ILLUSTRATIONS

COUNCIL OF WAR, BROOKLYN, AUGUST 29th, 1776 Frontispiece

From a painting by John Ward Dunsmore

Showing Generals George Washington, Samuel Parsons, Joseph Spencer, Thomas Mifflin, John Morin Scott, Alexander McDougall, Israel Putnam, Peleg Wadsworth and John Fellows.

FACING PAGE

MAJOR TALLMADGE AND GROUP OF AMERICAN GENERALS 32

Philip Schuyler, Marquis de LaFayette, Nathaniel Green, George Clinton, Robert Howe, Israel Putnam, John Lamb and William Heath.

JOHN JAY’S LETTER TO WASHINGTON 52

Introducing the mode of secret correspondence invented by his brother James.

WRAPPER ENCLOSING URGENT MESSAGES 82

This is in the handwriting of Abraham Woodhull, made directly from the original without reduction.

ALEXANDER HAMILTON’S LETTER TO LAFAYETTE 84

Showing how quickly messages from the Culpers were forwarded through Lafayette to the French fleet.

HOUSES ONCE OCCUPIED BY WASHINGTON’S SPIES 102

Raynham Hall, Oyster Bay, L. I. Home of Culper Junior and his sister Sarah Townsend. These contemporary silhouettes give their only known likenesses.

Lower left—Present-day home of the Colonial Dames of America. Built by one of Washington’s spies. (See p. 10 in this volume, and Iconography of Manhattan, vol. 6, p. 79.) Lower right—Culper Senior’s home at Setauket. His three great-great-grandchildren in the foreground.

J. L. GARDINER EIGHTEENTH CENTURY RECORD 115

His record made near 150 years ago, of a whispered conversation with Clinton, Major André and Col. Simcoe that had been overheard by a servant.

A BENEDICT ARNOLD CODE LETTER 126

Advising the British commander that he has accepted the command of West Point and will betray it.

COL. SIMCOE AND PROMINENT BRITISH OFFICERS 136

Lord Cornwallis, Major John André, Sir Henry Clinton, Admiral Arbuthnot, General John Burgoyne, General Riedesel and Lord Rawdon.

THE CAPTURE OF MAJOR ANDRÉ 160

Engraved from a painting by J. Halpin

ALEXANDER HAMILTON’S NOTE 178

Informing General Washington that he was too late to have Arnold recalled.

WASHINGTON’S LETTER 192

Thanking those who engaged in the capture of Fort St. George near Mastic, Long Island.

WASHINGTON IN NEW YORK, 1783 206

From a painting by J. R. Chapin

There is a story, perhaps true but lacking satisfactory proof, that one of the mounted figures at the right of the picture is there to represent Major Tallmadge and the other, one of his Dragoons; and that the man this way from him with hat in air is Robert Townsend, otherwise Culper Junior.

MASKED LETTER USED BY BRITISH 208

Sir Henry Clinton thus informed Burgoyne that there would be no British army to meet him at Albany.

ROBERT MORRIS’ LETTER TO WASHINGTON 216

His Quaker friends approved the work of the Culpers, and he could get money for them when it was refused for other purposes.

CODE USED BY WASHINGTON’S SPIES 218

This was prepared by Major Tallmadge and used by the Culpers, Senior and Junior.

HANDWRITING THAT DISCOVERED ROBERT TOWNSEND TO BE GENERAL WASHINGTON’S CULPER JUNIOR 232

PORTRAITS ON JACKET.

General Washington, Major Tallmadge, John Paulding, Nathan Hale, James Rivington, Sarah Townsend, Robert Townsend, alias Culper Junior. On backstrap of jacket, Washington in 1772.