APPENDIX. A. SYNOPTICAL GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY OF THE BRAHOE LANGUAGE

This language is spoken throughout Balochistan as far west as Kej, Panjgúr, and Jalk, up to the borders of Sistan, and is written in the Persian character.

There is no inflection for gender or case. The plural is formed by the addition of ák if the singular ends in a consonant, as kasar, a road, kasarák, roads; of k alone if the singular ends in a vowel, as urá, a house, urák, houses—húlí, a horse, húlík, horses—are, a man, arek, men—dú, the hand, becomes dík, the hands; and of ghák if the singular ends in the mute h, as bandah, a man, bandahghák, men.

The cases are formed by the addition of certain distinguishing particles to the nominative, as is shown in the following typical forms of declension:—

Singular. Plural.

Nom. kasar a road. Nom. kasarúk roads.

Gen. kasarná of a road. Gen. kasarúkná of roads.

Dat. kasar e to a road. Dat. kasarúk e to roads.

Acc. kasar a road. Acc. kasarák roads.

Abl. kasaryún from a road. Abl. kasarakyán from roads.

Voc. ore kasar O road! Voc. ore kasarúk O roads!

Singular. Plural.

Nom. urá a house. Nom. urák houses.

Gen. uráná of a house. Gen. urákná of houses.

Dat. uráte-e to a house. Dat. urák e to houses.

Acc. urá a house. Acc. urák houses.

Abl. urátyún from a house. Abl. urákyán from houses.

Voc. ore urá O house! Voc. ore urák O houses!

Singular. Plural.

Nom. húli a horse. Nom. húlik horses.

Gen. húlíná of a horse. Gen. húlikná of horses.

Dat. húlíte-e to a horse. Dat. húlik e to horses.

Acc. húlí a horse. Acc. húlik horses.

Abl. húlityún from a horse. Abl. húlikyún from horses.

Voc. ore húli O horse! Voc. ore húlik O horses!

The dative affix of the last two declensions te really means into; the simple affix e means at, to, and the forms úráe and húlíe are also used in this case.

Singular. Plural.

Nom. bandah a man. Nom. bandahghák men.

Gen. bandahná of a man. Gen. bandahghákná of men.

Dat. bandah e to a man. Dat. bandahghák e to men.

Acc. bandah a man. Acc. bandahghák men.

Abl. bandahyán from a man. Abl. bandahghákyán from men.

Voc. ore bandah O man! Voc. ore bandahghák O men!

The singular bandah is often pronounced bandagh, and the plural bandaghák.

Singular. Plural.

Nom. arwat a woman. Nom. arwaták women.

Gen. arwatná of a woman. Gen. arwatákná of women.

Dat. arwat e to a woman. Dat. arwaták e to women.

Acc. arwat a woman. Acc. arwaták women.

Abl. arwatyán from a woman. Abl. arwatákyán from women.

Voc. ore arwat O woman! Voc. ore arwaták O women!

There are several exceptions to these rules for forming the plural. Thus már, a boy, becomes mák for márák, boys—bángo, a cock, becomes bángák, cocks—kóchak, a dog, becomes kochaghák, dogs, &c.

Nouns are qualified by an adjective set before them, and then declined as a compound word, as chuno már, a little boy—chuno már ná, of a little boy—chuno mák, little boys—chuno mák e, to little boys, &c., sharo masar, a good girl—sharo masarák, good girls, &c.

Degrees of comparison are expressed by the use of the ablative case with the positive, as e juwán húlí are (or e), that is a handsome horse—dá juwán húlí asite, this is a (more) handsome horse—dá kul húlíyán juwán are (or e), this is the handsomest of all the horses—are arwatyán balo e (or are), the man is larger than the woman—arek arwatákyán balo arer, men are larger than women—bandaghák zorak arer, vale dá bandagh kulyán zorak asite, the men are strong, but this man is stronger than all—dáfk arwaták zorak arer, vale bandaghák zorak asitur, these women are strong, but men are stronger—hísun áhinyán khuben e, gold is heavier than iron.

PRONOUNS.

The personal pronouns are í, I—ní, thou—o, he, she, or it; their plurals are nan, we—num, ye—ofk, they.

The demonstrative pronouns are, proximate, dá, this—plural dáfk, these; and remote, e, that—plural efk, those.

They are declined as follows:—

Personal Pronouns.

Singular. Plural.

Nom. & Acc. í I, me. Nom. & Acc. nan we, us.

Gen. kaná of me, my. Gen. nanná of us, our.

Dat. kane to me. Dat. nane to us.

Abl. kanyán from me. Abl. nanyán from us.

Singular. Plural.

Nom. & Acc. ní thou, thee. Nom. & Acc. num ye, you.

Gen. ná of thee, thy. Gen. numá of you, your.

Dat. ne to thee. Dat. nume to you.

Abl. nyán from thee. Abl. numyán from you.

Singular. Plural.

Nom. & Acc. o he, she, it, him, her, it. Nom. & Acc. ofk they.

Gen. oná of him, his, etc. Gen. oftá of them, their.

Dat. ode to him, her, etc. Dat. ofte to them.

Abl. odán from him, her, etc. Abl. oftyán from them.

Examples—Urá kaná mur are, my house is far off—oná tuman khurk e, his village is near—húlík numá aráng arer? where are your horses?—iragh oftyán hallak, take the bread from them—nane dír hatbo, bring us water.

The demonstrative pronouns are similarly declined.

Singular. Plural.

Nom. & Acc. dá this. Nom. & Acc. dáfk these.

Gen. dáná of this. Gen. dáftá of these.

Dat. dáde to this. Dat. dáfte to these.

Abl. dádán from this. Abl. dáftyán from these.

Singular. Plural.

Nom. & Acc. e that. Nom. & Acc. efk those.

Gen. ená of that. Gen. eftá of those.

Dat. ede to that. Dat. efte to those.

Abl. edán from that. Abl. eftyán from those.

Examples—Dá masar ená areghas ír e, this girl is that man’s sister—(the word areghas is here an inflected form of are, a man. In composition, where the nominative ends in a vowel, the particle ghas, and where in a consonant, the particle as, is added to distinguish the oblique case, or the accusative only)—dáfk darakhták eftyán burzo asitur, these trees are taller than those.

The possessive pronoun is expressed by the adjective ten or tenat, own, self, added to the several personal pronouns, and is regularly declined, singular and plural being the same, as í ten, I myself, nan ten, we ourselves, ní ten, thou thyself, num ten, you yourselves, o ten, he himself, ofk ten, they themselves.

Singular. Plural.

Nom. & Acc. í ten myself. Nom. & Acc. nan ten ourselves.

Gen. í tenná of myself. Gen. nan tenná of ourselves.

Dat. í tene to myself. Dat. nan tene to ourselves.

Abl. í tenyán from myself. Abl. nan tenyán from ourselves.

And so on with the other personal pronouns above mentioned.

Examples—Ílum kaná tenat kárem kare, my brother did the work himself—í tenná zaghm are, it is my own sword—efk bandaghák ten-pa-ten jang kerá, those men are quarrelling amongst themselves.

The interrogative pronouns are der, who?, the same in the singular and plural, and applied only to animate objects, and ant, which? and ará, what? used in both numbers, but only applied to inanimate objects. The first is declined regularly. The others are indeclinable.

Singular and Plural.

Nom. & Acc. der who? whom?

Gen. dinná of whom? whose?

Dat. dere to whom?

Abl. deryán from whom?

Examples—Dá bandagh der are? who is this man?—dinná már are? whose son is he?—ní ant cóm asitus? of which tribe are you?—dá kasar ará tuman te káek? to which camp does this road go? Ará is also used as a relative pronoun, with hamo as its correlative, as ará ki sharo e hamo halbo, ará ki gando e hamo gum kar, whichever is good, that bring; whichever is bad, that throw away.

There are besides a number of adjective pronouns. Those in common use are the following:—Pen, another, har pen, every other, ant pen, which other. Example—kaná ílum afas pen bandagh asite, he is not my brother, he is some other man. Ákhadr, as much as, hamo khadr, so much, dá khadr, this much. Example—ákhadr ki darkár e hamo khadr haltak, as much as is necessary, so much take. Hamdún, like as—so. Example—hamdún ní us hamdún í ut, like as thou art so am I. Hamro, what sort, as dá hamro húlí are, what sort of horse is this?

ADJECTIVES.

The adjectives precede the nouns they qualify, and undergo no change for gender or number of case, as húlan are, a stout man—húlan arwat, a stout woman. Some adjectives are modified by the addition of certain particles denoting either increase or diminution, as sharo bandagh, a good man; sharangá bandagh, a very good man—chuno masar, a little girl; chunaká masar, a very little girl.

VERBS.

The verbs appear to be more or less irregular in their paradigms. I had not sufficient opportunity to examine their structure on an extended scale, so as to reduce them to some form of classification, and the natives from whom I gathered my information regarding the language had no knowledge whatever of the rules guiding their speech. The different tenses offered in the following forms of conjugations have been derived from the replies to questions requiring answers in the present, past, and future respectively, through the medium of the Persian language, and I trust they may be found generally correct.

The infinitive ends in ing, and is often used as a verbal noun. Example—jang kaning sharaf, quarrelling is not good (or proper)—rást páning shar e, speaking the truth is good (or right). The infinitive sign is generally added to the root, which is the same as the imperative, as hin, go; hining, to go—haraf, ask; harafing, to ask. But there are many exceptions to this, as bar, come; baning, to come—kar, do; kaning, to do, &c.

Some verbs form the past tenses on a different root to that from which the present tenses are formed, as will be seen by the list of verbs given at the end of this paper. The rules might be easily worked out with a little leisure for their study.

Transitives are formed from intransitives by interposing f between the root and infinitive sign, as khuling, to fear; khulfing, to frighten—harsing, to change; harsfing, to alter—túling, to sit; túlfing, to seat, &c.

Causals are formed from these transitives by changing the f to íf or ef, as khulfing, to frighten; khulífing, to cause to frighten—túlfing, to seat; túlífing, to cause to seat, &c.

The paradigms of the substantive verb, and two intransitive and two transitive verbs, are here given as models for all other verbs. Irregularities are only to be ascertained by a practical acquaintance with the language, but they do not seem to be numerous.

The substantive verb maning, “to be or become,” is thus conjugated:—

Infinitive Mood—maning—to be.

Present Participle—are-e—being.

Agent—manok—becomer.

Past Participle—mas—been.

Imperative Mood.

Singular. Plural.

ní mares be thou. num mabo be you.

o mare let him be. ofk marer let them be.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

Singular. Plural.

í ut I am. nan un we are.

ní us thou art. num ure you are.

o are-e he, she, it is. ofk arer-or they are.

Aorist.

Singular. Plural.

í asitut I may be. nan asitun we may be.

ní asitus thou mayest be. num asiture you may be.

o asite he, etc. may be. ofk asitor they may be.

Imperfect.

Singular. Plural.

í asut I was. nan asun we were.

ní asus thou wast. num asure you were.

o asak he, etc. was. ofk asor they were.

Continuative Imperfect.

Singular. Plural.

í masut I was being. nan masun we were being.

ní masus thou wast being. num masure you were being.

o masak he, etc. was being. ofk masor they were being.

Perfect.

Singular. Plural.

í masasut I have been. nan masasun we have been.

ní masasus thou hast been. num masasure you have been.

o masas he, etc. has been. ofk masasor they have been.

Past.

Singular. Plural.

í masunut I had been. nan masunun we had been.

ní masunus thou hast been. num masunure you had been.

o masune he, etc. has been. ofk masunor they had been.

Future Present.

Singular. Plural.

í marew I will be. nan maren we will be.

ní mares thou wilt be. num marere you will be.

o marek he, etc. will be. ofk marer they will be.

Future Past.

Singular. Plural.

í marot I will have been. nan maron we will have been.

ní maros thou wilt have been. num morore you will have been.

o maroe he, etc. will have been. ofk maror they will have been.

The intransitive verbs “to come” and “to go” are thus conjugated:—

Infinitive Mood—baning—to come.

Present Participle—bare—coming.

Agent—barok—comer.

Past Participle—bas—come.

Imperative Mood.

Singular. Plural.

ní bank-bar come thou. num babo come you.

o bare let him come. ofk barer let them come.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

Singular. Plural.

í bareva I am coming. nan barena we are coming.

ní baresa thou art coming. num barere you are coming.

o bare he, etc. is coming. ofk barera they are coming.

Aorist.

Singular. Plural.

í barew I may come. nan baren we may come.

ní bares thou mayest come. num barere you may come.

o barek he, etc. may come. ofk barer they may come.

Imperfect.

Singular. Plural.

í basut I came. nan basun we came.

ní basus thou camest. num basure you came.

o basak he, etc. came. ofk basor they came.

Perfect.

Singular. Plural.

í basasut I have come. nan basasun we have come.

ní basasus thou hast come. num basasure you have come.

o basas he, etc. has come. ofk basasor they have come.

Past.

Singular. Plural.

í basunut I had come. nan basunun we had come.

ní basunus thou hadst come. num basunure you had come.

o basune he, etc. had come. ofk basunor they had come.

Future Present.

Singular. Plural.

í barew I will come. nan baren we will come.

ní bares thou wilt come. num barere you will come.

o barek he, etc. will come. ofk barer they will come.

Future Past.

Singular. Plural.

í barot I will have come. nan baron we will have come.

ní baros thou wilt have come. num barore you will have come.

o baroe he, etc. will have come. ofk baror they will have come.

The verb “to go”:—

Infinitive Mood—hining—to go.

Present Participle—káe—going.

Agent—hinok—goer.

Past Participle—hiná—gone.

Imperative Mood.

Singular. Plural.

ní hinak-hin go thou. num hinbo go you.

o káe let him, etc. go. ofk kára let them go.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

Singular. Plural.

í káwa I am going. nan kána we are going.

ní kása thou art going. num káre you are going.

o káe he, etc. is going. ofk kára they are going.

Aorist.

Singular. Plural.

í káw I may go. nan kán we may go.

ní kás thou mayest go. num káre you may go.

o káek he, etc. may go. ofk kár they may go.

Imperfect.

Singular. Plural.

í hinát I went. nan hinán we went.

ní hinás thou wentest. num hináre you went.

o hinák he, etc. went. ofk hinár they went.

Perfect.

Singular. Plural.

í hinásut I have gone. nan hinásun we have gone.

ní hinásus thou hast gone. num hinásure you have gone.

o hinásas he, etc. had gone. ofk hinásor they have gone.

Past.

Singular. Plural.

í hinánut I had gone. nan hinánun we had gone.

ní hinánus thou hadst gone. num hinánure you had gone.

o hináne he, etc. had gone. ofk hinánor they had gone.

Future Present.

Singular. Plural.

í káw I will go. nan kán we will go.

ní kás thou wilt go. num káre you will go.

o káek he, etc. will go. ofk kár they will go.

Future Past.

Singular. Plural.

í kot I will have gone. nan kon we will have gone.

ní kos thou wilt have gone. num kore you will have gone.

o koe he, etc. wilt have gone. ofk kor they will have gone.

The above may be taken as examples of all intransitive verbs. But the different roots for the present and past tenses can only be acquired by practice.

The transitive verbs “to do” and “to beat” are thus conjugated.

The verb “to do or make.”

Infinitive Mood—kaning—to do, make.

Present Participle—ke—doing.

Agent—karok—doer, maker.

Past Participle—kar—done.

Imperative Mood.

Singular. Plural.

ní karak-kar do thou. num kabo do you.

o ke let him, etc. do. ofk kera let them do.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

Singular. Plural.

í keva I am doing. nan kena we are doing.

ní kesa thou art doing. num kere you are doing.

o ke he, etc. is doing. ofk kera they are doing.

Aorist.

Singular. Plural.

í kev I may do. nan ken we may do.

ní kes thou mayest do. num kere you may do.

o kek he, etc. may do. ofk ker they may do.

Imperfect.

Singular. Plural.

í karet I did. nan karen we did.

ní kares thou didst. num karere you did.

o karek he, etc. did. ofk karer they did.

Perfect.

Singular. Plural.

í karesut I have done. nan karesun we have done.

ní karesus thou hast done. num karesure you have done.

o karesas he, etc. has done. ofk karesor they have done.

Past.

Singular. Plural.

í karenut I had done. nan karenun we had done.

ní karenus thou hadst done. num karenure you had done.

o karene he, etc. had done. ofk karenor they had done.

Future Present.

Singular. Plural.

í kev I will do. nan ken we will do.

ní kes thou wilt do. num kere you will do.

o kek he, etc. will do. ofk ker they will do.

Future Past.

Singular. Plural.

í karot I will have done. nan karon we will have done.

ní karos thou wilt have done. num karore you will have done.

o karoe he, etc. will have done. ofk karor they will have done.

The verb “to beat or strike.”

Infinitive Mood—khaling—to beat.

Present Participle—khale—beating.

Agent—khalok—beater.

Past Participle—khalk—beaten.

Imperative Mood.

Singular. Plural.

ní khalt beat thou. num khalbo beat you.

o khale let him beat. ofk khalera let them beat.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

Singular. Plural.

í khaleva I am beating. nan khalena we are beating.

ní khalesa thou art beating. num khalere you are beating.

o khale he, etc. is beating. ofk khalera they are beating.

Aorist.

Singular. Plural.

í khalev I may beat. nan khalen we may beat.

ní khales thou mayest beat. num khalere you may beat.

o khalek he, etc. may beat. ofk khaler they may beat.

Imperfect.

Singular. Plural.

í khalet I beat. nan khalken we beat.

ní khalkes thou beatest. num khalkere you beat.

o khalk he, etc. beat. ofk khalker they beat.

Perfect.

Singular. Plural.

í khalesut I have beaten. nan khalesun we have beaten.

ní khalesus thou hast beaten. num khalesure you have beaten.

o khalesas he, etc. has beaten. ofk khalesor they have beaten.

Past.

Singular. Plural.

í khalenut I had beaten. nan khalenun we had beaten.

ní khalenus thou hadst beaten. num khalenure you had beaten.

o khalene he, etc. had beaten. ofk khalenor they had beaten.

Future Present.

Singular. Plural.

í khalev I will beat. nan khalen we will beat.

ní khales thou wilt beat. num khalere you will beat.

o khalek he, etc. will beat. ofk khaler they will beat.

Future Past.

Singular. Plural.

í khalot I will have beaten. nan khalon we will have beaten.

ní khalos thou wilt have beaten. num khalore you will have beaten.

o kaloe he, etc. will have beaten. ofk khalor they will have beaten.

The passive voice of transitive verbs is formed by conjugating the past participle with the substantive verb maning, “to be.” Thus:—

Infinitive Mood—khalk maning—to be beaten.

Present Participle—khalk are—being beaten.

Past Participle—khalk mas—been beaten.

Imperative Mood.

Singular. Plural.

ní khalk mares be thou beaten. num khalk mabo be thou beaten.

o khalk mare be he, etc. beaten. ofk khalk marer be they beaten.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

Singular. Plural.

í khalkut I am beaten. nan khalkun we are beaten.

ní khalkus thou art beaten. num khalkure you are beaten.

o khalk are-e he, etc. is beaten. ofk khalkarer they are beaten.

Imperfect.

Singular. Plural.

í khalk asut I was beaten. nan khalk asun we were beaten.

ní khalk asus thou wast beaten. num khalk asure you were beaten.

o khalk asak he, etc. was beaten. ofk khalk asor they were beaten.

Perfect.

Singular. Plural.

í khalk masasut I have been beaten. nan khalk masasun we have been beaten.

ní khalk masasus thou hast been beaten. num khalk masasure you have been beaten.

o khalk masas he, etc. has been beaten. ofk khalk masasor they have been beaten.

Past.

Singular. Plural.

í khalk masunut I had been beaten. nan khalk masunun we had been beaten.

ní khalk masunus thou hadst been beaten. num khalk masunure you had been beaten.

o khalk masune he, etc. had been beaten. ofk khalk masunor they had been beaten.

Future Present.

Singular. Plural.

í khalk marew I will be beaten. nan khalk maren we will be beaten.

ní khalk mares thou wilt be beaten. num khalk marere you will be beaten.

o khalk marek he, etc. will be beaten. ofk khalk marer they will be beaten.

The other tenses can be supplied from the paradigm of the substantive verb. Negation is expressed by interposing f or af between the first two syllables of the verb, as bafarew, I will not come—kafarek, he did not do it—í khor afut, I am not blind—dá kárem o hech gáhas kafarot, he will never have done this deed—ní tifes, thou wilt not give? Prohibition is expressed by na or ma, don’t, placed before the imperative, as na kar, do not—ma khalt, do not beat. But the f is also used in an imperative sense, as nájor mafarew, may you not be ill—pa, speak; paf, don’t speak—ka, do; kafa or kapa, don’t.

With nouns negation is expressed by afak added to the word, as jor-afak, not well, sick—nyám-afak, not justice, unjust—zor afak, not strong, weak.

ADVERBS.

The adverbs are very numerous, and include interjections and prepositions. The adverbs of time are the following and others:—

dásá, now.

gurá, then.

gáhas, never.

padá, again.

zú, quickly.

madá, slowly.

wakhtí, early.

madáná, late.

ná gumán, suddenly.

har-vakht, always.

hech-vakht, at no time.

gáhas, ever.

chi-vakhtas-ki, when.

hamo-vakht, then.

asi-asi-vakht, sometimes.

harde, every day.

asit-jár, once.

irat-jár, twice.

musit-jár, thrice.

báz-jár, often.

ewáde, formerly.

awal, at first.

ákhir, at last.

begáh, this evening.

ano, to-day.

pagáh, to-morrow.

palme, day after to-morrow.

kúde, three days hence.

daro, yesterday.

mulkhudo, day before yesterday.

kúmulkhudo, three days ago.

ano-nan, to-night.

manjan, midday.

ním-shab, midnight.

peshín, forenoon.

digar, afternoon.

The adverbs of place are the following and others:—

burzá, above.

shef, below.

mustí, before.

padáe, behind.

tahtí, inside.

peshán, outside.

khurk, near.

mur, far.

dáde, here.

ede, there.

jáaski, where.

ere, there.

aráde, where?

hamangi, there.

haráng, as far as.

aráká, so far.

moni, opposite.

to, with.

te, in, up to.

kátum, on, upon.

dápárán, this side.

epárán, that side.

chármán, all sides.

antmur, how far?

The adverbs of quantity are the following and others:—

báz, much, very many.

machit, little, few.

hech, none.

girá, some.

bas, enough.

at, how much?

ákhadr, as much as.

dákhadr, so much.

har, every.

bíra, only, merely.

har-ant, whatever.

hechrá, nothing.

Other adverbs are the following, conjunctions and interjections:—

antai, why?

ho-hán, yes.

ahá, no.

vale, but.

hamhon, perhaps.

ki, that.

are, holloa!

háeháe, alas!

wáwáh, wonderful!

armán, pity!

ham, also.

lekin, but.

gwácháni, indeed!

jágai, instead of.

mat, leave off! don’t!

paráe, for sake of.

agar, if.

baghair, except.

The days of the week are the same as in Persian, and so are the cardinal numbers, with the exception of the first three. These are asit, one; irat, two; musit, three. The rest are chár, four; panj, five, &c.

The ordinals and fractions are as follows:—

awal first.

elo second.

mustímíko third.

chármíko fourth, and so on.

miscálí a quarter.

ním half.

sihshálí three-quarters.

panjpáo one and a quarter.

BRAHOE VOCABULARY.

List of nouns in common use:—

Parts of the Body and Secretions.

kátum, head.

khoprí, skull.

milí, brain.

chugh, nape.

gardan, neck.

likh, throat.

peshání, forehead.

khush, temple.

khaf, ear.

khan, eye.

bhirwá, eyebrow.

khannásil, eyelid.

michách, eyelash.

díd, pupil.

bámas, nose.

gránz, nostril.

kalak, cheek.

bá, mouth.

jur, lip.

zanú, chin.

duví, tongue.

gutulú, gullet.

dandán, tooth.

dandánnású, gum.

mon, face.

badan, body (also ján).

churoh, urine.

kiriftí, dung (also phí).

kísh, matter, pus.

tús, flatus.

nargat, windpipe.

sína, chest.

khad, breast.

gwar, nipple.

kopá, shoulder.

pitakh, bladebone.

tarkh, armpit.

pahlú, rib, flank.

baj, back.

mukh, loin.

saghas, buttock.

phid, belly.

phút, navel.

land, penis.

gand, testicle.

phundú, anus.

phús, vulva.

rán, thigh.

kach, hip.

khond, knee.

dhakan, kneecap.

pinní, leg.

phenj, calf.

nat, foot.

kurí, heel.

mijol, ankle.

had, bone.

rísh, beard.

burút, mustache.

píshkav, ringlet.

talaf, sole.

dú, arm.

surosh, elbow.

tút, cubit.

chamba, wrist (also kar).

dú, hand.

talaf, palm.

úr, finger, toe.

zíl, nail.

phif, lung.

ust, heart.

phid, stomach.

rotíng, intestines.

jagar, liver.

zák, gall bladder.

zardoí, gall, bile.

diloí, spleen.

gurda, kidney.

pujhá, hair.

sil, skin.

sú, flesh.

tuzmí, fat.

ditar, blood.

páhlt, milk.

túfing, spittle.

khárínk, tears.

khet, sweat.

khel, fever.

zindá, alive.

kask, dead.

Nouns of Relationship, &c.

bandagh, man.

zá’ífa, woman.

are, husband.

arwat, wife.

már, son.

masar, daughter.

khadyá, babe.

chunaká, child.

báv, father.

lummá, mother.

ílum, brother.

ír, sister.

bává, father!

áí, mother!

adá, brother!

adí, sister!

brázát, brother’s child.

khwárzát, sister’s child.

pejhzát, cousin.

illa, paternal uncle and aunt.

táta, maternal uncle and aunt.

píra, grandfather.

balla, grandmother.

nwása, grandchild.

Names of Ornaments, Clothing, &c.

saht, ornament.

tábíz, charm.

chhalav, signet-ring.

tik, seal.

panra, ear-ring.

lik, ear-drop.

phulo, nose-ring.

durr, pearl ring.

jamak, gold ring.

dáwaní, frontlet.

tauc, necklet.

chandanhár, necklace.

daswána, armlet.

báhínk, bracelet.

kangaur, wristlet.

pádínk, anklet.

khál, mole.

surma, eye-black.

shefk, eye-black pin.

món-rukh, mirror.

zulf, curl,

gesú, ringlet.

rez, plait.

gud, clothes.

kús, shirt.

kás, blanket felt.

sharwál, trousers.

chokhá, cloak.

postín, fur coat.

khyrí, waist mantle.

mukhtá, waist sash.

top, cap.

dastár, turban.

mocharí, shoe.

litar, slipper.

moza, boot.

chhawat, sandal.

dasgala, glove.

khout, blanket.

thappur, rug.

khat, bed.

lehf, coverlet.

cudh, sheet.

bálisht, pillow.

bhop, mattress.

shál, shawl.

katúr, mat.

kónt, carpet.

berum, bedding.

urá, house.

kúdi, shed.

biht, wall.

bám, roof.

darich, door.

darícha, window.

hawelí, court.

barám, marriage.

dishtár, bride.

náo-zámás, bridegroom.

mahr, dowry.

Household Stores and Domestic Utensils.

ghalla, corn.

nut, flour.

pirísh, lentils.

birinj, rice.

bat, cooked rice.

kholum, wheat.

sá, barley.

makaí, Indian corn, maize.

zúrat, millet.

júárí, millet.

phug, wheat straw.

karab, maize straw.

liz, rice straw.

tambákh, tobacco.

dár, wood.

khushád, cow-dung.

pogh, charcoal.

kulf, lock.

kilíd, key.

zamzír, chain.

chirágh, candle.

hedr, turmeric.

beh, salt.

pilpil, pepper.

pímáz, onions.

thúm, garlic.

lawang, cloves.

zíra, caraway.

mavíz, raisins.

tel, oil.

hormag, dates.

írugh, bread.

khassí, butter.

sí, fat, tallow.

gharesh, melted butter.

páhlt, milk.

dahí, curds.

punváhlt, whey (?)

pachíruk, cream (?)

panír, cheese.

cúrút, hard cheese.

khásun, buttermilk.

khúlí, corn-bin.

nuskhal, hand-mill.

túra, basket.

loth, bag.

khári, hamper.

gothrí, sack.

chhara, bucket.

dillo, water-jar.

khallí, jar.

kunza, flagon.

kásagh, bowl.

bhatal, big bowl.

tás, cup.

símí, copper tray.

karsán, wooden dish.

loí, pot.

kuno, large pot.

kho, saucepan.

garoh, earthen jar.

kúlik, pail or pan.

kalind, earthen pot.

Domestic Animals and Implements.

húli, horse.

mádyán, mare.

naryán, stallion.

kurra, colt.

litík, tail.

buchk, mane.

búz, muzzle.

lidh, dung.

húch, camel.

bísh, ass.

khachar, mule.

dhaggí, cow.

rorh, calf.

kárígar, bull.

kharás, ox.

mehí, buffalo cow.

gosála, buffalo calf.

sánda, buffalo bull.

máe-khad, udder.

mat, he-goat.

het, she-goat.

daggar, kid (also bahí).

bakhta, ram.

mir, ewe.

súr, lamb.

khur, sheep.

shwánagh, shepherd.

ramagh, herd, flock.

ged, sheepfold.

surumb, horse-hoof.

shankala, cloven hoof.

kás, wool.

drasam, goats’ hair.

bángo, cock.

kukur, hen.

chúri, chicken.

byda, egg.

para, feather (also path).

bánzil, wing.

haddí, spur.

súnt, beak.

panja, claw.

gunjí, crop.

ojarínk, gizzard.

kóchak, dog.

kútri, pup.

pishí, cat.

hal, rat.

kapot, pigeon.

gunjishk, sparrow.

hílt, fly.

pasha, musquito.

munghí, wasp (?)

makish, bee.

shahd, honey.

angumen, honeycomb.

mom, wax.

kak, flea.

bor, louse.

rishk, a louse-nit.

mangur, bug.

jolágh, spider.

phú, worm.

poghut, frog.

telt, scorpion.

morínk, ant.

Agriculture and Implements.

curda, field.

dagár, land.

mish, earth.

lichakh, mud.

khal, stone.

phud, clod.

chhib, turf.

langár, plough.

khamir, share (also phalí).

jugh, yoke.

bel, spade.

lashí, sickle.

khen, harrow.

chárchak, pitchfork.

mála, roller.

dhún, well.

sálí, rice field.

kholum, wheat.

sá, barley.

makaí, maize.

zúrat, millet.

pirísh, millet.

kunjid, sesame.

karpás, cotton plant.

gogra, cotton pod.

kakra, cotton seed.

pumba, cotton wool.

uspust, lucerne.

roding, madder.

rambí, hoe.

kbashád, manure (?)

jal, rivulet.

hilár, date tree.

ták, vine.

augúr, grape.

sóf, apple.

bihí, quince.

zardálu, apricot.

alúcha, plum.

shalgam, turnip.

gázir, carrot.

turb, radish.

karam, cabbage.

ság, potherbs.

kothík, melon.

pímáz, onion.

thúm, garlic.

kárez, aqueduct.

Arms and Armour.

zaghm, sword.

ispar, shield.

nezagh, spear.

pát, stick.

lath, club.

bízak, leather milk-churn.

bil, bow.

sum, arrow.

kamánchol, sling.

katár, knife.

much, fist.

chágal, leather water-bottle.

tufak, musket.

kundágh, stock.

palíta, match.

bárút, powder.

mukh-taf, belt.

sikh, ramrod.

Elements and Minerals.

dharatí, earth.

hawá, air.

khákhar, fire.

dír, water.

hiss, ashes.

jhamjal, flame.

molh, smoke.

duhun, soot.

deí, sun.

túbe, moon.

istár, star.

jhamar, cloud.

phir, rain.

jur, mist.

barf, snow.

barfíchk, hail.

shaonamba, dew.

yakh, ice.

pae, thunder.

breshná, lightning.

subh, morning.

manjan, noon.

shám, evening.

haft-de, week.

túwas, month (also tú)

sál, year.

attam, spring.

ahár, summer.

irícha, autumn.

suhel, winter.

sekha, shade.

phúdi, cold.

basúní, heat.

mash, mountain.

lak, mountain pass.

darra, defile.

hísun, gold.

píhun, silver.

ahin, iron.

mis, copper.

surf, lead.

jist, zinc.

birinj, brass.

kaláí, tin.

surma, antimony.

gokurt, sulphur.

phitkí, alum.

shora, nitre.

beh, salt.

totí, blue vitriol.

mush-kush, arsenic.

hartál, orpiment.

feroza, turquoise.

likh, glass bead.

táho, wind.

shamál, north wind.

uttar, storm.

lúr, sand storm.

shikh, hill peak.

talár, hill slope.

putáo, hill skirt.

chur, gulley.

símáb, mercury.

istar-khal, flint.

folád, steel.

chun, lime.

Arts and Instruments.

drakhan, carpenter.

tash, adze.

mekhchú, hammer.

ara, saw.

mochinak, tweezers.

kház, shears.

síla, needle.

dask, thread.

rez, cord.

cáynchí, scissors.

chit, leather strap.

áhingar, blacksmith.

zargar, goldsmith.

degdán, furnace.

dhamok, bellows.

sindán, anvil.

kudína, hammer.

mekh, nail.

para, wedge.

charkh, grindstone.

anbúr, forceps.

tafar, hatchet.

kumbár, potter.

lichak, clay.

charkh, potter’s wheel.

mishí, pottery.

korí, weaver.

razán, loom.

iras, comb.

lorí, musician.

damáma, drum.

sittok, dancer.

shutár, pipe.

Natural Objects and Sentiments.

de, sun.

istár, star.

nokh, new moon.

túbe, full moon.

mash, Mountain.

dan, plain.

chuk, bird.

darakht, tree.

khal, rock.

karod, ravine.

tang, strait.

jal, river.

chol, desert.

dam-diringun, fatigue.

khulisun, fear.

kuskun, death.

bíngun, hunger.

mulás, thirst.

phúdi, cold.

basúní, heat.

cahar, anger.

pashemání, regret.

gham, sorrow.

armán, grief.

pachár, helplessness.

faryád, complaint.

diláwarí, courage.

khúshi, joy.

lagorí, cowardliness.

thap, wound.

múch, blow.

dakka, shove.

ghut, prod.

chapánt, slap.

buz-halk, kiss.

tawár, call.

marám, shout.

hoghínk, sobbing.

makhínk, laughing.

Names of Trees and Plants.

tút, mulberry.

gwan, pistacia.

hápurs, juniper.

khat, olive.

pish, dwarf-palm.

hilár, date-palm.

kirrí, tamarisk.

kabbar, salvadora.

pissí, jujube.

khaler, capparis.

kharag, calotropis.

jawar, oleander.

jag, poplar.

marr, mimosa.

anjír, fig.

shark, rhazzia.

zámur, mezereon.

hóm, ephedra.

náróm, ephedra.

musunduk, liquorice (?)

shámpastír, indigo-fern.

shinz, hedysarum.

kotor, wild almond.

khardaruao, artemisia.

kisánkúr, peganum.

mungalí, salsola (?)

lána, caroxylon.

búndí, anabis (?)

gomáz, arundo.

khásum, andropogon.

ritáchk, spurge.

shenálo, caryophyllum.

piplí.

panirband, withiana.

byh, grass.

mora, dry lucerne.

Names of Birds and Beasts.

chuk, bird.

kuttám, nest.

wacáb, eagle.

báz, hawk.

hil, rook.

kulágh, crow.

sher, tiger.

khalegha, leopard.

búm, owl.

kirkashí, swallow.

charz, bustard.

kapot, pigeon.

ginjishk, sparrow.

shakúk, magpie.

sínkúr, porcupine.

jájak, hedgehog.

kakáo, partridge, Greek.

hanj, wild duck.

murdárkhor, vulture.

bárú, quail.

cú, swan.

kapínjar, partridge.

kúkam, wild pig.

harraf, wild goat.

kharmá, wolf.

kaftár, hyena.

tola, jackal.

shok, fox.

rich, bear.

bolú, monkey.

murrú, hare.

gorpat, badger.

nor, mungoose.

hal, rat.

sarkúk, tortoise.

shab-pirik, bat.

malakh, locust.

dúshá, snake.

kirráú, lizard.

tehlt, scorpion.

gorkhar, wild ass.

khazmú, gazelle.

math, male márkhor.

het, female márkhor.

khár, wild sheep, male.

gad, wild sheep, female.

shák, horn.

sil, skin.

Adjectives Commonly in Use.

mon, black.

píhun, white.

kharun, green.

khísun, red.

pushkun, yellow.

sámo, grey.

míl, blue.

chot, crooked.

rást, straight.

básun, hot.

phuden, cold.

bárun, dry.

pálun, wet.

murghun, long.

gwand, short.

kuchá, broad.

tang, narrow.

húlon, thick.

ushkon, thin.

tez, sharp.

kunt, blunt.

hukmatí, obedient.

rást, right.

cháp, left.

mallók, opener.

sakht, hard.

khulkon, soft.

durusht, rough.

awár, smooth.

bíngún, hungry.

malás, thirsty.

wasum, full.

sun, empty.

khuben, heavy.

subuk, light.

zaft, quick.

madám, slow.

báz, much.

machit, little.

balo, large.

chuno, small.

pír, old.

warná, young.

khad, deep.

shef, shallow.

arzán, cheap.

girán, dear.

jor, well.

nájor, sick.

taffók, shutter.

mutkun, old.

puzkun, new.

tárma, dark.

roshtírak, bright.

mur, far.

khurk, near.

sharo, good.

gando, bad.

bahádur, bold.

lagor, timid.

hanen, sweet.

kháren, sour.

talkh, bitter.

turun, acrid.

burzo, tall.

mandar, short.

khor, blind.

kar, deaf.

gánuk, mad.

gung, dumb.

shifárk, lean.

húlan, fat.

mand, lame.

leláwí, greedy.

dhakkók, hider.

VERBS.

The verbs in common use are here given in alphabetical order. As a guide to conjugation on the paradigms already given, the forms of the root and present and past tenses are added. The imperative is in the second person plural, and the present and past tenses in the third person singular.

English. Infinitive. Imperative. Present. Past.

abandon íling ílbo or ílabo íle or ílate ílene or íl

abound báz-maning báz-mabo báz-are báz-mas

abuse kiring kiribo kirite kir

accept haling halbo hale halk

adhere liching lichibo liche lich

adorn zeb-tining zeb-tibo tire tis

allot bakhshing bakhshbo bakhshe bakhsh

alter harsing harsibo harse hars

arrive rasing rasibo rase ras

ask harafing harafebo harafe haraf

assault hrúsh-kanning hrúsh-kabo hrúsh-ke hrúsh-kar

awake bash-maning bash-mabo bash-are bash-mas

await (seek) huning honbo hore hor

become maning mabo are-e mas

beat khaling khalbo khale khalk

beg pinding pindbo pinde pind

begot, to be vadí-maning vadí-mabo vadí-are vadí-mas

begin shurú-kaning shurú-kabo shurú-ke shurú-kar

bend dol-kaning dol-kabo dol-ke dol-kar

bind tafing tafbo tafe taf

bite daling dalbo dale dal

bleat laláring lalárbo laláre lalár

blow laging lagbo lage lag

boil, a. básing básbo báse bás

boil, n. joshing joshbo joshe josh

braid gofing gofbo gofe gof

bring hataring hatbo hate hes

break piraghing pirabo pire piragh

breathe uf-kaning uf-kabo uf-ke uf-kar

bring haling halbo hale halk

burn hoshing hoshbo hoshe hosh

burst chiling chilbo chile chil

bury cabr-kaning cabr-kabo cabr-ke cabr-kar

buy saudá-haling saudá-halbo saudá-hale saudá-halk

call tawár-kaning tawár-kabo tawár-ke tawár-kar

carry daning danbo dare dar

cast biting bitibo bite bit

carve kishking kishbo kishe kishk

catch haling halbo hale halk

clothe berfing berbo berfe berf

collect much-kaning much-kabo much-ke much-kar

come baning babo bare bas

conceal dhaking dhabo dhake dhak

cook bising biribo bire bis

copulate haning hanbo hane han

cough jhaking jhakabo jhake jhak

count hisáb-kaning hisáb-kabo hisáb-ke hisáb-kar

cover dhaking dhakbo dhake dhak

cry hoghing hoghbo hoye hogh

cut haring harbo hare har

dance nách-kaning nách-kabo nách-ke nách-kar

deceive refing refbo refe ref

die kahing kahbo kahe kah

dig kad-khaling kad-khalbo kad-khale kad-khalk

divide bakhshing bakhshbo bakhshe bakhsh

draw kashing kashbo kashe kash

dream túgh-khaning túgh-khanbo túgh-khane túgh-khan

drink dír-kuning dír-kubo dír-kune dír-kun

drop chaking chakbo chake chak

dwell já-maning já-mabo já-are já-mas

do kaning kabo ke kar

eat kuning kubo kune kun

endure kashing kashbo kashe kash

enter tahtí-baning tahtí-babo tahtí-bare tahtí-bas

escape chhuting chhutbo chhute chhut

empty musun-kaning musun-kabo musun-ke musun-kar

fall taming tambo tame tam

fear khuling khulbo khule khul

flee nering nerbo nere ner

fly bál-kaning bál-kabo bál-ke bál-kar

fight jang-kaning jang-kabo jang-ke jang-kar

fill pur-kaning pur-kabo pur-ke pur-kar

forbid rad-kaning rad-kabo rad-ke rad-kar

forget yád-hining yád-hirbo yád-hire yád-hir

forgive bashking bashkbo bashke bashk

forsake íling ílbo íle íl

frighten khulífing khulífbo khulífe khulíf

fry bhugí-kaning bhugí-kabo bhugí-ke bhugí-kar

follow randat-hining randat-hinbo randat-káe randat-hin

gallop dudefing dudefbo dudefe dudef

gather much-kaning much-kabo much-ke much-kar

get up bash-maning bash-mabo bash-are bash-mas

give tining tinbo or tibo tire tis

go hining hinbo káe hin

graze khwáfing khwáfbo khwáfe khwáf

grind nusing nusbo nuse nus

growl báshághing báshábo báshághe báshágh

guess samá-kaning samá-kabo samá-ke samá-kar

hang laronj-kaning laronj-kabo laronj-ke laronj-kar

happen taming tambo tame tam

have toning tonbo tore ton

hear bining binbo bire bin

hide dhaking dhakbo dhake dhak

hold toning tonbo tore ton

hug gwar-haling gwar-halbo gwar-hale gwar-halk

inquire harafing harafebo harafe haraf

itch kháring khárbo kháre khár

join much-tining much-tibo much-tire much-tis

keep nigáh-toning nigáh-tonbo nigáh-tore nigáh-ton

kick laghat-khaling laghat-khalbo laghat-khale laghat-khalk

kill kasfing kasfebo kasfe kas

kiss pak-tining pak-tibo pak-tire pak-tis

kiss buz-haling buz-halbo buz-hale buz-halk

knead much-kaning (?) much-kabo much-ke much-kar

know sháhing sháhibo sháhe sháh

laugh makhing makhbo makhe makh

lay túlfing túlfebo túlfe túl

lead duning dunbo dure dur

leak chutfing chutfebo chutfe chut

learn hífing hífbo hífe híf

leave íling ílbo íle íl

let go íla-kaning íla-kabo íla-ke íla-kar

lie drogh-páning drogh-pabo drogh-pare drogh-par

lick chating chatebo chate chat

lift hefing hefbo hefe hef

light roshtínk-tining roshtínk-tibo roshtínk-tire roshtínk-tis

listen khafing khafbo khafe khaf

live zind-maning zind-mabo zind-are zind-mas

loathe gando-daning gando-danbo gando-dare gando-dar

lodge jáeti-maning jáeti-mabo jáeti-are jáeti-mas

look khaning khanbo khane khan

lose gohing gohebo gohe goh

make kaning kabo ke kar

marry barám-kaning barám-kabo barám-ke barám-kar

measure dághing dághebo dághe dágh

meet huning hunbo hure hur

mend jor-kaning jor-kabo jor-ke jor-kar

melt dír-kaning dír-kabo dír-ke dír-kar

milk bhíring bhírbo bhíre bhír

miss rad-kaning rad-kabo rad-ka rad-kar

mix awár-kaning awár-kabo awár-ke awár-kar

move surfing surfebo surfe sur

open maling malbo male mal

open ithing ithibo ithe ith

pass gidring gidirebo gidire gidar

pinch chundik-tining chundik-tibo chundik-tire chundik-tis

place túlfing túlfebo túlfe túl

plant tikhing tikhbo tikhe tikh

play makhing makhbo makhe makh

pluck bening benbo bere ber

poke ghut-khaling ghut-khalbo ghut-khale ghut-khalk

possess daning danbo dare dar

pour shághing sholbo shághe shol

pull kashing kashbo kashe kash

push dhakka-tining dhakka-tibo dhakka-tire dhakka-tis

quarrel jang-kaning jang-kabo jang-ke jang-kar

question harfing harfbo harfe haraf

rain dasing dasbo dase das

raise hefing hefbo hefe hef

reach rasing rasbo rase ras

read khwáning khwánbo khwáne khwán

reap rúting rútbo rúte rút

recline túgh-maning túgh-mabo túgh-are túgh-mas

recognise cháning chánbo cháne chás

recollect yád-tiling yád-tilbo yád-tile yád-tilk

remind yád-tining yád-tibo yád-tire yád-tis

release chhutfing chhutfebo chhutfe chhut

reject rad-kaning rad-kabo rad-ke rad-kar

rest dam-daning dam-danbo dam-dare dam-dar

remain manzil-maning manzil-mabo manzil-are manzil-mas

rinse píling pílbo píle píl

repel hy-kaning hy-kabo hy-ke hy-kar

respire dam-kashing dam-kashbo dam-kashe dam-kashk

return harsing harsebo harse hars

ride suwár-maning suwár-mabo suwár-are suwár-mas

rise bash-maning bash-mabo bash-are bash-mas

rob duzdí-kaning duzdí-kabo duzdí-ke duzdí-kar

roll redeting redetebo redete redet

rub mushking mushkbo mushke mushk

run halma-kaning halma-kabo halma-ke halma-kar

say páning pábo páre pár

scatter khasing khasbo khase khas

scrape tráshing tráshbo tráshe trásh

scratch khárfing khárfebo khárfe kháraf

search pating patbo pate pat

see khaning khanbo khane khan

seek huning hunbo hure hur

seize phuling phulbo phule phul

sell saudá-kaning saudá-kabo saudá-ke saudá-kar

send ráhí-kaning ráhí-kabo ráhí-ke ráhí-kar

sew múghing múghbo múghe múgh

share sholfing sholfebo sholfe sholaf

shine rosh-tining rosh-tibo rosh-tire rosh-tis

shiver larzing larzbo larze larz

shout marám-kaning marám-kabo marám-ke marám-kar

shut tafing tafbo tafe taf

sing sha’ir-páning sha’ir-pábo sha’ir-páre sha’ir-pár

sit túling túsbo túse tús

sleep túgh-kaning túgh-kabo túgh-ke túgh-kar

slip lughusht-haling lughusht-halbo lughusht-hale lughusht-halk

seat túlfing túlfebo túlfe túlaf

sneeze nich-tining nich-tibo nich-tire nich-tis

sow dasfing dasfebo dasfe dasaf

speak hít-kaning hít-kabo hít-ke hít-kar

spill sholing sholbo shole shol

stumble leting letbo lete let

spin, n. harsing harsbo harse hars

spin, a. harsefing harsefebo harsefe harsef

spit túf-kaning túf-kabo túf-ke túf-kar

split trakhing trakhbo trakhe trakh

spread tálán-kaning tálán-kabo tálán-ke tálán-kar

sprinkle chateting chatetebo chatete chatet

stand saling salbo sale sal

stay maning mabo are mas

stoop shefming shefmabo shefe shef

strain chhán-kaning chhán-kabo chhán-ke chhán-kar

strike khaling khalbo khale khalk

strip laghar-kaning laghar-kabo laghar-ke laghar-kar

suck chusfing chusfebo chusfe chusaf

sweat khet-kaning khet-kabo khet-ke khet-kar

swell pirsing pirsbo pirse pirs

sweep rofing rofbo rofe rof

swim tár-khaling tár-khalbo tár-khale tár-khalk

swing jhulut-kaning jhulut-kabo jhulut-ke jhulut-kar

take haling halbo hale halk

take away harf-hining harf-hinbo harf-káe harf-hin

talk hít-kaning hít-kabo hít-ke hít-kar

tap tak-khaling tak-khalbo tak-khale tak-khalk

taste chaking chakebo chake chak

teach sarpan-kaning sarpan-kabo sarpan-ke sarpan-kar

tear haring haribo hare har

throw harabing (biting) harabebo harabe harab

tickle gudulú-kaning gudulú-kabo gudulú-ke gudulú-kar

till (plough) langár-kaning langár-kabo langár-ke langár-kar

tire dam-daning dam-danbo dam-dare dam-dar

trip thábo-kaning thábo-kabo thábo-ke thábo-kar

turn, n. harsing harsebo harse haras

twine peching pechebo peche pech

twist res-tining res-tibo res-tire res-tis

tumefy padám-kaning padám-kabo padám-ke padám-kar

turn, a. harsefing harsefebo harsefe harsef

understand sarpan-maning sarpan-mabo sarpan-are sarpan-mas

upset musun-kaning musun-kabo musun-ke musun-kar

wait jáeti-maning jáeti-mabo jáeti-are jáeti-mas

walk kasar-hining kasar-hinbo kasar-káe kasar-hin

wander charing charbo chare char

want aling-bating albo-batbo ale-bate al-bat

wash siling silbo sile sil

wear bening benbo bene ben

weare báfing báfbo báfe báf

weep hoghing hoyibo hoye hogh

weigh tol-kaning tol-kabo tol-ke tol-kar

wink khan-khaling khan-khalbo khan-khale khan-khalk

wish árzú-takhing árzú-takhbo árzú-takhe árzú-takh

whistle shutár-kashing shutár-kashbo shutár-kashe shutár-kash

work kárem-kaning kárem-kabo kárem-ke kárem-kar

wound thading thadbo thade thad

wrap much-kaning much-kabo much-ke much-kar

wring píling pílbo píle píl

write nabisht-kaning nabisht-kabo nabisht-ke nabisht-kar

The materials from which the above Grammar and Vocabulary are compiled were collected during a rapid journey through the territories of the Khán of Calát—the Brahoe country—and tested, so far as opportunity offered, by reference to natives in different parts of the country, and by comparison with Eastwick’s “Epitome of the Grammars of the Brahuiky, Balochky, and Panjabi Languages.” It was my intention to have added some dialogues and phrases as a conclusion to the work. But to do so would extend the limits of this book to undue proportions, and delay its appearance indefinitely. I have therefore left this part of the work unfinished, and only offer the above synopsis in the hope that it may prove useful to the officers serving on the Sind Frontier; and if it should happily stimulate one amongst them to correct its errors, supply its deficiencies, and enlarge its scope, then the object of my labour will have been gained.

H. W. B.