traffic censuses in, 242

Jay walking, as a cause of accidents, 377

Jefferson, Thomas, Louisiana Purchase arranged by, 48

Jerusalem, effects upon, of strategic position, 20

Jitneys, earnings of street-car lines diminished by, 165; importance of business done by, 183

John Bull, locomotive, 102

Joliet, Louis, early explorer, 46

Kay, John, inventor of fly shuttle, 16

Kentucky, Boone’s path into, 42; early railroads in, 106

Knight, Jonathan, coning of engine wheels invented by, 101 n.

Lancaster turnpike, building of, 60-61

Land, grants of, to railways, 110; grants to Pacific roads, 111-114

Later California Trail, route of, 57

Lauck, W. J., quoted on avoidable railway wastes, 175 n.

League of American Wheelmen, organization of, 128; good roads movement sponsored by, 129-136

Lewis and Clark Expedition, account of, 48-53

Lighting of roads and streets, 447-449

Lights, on cars, as sources of danger, 361-362; for non-motorized traffic, 378

Loading and unloading freight, devices for, 191-194

Locomotive, invention and early development of, 18; the first, 99-103; progress in mechanical development of, 119-120

Louisiana Territory, purchase of, 48

Lumbering, improved methods in, due to motor truck, 295-300

Macadam, J. L., road construction by, 60

Macadam roads, good and poor qualities of, 264

MacDonald, T. H., classification of highways by, 222

Manse, W. H., cited on waste by railways, 176

Map signs, sizes of, 439-441

Marketing, effect of ease and cost of transportation on production and, 273-304

Marks, highway, for motorists, 435-445

Marquette, Jacques, explorations of, 46-48

Massachusetts, state aid for highways in, 150-151

Merger, railway consolidation by, 117

Michigan Central R.R., beginnings of, 106

Mining, use of motor trucks in connection with, 300-301

Mississippi River, steamboat transportation on, 90-91

Mohawk & Hudson Company, chartering of, 103

Moore, W. H., “good roads booster,” 139

Morgan interests, railway lines held by, 117

Motor-buses, relations between street-car lines and, 165-166; character of business done by, 184-187; extent of suburban and interurban, 196; terminal stations for, 429-433

Motor transport efficiency outline, 225-227

National Good Roads Association, activities of, 139

National Road. See Cumberland Road

National system of highways, arguments for, 227-229

Nebraska State Journal, editorial from, 204-205

New England, early railways in, 105

New Orleans, importance of, due to river traffic, 90-91

New York Central & Hudson River R.R., beginnings of, 103-104

New York City, Governor Clinton’s prophecy concerning, 71-72

New York State, canal-building in, 70-74; automobile roads in, 460-461

Nicaragua, canal route across, 84

“No Accident” campaigns, 380

Novelty, Ericsson’s locomotive, 100 n.

Nye, Bill, quoted on roads, 130-131

Office of Public Roads Inquiry, instituted, 136-137; duties and scope of, widened, 143-144

O’Hanlon, J., “Irish Emigrant’s Guide to United States,” quoted, 93

Ohio, first railway in, 105-106

Ohio Valley, early lines of travel to, 37-38

Old Ironsides, first Baldwin locomotive, 102

Opera house traffic, special arrangement for, 426-427

Oregon Trail, traffic over, 54-55; origin of the, 55-57; final route of, 57

Pacific railways, building of and land grants to, 111-114

Packing of goods on turnpikes, 58-60

Page, L. W., worker for good roads, 142, 144

Palestine, roads and highways of, 19-20

Panama Canal, history of, 77-88

Parking of automobiles, 421-422; spaces for, a convenience to motorists, 422-425

Parks, National, visited by automobile tourists, 460-461

Partnership, financing of highway transportation by, 344-345

Pedestrians, contributory negligence of, toward accidents, 376-377; rule for, on country roads, 377-378

Pennsylvania, turnpikes in, 61

Pennsylvania R.R., railways held by same interests, 118

Peru, roads in ancient, 27-31

Pioneer, Illinois Central locomotive, 108

Pittsburgh, Pa., growth of, 72

Plants, climbing, for use in road gardening, 411-412

Pleasure passenger traffic, use of automobiles for, 187-189

Poles, telephone and other, along highways, 412-415

Pope, Albert A., worker for good roads, 133, 136

Portages, importance of, in early American period, 36-37

Potter, I. B., good roads advocate, 129

Poughkeepsie, Bus Terminal Station at, 431-433

Poultry business, efficiency of motor truck in, 294-295

Prescott, W. H., “Conquest of Peru,” quoted, 28-31

Production and marketing, relation between ease and cost of transportation and, 273 ff.

Public ownership, as a method of financing transportation lines, 347-349

Pullman cars, development of, 120-122

Railway crossings, accidents at, 368-370; increase in accidents due to automobiles, 370-372; means of diminishing fatalities, 372-376

Railways, early development of, in England, 17-18; effects of, on canals, 76-77; account of growth and development of, 99-116; consolidation of, 116-118; mechanical development of, 119-120; street, 122; relation between transportation on, and on highways, 159-168

Ramp and elevator type garages, 427-429

Ranking of cars, 421-425

Regulations, road and traffic, 378-380

Resistance of road surfaces, 255-257; due to grade, 257-261

Richmond, Va., first electric railway operated for profit in, 123

River and Harbor Improvement Bills, 96-97

Rivers, government’s attitude toward improvement of, 94-97

Road, distinction between highway and, 222

Roads, prehistoric American, 27-31; early, in North America, 35-36; evolution of modern wagon, 126 ff.; influence of bicycle on, 127-136; building of object-lesson, 142-144; state and Federal aid for, 147-156; good, as agencies for health, 212-213; selection of suitable type, 252-254; types of, and their qualities, 263; comparison of types of, 266-270; bad, as causes of accidents, 363-364; naming and numbering of, 434-435. See also Highways

Robbery, automobiles used in, 213-214

Rocket, George Stephenson’s locomotive, 100 n.

Rome, roads of ancient, 22-27

Roosevelt, Theodore, and the Panama Canal, 85-86

Rotary scheme for traffic, 424-426

Rural Free Delivery, an agency for better roads, 144-147; effects of, on farmer’s life, 210-211

“Safety First” campaign, 380

St. Louis, Mo., as a fur center, 53-54

Salt Lake Trail, route of, 57

Sand-clay roads, good and poor qualities of, 263

San Francisco, cable cars in, 122

Sanitariness of roads, 262

Santa Fé Trail, traffic over, 54-55; route of, 58

Saturday Evening Post, quoted on vandalism, 215

Sault Ste. Marie, ship canal and locks at, 77

Schools, motor transportation and the consolidation of, 208-210

Semaphores, use of, by traffic officers, 445-446

Service stations for automobiles, 433-434

Shrubs, for planting along roads, 403-411

Signal lights and colors, 446-447

Signs, highway, for motorists, 435-445

Skidding, accidents due to, 359

Sleeping car, evolution of the, 120-122

Slipperiness of road surfaces, 261-262

Smith, Jedediah, discoveries of, 54

South Pass, discovery of, 54

Spanish Trail, traffic over, 54-55; route of, 58

Speedometer, as an essential, 363

Speed signs for motorists, 444

Spooning in automobiles, 215

Stagecoaches, era of, in England, 11-12; on Cumberland Road, 64-65

State aid, 147-152; financing highways and transportation lines by, 334

State system of highways, arguments for, 229-230

Steamboats, the first, 89-90; on Mississippi River, 90-91; increasing luxuriance of, 91-93; dangers connected with early, 93; fares on, 94

Steam engine, Watt’s improvements on early, 15-16; attempts to use, in locomotives, 99-100

Stephenson, George, improvement of locomotive by, 18; first locomotive put out by, 100

Stevens, John, called father of American railroads, 100

Stock raising, effect of marketing facilities and road transportation on, 284-293

Stock subscriptions for highway financing, 331

Stockton & Darlington R.R., completion of, 101

Stock watering, meaning of, 116

Stopping cars on grades, streets, etc., 357

Street-car service, progress in, 122; effect of motor transportation on, 164; effects of taxicabs, jitneys, and buses, 165-167; competition between motor-buses and, 185-186

Superelevation of outer side of curved roadway, 364-366

Systems of highways, planning of, 222-270

Taxes for road construction, 309-321

Taxicabs, character and importance of business done by, 183-184

Telephone poles, highways disfigured by, 412-413; location of, 414-415

Telford, Thomas, road construction by, 60

Terminals, waste at railway, 176; transferring between, by motor-bus, 187; improvement of facilities at, caused by motor transportation, 201-203; for buses and express service, 429-433

Tom Thumb, Peter Cooper’s locomotive, 101

Touring by motor, amount of, 450-451; camping grounds for use in, 451-456; camp sites, 458-460

Towns, truck and bus lines between, 194-196

Traffic, one way and rotary, 425-426; taking care of opera house, 426-427; guides for, in cities, 444-445

Traffic census, taking a, for planning of highway, 234-236; methods of taking, 236-238; classification of traffic in, 239-245

Transcontinental railway lines, land grants to and construction of, 111-115

Transportation, a measure of civilization, 1-32; classified as primary and secondary, 159; interrelation between highway and other kinds of, 159 ff.; legitimate fields of agencies of, 168-170; analysis and discussion of automotive, 181-202; social aspect of motor, 203-208; effect of ease and cost of, on production and marketing, 273-304; financing of lines of, 306-343; financing highway, 343-349

Transylvania Republic, early settlement called, 43

Trees, for planting along roads, 385-403

Tresaguet, French highway engineer, 60

Trucking by motor, effects of, on railway earnings, 163-164; length of haul for economical, 170-174; reduction of express rates due to short-haul, 174-175; freight traffic cost under system of, 190-194; traffic between towns, 194-196; general effect of ease and cost of, on production and marketing, 273-304

Turnpikes, era of, in America, 58-60; construction of, 60-61; effects of railways on, 61-62

Types of roadway, comparison of, 266-270

Uniformity in distance and direction signs for motorists, 437-438

Union Pacific Ry., building of, 112-114

United States, transportation development in, 34-67

Units, of highway systems, 227-229; of traffic, 240-242

Vandalism by visitors to country, 215

Vanderbilt interests, railway lines held by, 117

Vehicles, unlighted, as sources of danger, 362-363

Vincent, C., “Letters on Grain Marketing Problems,” quoted, 276-277, 280

Virginia, transportation improvements in early, 61; first railroads in, 107

Vision, clear, as a means of safety, 366-367; obstacles that obscure, a cause of accidents to pedestrians, 377

Wagon road, the modern, 126-156

Walker, American filibuster in Nicaragua, 80

Warning signs for motorists, 439

Washington Turnpike Company bill, 67

Waste, methods of avoiding, by railways, 175-177

Waterways, settlement near, in early American period, 36-37. See Canals and Rivers

Watkins, Albert, quoted on Oregon Trail, 56-57

Welland Canal, traffic through, 77

Wilderness Road, the, 39-43

Williams, Perry S., plan of, for information bureaus for travelers, 461

Wood block roads, qualities of, 265

Text of Chart of the Organization of the U. S. Bureau of Public Roads and Rural Engineering, 1917

DIRECTOR

MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS

Chief of Management

MANAGEMENT

Correspondence and Files

Cooperation with Solicitor

Accounts

Editorial & Library

Quarters & Stock

ENGINEERING ECONOMICS

Economic Investigations and Advice

Statistical Investigations

Legislative Investigations and Advice

Lectures & Exhibits

Illustrations and Models

GENERAL INSPECTION

General Inspectors

ENGINEERING

Chief Engineer

ROAD MATERIALS TESTS AND RESEARCH

Chemical and Physical Tests

Microscopic Examination and Classification of Rocks

Standardization of Methods of Testing

Investigations of Non-Bituminous Materials

Research on Dust Preventives and Road Binders

Concrete Investigations

Field Experiments

Inspection & Advice

HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE

Post Road Construction

Forest Road Construction and Maintenance

Object Lesson Roads

Cooperative and Experimental Maintenance

Bridges & Culverts

Inspection & Advice

1st. District

Wash.

Ore., Idaho

2nd District

Berkely, Cal.

Cal., Nev.

Ariz., N. M.

3rd. District

Denver, Colo.

Mont., Wyo.

Utah, Colo.

4th. District

N.D., S.D.

Minn., Wis.

5th. District

Nebr., Iowa

Kan., Mo.

6th. District

Texas., Okla.

Ark., La.

7th. District

So. Chicago, Ill.

Mich., Ill.

Ind., Ky.

8th. District

Tenn.

Miss., Ala.

Ga., S.C., Fla.

9th. District

Me., N.H., Vt., N.Y.

Mass., Conn., R.I.

N.J., Del.

10th. District

Washington, D.C.

Ohio., Penn., Md.

W.Va., Va., N.C.

IRRIGATION

Utilization of Water Power and Appliance Equipment

Flow of Water in Ditches, Pipes, etc.

Duty, Apportionment and Measurement of Water

Customs, Regulations and Laws

Drainage of Irrigated Lands

Inspection & Advice

DRAINAGE

Farm Drainage

Drainage of Swamps and Wet Lands

Removal of Surplus Water

Field Experiments

Investigating and Developing Equipment

Inspection & Advice

RURAL ENGINEERING

Farm Water Supply

Drainage Disposal

Construction of Farm Buildings

Rural Engineering Problems Involving Mechanical Principles

Traction Tests

Instrument Making and Repairing

Inspection & Advice

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