Part 2 — INDEX

Academea at Athens, 468

Achaeans, athletic character of, 8, 11

Acrobats, in Homer, 25; on Panathenaic vase, 243

Aeginetan pediments, physical type of, 92

Aeginetan successes, 92, 216, 226

Aepytus of Elis, rides his father’s horse, 463

Aezani, stadium, 266

Africanus compiles Olympic register, 50, 192

Age, classification by, 271

Agesidamus of Locri Epizephyrii, boxer, 110

Ageus of Argos, dolichodromos, 201, 285

Agias, pankratiast, statue of, at Delphi, 124, 212

Aglaus of Athens, runner, 273

Agonothetes, 150

Akontistes, 150, 506

Alcibiades, victories at Olympia, 132; at Isthmia, 225; his feast at Olympia, 207; wrestling, 445

Alcimedon of Aegina, wrestler, 375

Alcimidas of Aegina, wrestler, 375

Alcmaeon of Athens, 60

Aleiptes, 477, 506

Alexander, son of Amyntas, at Olympia, 47, 80

Alexander the Great, his contempt for athletics, 127, 154; respect for Olympia, 154

Alexandria, victories at Olympia, 155

Alexandrini, guild of, 175

Amentum, 339 ff.

Amphiaraus vase, 29, 385, 463

Amphictionies, in Peloponnese, 41

Anaxilas of Rhegium, 71, 207

Anaximenes, statue of, at Olympia, 140

Anolympiads, 45

Antiochus, pankratiast, Arcadian ambassador to Persia, 143

Antipater of Miletus, boxer, refuses bribe, 134

Antiphon, 339, 354

Anystis, courier, 181

Aphesis, of stadium, 253, 259, 265, 273; of hippodrome, 453

Aphetes, or katapaltaphetes, 150

Aphrodisias, stadium, 260

Apobates, 71, 237, 461

Apollo, statues of, 84, 88 ff.

Apollonius, boxer, disqualified at Olympia, 201

Apollonius Rhodius, description of boxing, 430

Apoxyomenos, 124, 482

Aratus of Sicyon, 157, 160

Arcesilas of Cyrene, 210

Archelaus of Macedon, founds Olympia at Dium, 152

Archilochus of Paros, hymn of, 56, 207

Argeius of Ceos, boxer, 216, 225, 426

Argive wrestlers, 393, 401

Argos, and Olympia, 55; and Nemean games, 224

Aristomenes of Aegina, wrestler, 375

Ariston, P. Cornelius, pankratiast, 178, 375

Aristonicus of Carystus, Alexander’s sphairistes, 485

Aristophanes, on decline of athletics, 131

Aristotle, his opinion on athletics, 127; on the pentathlon, 136; edits list of Olympionicae, 50, and Pythionicae, 213; statue of, at Olympia, 140

Armed combat. Vide Hoplomachia

Armed race. Vide Foot-race

Arrhichion of Phigalia, pankratiast, 70, 201, 438, 443, 450

Asclepiades, Publius, inscribed diskos of, 183, 316

Asinius Quadratus, C., Olympic chronology, 182

Aspendus, coins of, 103, 373, 385, 441

Astylus of Croton, runner, proclaimed as a Syracusan, 76, 82, 134

Atarbus, monument of, 240

Athenian festivals, 227 ff.; Panathenaea, 227; Heraclea, 228; Eleusinia, 228; Oschophoria, 228; Thesea, 228, 247; Epitaphia, 228; Dionysia, 229; Aiantea, 229; Olympia, 229; Bendidea, 229; Diisoteria, 229

Athens, successes at Olympia, 73; athletic training at, 108; decline of athletics, 131; training of epheboi, 149; gladiatorial shows at, 172; Panathenaic stadium, 263; popularity of foot-race and pankration, 272; gymnasia and palaestrae, 149, 468 ff.

Athletes, honours and rewards of, 77; profits of, 129; transfer of, 134

Athletic art, 84, 86 ff., 103. Vide Coins, Gems, Sculpture

Athletics, difference between Greek and modern, 3, 5; distinguish Greek from barbarian, 47, 107

Athletics and athletic games, 3; and physical training, 186, 510

Athletics, Greek, practical character of, 1; part of education, 2; absence of records, 2; connexion with religion, 3; political importance of, 4; danger of excess in, 4; vitality of, 5; importance attached to style, 2, 114; influence of, upon art, 86; influence of art upon, 114

Athletics, history of Greek— Northern origin of athletics, 8; pre-Achaeans unathletic, 9; sport in Homer, 11 ff.; sport aristocratic, 14, 25 Rise of athletic festival, 26 ff.; early records of Olympia, 54; superiority of Sparta, seventh century, 56; athletics in Sicily and Italy, 58; sport national and democratic, 60 Organization of athletics, sixth century, 61; profits and rewards of, 76; protest of Xenophanes against over-athleticism, 78; growth of competition, 79; athletic training, 81; decline of Sparta, 81; age of strong men, 82 Athletic ideal of fifth century, 86 ff.; influence of Persian wars, 107; influence of art on athletics, 114 Growth of specialization 440-338 B.C., 124 ff.; athletic diet, 125; artificial training, 126; rise of medical gymnastics, 129; lucrativeness of athletics, 129; professionalism, 131; corruption, 134; brutalization of sport, 135 The professional strong man, 146; age of athletic buildings, 148; military training of epheboi, 149; athletic revival in Asia and Egypt, 155; decline of Italy and Sicily, 160 Roman prejudice against athletics, 163; brutalizing influence of Rome, 172; increase of corruption, 174; athletic guilds, 174; artificial revival of athletics under Empire, 178; age of records, 181; sports of Sparta, 183; Galen condemns athletics, 188; Philostratus on the decline of athletics, 190; artificiality of training, 191

Aurelius Asclepiades, M., periodoneikes, 178

Automedes of Phlius, pentathlete, 368

Bacchylides, 105, 109, 195, 200, 272

Balbis, 252, 318 ff.

Ball-play in Homer, 24; at Sparta, 185; Galen’s treatise on, 187; Alexander fond of, 485; rooms for, 485

Bater, 252, 297

Bathing arrangements in gymnasium, 479 ff.

Bathroom at Delphi, 486; at Priene, 495

Beauty, Greek love of, 88

Belistiche, 159, 462

Beni-Hassan, wrestling scenes at, 9, 372

Boat-races, 221, 229, 240, 508

Bolas, 314

Boxing— In Crete, 9, 10, 403; in Homer, 17, 417; in Eastern Aegean, 33; at Priene (ἐν εἵμασι), 496; popularity of, 131, 402 Himantes, 402; sphairai, 406, 136; himantes oxeis, 409; caestus, 411; represented on bronze situlae, 412 History of, in Greece, 414; conditions of, 415; position of boxer, 419 Use of left hand, 422; use of right hand, 423; the crushed ear, 425; foot-work, 425; defect of style, 427 Amycus and Polydeuces in Theocritus, 428; in Apollonius Rhodius, 430; Dares and Entellus in Vergil, 431, 172; laws of, 432 Practice for, 433

Boys, competitions for, 80; pankration for, 161; Claudian, Augustan, 175; Isthmian, Pythian, 271

Bull-baiting at Cnossus, 10

Burgon vase, 242, 457

Bybon, inscription of, on weight, 83

Bye, importance of, 370, 374

Caestus, 136, 172. Vide Boxing

Callippus of Athens, pentathlete, bribes opponents, 134, 136

Caprus of Elis, pankratiast, 146

Carrhotus, charioteer of Arcesilas, 463

Ceos, athletic successes of, 107, 216, 226; list of victors, 216; ephebic inscription, 151, 502

Chariot, four-horse and two-horse, 457

Charioteer, 111, 463; dress of, 459, 460

Chariot-race, in Homer, 15; in funeral games, 31, 32; antiquity of, at Olympia, 40, 56; tyrants compete in, 59; popularity of, in Sicily, 132, 451; in Sparta, 133; in Macedon, 161; discontinuance of, at Olympia, 165; at Pythia, 211; at Isthmia, 221; at Nemea, 225; at Athens, 235 ff.; women compete in, 462; states compete in, 463; danger of, 463. Vide also Hippodrome

Chilon, death of, at Olympia, 73

Chionis of Sparta, runner, 58, 70

Chios, girls and men wrestle, 387

Chromius of Aetna, chariot, 114, 225

Cimon of Athens, 73, 468

Cirrus, 377

Claudius Rufus, T., pankratiast, decree in honour of, 115

Cleisthenes of Sicyon, 60, 63, 66, 210

Cleitomachus of Thebes, boxer, wrestler, pankratiast, 146, 199; epigram on, 377

Cleitostratus of Rhodes, wrestler, 401

Clothes, penalty for stealing, in gymnasium, 477; provision for care of, 500

Cnossus, bull-baiting at, 9; dancing and boxing, 10

Coins— Athletic types on, 103; diskobolos (Cos), 330; wrestlers (Aspendus, Alexandria, Heraclea, Syracuse, Tarentum), 372, 373, 385, 390 Equestrian types on coins of Italy and Sicily, 451; mule car (Rhegium, Messana), 460; torch-race, apobates (Tarentum), 461; chariot (Catana), 465; (Syracuse, Agrigentum), 465; chariot and horse on coins of Macedon, 459 The Zeus of Pheidias (Elis), 178; nymph Olympia and Victory (Elis), 194; prize table (Delphi), 214; crown (Delphi), 214; (Corinth), 222; (Argos), 224

Colotes, prize-table of, 121

Colts, races for, 161; judging, 204, 461

Competition, Greek love of, 3

Coroebus of Elis, first Olympic victor, 50, 54

Corruption in athletics, 134, 148, 174, 218

Cretans excel as runners, 284

Creugas and Damoxenus at Nemea, 421, 432

Croton, victories of, 58, 82, 284; tries to rival Olympia, 82

Cryptoporticus, 494, 498

Cylon of Athens, 71, 73

Cynisca, 133, 462

Cynosarges, 149, 468

Cypselus, chest of, 30, 60

Damagetus of Sparta, boxer, 73

Damaretus of Heraea, hoplitodromos, statue of, 70

Damaretus, king of Sparta, chariot-race, 133

Damiscus of Messene, boy runner, 271

Damonon, inscription, 133, 284, 151, 463

Damostratus, wrestler, epigram on, 377

Dead heats, 206

Deinosthenes of Sparta, courier, 155 n. 2

Delos, festival at, 33; gymnasium, 489

Delphi, charioteer, 111; inscription, περὶ οἴνου, 126; stadium, 257; gymnasium, 483

Democrates of Tenedos, decree in honour of, 156

Diadumenos of Polycleitus, 96

Diagoras of Rhodes, 180

Diagoridae of Rhodes, 47, 130, 179

Diaulos, 51, 280, 283

Diet of athletes, 124, 126, 191

Dikon of Syracuse, runner, 137

Diodorus, gymnasiarchos, stele of, 491

Diodorus of Pergamum, gymnasiarchos, restores gymnasium, 500

Dion, accounts of archonship of, at Delphi, 261, 483

Dion of Prusa (Chrysostom) at the Isthmia, 173, 214

Dionysodorus of Thebes and Alexander, 154

Diophon, pentathlete, epigram on, 359, 368

Discipline enforced by the rod, 142, 274, 436, 469, 475

Diskobolos, of Myron, 95, 319, 322, 330; the standing (Vatican), 327. Vide Coins, Sculpture

Diskoi, of stone, 315; of metal, 316; existing specimens, 316; weight and size of, 317

Diskoi, inscribed, Iphitus, 43; Publius Asclepiades, 183; Exoïdas, 316

Diskos and solos in Homer, 22, 313

Diskos, throwing the, distance thrown, 318; balbis, 318; marking the throw, 320; principle of the throw, 322; typical positions, 323; stance, 327; backward swing, 330; the forward swing and throw, 331; modern styles, 333; competitions in, 337

Dolichos, 51, 270, 279, 281, 284

Domitius Tutus, Q., votive offering of, 222

Dorian invasion, 42

Dorieus of Rhodes, boxer, 130, 375

Doryphoros of Polycleitus, 95

Drachma, value of, 262

Drill, textbooks of, 374

Dromeus of Mantinea, pankratiast, 375

Dromeus of Stymphalus, dolichodromos and trainer, introduces meat diet, 126, 505

Dromos, at Sparta, 467

Drumos of Epidaurus, inscription of, 285

Dumb-bells, halteres used as, 310

Elaiothesion, 490

Elean embassy to Egypt, 68

Eleans and Pisatans, 43, 142

Eleans, Ϝρατραι of, 51

Elis, synoecism of, 115; the new city, 117; treaty with Heraea, 46

Empedocles of Aetna, 207

Epaenetus, inscribed halter of, 298

Epaminondas and athletics, 127

Epharmostus of Opous, 180, 228

Ephebeion, 490, 495

Epheboi, 99; reorganized by Lycurgus, 148; training of,, 149 ff.

Ephesus, stadium, 266; gymnasium, 494

Epicharinus, hoplitodromos, statue of, 94

Epidaurus, athletes fined for bribery, 148 n.; stadium, 254

Epigrams, athletic, 172; their veracity, 310

Epinikia, 78, 105 ff.

Etruscan wall-paintings, funeral games, 27; wrestling, 384; boxing, 412

Euagoras of Sparta, chariot-race, 133

Eumastas, inscription on weight, 83

Eumelus, 34

Eupolemus of Elis, runner, 135

Eupolus of Thessaly, boxer, bribes opponents, 134

Euripides, epinikion on Alcibiades, 105; on professional athletes, 131

Euryleonis of Sparta, 462

Eutelidas of Sparta, pentathlete and wrestler, 57, 70

Euthymus of Locri Epizephyrii, boxer, worshipped as a hero, 77

Exaenetus of Agrigentum, runner, triumphal entry of, 77

Exercises, classification of, heavy and light, 364; according to Galen, 509

Exoïdas, inscribed diskos of, 316

Festivals— Actia, reorganized by Augustus, 168 Adriania, 180 Antinoea, 176 Asclepiea at Epidaurus, 180, 254 Assinaria, commemorated on coins of Syracuse, 465 Augustalia at Neapolis, regulations for, 169, 175, 271 Augustea, 180 Azan in Arcadia, 31 Balbillea, 180 Capitolia at Rome, 170 Carnea, 72 Chrysanthina at Sardis, 180 Delia, 33 Dioclea at Megara, 3 Eleutheria at Plataea, 31, 108, 286 Erotidia, 372 Eusebea at Puteoli, 180 Euryclea at Sparta, 184 n. 2 Haliea at Rhodes, 31 Heraclea at Sparta, 180 Heraea at Olympia, 47, 272 Heraea at Argos, 180 Hermaea in palaestra, 469 Leonidaea at Sparta, 176, 184, 491 Olympia at Aegae, 154; Alexandria, 181; Antioch, 170; Dium, 152; Athens, Smyrna, Ephesus, 180 Petraea, 211 Ptolemaea, 150 Soteria, 158 Vide Olympia, Isthmia, Nemea, Athenian festivals

Flamininus at the Isthmia, 162

Flavius Archibius, T., of Alexandria, pankratiast, inscription, 181

Flavius Artemidorus, T., pankratiast, inscription, 179

Flute-player accompanies athletics, 302, 476

Foot-race, the, 270; length of races, 270; supposed pre-eminence of stade-race, 272; the start, 273; use of starting lines, 274; position of runners, 274; ὕσπληξ, 276; wooden barrier, 277; poaching at the start, 274, 277; heats, 277; use of posts in starting lines, 278; manner of running diaulos and dolichos, 279; styles of running, 280, 290; physical types of runners, 283, 291; performances of Greek runners, 284; race in armour, its character, 285; varieties of, 286, 291; description of, 70, 289; popularity of, 291; Oschophoria, 292; torch-races, 292; methods of training, 292

François vase, 349, 463

Frigidarium, 491

Funeral games, athletic festivals derived from, 27; distribution of, 27; in Ireland, 28; in Greece, 30; represented in art, 30; become periodical, 31; origin of, 31

Galen, 187; his treatise on the “Small Ball,” 187; his exhortation, 188; system of physical training, 509

Games and athletics compared, 3; and physical training, 509; at Sparta, 184

Gems, athletic scenes on, 103; wrestling groups on, 447

Germanicus Caesar, victory at Olympia, 167

Gladiatorial shows introduced into Syria, 161; into Greece, 172

Glaucon of Athens, chariot, 158

Glaucus of Carystus, boxer, 82, 83; statue of, 94

Gorgias of Leontini at Olympia, 137

Gorgos of Messene, pentathlete, 160

Guilds, athletic, 174

Gymnasiarchos, 151, 500 ff.

Gymnasium and palaestra— Difference between, 467; at Athens, 468, 149; essentials of, 470 Scenes from, in Plato, 471; scenes from, on the vases, 472 ff.; exercises in, 472; discipline in, 475; the apodyterion, 476; the bath-room, 479 At Delphi, 483, 213; at Olympia, 486; at Epidaurus and Delos, 489; Vitruvius’ description of, 489; at Ephesus, 494; at Priene, 494; at Pergamum, 496

Gymnastes and paidotribes, difference between, 503

Gymnastics and athletics, 2; and medicine, 505; and music, 2

Gymnopaidike at Sparta, 507

Hadrian, 176

Halter, the Cilician, 442

Halteres, 298 ff.; used as dumb-bells, 310

Heats, drawing lots for, 205, 278

Hellanodicae at Nemea, 66, 225; at local Olympia, 170; at Epidaurus, 257. Vide Olympia

Helvidius, stele of, 241

Heracles, in early art, 84; compared with Theseus, 85; statue of (Farnese), 146; as wrestler, 372; wrestles with Antaeus, 380, 383, 388, 390, 444, 448; as boxer, 402; as pankratiast, 437; fights with Nemean lion, 384, 387, 437; with Triton and Achelous, 447

Heracles, successors of, 146, 161, 174

Heralds, competitions for, 139, 199

Herculanei, guild of, 175

Hermes, patron of gymnasium, 485

Herodes Atticus, his buildings, 178, 259, 263

Herodicus of Selymbria, 129, 504

Herodotus at Olympia, 139

Herodotus of Thebes, his own charioteer, 221, 228, 463

Hieron of Syracuse, 210

Hieromnemones, 208

Hieronymus defeats Tisamenus in pentathlon, 366

Himantes. Vide Boxing

Hippeis, Helbig’s theory of the, 71

Hippias of Elis, 140; compiles Olympic register, 50

Hippios race, 220, 225, 270

Hippocrates of Cos, condemns athletic training, 128

Hippodrome, 451; absence of spina, 452; on Mt. Lycaeus, 452; at Olympia, 452; aphesis of, 453; Taraxippos, 455; equestrian programme, 457; length of races, 457; four-horse chariot, 458; two-horse chariot, 459; mule car, 460; jockeys, 460; apobates, 461

Hippomachus, trainer, 114

Hipposthenes of Sparta, wrestler, 57

Homer, the joy of sport, 11; Phaeacians and Achaeans, 12; sport spontaneous and aristocratic, 14, 25; prizes, 14; games of Patroclus, 15 ff.; chariot-race, 15; boxing, 17; wrestling, 19; foot-race, 20; armed combat, 21; throwing the stone, 22; sports of the soldiers, 24; acrobats, 25

Hoplite race, 70, 225. Vide Foot-race

Hoplitodromos of Tübingen, 94, 275

Hoplomachia, in Homer, 21; at Thesea, 248

Hoplomachos, 151, 506

Horse-races, 58, 71, 460

Hysmon of Elis, pentathlete, 136

Iasos, consumption of oil in gymnasium, 502

Iccus of Tarentum, trainer, 129, 505

Iliac line in Greek sculpture, 311

Immorality, gymnasia accused of, 99

Iphitus, truce of, 43

Ireland, funeral games, 28; use of amentum, 343

Isocrates’ Panegyric at Olympia, 138

Isthmia, refounding of, in 582 B.C., 64; rivalry with Olympia, 65, 216; Dion Chrysostom’s description of, 173, 214; corruption at, 174; character of, 214; connexion with Athens, 216; history of, 216; competition somewhat local, 216; sacred truce and Sparta, 217; under the Romans, 218; control transferred to Sicyon, 219; restored to Corinth, 219; programme of, 220; prizes at, 221

Jason of Pherae, 152, 212

Javelin, the, 338; the amentum, 339; its use in war and the chase, 340; its distribution, 342; the ounep and the throwing stick, 344; its effect, 346

Javelin, throwing the, practical style, 348; athletic style, 350; with or without a run, 352; left-handed throw, 352; competitions in, 353, 135; in Homer, 352, 21; in fifth century, 354; part of pentathlon, 355; rules for, 356; on horseback, 356

Julius Caesar, sports provided by, 166

Jumping, in Homer, 24; part of pentathlon, 295; a long jump, 296; hopping and other exercises, 296; the skamma, 297; the bater, 297; measuring the jump, 298; jumping weights, 298; method of using, 301; a standing or running jump, 306; jumping without weights, 308

Konisterion, 485, 492, 500

Korykeion, 492

Korykos, 478

Kosmetes, 150, 501

Laches of Ceos, runner, 195

Laconicum, 491

Ladas of Achaea, stadiodromos, 284

Ladas of Sparta, dolichodromos, 284

Lakkoma at Delphi, 261

Lampadarchia, Lampadarchos, 501. Vide Torch-race

Lampito, 296

Lampon of Aegina, 111

Laodicea, stadium, 266

Larisa, inscription, 354

Leon of Ambracia, appeals to Olympic council, 135

Leonidas of Naxos, builds Leonidaeum, 156

Leonidas of Rhodes, runner, τριαστής, 161

Leontiscus of Sicily, breaks opponent’s fingers, 373, 386

Lichas of Sparta, beaten at Olympia, 142

Licinius Priscus, improves stadium at Isthmus, 219

Loin-cloth, 48, 376

Love names, on vases, 99

Lucian’s Anacharsis, 182 and passim

Lyceum at Athens, 149, 468, 472

Lycurgus of Athens, 148, 263

Lycurgus of Sparta, and trace of Iphitus, 43

Lygdamis of Syracuse, boxer, 58

Lysander, statue of, at Olympia, 140

Lysias, Panegyric, 34; at Olympia, 138

Macedon and Olympia, 151, 158

Marathon, the charge at, 107

Massage, 129, 478

Medical gymnastics, 129

Megacles of Athens, 210

Melancomas, boxer, 174, 428

Melesias, trainer, 505

Melissus of Thebes, pankratiast, 444

Menander of Athens, trainer, 108, 505

Messene, stadium, 266

Messenian successes at Olympia, 54, 143

Metae of stadium, 267

Metrodorus of Pergamum, gymnasiarchos, 497

Midas of Agrigentum, flute-player, 230

Military competitions, 150 ff.; at Athens, 239, 248

Milo of Croton, wrestler, 82, 310, 375, 377

Mosaic, from Tusculum, 176, 447; from baths of Caracalla, 189, 411

Mud, wrestling in, 376

Mule chariot-race, 71, 460

Mummius at Olympia, 162

Mycenae, absence of athletics, 11; “warrior vase,” 340

Myron of Sicyon, 59

Myron, sculptor, 95

Nemea, origin of festival, 66; similarity to Olympia, 66; Hellanodicae at, 66, 225; control of, 223; history of, 224; the winter Nemea, 224; the sanctuary, 224; date, of, 225; programme of, 225; athletic character of, 226; nature of competition at, 226

Nero at Olympia, 171; at Isthmia, 218

Nicasylus of Rhodes, 271

Nicogenes of Athens, Agonothetes, decree in honour of, 150

Nicostratus of Cilicia, last successor of Heracles, 174

Nudity in athletics, influence of, 86

Oenopides at Olympia, 140

Oil, use of, in athletics, 273; in gymnasium, 477, 490; supplied by gymnasiarchos, 477; large quantity used, 502

Oligaethidae of Corinth, victories of, 217

Olympia, buildings and monuments at— Altar of Zeus, 53 Altis wall, 119, 156 Bouleuterion, 69, 116, 119 Colonnades, 120, 156 Exedra of Herodes, 171 Gymnasium, 159, 488 Heraeum, 48, 52 Heroum, 156 Hippodamium, 39 Hippodrome, 120, 452 Historical monuments, 118, 137, 138, 145, 158, 162 Leonidaeum, 156 Metroum, 167 Nero, house of, 171 Oenomaus, house of, 39 Palaestra, 159, 486 Pelops, tomb of, 39 Philippeum, 153 Processional entrance, 171 Prytaneum, 70 Prehistoric remains at, 39 Stadium, 53, 120, 156, 167, 251 ff. Statues, athletic, 57, 70, 121, 136, 160, 168 Statues, honorary, 140, 157, 159, 168, 182 Temple of Zeus, 119 Theocoleon, 156 Treasuries, 58, 69, 118 Treasury steps, 118 Votive offerings, 40, 53, 138, 157, 183

Olympia, history of— Antiquity of, 34; position of, 36; accessibility by sea and land, 36; Cretans and Phoenicians at, 37; connexion with migrations, 37; primitive cults at, 38; mythical founding of games, 39; Pelops and Heracles, 39; in pre-Dorian times, 40; under control of Pisatae, 41; Oxylus and Dorian invasion, 42; Pisatae and Eleans, 43; truce of Iphitus, 43; dual control of, 44; Elean reconstruction of history, 44; date of destruction of Pisa, 46 First Olympiad, 50; Olympia in 776 B.C., 52; competition local at first, 54; gradual expansion eastward, 55; Spartan predominance in seventh century, 56; connexion with western colonies, 58; political importance recognized by tyrants, 59; national and democratic character of, 60; in sixth century, 68 ff.; activity of Eleans, 68; Athenian successes, 73 Representative character of competition in fifth century, 108; high ideal of Olympia, 115; influence of Persian wars, 115; synoecism of Elis, 115; devastation of Pisatis, 116; reorganization of festival by Eleans, 116; new buildings, 118 Between 440-338 B.C., 131 ff.; decline of competition, 131, 136, 140, 145; beginnings of corruption, 134; political influence of festival, 136; a centre of Panhellenism, 136; expansion of interests, 139; quarrel with Sparta, 141; humiliation of Elis, 142; Elis and Arcadia, 143; battle at Olympia and triumph of Elis, 144 Importance of festival in Macedonian times, 152 ff.; Philip II., 153; Alexander, 154; Alexandrian victories at, 155; Macedonian monuments, 155; Macedonian victories, 158; change in competition, 160; cessation of victors from the west, 160 Decline in first century B.C., 164; games transferred to Rome by Sulla, 165; discontinuance of chariot-races, 165; revival under the Empire, 167; Nero at, 170; Hadrian and Herodes Atticus, 176; antiquarian interest in Olympia, 182; the last days of the festival, 192

Olympiads, used for chronology, 52

Olympic festival— Date of, 194; duration of, 195; order of, 196-200; description of, in fifth century, 201-207 Competitors, requirements for, 46; dress of, 48; names entered beforehand, 202; training of, 202; oath and scrutiny of, 203 Council, 44, 69, 135 Exegetae, 168 Hellanodicae, 44, 69, 116, 117, 135, 192, 202, 205 Heralds and trumpeters, 202, 205 Iamidae and Clytidae, 41, 44 Officials, lists of, 167 Prizes, 48; table of Colotes, 3, 53, 121; when given, 206 Programme, 51; additions to, 57, 58, 70, 71, 133, 139, 161, 165 Register of victors, 50, 198 Sacred truce, 43, 201 Spectators, 139, 203 Theoroi, 60 Women, exclusion of, 47

Onomastus of Smyrna, makes laws for boxing, 33, 56

Onomastus, inscription of, on prize caldron, 72

Oricadmus of Sicily, laws for wrestling, 401

Orsippus of Megara, runner, 48

Oschophoria, 228

Ounep or throwing thong, 344

Over-athleticism, 78

Oxyrhynchus Papyrus, fragment of Olympic register, 50, 108, 198; wrestling, 374, 507

Paidonomos, 151, 497

Paidotribes and gymnastes, distinction between, 503

Paidotribes, dress of, 474; fees, 151, 503

Palaestra and gymnasium, difference between, 468

Palaestra, different types of, 469; of Miccus in Plato, 471; life in, 149

Palm of victory, 76 n. 1

Panathenaea, reorganized by Peisistratus, 74; why not Panhellenic, 75; programme of, 75, 230; recitations at, 230; musical contests at, 230; athletic, 233; equestrian, 235; prizes at, 75, 231, 232, 234, 241; fewness of Athenian victories at, 235; tribal competitions, 239; regatta, 241; prizes, 241; prize amphorae, 242; stadium, 263

Panathenaic amphorae, 75, 241-245

Panhellenic festivals, cycle of, 67

Pankration, alleged brutality of, 435; Philostratus’ description of, 438; combination of wrestling and boxing, 439; various throws, 440; leg-holds, 441; stomach throw, 442; kicking, 445; strangling, etc., 446; ground-wrestling, 448; Uffizi wrestlers, 448

Paradromis, 483

Parthenon, Panathenaic procession on frieze of, 230; athletic type on, 102; apobates on, 238

Patroclus, games of, 15

Peisistratus, 73, 74

Peleus, pentathlon of, 362; wrestling with Atalanta, 387

Pelias, funeral games of, 30, 353

Peloponnese, the home of athletics, 9

Pentathlon, commended by Aristotle, 136; the events of, 359; three distinctive events, 360; typical of Greek education, 361; supposed invention by Jason, 362; pentathlon of Peleus, 362; order of events, 362; method of deciding, 365

Pergamum, inscription of Attalus, 158; stadium, 254 n. 1; gymnasia, 496 ff.

Periander of Corinth, 60

Phaedimus, boy pankratiast, 161

Phanas of Pellene, τριαστής, 82

Phayllus of Croton, 212, 284, 308 ff., 318, 368

Pheidiphides, courier, 181, 285

Pheidon of Argos, 45, 55, 59

Pherenice, 47

Philinus of Cos, runner, 161

Philip II. of Macedon, 152, 460

Philip V. of Macedon, at Nemea, 224

Philippus of Croton, worshipped here, 77

Philippus, boxer, inscription of, 375

Philon, contractor, fined by Hellanodicae, 254

Philonides of Crete, courier, 155, 181

Philopoemen, 160; reception of, at Nemea, 224

Philostratus, “gymnastike,” 189 and passim

Phintia, inscription on duties of gymnasiarchos, 502

Phlegon of Tralles, edits Olympic Register, 50, 182, 198

Phylacidas of Aegina, 111

Picks, in gymnasia, 297, 434, 475

Pindar, 105, 185; his athletic ideal, 109 ff.

Pisa, date of destruction of, 46; Pisatae, 41 ff.

Platanistas at Sparta, 184, 468

Plato, attitude towards athletics, 128; his ideal gymnastic, 128, 270; on boxing, 136; on running, 270; on wrestling, 380

Plutarch, on physical training, 187

Polites, runner, 199

Polycleitus, 95

Polydamas of Scotussa, pankratiast, 77

Polydeuces as boxer, 402; his fight with Amycus, 428

Polymnestor of Miletus, runner, 58

Pot-hunting, 81, 174

Powder for washing, 480; for massage, 492

Praxidamas of Aegina, boxer, statue of, 70

Praxiteles, the Hermes of, 52

Priene, stadium, 265; gymnasium, 494

Prizes, in Homer, 14; at Olympia, 48; at different festivals, 72; money, 82, 169; at Panathenaea, 75, 232, 234, 241; at Ceos, 151; at Sparta, 185; at Pythia, 214; at Isthmia, 221; at Nemea, 225; at Assinaria, 466

Professionalism, 81, 130, 146, 160

Ptolemaei and Olympia, 158

Ptolemaeus Lagi, 158, 211

Ptolemaeus Philadelphus, 149

Pylos and Pylians, 42

Pyrrhic chorus, 240

Pythagoras of Samos, boxer, 58

Pythagoras of Samos, trainer, 126, 505

Pytheas of Aegina, pankratiast, 111, 225

Pythia, originally held every eight years, 62; a musical festival, 63; first Sacred war, 63; refounded as pentaeteris, 582 B.C., 63; date of, 208; Hieromnemones, 208; programme of, 209; musical events, 209; painting competition, 209; equestrian events, 210; athletic events, 211; stadium, 212; hippodrome, 212; importance of, in fourth century, 212; Pythia held at Athens, 290 B.C., 213; Pythaids, 213; under the Empire, 213; duration and order of events, 213; prize, 214, 64

Record-breaking, in Imperial times, 181

Records, absence of, among Greeks, 2

Rhexibius of Opous, pankratiast, statue of, 70

Riding, taught in gymnasium, 476

Roman games, spectacular, 166

Romans, admitted to Greek festivals, 161; attitude of, towards athletics, 163

Rowing, 507

Running. Vide Foot-race

Scholiasts, worthlessness of their evidence, 359

Sculpture, athletic— Earliest athletic statues, 70; sculpture of sixth century, 84; Apollo of Tonea, 88; Argive statue from Delphi, 90; Boeotian type, 90; Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo, 90; Aeginetan pediments, 90; Ligourio bronze, 91; Argive and Athenian types, 91 Development of athletic statue, 93; Tübingen hoplitodromos, 94; Myron’s diskobolos, 95, 319, 322, 330; Polycleitus, 95 Growing uniformity of type, 97; preference for younger type, 101; head of ephebos, 102; Delphi charioteer, 111 Diversity of type in fourth century, 124; Apoxyomenos and Agias, 124; Farnese Heracles, 146; cessation of athletic statues, 160 Girl runner (Vatican), 48; standing diskobolos (Vatican), 327; bronze statuettes of diskobolos, 326, 328, 330; wrestling boys (Naples), 379, 382; bronze wrestling groups, 396, 398, 399, 400; boxer of the Terme, 146, 409; Uffizi wrestlers, 448

Sicilian, rules for wrestling, 401; love of horse-racing, 451

Sicily and Italy, athletic eminence in sixth century, 81; decline in third century, 160

Simonides, epinikia, 78, 109; epigrams, 359, 364, 378

Skamma, 297, 376

Smyrna, connexion with Peloponnese, 50

Socrates on athletics, 124, 127

Sogenes of Aegina, pentathlete, 224

Solon, rewards for athletes, 74; laws for palaestrae, 469, 477

Solos, 24, 313

Sophius of Messene, runner, 143

Sophronistai, 501

Sostratus of Sicyon, pankratiast, 148, 447

Sotades of Crete, proclaims himself an Ephesian, 134

Sparta, athletic greatness in seventh century, 56; decline in sixth century, 81; popularity of horse-racing, 133; revival of Lycurgean discipline under the Empire, 183; contest of endurance, 183; festivals and games, 184; ball games, 185; musical and other competitions, 185; successes in running, 284; contempt of science in boxing and wrestling, 401, 402, 425

Spina, unknown in Greek race-courses, 251

Stadiodromos and Olympic chronology, 52, 273

Stadium, primitive type of, 251; history of, 267; Isthmia, 219; Nemea, 225; Olympia, 252; Epidaurus, 254; Delphi, 257; Athens, 263; Priene, 265; Messene, 266; Ephesus, 266; Aezani, 266; Aphrodisias, 266; Laodicea, 266

Start, the. Vide Aphesis, Foot-race

Statius, description of boxing, 426, 432

Stomius of Elis, pentathlete, 136

Stone-throwing in war and sport, 23

Strigil, 481

Style in athletics, importance attached to, 2, 114, 373

Sulla transfers Olympia to Rome, 165

Sweating-bath, 491

Swimming, 83, 507

Sybaris, 58, 82

Syracuse, 465

Taraxippus, 455

Tarentum, love of horses, 461

Tauromenium, number of competitions at, 502

Teos, inscriptions, 151, 502, 503

Tetrads, 191

Theagenes of Thasos, boxer, pankratiast, 77, 81, 82

Thebes, famed for chariots, 50, 210, 211; for wrestling, 401

Themistocles, at Olympia, 116; teaches his son riding and the javelin, 132, 356; frequents Cynosarges, 468

Theocritus, description of boxing, 428

Theodota, victory in chariot-race, 462

Theophrastus, 393, 485

Theseus, science of wrestling ascribed to, 372; of boxing, 402; of pankration, 437; wrestles with Cercyon, 391; comparison of, with Heracles, 85

Thessalian wrestling, 401

Thessaly, famed for horses, 58, 210

Tisamenus defeated by Hieronymus, 365

Tiberius Caesar, victory in chariot-race, 167

Timodemidae of Athens, 217, 226

Timodemus of Athens, 229

Tisander of Naxos, boxer, swims for exercise, 83

Titormus, weight-lifter and strong man, 83

Torch-races, 151, 240, 247, 292, 461, 501

Toxotes, 151

Trainers, 81, 108, 122, 504

Training, 124, 191, 293, 503

Troilus of Elis, Hellanodicas, wins horse-race unfairly, 135

Truce, sacred, 43, 141, 201; abuse of, by Argos, 223

Trumpet, races started by, 456

Trumpeters, competitions for, 139, 199

Tug of war, 405

Tullius, M., of Apamea, boxer, inscription of, 151

Tydeus, as boxer, 402

Tyrtaeus, 81, 88

Valerius Eclectus of Sinope, herald, 192

Varazdates, last Olympic victor, 193

Vases, athletic scenes on, 104; red and black figured, compared, 85, 352, 418; conventional representation of running, 282; geometric vases, 30; Panathenaic, 75, 241

Vergil, description of boxing, 172, 431

Vitruvius, description of gymnasium, 489

Walk-over, 375

Watsch, amentum represented on sword-belt, 343; boxing on situlae, 412

Weight-lifting, 83

Women, excluded from Olympia, 47; compete in chariot-races, 47, 239, 462; foot-races for, at the Heraea, 47; join in sports with men at Sparta, 47, 296; wrestle with youths at Chios, 387

Wrestling, its popularity, 372; an exercise of skill, 373; instruction in, 374; competitions in, the bye, 374; number of competitors, 374; “upright” and “ground,” 376; rules of, 377; the throw, 377; number of throws, 378; leg-holds, 380; preliminary position, 382; arm-holds, 383; flying mare, 383; neck-holds, 386; body-holds, 389; the heave, 391; cross-buttock, 393; tripping, 397; variety of styles, 400

Xenarches of Sparta, chariot-race, 225

Xenocles of Maenalus, wrestler, 375

Xenocrates of Agrigentum, chariot, 210

Xenophanes, protest against over-athleticism, 79, 272

Xenophon, 130; account of battle of Olympia, 196, 363; on javelin-throwing, 356

Xystarches, 175, 176, 506

Xystos, 483

Zanes, 134, 174

Zosimus of Priene, gymnasiarchos, 496