INDEX, GLOSSARY AND LIST OF SYNONYMS.

Figures in bold type (25) refer to pages whereon the species or subject is more particularly dealt with; figures in italics (25) refer to pages containing illustrations.

Achene, 123

Acicular—bristle-like

Acuminate—tapering to a long point, 21, 139, 146, 147

Acute—simply pointed, 19, 21

Adaptations, 20, 24, 36, 37, 70, 124, 125, 132

Adventitious roots, 8, 131

Agriculture, 2, 3

Agropyrum—Wheat-grass, 11, 14, 22, 25, 26, 36, 49, 50, 51, 57, 69, 88, 90, 91, 106, 107, 108, 144, 150, 167, 170, 171; A. caninum, 7, 21, 28, 34, 57, 80, 92, 107, 150, 168, 169, 170; A. junceum—var. of A. repens, 21, 29, 33, 35, 36, 57, 66, 81, 102, 107; A. repens, 7, 30, 57, 80, 81, 93, 102, 106, 149, 150, 169, 170

Agrostis—Bent-grass, 7, 15, 22, 25, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 57, 82, 88, 89, 91, 103, 104, 105, 112, 118, 125, 136, 137, 141, 144, 145, 159, 160, 161; A. alba, 7, 11, 13, 14, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 51, 52, 69, 92, 104, 144, 145, 162; A. canina, 7, 11, 20, 28, 29, 37, 51, 52, 104, 161, 162; A. setacea, 31, 104, 161, 162; A. Spica-venti, 31, 104, 130, 161, 162; A. stolonifera—var. of A. alba, 14, 51, 52, 104, 145; A. vulgaris—var. of A. alba, 29, 51, 52, 66, 104, 145

Aira—Hair-grass, 6, 20, 21, 36, 48, 88, 89, 90, 91, 103, 104, 105, 106, 110, 112, 117, 118, 125, 127, 138, 141, 144, 145, 159, 162; A. alpina—var. of A. cæspitosa; A. canescens, 8, 11, 14, 32, 47, 66, 78, 91, 112, 159; A. caryophyllea, 8, 10, 14, 29, 32, 46, 118, 160; A. cæspitosa, 6, 11, 14, 22, 23, 25, 28, 33, 37, 41, 47, 48, 63, 65, 68, 69, 77, 104, 106, 117, 128, 160, 161; A. flexuosa, 7, 11, 14, 29, 33, 34, 46, 68, 70, 71, 79, 118, 158, 160, 161, 171; A. montana—var. of A. flexuosa; A. setacea—var. of A. flexuosa; A. præcox, 8, 10, 29, 30, 32, 47, 91, 112, 160

Air-spaces, 21, 39, 40, 62

Aleurone layer, 121, 122, 123

Alopecurus, 25, 53, 55, 88, 89, 90, 93, 101, 109, 110, 119, 124, 152, 153, 155; A. alpinus, 31, 101, 156; A. agrestis, 7, 18, 30, 50, 52, 53, 101, 155, 156; A. bulbosus—var. of A. geniculatus, 8, 9, 156; A. fulvus—var. of A. geniculatus, 156; A. geniculatus, 7, 9, 11, 14, 15, 28, 29, 33, 40, 48, 52, 53, 101, 155, 156; A. pratensis, 7, 11, 13, 14, 18, 28, 32, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 82, 101, 155, 156

Alpine Foxtail—Alopecurus alpinus

Alpine Meadow-grass—Poa alpina

Alpine Poa—Poa alpina

Alps, 36, 37

Ammophila—Psamma; A. arundinacea—Psamma arenaria

Amphicarpum, 120

Anatomy, 62-71, 95

Andropogon, 4, 27

Andropogoneæ, 122

Animal-distribution of seeds, 125

Animals killed by grasses, 127

Annual Beard-grass—Polypogon monspeliensis

Annual grasses, 10, 11, 37, 43, 59, 114

Annual Meadow-grass—Poa annua

Anther, 93, 94, 119

Anthesis—the period of opening of the flower, 96

Anthoxanthum—Vernal grass, 11, 13, 22, 26, 27, 36, 56, 58, 60, 83, 87, 88, 90, 91, 94, 97, 110, 119, 124, 136, 152, 154; A. odoratum, 7, 28, 32, 33, 34, 57, 76, 102, 103, 154; A. Puelii, 67, 154

Anti-ligular peg, 41

Apera—Agrostis; A. Spica-venti—Agrostis Spica-venti

Apex of leaf, 19, 21, 22

Apogamy, 134

Appressed hairs, 65

Aquatic grasses, 27, 28, 39, 62, 103, 111, 112, 113

Arctic species, 37

Aristida, 36; A. hygrometrica, 127

Arrhenatherum—False Oat, 6, 11, 13, 14, 17, 26, 32, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61, 66, 89, 90, 91, 92, 119, 152, 155, 157; A. avenaceum, 6, 8, 25, 28, 33, 34, 56, 66, 77, 93, 106, 129, 157

Arundo—Reed, 11, 14, 19, 20, 37, 40, 68, 69, 90, 91, 93, 103, 125, 130, 131, 139, 146, 171; A. Donax, 21, 75; A. Phragmites, 2, 6, 29, 32, 40, 51, 55, 66, 75, 138

Asperities—minute stiff hairs giving roughness to the touch, 24, 45, 65, 66, 75, 77, 127

Auricles—ear-like projections at base of leaf-blade, 22, 133

Avena, 5, 15, 21, 23, 47, 54, 56, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95, 104, 106, 116, 117, 125, 127, 138, 155, 157, 158; A. alpina—var. of A. pratensis; A. elatior—Arrhenatherum avenaceum; A. fatua, 28, 77, 117, 156, 157; A. flavescens, 7, 11, 13, 18, 26, 28, 56, 60, 61, 81, 117, 158, 161; A. pratensis, 7, 11, 14, 20, 21, 22, 25, 27, 47, 56, 61, 63, 66, 81, 117, 156, 157; A. pubescens—var. of A. pratensis, 16, 26, 27, 32, 33, 56, 61, 68, 157; A. strigosa—var. of A. fatua

Aveneæ, 122

Awn, 91, 92, 95, 99-118, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 142, 144, 151, 153, 154, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173

Awned grasses, 92, 99-101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 151-174

Awned Nit-grass—Gastridium lendigerum

Awnless Brome—Bromus inermis

Awnless grasses, 93, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 138-151

Awn-point, 114, 115, 116, 123, 131, 150

Ballast plants, 30

Bamboos, 1, 5, 6, 37, 38, 96, 97, 123

Bambusa, 96

Barge-shaped “seeds," 128, 163, 164, 168

Barley—Hordeum, 120, 132, 133, 163

Barley-type of “seed," 138, 162

Barren Brome—Bromus sterilis

Barren flowers, 86, 89, 90, 99, 100

Basal-awn, 92, 128, 129, 130, 159

Basal hair-tufts, 138, 158, 159, 160, 161

Base of leaf, 18, 19, 20, 22

Bast-sclerenchyma, 70

Bearded Darnel—Lolium temulentum

Bearded Wheat-grass—Agropyrum caninum

Beard-grass—Polypogon

Bent-grass—Agrostis

Bent-grass—Agrostis canina

Bermuda grass—Cynodon Dactylon

Biennial grasses, 10, 43

Bifid—cleft into two teeth, 95

Bitter-tasting grasses, 58, 59

Blade of leaf, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 26

Blue Moor-grass—Sesleria cærulea

Boat-shaped “seeds," 127, 128, 129, 138, 142, 143, 144, 167, 168, 169, 170

Bœhmer’s Phleum—Phleum Bœhmeri

Brachypodium—False Brome, 11, 14, 20, 60, 70, 88, 90, 107, 108, 109, 165, 167; B. pinnatum, 7, 34, 61, 78, 93, 107, 130, 168, 170, 171; B. sylvaticum, 7, 26, 28, 33, 34, 60, 61, 76, 78, 92, 107, 128, 164, 168, 171

Bracteoles, 95, 96, 97

Bracts, 94, 97

Branching, 6, 11

Branching of inflorescence, 83

Bristle-grass—Setaria

Bristle-leafed Bent-grass—Agrostis setacea

Bristle-like leaves, 16, 21, 24, 45

Bristle Oat—Avena strigosa

Bristles, 67, 125, 130

Briza—Quaking-grass, 14, 16, 22, 25, 90, 91, 92, 104, 136; B. media, 8, 11, 17, 27, 32, 45, 66, 77, 112, 142; B. minor, 10, 17, 45, 112, 142

Brome—Bromus, 166, 167

Bromus—Brome-grass, 6, 10, 14, 17, 26, 44, 51, 59, 61, 76, 90, 91, 92, 95, 103, 104, 107, 115, 117, 144, 151, 168; B. Alopecurus, 95; B. arvensis, 7, 8, 11, 27, 30, 32, 43, 44, 76, 108, 115, 128, 166, 167; B. asper, 6, 11, 17, 20, 22, 26, 28, 33, 34, 43, 44, 59, 76, 115, 116, 164, 165, 168; B. commutatus—B. racemosus; B. diandrus—B. madritensis; B. erectus, 7, 11, 13, 14, 43, 51, 70, 100, 164, 165, 166; B. giganteus, 6, 11, 28, 33, 34, 43, 44, 51, 76, 82, 115, 116, 165, 166; B. inermis, 13, 22, 31, 43, 167; B. madritensis, 31, 116, 166; B. maximus, 31, 116, 166; B. mollis—var. of B. arvensis, 8, 26, 43, 44, 108, 115, 143, 166, 167; B. multiflorus—var. of B. arvensis; B. racemosus—var. of B. arvensis; B. Schraderi, 167; B. secalinus—var. of B. arvensis, 115, 166, 167; B. sterilis, 7, 11, 27, 30, 32, 43, 44, 76, 116, 131, 165, 172

Brown Bent—Agrostis canina

Buds, 12

Bulbous Meadow-grass—Poa bulbosa

Bulbous Poa—Poa bulbosa

Bulbs, 8, 37, 114

Calamagrostis—Small reed, 29, 40, 88, 89, 125, 138; C. Epigeios, 31, 70, 78, 103, 159; C. lanceolata, 31, 66, 103, 138; C. strigosa, 103, 159; C. stricta, 31, 103, 159

Canary grass—Phalaris canariensis

Carpel, 97, 121

Caryopsis—the true fruit of the grass, 121, 122, 123, 124, 127, 128, 132, 134, 135

Catabrosa—Whorl-grass, 14, 21, 23, 29, 40, 63, 84, 88, 90, 91, 92, 104, 105, 118, 146; C. aquatica, 12, 25, 31, 73, 112, 142

Cat’s-tail grass—Phleum

Cat’s-tail type of inflorescence, 100

Cells, 65

Cereals, 1

Chaff, 85, 134

Chalk-fleeing, 35

Chalk species, 27, 32, 35

Chamagrostis—Mibora

Chlorophyll, 2, 62, 70, 72, 73, 95

Cinna, 97

Circular shoot sections, 16, 43

Classification according to anatomical characters of leaf, 72-82

Classification according to floral characters, 97, 99-118

Classification according to characters of seed, 135-174

Classification according to vegetative characters, 39-61

Classification of seedlings, 133

Clay species, 32

Cleistogamous—when pollination and fertilisation are completed in flowers which do not open, 120

Climbing grasses, 6

Close panicle—an inflorescence in which the primary branches do not diverge widely from the rachis, 110

Cock’s-foot—Dactylis glomerata, 83

Cockspur Panicum—Panicum Crusgalli

Collar, 58, 123

Coloured nodes, 15

Coloured sheath, 18

Coma, 125

Common Cat’s-tail—Phleum pratense

Common Dog’s-tail—Cynosurus cristatus

Common Foxtail—Alopecurus pratensis

Common Mat-grass—Nardus stricta

Common Quaking-grass—Briza media

Common Reed—Arundo Phragmites

Compact Brome—Bromus madritensis

Composites, 2, 125

Compressed shoots, 15, 16, 40, 41, 48, 53

Conduplicate—folded, 15, 16, 20, 63

Convolute—inrolled, 15, 16, 63

Copses, grasses of, 28, 34

Coracle-shaped “seeds," 128, 137, 166, 167

Cord-grass—Spartina stricta

Coriaceous—leathery, 21

Corn, 1

Corn-field species, 28

Corn-type of fruit, 136, 138, 167

Corynephorus canescens—Aira canescens

Cotton-grass—Eriophorum

Couch-grass—Agropyrum repens. See also Twitch, 150

Creeping Fescue—Festuca rubra

Creeping grasses, 12, 13, 14, 15

Creeping grass-seeds, 127

Creeping Soft-grass—Holcus lanatus—Holcus mollis

Creeping stem, 12

Crested Dog’s-tail—Cynosurus cristatus

Crested Kœleria—Kœleria cristata

Cross-breeds, 120

Cross-fertilisation, 119, 120

Crypsis, 123

Culms, 14, 37, 83

Curved Lepturus—Lepturus incurvatus

Cuspidate—ending suddenly in a short point, 135

Cut-grass—Leersia

Cuticle, 68, 70

Cutinized, cuticularized—impregnated with corky substance, 64

Cylindrical inflorescence, 90

Cylindrical “seed," 173

Cynodon—Dog’s-tooth grass, 14, 65, 67, 69, 87, 90, 105; C. Dactylon, 15, 31, 72, 137

Cynosurus—Dog’s-tail, 14, 18, 25, 49, 50, 52, 81, 88, 89, 90, 93, 103, 130, 148, 151, 171; C. cristatus, 7, 11, 13, 23, 28, 32, 50, 80, 108, 147, 148; C. echinatus, 100, 108

Dactylis—Cock’s-foot, 11, 13, 14, 16, 20, 26, 41, 63, 83, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 103, 148, 158; D. glomerata, 7, 16, 17, 27, 32, 33, 34, 41, 65, 66, 69, 74, 109, 149, 150, 151

Darnel—Lolium perenne—Lolium temulentum

Decumbent Heath-grass—Triodia decumbens

Dehiscent fruits, 123

Depauperated—starved and consequently dwarfed, 109

Deschampsia cæspitosa—Aira cæspitosa

Deschampsia flexuosa—Aira flexuosa

Digitaria—Panicum

Digitate—spread out like fingers, 15

Digraphis—Reed-grass, 6, 11, 13, 26, 40, 41, 51, 55, 69, 73, 75, 90, 91, 92, 103, 131, 139, 146, 159; D. arundinacea, 6, 16, 23, 29, 32, 54, 64, 75, 103, 139, 150

Dimensions of grasses, 6

Dinochloa, 6

Diœcious, unisexual, the male and female flowers being on separate plants, 119

Disarticulation of fruits, 124

Dissemination, 125, 127

Distichous—in two ranks on the axis, 106

Distribution of grasses, 2, 37, 38

Distribution of seeds, 124-127

Distribution of sexes, 119

Ditches, grasses of, 28, 29

Dog’s-tooth grass—Cynodon Dactylon

Dorsal awn, 92, 112, 116, 130, 159

Double seed—grass “seed" where the remains of a second flower come away with the first, 152, 153

Downs, grasses of, 29

Downy Oat—Avena pubescens

Dry leaves, 21

Dry situations, 24, 26, 29

Dry soils, 29, 32

Duration, 10

Dwarfed species, 6

Early Hair-grass—Aira præcox

Ears, 19, 22, 57, 59

Echinochloa—Panicum

Effects of grasses on soil, 35, 36

Egg-cell, 121

Eleusine, 123

Elliptical shoot-section, 16, 44

Elymus—Lyme-grass, 6, 13, 14, 21, 22, 25, 36, 48, 57, 63, 65, 69, 79, 90, 92, 102, 170; E. arenarius, 6, 29, 33, 35, 36, 48, 66, 67, 108, 149, 150

Embryo, 121, 131, 133

Embryo-sac, 121

Embryonic bud—plumule, 123

Embryonic roots, 123, 133

Endosperm, 120, 121, 122, 123

Energy stored in leaves, 2, 3

Entire—not cut: with unbroken outline, 19

Entire sheath, 17

Entire-sheathed grasses, 17, 39, 113, 115

Epidermis, 25, 36, 62-67, 70, 76, 122

Equitant—one folded leaf straddling over another, 39, 41

Eriophorum, 3

Extra-vaginal shoots, 12

False Oat—Arrhenatherum avenaceum

Female flowers, 89

Fertile flowers, 86, 89, 90

Fertilisation—the fusion of the nucleus of the pollen-tube with that of the egg-cell, 121

Fescue—Festuca, 115, 130, 137, 144, 148, 151, 172

Festuca—Fescue, 2, 6, 7, 15, 21, 25, 36, 49, 51, 53, 90, 91, 92, 108, 109, 110, 113, 114, 116, 124, 144, 147; F. arundinacea—var. of F. elatior, 144, 151; F. calamaria—F. sylvatica; F. duriuscula—var. of F. ovina, 46, 69, 78, 80, 147, 172, 173; F. elatior, 6, 7, 11, 13, 14, 18, 19, 22, 25, 28, 32, 44, 50, 51, 63, 64, 82, 84, 108, 111, 115, 116, 128, 131, 143, 144; F. gigantea—Bromus giganteus; F. heterophylla—var. of F. ovina, 13, 46, 69, 71, 78, 80, 147, 172, 173; F. uniglumis, 31, 92, 111; F. loliacea—var. of F. elatior, 90, 108; F. Myurus, 8, 10, 14, 19, 20, 28, 46, 90, 91, 92, 99, 111, 115, 130, 166, 171, 173; F. ovina, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 19, 20, 22, 24, 28, 32, 33, 36, 45, 46, 68, 69, 70, 79, 111, 112, 115, 116, 134, 147, 151, 171, 172; F. pratensis—var. of F. elatior, 7, 19, 24, 49, 63, 64, 84, 111, 143, 144; F. procumbens—Poa procumbens; F. rigida—Poa rigida; F. rubra, var. of F. ovina, 7, 13, 14, 18, 24, 33, 46, 69, 78, 80, 147, 151, 171, 172; F. sabulicola—F. rubra, 46; F. sciuroides—var. of F. Myurus, 25, 26, 46; F. sylvatica, 6, 11, 14, 28, 34, 116, 131, 147; F. tenuifolia—var. of F. ovina, 46, 148, 172; F. vivipara—var. of F. ovina

Festuceæ, 122

Fibichia umbellata—Cynodon Dactylon

Fibrous roots, 8

Fibrous Twitch—Agropyrum caninum

Field Brome—Bromus arvensis

Filament, 94

Fine Bent—Agrostis vulgaris

Finger-grass—Panicum glabrum

Fiorin—Agrostis alba

Firing, 35, 38

Flanking lines, 41, 53, 63, 73, 74

Flat leaves, 20, 47, 77

Flat shoots, 15, 16, 20

Flattened Meadow-grass—Poa compressa

Flavour, 27

Fleshy fruits, 123

Floating leaves, 39

Floating Foxtail—Alopecurus geniculatus

Floating Meadow-grass—Glyceria fluitans

Floating Sweet-grass—Glyceria fluitans

Floral diagram, 94, 95, 96

Flower, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 105, 106, 112

Flowering glume—the outer palea

Flowering stem, 83, 84

Flying Bent—Molinia cærulea

Folded leaves, 15, 16, 20, 24, 25, 63, 69, 70, 74

Foreign grasses, 30

Forestry, 3

Forest species, 27, 28, 33

Form of lamina, 19, 20

Foxtail grass—Alopecurus

Foxtail type of inflorescence, 9, 88, 100

Fructification—fruiting, 120

Fruit, 119, 123, 125, 126, 129, 134, 135-174

Fruit-coats, 121, 122

Functions of awns, 95, 125, 126, 127

Functions of ears, 19

Functions of leaves, 2

Functions of ligule, 18, 19

Functions of lodicules, 96

Functions of spear, 132

Furrows, 23, 78

Gastridium—Nit-grass, 90, 91, 101, 103, 105; G. lendigerum, 31

Germination, 123, 131-133

Germination of pollen-grain, 120, 121

Giant Fescue—Festuca gigantea

Girders—supporting bands of sclerenchyma running in the principal ribs and ridges, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74-80

Glabrous—devoid of hairs, 18, 19, 22, 26, 45, 48, 80, 168

Glaucous—pale sea-green, usually due to a waxy bloom, 22

Glume, 85, 86, 87, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 99-118, 124, 125, 127, 130, 134, 135, 136, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156

Glyceria—Sweet-grass, 6, 14, 20, 21, 37, 40, 54, 67, 90, 91, 92, 136, 137, 138, 146, 148; G. aquatica, 6, 11, 16, 17, 25, 26, 28, 39 54, 69, 73, 103, 111, 112, 113, 142, 145; G. distans—Poa distans; G. fluitans, 6, 11, 16, 17, 25, 28, 32, 39, 40, 54, 64, 66, 69, 73, 111, 113, 128, 145; G. maritima—Poa maritima; G. procumbens—Poa procumbens; G. rigida—Poa rigida

Grain, 86, 95, 121, 122, 127, 135

Graminaceæ, characters, 3, 36, 37

Gramineæ, see Graminaceæ

Grass, origin of the word, 3

Grass carpets, 2, 37

Grasses, identification of, 3, 4

Grazing, 27

Grey Hair-grass—Aira canescens

Grooved leaf, 69, 70, 71, 79

Grooved sheath, 18

Gynerium, 89

Habit, 13, 34

Habitats, 27-31

Hair-grass—Aira

Hairs, 18, 19, 21, 24, 26, 62, 64, 66, 67, 91, 125, 130, 131, 138, 139, 144

Hair-tufts, 59, 123, 125, 129, 158

Hairy grasses, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 26, 57, 76, 81

Hairy Brome—Bromus asper

Hairy “seeds," 168

Half-shade species, 34

Halophytes, 36

Hard Fescue—Festuca duriuscula

Hard-grass—Lepturus

Hard leaves, 21, 47

Hard Meadow-grass—Poa rigida

Hardy Bamboos, 38

Hare’s-tail—Lagurus

Harsh leaves, 21

Haulm, 83

Havers—Avena fatua

Hay, 27, 37

Heath False-Brome—Brachypodium pinnatum

Heath-grass—Triodia decumbens

Heath-grasses, 20, 29, 36

Height, 6

Heleochloa, 123

Herbaceous—of the ordinary soft texture of herbs, 6, 21, 91

Heterodera, 10

Heterophylly, 71

Heteropogon contortus, 127

Hierochloe—Holy-grass, 20, 27, 66, 73, 91, 92, 105, 155; H. borealis, 30, 65

Hill-pastures, 29

Hispid—covered with stiff and rather long hairs, 58

Histology, 62-71, 122

Holcus—Soft grass, 8, 22, 26, 27, 56, 89, 90, 91, 93, 106, 119, 125, 148, 151, 152, 153, 155; H. lanatus, 7, 11, 13, 14, 17, 23, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 59, 65, 69, 81, 106, 143, 151, 152; H. mollis, 11, 28, 30, 33, 59, 106, 153

Holy-grass—Hierochloe

Hooded leaf-apex, 21

Hook-hairs, 65

Hordeum—Barley, 10, 20, 22, 26, 44, 59, 88, 89, 90, 92, 99, 100, 108, 127, 134, 163; H. jubatum, 125; H. maritimum, 8, 10, 29, 33, 59, 100, 163; H. murinum, 8, 10, 14, 21, 30, 50, 59, 76, 100, 125, 162, 163; H. pratense, 7, 11, 14, 21, 22, 28, 58, 100, 163; H. sylvaticum, 7, 11, 14, 28, 34, 44, 58, 59, 100, 105, 162

Humus species, 33, 35

Hybrids, 120

Hydrophytes—plants requiring much water, and therefore aquatic or semi-aquatic, 37

Hygrophilous species—hydrophytes, 70

Imperfect—rudimentary or staminate, 105

Inconspicuously awned grasses, 93

Indicator-plants, 31, 32, 34

Inflorescence, 5, 9, 12, 15, 83, 86-91, 97, 99, 102, 103, 105, 106, 109-118, 119

Infolding of leaves, 20, 23, 25, 62, 63, 64

Inrolling of leaves, 20, 23, 25, 46, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 75, 78, 79, 80

Intercellular spaces, 37

Internode, 8, 17

Intra-vaginal shoots, 12, 13

Introduced grasses, 30

Involute—rolled inwards, 20, 47

Irritability of seedlings, 132

Italian Rye-grass—Lolium italicum

Keel, 18, 23, 26, 63, 68, 69, 91, 113, 127, 140, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 151

Keeled grasses, 26, 74

Knappia—Mibora

Kneed awns, 129, 130, 151, 153, 154, 158

Kneed stem, 9

Knot-grass—Polygonum

Kœleria, 11, 14, 19, 20, 25, 26, 90, 91, 92, 101, 103, 110, 141, 146, 149; K. cristata, 8, 29, 32, 66, 81, 109, 148, 149

Lacunæ—air-spaces, 70, 73

Lagurus—Hare’s-tail, 76, 88, 90, 92, 100, 101, 109; L. ovatus, 31

Lamina—the blade of the leaf, 63-71, 95

Lanceolate—narrow and tapering at both ends, 163

Lanceolate-acuminate—lanceolate, but the upper end drawn out to a long point, 163

Large grasses, 6

Lawns, 10, 37

Lax—loose, the spikelets on slender branches some distance apart, 110, 117

Layed shoots, 15

Leaf, 17-27, 39-61, 95, 133

Leaf anatomy, 62-71, 72-82

Leaf-apex, 21

Leaf-base, 10, 22, 40

Leaf-blade—Lamina

Leaf characters, 4, 20-27

Leaf-margin, 22, 44, 66

Leaf-section, 16, 20, 62-72

Leaf-stalk—Petiole

Leaf-surface, 22, 65, 66, 67

Least Quaking-grass—Briza minor

Leathery leaves, 21

Leersia—Cut-grass, 67, 70, 77, 90, 91, 92, 105, 120; L. oryzoides, 30, 66, 137

Leguminosæ, 3

Lepturus, 87, 90, 99; L. filiformis—L. incurvatus; L. incurvatus, 31

Ligule, 18, 19, 45, 46, 51, 95, 113, 133

Limestone species, 32

Linear—at least five times as long as broad, with parallel straight sides, 19

Linear-acuminate—linear, but tapering to a long point at the apex, 19

Linear-acute—linear, but pointed at the apex, 39

Linear-lanceolate—linear, but tapering at both ends, 19, 20, 163, 168

Linear-oblong—oblong, but drawn out so that the sides are parallel for some distance, 16

Local grasses, 30, 31

Lodicules, 86, 87, 95, 96, 97

Lolium—Rye-grass, 13, 14, 18, 22, 25, 49, 50, 53, 57, 59, 82, 88, 90, 91, 107, 108, 109, 144, 151, 167; L. italicum, 7, 11, 28, 31, 49; L. perenne, 8, 11, 16, 19, 20, 28, 30, 32, 49, 81, 82, 93, 107, 128, 131, 142, 143, 144, 150, 168; L. temulentum, 8, 10, 30, 49, 50, 82, 92, 107, 129, 130, 142, 150, 167, 168

Loose Panic-grass—Panicum Crusgalli

Lygeum, 36

Lyme-grass—Elymus

Maize, 1, 89, 120

Male flowers, 89, 90, 119

Manna-croup—Glyceria fluitans

Many-flowered spikelets, 90

Margin of leaf, 21, 22, 66

Marginal asperities, 22

Maritime grasses, 29

Marram—Psamma

Marsh Bent—Agrostis alba

Marsh Foxtail—Alopecurus geniculatus

Marsh grasses, 28, 29

Mat-grass—Psamma arenaria

Maydeæ, 122

Meadows, 1

Meadow Barley—Hordeum pratense

Meadow Fescue—Festuca elatior—Festuca pratensis

Meadow Foxtail—Alopecurus pratensis

Meadow-grass—Poa pratensis, 83

Meadow grasses, 27, 28, 37, 113

Meadow Soft-grass—Holcus lanatus

Mechanical tissues—tissues composed of hard-walled cells (sclerenchyma) serving for support, 62, 63, 64, 68

Medium grasses, 7

Melica—Melick, 11, 14, 16, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, 34, 63, 90, 91, 92, 110, 136, 137, 142; M. ciliata, 32; M. nutans, 7, 17, 33, 41, 78, 104, 105, 137; M. uniflora, 7, 17, 28, 33, 40, 41, 78, 104, 105, 137

Melocanna, 123

Membranous ligule, 19

Mesophytes—plants adapted to ordinary conditions of moisture, 37

Mibora, 68, 87, 89;

M. verna, 31, 74, 99

Micropyle, 121

Microscopic characters, 62, 122

Mid-rib, 15, 20, 21, 25, 63, 67, 68, 74

Milium—Millet-grass, 6, 11, 14, 20, 22, 27, 34, 89, 91, 92, 137;

M. effusum, 6, 28, 33, 103, 136

Millet—Panicum, 135

Millet-grass—Milium

Millet-seed type, 127, 135

Moist soils, 26, 32

Molinia, 8, 14, 19, 20, 40, 60, 77, 90, 91, 92, 146, 148, 151, 171;

M. cærulea, 7, 26, 29, 32, 33, 36, 37, 40, 59, 110, 148, 149

Monocotyledons, 97, 134

Monœcious—male and female flowers on the same plant, 119

Moor-grass—Sesleria

Moor-grasses, 8, 20, 29, 37

Moor Mat-grass—Nardus stricta, 83

Morphology of flower, 95, 96, 97

Morphology of spikelet, 94

Motor-cells, 25, 41, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80

Mountain Melick—Melica nutans

Movements of awns, 125, 126, 127

Movements of seedlings, 132

Mucronate—with a short point suddenly springing from a rounded apex, 22, 138, 139, 146, 149, 150

Myosotis, 3

Naked fruits, 136

Nardus, 8, 9, 11, 14, 20, 21, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 80, 83, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 130, 146, 171; N. stricta, 8, 9, 29, 33, 36, 46, 64, 69, 70, 99, 171, 173, 174

Narrow-leafed Oat—Avena pratensis

Narrow Small-reed—Calamagrostis stricta

Naviculate—Boat-shaped, but pointed at both ends, 16

Nematode worms, 10

Nerves—minute veins on paleæ, 113, 115, 128, 140, 144, 168

Nodes, 6, 8, 12, 14, 15

Nodules, 10

Northern Holy-grass—Hierochloe borealis

Nucellus—the body of the ovule or young seed, 122

Nuclei, 121

Numbers of grasses, 2

Oat—Avena, 85, 89, 133

Oat-type of “seed," 156

Obsolete—so much reduced as to be practically absent, 19, 45, 48, 115, 116

Obtuse—rounded off and blunt at the apex, 19, 91

Odours, 27

Offsets, 12

Olyra, 6

One-flowered spikelets, 89

One-glumed Fescue—Festuca uniglumis

Open panicle—one where the primary branches stand off at right angles from the rachis, 112

Orange spiked Foxtail—Alopecurus fulvus

Orchids, 2

Ovary, 86, 87, 89, 95, 96, 97, 119, 121

Ovate-acute—egg-shaped in outline, but the free narrow end pointed, 61

Ovate-lanceolate—ovate, but tapering above, 168

Pale—Palea, 86, 89

Palea, 84, 85, 86, 87, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99-118, 119, 120, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 134, 135-174

Pampas-grass, 1

Panic-grass—Panicum

Panicle, 5, 12, 87, 88, 90, 91, 103, 105, 109-118

Panicum, 4, 19, 67, 69, 72, 87, 90, 92, 101, 105, 109, 124, 135, 136, 137, 142; P. Crus-galli, 137; P. glaucum, 30; P. plicatum, 21; P. sanguinale, 30; P. verticillatum, 30

Papillæ—protruding cells not long enough to be termed hairs, 64, 67

Pappus, 125

Parallel venation, 21, 22

Parenchyma—ordinary soft cellular tissue of herbaceous parts, 64, 65

Partial inflorescence, 86

Pasture, 1, 10

Pasture-grasses, 27, 28, 37

Perennial Beard-grass—Polypogon littoralis

Perennial grasses, 10, 11, 40, 43, 58, 114

Perennial Oat—Avena pratensis

Perennial Oat-grass—Avena pratensis

Perfect flowers, 89, 90, 99, 100, 105, 106

Perianth—the floral coverings, 96

Pericarp—the coats of the true fruit, 121, 122

Petiole, 5, 17

Phalaris—Canary grass, 88, 101, 109, 136; P. arundinacea—Digraphis arundinacea; P. canariensis, 31, 139 Phleum, 66, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 102, 109, 110, 136, 137, 142; P. alpinum, 30, 102; P. arenarium, 7, 10, 29, 37, 55, 102, 136; P. asperum, 31, 55, 102, 136; P. Bœhmeri, 8, 31, 55, 102, 136; P. nodosum—var. of P. pratense; P. phalaroides—P. Bœhmeri; P. pratense, 7, 8, 11, 13, 25, 28, 32, 55, 70, 76, 102, 128, 135

Phloem, 67

Phragmites communis—Arundo Phragmites

Physiognomy, 36, 37

Piercing of soil, 132

Pilose—with scattered, rather long soft hairs, 59

Plaited vernation, 21

Plantago, 3

Plicate—plaited

Plume-like inflorescence, 91, 103

Plumule, 121, 123, 132, 133

Poa, 2, 15, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 47, 54, 61, 74, 83, 84, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 103, 104, 109, 110, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, 127, 131, 140, 141, 144, 146, 151, 162; P. alpina, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 31, 44, 54, 63, 114, 134, 146; P. annua, 8, 10, 14, 16, 30, 34, 42, 53, 54, 63, 68, 74, 75, 114, 127, 141, 146; P. aquatica—Glyceria aquatica; P. bulbosa, 8, 11, 14, 29, 54, 69, 111, 114, 146; P. compressa, 8, 11, 14, 15, 16, 30, 32, 42, 53, 54, 63, 69, 74, 111, 114, 139, 140; P. distans, 29, 30, 114, 146; P. fertilis—P. serotina, 45; P. fluitans—Glyceria fluitans; P. laxa, 31, 134; P. loliacea, 31, 108, 114, 146; P. maritima, 8, 11, 14, 16, 20, 22, 26, 29, 47, 54, 111, 114, 146; P. nemoralis, 7, 11, 14, 15, 28, 34, 45, 54, 63, 74, 75, 113, 114, 139, 140, 141, 161; P. pratensis, 7, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 27, 32, 33, 41, 42, 44, 45, 54, 55, 67, 75, 113, 114, 139, 140, 141; P. procumbens, 31, 111, 114; P. rigida, 10, 14, 30, 111, 114, 146; P. stricta—var.of P. alpina, 134;

P. trivialis, 7, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 27, 32, 42, 44, 45, 54, 74, 90, 112, 113, 139, 140, 141, 146, 148

Pollen, 93, 94, 119

Pollen-grain, 120, 121

Pollen-tube, 120, 121

Pollination, 93, 119, 120, 121

Polygonum, 3

Polypogon—Beard-grass, 69, 90, 91, 92, 100, 101, 109; P. littoralis, 31; P. monspeliensis, 31

Ponds, grasses of, 28, 29

Popular names, 6

Potassium salts, 32

Prairies, 1, 36, 38

Prickle-hairs, 66

Primary root, 123, 131

Procumbent Meadow-grass—Poa procumbens

Protandrous—when the pollen is mature and shed before the stigma of the same flower is ready for pollination, 119

Proterogynous—when the stigma is receptive before the pollen of the same flower is mature, 119

Psamma, 4, 11, 13, 14, 21, 25, 36, 48, 79, 81, 89, 90, 92, 95, 138; P. arenaria, 7, 29, 33, 35, 36, 48, 70, 79, 102, 138, 139

Pubescence—hairiness, 26

Pungent—spine-like, 22

Purple-flowered Small-reed—Calamagrostis lanceolata

Purple-stalked Cat’s-tail—Phleum Bœhmeri

Purple-veined sheaths, 18

Quadrangular shoot-section, 16, 40

Quake-grass—Briza

Quaking-grass—Briza media

Racemous—like a raceme, 105

Rachilla, 85, 123, 124, 128, 129, 131, 137, 138, 142, 143, 144, 149, 150, 164, 167, 169, 170, 172

Rachis, 9, 85, 88, 106, 107

Radicle, 121, 123

Rare grasses, 6, 30, 31, 89, 90, 91, 92

Rat’s-tail Fescue—Festuca Myurus

Red-sheathed grasses, 18, 49, 59

Reed, 2

Reed Canary grass—Digraphis arundinacea

Reed Fescue—Festuca sylvatica

Reed-grass, 1, 6

Reed Meadow-grass—Glyceria aquatica

Reed Sweet-grass—Glyceria aquatica

Reflexed leaves, 16

Reflexed Meadow-grass—Poa distans

Rhizomes, 10, 11, 35, 36, 37

Rhomboidal shoot-section, 16, 42

Rib-grass—Plantago

Ribbon-grass—Digraphis arundinacea

Ribs—the more opaque veins due to the larger vascular-bundles, 22, 25, 62, 91, 127

Rice, 1

Ridgeless grasses, 25

Ridges, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 47, 51, 53, 54, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 77, 78, 79, 80, 91

River-banks, 28, 29

Road-sides, 29

Rolled leaves, 15, 16, 20, 24, 25, 63

Rolling of leaves, 24, 25, 36

Root-cap, 121

Roots, 8, 12, 35, 121, 123, 131, 132, 133

Rough Cock’s-foot—Dactylis glomerata

Rough Meadow-grass—Poa trivialis

Rough Phleum—Phleum asperum

Rough-stalked Meadow-grass—Poa trivialis

Round shoots, 15, 16, 42, 50, 57

Ruderal grasses, 29, 32, 34, 35

Rudimentary flowers, 89, 90, 105

Runners, 12, 13, 14

Rushes, 4, 33

Rushy Wheat-grass—Agropyrum junceum

Rye—Secale, 120, 132, 133

Rye Brome—Bromus secalinus

Rye-grass—Lolium perenne

Salt species, 33

Sand-binders, 13, 35, 36, 48, 102, 107, 108

Sand Cat’s-tail—Phleum arenarium

Sand dunes, 35, 36

Sand species, 29, 32, 36

Sandy situations, 8, 29, 33

Savannahs, 1, 38

Scaberulous—slightly rough to the touch, 22, 45, 164

Scabrid—rough to the touch, 22, 47, 54

Scarious—as if scorched by fire, 92, 145

Scents, 27

Sclerenchyma—mechanical tissue, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80

Sclerochloa—Poa

Sclerochloa maritima—Poa maritima;

S. procumbens—Poa procumbens;

S. rigida—Poa rigida

Scorpion-grass—Myosotis

Scutellum, 121, 123

Sea Barley—Hordeum maritimum

Sea Cat’s-tail—Phleum arenarium

Sea-grass—Zostera

Sea Hard-grass—Lepturus incurvatus

Sea Lyme-grass—Elymus arenarius

Sea Mat-grass—Psamma arenaria

Sea Mat-weed—Psamma arenaria

Sea Meadow-grass—Poa maritima

Sea Poa—Poa maritima

Sea Reed—Psamma arenaria

Sea-side grasses, 27, 29

Secondary roots, 121, 123, 131, 133

Secund—turned to one side, 9, 89, 108, 109, 114

Sedges, 3, 4, 33, 35, 121

Seed—strictly the contents of the caryopsis (fruit), but in practice the fruit and its adherent paleæ etc. (chaff) are termed “seed," 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 134, 135-174

Seed-coats, 121, 122

Seedlings, 132, 133

Semi-aquatic species, 28, 29

Separation of fruits, 124

Serrulæ—minute tooth-like asperities, 22, 91, 173

Sesleria—Moor-grass, 22, 25, 63, 64, 68, 90, 91, 93, 101; S. cærulea, 17, 42, 67, 108, 149, 151

Sessile—sitting directly on an axis without an intervening stalk, 87, 99, 107

Setaceous—bristle-like, 16, 19, 20, 21, 24, 45, 111, 113

Setaria—Panicum

Sexual organs, 134

Shade action of grasses, 35

Shade-grasses, 20, 28, 33, 34, 70

Shapes of caryopsis, 127

Shapes of leaves, 4, 19, 20

Shapes of shoot, 16

Sharp-edged shoots, 16

Sheath, 5, 8, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 51, 95, 133

Sheep’s Fescue—Festuca ovina

Shelving sheath-margin, 22

Shoot, 10, 12, 15, 16, 123

Sieglingia decumbens—Triodia decumbens

Siliceous—impregnated with flint—silex, 64, 65, 66

Silky Bent-grass—Agrostis Spicaventi

Silvery Hair-grass—Aira caryophyllea

Single-husked Fescue—Festuca uniglumis

Slender Foxtail—Alopecurus agrestis

Small grasses, 7

Small Reed—Calamagrostis

Smooth Brome—Bromus racemosus

Sociable plants, 36

Sod, 37

Sodium chloride, 33

Soft Brome—Bromus mollis

Soft-grass—Holcus

Soft Holcus—Holcus mollis

Soil formation, 36

Soil protection, 36

Solid leaves, 46

Solid stems, 4

Sour soils, 33

Spartina—Cord-grass, 69, 87, 90, 99, 105;

S. stricta, 27, 31, 78

Spear, 123, 132

Spikate inflorescence, 99, 106

Spike, 9, 87, 88, 90, 99, 100, 101, 102, 106, 108

Spiked Fescue—Festuca loliacea

Spikelet, 9, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95, 97, 99-118, 119, 120, 123, 124

Spike-like panicle, 9, 88, 90, 102

Spinescent leaf, 22

Spinifex, 125

Split sheath, 5, 17, 18, 19

Split-sheathed grasses, 17, 18, 19, 45, 50

Sporobolus, 123, 134

Squirrel-tail grass—Hordeum maritimum

Stamen, 86, 87, 89, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 102, 103, 119

Staminate—a flower with stamens and no ovary, 100, 105, 106

Starch, 120, 121, 122

Stem, 4, 6, 8

Steppes, 1, 36, 38

Stigma—stigmatic plumes, 86, 87, 93, 94, 96, 97, 119, 120, 121

Stipa, 36, 96, 126; S. capillata, 125; S. pennata, 32, 125; S. spartea, 125

Stolon, 10, 12, 35, 114

Stoloniferous grasses, 8, 13, 14, 15

Stomata, 25, 36, 62, 64, 65, 67, 70, 73, 77, 80, 95

Strand-plants, 36

Stringy roots, 8

Striped grass—Digraphis arundinacea

Struggle for existence, 2, 37, 38

Style, 94, 97, 99

Sub-acute—hardly pointed, 142

Sub-sessile—very shortly stalked, so as to be all but sessile, 99, 106

Sub-terminal awn, 95, 115, 129, 130, 150, 151, 152, 162, 163-168, 169

Subulate—awl-shaped: stouter than setaceous, 19, 20, 21, 70, 71, 79

Sugar, 120, 121, 122

Sugar-cane, 1

Sun-plants, 36

Sweet-tasting grasses, 39

Sweet Vernal grass—Anthoxanthum odoratum

Sympodium, 11

Tall Brome—Bromus giganteus

Tall Fescue—Festuca elatior

Tapering leaves, 21

Tastes, 27

Temperate species, 2

Terete—cylindrical and gradually tapering, 6, 54, 163, 171

Terminal awn, 92, 111, 115, 116, 126, 130, 162, 168-174, 173

Texture of leaf, 21

Three-flowered spikelets, 90

Timothy—Phleum pratense

Tomentose—softly hairy, 59

Transpiration, 20

Transverse sections of leaves, 16, 23, 24, 63, 64

Transverse section of shoot, 15, 16

Triodia—Heath-grass, 11, 14, 19, 25, 26, 90, 91, 103, 139; T. decumbens, 8, 29, 34, 110, 123

Trisetum flavescens—Avena flavescens

Triticum—Wheat; T. acutum—T. laxum; T. junceum—Agropyrum junceum; T. laxum—Agropyrum laxum; T. pungens—T. laxum; T. repens—Agropyrum repens

Tropical species, 1, 2

Truncate, 92, 142

Tuber, 8

Tufted grasses, 13, 14

Tufted Hair-grass—Aira cæspitosa

Tufted inflorescences, 90, 99, 102, 103, 109

Tufts, 5, 9, 12, 13, 37

Tumble-weeds, 125

Turgescence—the distension of cells with water which they have absorbed, 63

Tussocks, 13

Twisted awns, 116, 125, 126, 129, 130, 151, 154, 158

Twisting of seedling leaves, 133

Twitch—certain persistent weeds belonging to the genera Agropyrum, Agrostis, Holcus, etc.: see Couch-grass, 52, 57, 59

Two-flowered spikelets, 90

U-shaped leaf-sections, 20

Uniola, 97

Upright Brome—Bromus erectus.

Also B. madritensis

Uses of grasses, 1, 2

V-shaped leaf-sections, 20, 53, 73

Vagabond grasses, 29, 32, 34

Variability, 26

Vascular bundles, 21, 22, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81

Vascular-bundle sheath, 68, 95, 122

Vegetative organs, 4

Veins, 18, 21, 22, 68, 76, 91

Venation, 21, 62, 67, 68

Vermin, 35

Vernal grass—Anthoxanthum, 83

Vernation—folding of the leaves in bud, 21

Versatile—hung loosely so as to turn freely, 94

Vessels, 67

Violet-brown sheath, 18

Viviparous grasses, 112, 114, 134

Vulpia Myurus—Festuca Myurus;

V. uniglumis—Festuca uniglumis

Wall Barley—Hordeum murinum

Wall Fescue—Festuca Myurus

Walls, grasses of, 29

Waste-places, 29

Water-storing tissues, 36, 70

Water Whorl-grass—Catabrosa aquatica

Wavy Hair-grass—Aira flexuosa

Wavy Meadow-grass—Poa laxa

Wax, 36, 70

Web—minute tufted soft hairs at the base of the caryopsis, 113, 114, 127, 131, 138, 139, 140, 141

Weeds, 27, 28, 29, 35

Wheat—Triticum, 1, 120, 127, 132, 133

Wheat-grass—Agropyrum

Whorl-grass—Catabrosa

Wild Oat—Avena fatua, 117

Wind-borne seeds, 125, 126

Wings, 125, 142

Wood Barley—Hordeum sylvaticum

Wood False-Brome—Brachypodium sylvaticum

Wood Meadow-grass—Poa nemoralis

Wood Melick—Melica uniflora

Wood Poa—Poa nemoralis

Wood-species, 28, 33

Woolly Holcus—Holcus lanatus

Xenia—cases where the direct influence of the pollen is evident on the seed resulting from its action, 120

Xerophilous—of the nature of a xerophyte, 70

Xerophytes—plants adapted to dry situations, 24, 25, 36, 37, 38, 68, 70

Xylem, 67

Yellow Oat-grass—Avena flavescens

Yellow-sheathed grasses, 18

Yorkshire Fog—Holcus lanatus, 152

Zostera, 3

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[Vol. III in the Press.

Revue Scientifique. Nous ne pouvons entrer dans le détail; mais il est évident que M. Seward, praticien distingué lui-même, est très au courant des travaux des autres, il les cite et utilise abondamment; et ceci est fait pour inspirer confiance. Au total, son œuvre est appuyée sur des bases solides, et elle restera sans doute longtemps le bréviaire, le manuel de ceux qui veulent, non pas seulement s’initier à la paléobotanique, mais retrouver les renseignements qui sont épars dans des centaines de monographies qu’on a souvent peine à se procurer. Le livre de M. Seward fait partie des Cambridge Natural Science Manuals, et il est digne de cette collection, qui est elle-même digne du foyer scientifique universellement réputé, où il a vu le jour.

Zoology. An Elementary Text-Book. By A. E. Shipley, Sc.D., F.R.S., and E. W. MacBride, M.A. (Cantab.), D.Sc. (London). Second edition. Demy 8vo. With 349 illustrations. 10s. 6d. net.

Pall Mall Gazette. Precisely the sort of book which, if it came into a thoughtful boy’s hands, would turn him from a smatterer into a student.... One of the most instructive and attractive books that could be put into the hands of a young naturalist.

Trees: A Handbook of Forest Botany for the Woodlands and the Laboratory. By H. Marshall Ward, Sc.D., F.R.S. Vol. I. Buds and Twigs. Vol. II. Leaves. Vol. III. Flowers and Inflorescences. Vol. IV. Fruits. Vol. V. Form and Habit, with an Appendix on Seedlings. Crown 8vo. With numerous illustrations. 4s. 6d. net each. Price for the set of five volumes, 20s. net.

Nature. The clear and simple way in which the author treats the subject is sure to inspire many with interest and enthusiasm for the study of forest botany.... The work will be found indispensable to those students who wish to make an expert study of forest botany. At the same time it is expressed in language so clear and devoid of technicalities that the amateur who wishes to know something about our trees and shrubs will find this one of the most useful guides to which he can turn.... The work is a many sided one, acting not only as a guide to the naturalist in the field, but also as a laboratory handbook, where the use of the lens and microscope may be employed to amplify the study of objects already observed in their natural habitats. Botanists generally, and especially forest botanists will welcome the appearance of this book as supplying a decided want, and filling a distinct gap in our literature of forest botany.

Grasses: a Handbook for use in the Field and Laboratory. By H. Marshall Ward, Sc.D., F.R.S. Crown 8vo. With 81 figures. 6s.

Field. The work is essentially suited to the requirements of those desirous of studying the grasses commonly grown in this country, and it can fairly be said that it furnishes an amount of information seldom obtained in more pretentious volumes.

P. T. O.

A Treatise on the British Freshwater Algæ. By G. S. West, M.A., A.R.C.S., F.L.S., Lecturer in Botany in the University of Birmingham. Demy 8vo. With a frontispiece and 166 illustrations. 10s. 6d. net.

Nature. Its aim is stated as “to give the student a concise account of the structure, habits and life-histories of Freshwater Algæ, and also to enable him to place within the prescribed limits of a genus any Algæ he may find in the freshwater of the British Islands.” To do this within the limits of an octavo volume of less than 400 pages, in which are numerous illustrations, is a task possible of accomplishment only by one very familiar with the subject and skilled in concise expression; but that it has been successfully done will, we think, be the verdict after testing the book thoroughly.... Prof. West’s treatment of his subject is instructive and stimulating.

A Manual and Dictionary of the Flowering Plants and Ferns. By J. C. Willis, M.A., Sc.D., Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Ceylon. Third edition. Crown 8vo. 10s. 6d.

Field. Taking this handy volume and a local flora, the traveller or student may do an enormous amount of practical field work without any other botanical literature whatever.... The result is a work that ought to be included in every library of botany and horticulture or agriculture, and it is certainly one that the nomadic botanist cannot afford to leave at home.... We have used the original edition of this work since its publication, and have found it to be one of the most useful and comprehensive works on plants ever produced.

Athenæum. The whole is well abreast of modern research, and a thoroughly business-like volume, lucid though compact.

Agriculture in the Tropics. An elementary Treatise. By J. C. Willis, M.A., Sc.D. Demy 8vo. With 25 plates. 7s. 6d. net.

Palæontology—Invertebrate. By Henry Woods, M.A., F.G.S., University Lecturer in Palæozoology. Fourth edition. Crown 8vo. With 151 illustrations. 6s.

Outlines of Vertebrate Palæontology for students of Zoology. By Arthur Smith Woodward, M.A., F.R.S., Keeper of the Department of Geology in the British Museum. Demy 8vo. With 228 illustrations. 14s.

Athenæum. The author is to be congratulated on having produced a work of exceptional value, dealing with a difficult subject in a thoroughly sound manner.

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS London: FETTER LANE, E.C. C. F. CLAY, Manager Edinburgh: 100, Princes Street ALSO London: H. K. Lewis, 136, Gower Street, W.C.