INDEX.
Reading edition
A Acids, connected by Lavoisier with oxygen, 91; Boyle's and other early definitions, 171; opposed in early medicine to alkalis, 172; grouped, 173; salts, 173; "the primordial acid," 174; oxygen not a necessary constituent, 184; new division of acids by Davy, 205; acids of different basicity, 237; modern conception of acids, 301. Affinity, chemical, apparently suspended by electricity, 191; history of term "affinity," 206; tables of, 207; dependent on electric states, 210. Air, composition of, determined by Cavendish, 79; Dalton's investigations, 116. Alchemy, 5; alchemical symbols of metals, 11; quotations from alchemists, 15, 17; alchemical poetry, 18. Alcoates, 235. Alkalis, 171; fixed and volatile, 173; mild and caustic, examined by Black, 176; connection with earths, 178; name of "base" given by Rouelle, 179; Gay-Lussac's alkalizing principle, 203. Ammonia, discovered by Priestley, 66. Atmolysis, 243. Atomic theory, dawn of, 117; early views of Greek philosophers, 123; of Epicurus and Lucretius, 124; of Newton and Bernoulli, 125; Dalton's new views—combination in simple multiples, 127, et seq.; the theory made known by Dr. Thomson, 129; it is opposed at first by Davy, 130; Dalton's rules for arriving at atomic weights, 132; more accurately applied by Berzelius, 133, 162; diagrams of atoms, 118, 136; the theory as carried out by Gay-Lussac and Avogadro, 138, et seq.; conception of the molecule, 140; molecular and atomic weight, 145; Graham's work on molecular reactions, 249; Berzelius's dualistic views, 212; they are attacked by Dumas, 260; conception of the compound radicle, 267; Laurent's unitary theory, 272; modern conception of molecule, 275; revision of atomic weights, 285; equivalency of atoms, 295. Avogadro, his elucidation of the atomic theory, 138, et seq.; introduces the idea of molecules, 140; law known as Avogadro's law, 143. B Base (of salts), 179; basic lines in spectrum, 311. Becher, John J., born at Speyer, 26; his three principles of metals, 26; his principle of inflammability, 48; his views on acids, 174. Berthollet, analyzes ammonia, 66; adheres to the Lavoisierian theory of combustion, 95; questions doctrine of fixity of composition, 126; and necessary presence of oxygen in acids, 184; shows variable nature of affinities, 208. Berzelius, Johann J., 106; determines weights of elementary atoms, 133; his birth and education, 157; works at Stockholm, 159; his slight appliances and large discoveries, 161; he reviews Dalton's atomic theory, 162; his views superseded by Avogadro's generalization, 165; he accepts law of isomorphism, 166; and Davy's discovery of chlorine, 204; his views on affinity of atoms, 209; his dual classification, 212; works at organic chemistry, 220; his dualism attacked by Dumas, 260. Black, Joseph, born at Bordeaux, 30; his education, 31; his thesis on magnesia and discovery of "fixed air," 33, et seq.; inquiries into latent heat, 39; professor at Edinburgh, 41; his death and character, 41, et seq.; resumé of his work, 102; his examination of alkalis, 176. Boyle, Hon. Robert, 25; his "Sceptical Chymist," 76; law known as "Boyle's law," 77; opposes doctrine of elementary principles, 93; his definition of an acid, 171; extends the knowledge of salts, 177. Bromine, discovered by Balard, 291. C Carbonic acid gas, or "fixed air," studied by Black, 35; by Priestley, 57, 69. Cavendish, Hon. Henry, rediscovers hydrogen, 63, 78; and composition of water and air, 78. Chloral, } produced by Liebig, composition determined by Dumas, 273. Chloroform,} Chlorine, discovered by Davy, 202; replaces hydrogen in organic compounds, 271. Colloids, 247. Combination in multiple proportions, 127. Combustion, studied by early chemists, 24 (vide "Phlogistic theory"); studied by Black, 47; his views of Lavoisier's theory, 51; Priestley's views of combustion, 62; Lavoisier's experiments, 83, et seq.; Liebig's combustion-tube, 263. Compound radicle, 267; the idea of substitution, 270, 276. Conservation of mass, doctrine of, 82. Crystallization, water of, 237. Crystalloids, 247. D Dalton, John, his birth and education, 107; "answers to correspondents," 109; his meteorological observations, 110; teaches at Manchester, 110; colour-blind, 111; pressures of gaseous mixtures, 113; strives after general laws, 115; first view of atomic theory, 117; visits Paris, 120; honours conferred on him, 121, 122; dies, 123; consideration of atomic theory (which see), 123, et seq.; his "New System of Chemical Philosophy," 129; fixes atomic weight of hydrogen, 130; small use he makes of books, 148; inaccurate as an experimenter, 149; his method compared with Priestley's, 151. Davy, Sir Humphry, 106; opposes the atomic theory, 129; accepts same, 130; studies the chemical aspects of electricity, 185; experiments on the acid and alkali said to be produced by electrolyzing water, 186; apparent suspension of chemical affinities by action of electricity, 191; discovers potassium, 197; and sodium, 198; the metallic bases of earths, 200; proves the elementary nature of chlorine, 202; Davy's birth and youth, 215; experiments on heat, 217; his work at Bristol, 218; inhales gases, 220; lectures at the Royal Institution, 222; discovers iodine and invents safety-lamp, 224; dies, 226. Dialysis, 247. Diffusion-rates of gases, 241; distinguished from transpiration-rates, 242; diffusion-rates of liquids, 245. Dulong, his law of atomic heat, 168. Dumas, Jean B. A., birth and education, 257; physiological studies, 258; meets Von Humboldt, 259; attacks the dualism of Berzelius, 260; Dumas's vapour density process, 262; ethers and alcohols, 265; chlorine in connection with organic compounds, 271; determines composition of chloral and chloroform, 273; studies fermentation, 287; member of the National Assembly, 288; takes office, 289. E Earths, 177; Stahl's views, 178; the connection between earths and alkalis, 178; their metallic bases, 182, 200. Economy of waste materials, 300. Electric affinity, 191, 210. Electricity, Volta's battery, 185; used to decompose water, 185; new metals discovered by its help, 197. Elements: old doctrine of elementary principles opposed by Boyle, 93; modern definition of element, 95 (vide "Spectroscopic analysis"—basic lines, 311). Equivalency, conception of, 294. F Fermentation, studied by Dumas, 287. Fourcroy, calls Lavoisier's views "La chimie Française,", 95 G Gay-Lussac, 138, 143, 201, 203, 257. Gerhardt, 272, 279. Graham, Thomas, early life, 233; made Master of the Mint, 234; his death, 235; studies alcoates, 235; formulates conception of acids of different basicity, 237; considers hydrogen a metal, 238; investigates phenomena observed by Döbereiner, 240; diffusion-rates of gases, 241; of liquids, 245; his atmolyzer, 243; his dialyzer, 247; studies movements and reactions of molecules, 249. H Hales's experiments on gases, 34. Heat, Black's study of latent heat, 39; specific heat, 98; Dalton lectures on, 117; law of capacity for heat, 168; heat as produced by friction, 217. Helmholtz, 143; vortex atoms, 125. Hooke, Robert, his "Micographia," 24; studies combustion, 34. Humboldt, Alexander von, assists Liebig, 256; and Dumas, 259. Hydrochloric acid discovered by Priestley, 66; a stumbling-block to Lavoisierian chemists, 200; studied by Davy, 201. Hydrogen, rediscovered by Cavendish, 63; experimented on by Priestley, 66; its atomic weight decided by Dalton, 130; Graham considers it a metal, 238. I Iodine, discovered by Davy, 224. Isomerism, 297. Isomorphism, law of, 167. L Laplace, assists Lavoisier, 90. Latent heat, Black's theory of, 39. Laurent, his unitary theory, 272, 278. Lavoisier, Antoine L., born at Paris, 79; confutes idea of transmutation, 81; paper on calcination of tin, 84; meets Priestley, 61, 85; his theory of combustion, 51, 86; his chemical nomenclature, 96; he is guillotined, 99; resumé of his work, 103; his views on salts, 183, 184. Liebig, Justus, birth, 256; Humboldt and Gay-Lussac, 257; his improved combustion-tube, 263; studies the cyanates, 264; distinction between organic and inorganic chemistry effaced, 265; produces chloroform and chloral, 273; benzoyl, 274; he leaves Giessen for Munich, 280; his practical and economic discoveries, 283; death, 284; his failure to discover bromine, 291. Lockyer, his work with spectroscope, 310 (and vide "Spectroscopic analysis"). M Mayow, John, studies combustion, 24. Metals, new, discovered by Berzelius, 101; by Davy, 197; hydrogen a metal, 238. Meyer, his views on acids, 174. Mitscherlich's law of isomorphism, 167. Molecule, conception of, 140; molecular weight, 145; molecular mobility of gases, 242; movements and reactions of molecules, 249; modern conception of, 275. Morveau, De, embraces Lavoisier's views, 96. Muriatic acid (vide "Hydrochloric acid,") 119. N Nitric acid, discovered by Priestley, 65; produced by electrolysis, 188. Nomenclature, Lavoisier's system of, 96. O Oil, principle of, 254. Organic chemistry, worked at by Berzelius, 229; attempts to define it, 253; loose application of the term, 255; Wöhler's manufacture of urea abolishes distinction of organic and inorganic chemistry, 265. Oxygen discovered by Priestley, 59; Lavoisier's experiments, 87; it is viewed by him as an acidifier, 91, 175; Berthollet shows it not a necessary constituent of acids, 184 (vide "Acids"). P Paracelsus, 13; his pamphlet, "Tripus Aureus," etc., 19. Petit, 168. Phlogistic theory, 26; enunciated by Stahl, 27; abandoned by Black, 46; phlogiston described as a kind of motion, 49; discovery of dephlogisticated air, 59; the theory overthrown by Lavoisier, 92. Phosphoric acid, 86. Pneumatic trough, invented by Priestley, 57. Potassium, discovered by Davy, 197. Prussic acid, discovered by Berthollet, 184. Priestley, Joseph, born, 52; bred for the ministry, 53; writes on electricity, 55; his pneumatic trough, 57; discovers oxygen, 59; meets Lavoisier, 61, 85; goes to Birmingham, 65; his experiments on hydrogen, 66; his house burnt by rioters, 71; emigrates to America, 72; dies there, 73; resumé of his work, 102; his method compared with that of Dalton, 151. Q Quantitative analysis neglected by early chemists, 29; first accurately employed by Black, 33; used by Lavoisier, 87. R Respiration explained by Lavoisier, 91. Revolution, French, its effect on Priestley, 70; Lavoisier guillotined, 99. Richter's equivalents of acids and bases, 162. Ripley, Canon, an alchemist, his poems, 18. Rouelle, invents term "base," 179; his studies on salts, 181. S Salts, 173; "principle of salt" opposed by Boyle, 177; earth or alkali the base of salts, 179; Rouelle's inquiries, 181; Lavoisier's definition, 184; considered as metallic derivatives of acids, 205; alcoholic salts, 235. "Sceptical Chymist, The," by Hon. Robert Boyle, 76-93. Shelburne, Earl of, patron of Priestley, 58; to whom he grants an annuity, 65. Spectroscopic analysis, 302; lines in solar spectrum, 306; the solar atmosphere, 308; Lockyer's mapping of the lines, 310; basic lines, 311; objections to his hypothesis, 313. Stahl, George Ernest, born at Anspach, 27; enunciates the phlogistic theory, 27, 48; his "primordial acid," 174; his essential property of earths, 178. Sulphur dioxide, discovered by Priestley, 66. Sulphur salts, discovered by Berzelius, 161. T Transmutation, confuted by Lavoisier, 81. Transpiration of gases, 242. Types, 279. V Valentine, Basil, an alchemist, 15; his views on alkalis, 174. Van Helmont, 24. Vitriols, 180. Volta's electric pile, 184. W Water, its composition discovered by Cavendish, 68-78; nearly discovered by Priestley, 68; confirmed by Lavoisier, 90; decomposed by electricity, 185. Weight of ultimate particles, 117, 132; molecular and atomic, 145; revision of atomic weights, 285. Wöhler, his account of visit to Berzelius, 160, 204, 229; studies cyanates with Liebig, 264; results of his discovery as to urea, 265. Wollaston, supports atomic theory, 130.