FUNGI:

THEIR NATURE AND USES. BY M. C. COOKE, M.A., LL.D. EDITED BY The Rev. M. J. BERKELEY, M.A., F.L.S. NEW YORK: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 549 AND 551 BROADWAY. 1875.

PREFACE BY THE EDITOR.

As my name appears on the title-page of this volume, it is necessary that I should exactly state what part I had in its preparation. I had no doubt originally engaged to undertake the work myself; but finding, from multiplicity of engagements and my uncertain health, that I could not accomplish it satisfactorily, I thought the best course I could take was to recommend Mr. Cooke to the publishers; a gentleman well known, not only in this country, but in the United States. The whole of the work has therefore been prepared by himself, the manuscript and proof sheets being submitted to me from time to time, in which I merely suggested such additions as seemed needful, subjoining occasionally a few notes. As the work is intended for students, the author has had no hesitation in repeating what has been stated in former chapters where it has been thought to prove useful. I have no doubt that the same high character will justly apply to this as to Mr. Cooke’s former publications, and especially to his “Handbook of British Fungi.”

M. J. BERKELEY.

Sibbertoft,

November 23, 1874.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

I. Nature of Fungi. 1

II. Structure. 17

III Classification 64

IV. Uses. 82

V. Notable Phenomena. 105

VI. The Spore and Its Dissemination. 119

VII. Germination and Growth. 137

VIII. Sexual Reproduction. 163

IX. Polymorphism. 182

X. Influences and Effects. 209

XI. Habitats. 233

XII. Cultivation. 253

XIII. Geographical Distribution. 266

XIV. Collection and Preservation. 287

Index. 295

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG. PAGE

1. Agaric in Process of Growth. 18

2. Section of Common Mushroom. 19

3. Sterile cells, Basidia, Cystidium, from Gomphidius. 21

4. Polyporus giganteus (reduced). 23

5. Hydnum repandum. 24

6. Calocera viscosa. 25

7. Tremella mesenterica. 25

8. Basidia and spores of Phallus. 28

9. Basidia and spores of Lycoperdon. 30

10. Threads of Trichia. 32

11. Arcyria incarnata, with portion of threads and spore. 33

12. Diachæa elegans. 34

13. Cyathus vernicosus. 34

14. Cyathus, Sporangia and spores. 35

15. Asterosporium Hoffmanni. 36

16. Barren Cysts and Pseudospores of Lecythea. 37

17. Coleosporium Tussilaginis. 37

18. Melampsora salicina, pseudospores of 37

19. Cystopus candidus, conidia of 38

20. Xenodochus carbonarius, pseudospore. 39

21. Phragmidium bulbosum, pseudospores. 39

22. Pseudospores of Puccinia. 40

23. Thecaphora hyalina, pseudospores. 41

24. Æcidium Berberidis, peridia of 41

25. Helminthosporium molle, threads and spores. 43

26. Acrothecium simplex. 44

27. Peronospora Arenariæ. 44

28. Polyactis cinerea. 45

29. Peziza Fuckeliana, with ascus and sporidia. 48

30. Penicillium chartarum. 50

31. Mucor mucedo, with sporangia. 51

32. Small portion of Botrytis Jonesii. 53

33. Section of cup of Ascobolus. 57

34. Asci, sporidia, and paraphyses of Ascobolus. 59

35. Perithecium of Sphæria. 61

36. Uncinula adunca, conceptacle with appendages. 62

37. Agaricus nudus. 66

38. Scleroderma vulgare, Fr. 69

39. Ceuthospora phacidioides. 70

40. Rhopalomyces candidus. 74

41. Mucor caninus. 75

42. Sphæria aquila, cluster of perithecia. 78

43. Morchella gigaspora, from Kashmir. 99

44. Cyttaria Gunnii 101

45. Spores of Agarics 121

46. Spores of Lactarius 121

46a. Spores of Gomphidius 122

47. Spores of Polyporus, Boletus, and Hydnum. 122

48. Diachea elegans, capellitium of 123

49. Spore of Hendersonia polycystis. 124

50. Spores of Dilophospora graminis. 124

51. Spores of Discosia. 124

52. Spore of Prosthemium betulinum. 124

53. Spore of Stegonosporium cellulosum. 125

54. Stylospores of Coryneum disciforme. 125

55. Spores of Asterosporium Hoffmanni. 125

56. Spores of Pestalozzia. 126

57. Bispora monilioides, concatenate spores 126

58. Pseudospores of Thecaphora hyalina. 127

59. Pseudospores of Puccinia. 127

60. Pseudospores of Triphragmium. 127

61. Pseudospores of Phragmidium bulbosum. 127

62. Winter spores of Melampsora salicina. 127

63. Spores of Helicocoryne. 129

64. Sporidium of Genea verrucosa. 130

65. Alveolate sporidium of Tuber. 130

66. Asci, sporidia, and paraphyses of Ascobolus. 131

67. Sporidium of Ostreichnion Americanum. 132

68. Ascus and sporidia of Hypocrea. 133

69. Sporidium of Sphæria ulnaspora. 133

70. Sporidia of Valsa profusa. 133

71. Sporidia of Massaria fœdans. 134

72. Sporidium of Melanconis bicornis. 134

73. Caudate sporidia of Sphæria fimiseda. 134

74. Sporidia of Valsa thelebola. 134

75. Sporidia of Valsa taleola. 135

76. Sporidium of Sporormia intermedia. 135

77. Asci and sporidia of Sphæria (Pleospora) herbarum. 135

78. Sporidium of Sphæria putaminum. 135

79. Basidia and spores of Exidia spiculosa. 139

80. Germinating spore and corpuscles of Dacrymyces. 140

81. Germination of Æcidium Euphorbia. 142

82. Germinating pseudospores of Coleosporium Sonchi. 144

83. Germinating pseudospore of Melampsora betulina. 144

84. Germinating pseudospore of Uromyce appendiculatus. 145

85. Germinating pseudospore of Puccinia Moliniæ. 146

86. Germinating pseudospore of Triphragmium Ulmariæ. 146

87. Germinating pseudospore of Phragmidium bulbosum. 147

88. Germinating pseudospores of Podisoma Juniperi. 148

89. Germinating pseudospore of Tilletia caries. 150

90. Pseudospore of Ustilago receptaculorum in germination, and secondary spores in conjugation. 151

91. Conidia and zoospores of Cystopus candidus. 151

92. Resting spore of Cystopus candidus with zoospores. 152

93. Zygospores of Mucor phycomyces. 158

94. Sporidium of Ascobolus germinating. 161

95. Zygospore of Mucor. 165

96. Zygospore of Rhizopus in different stages. 167

97. Conjugation in Achlya racemosa. 169

98. Conjugation in Peronospora. 171

99. Antheridia and oogonium of Peronospora. 172

100. Conjugation in Peziza omphalodes. 175

100a. Formation of conceptacle in Erysiphe. 176

101. Tilletia caries with conjugating cells. 178

102. Aspergillus glaucus and Eurotium. 189

103. Erysiphe cichoracearum, receptacle and mycelium. 191

104. Twig with Tubercularia and Nectria. 193

105. Section of Tubercularia with conidia. 194

106. D. Nectria with Tubercularia, ascus and paraphyses. 195

107. Cells and pseudospores of Æcidium berberidis. 201

108. Cells and pseudospores of Æcidium graveolens. 201

109. Torrubia militaris on pupa of a moth. 243