TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Chapter I. Tools and Appliances.—1. The Forge; 2. Fire Tools; 3. Fuels; 4. The Anvil; 5. The Hammers; 6. The ball peen hammer; 7. The cross peen hammer; 8. The straight peen hammer; 9. The sledges; 10. The Tongs; 11. The flat-jawed tongs; 12. The hollow bit tongs; 13. The pick-up tongs; 14. The side tongs; 15. The chisel tongs; 16. The link tongs; 17. The tool or box tongs; 18. Anvil and Forging Tools; 19. The hardy; 20. The cold and hot cutters; 21. The hot cutter; 22. The flatter; 23. The square- and round-edged set hammers; 24. The punches; 25. The top and bottom swages; 26. The top and bottom fullers; 27. The button head set or snap; 28. The heading tool; 29. The swage block; 30. The surface plate; 31. The tapered mandrels; 32. Bench and Measuring Tools; 33. The bench or box vise; 34. The chisels; 35. The center punch; 36. The rule; 37. The dividers; 38. The calipers; 39. The scriber or scratch awl; 40. The square; 41. The bevel; 42. The hack saw; 43. The files 1

Chapter II. Forging Operations.—44. The Hammer Blows; 45. The upright blow; 46. The edge-to-edge blow; 47. The overhanging blow; 48. The beveling or angle blows; 49. The leverage blows; 50. The backing-up blows; 51. The shearing blow; 52. Forging; 53. Drawing; 54. Bending; 55. Upsetting; 56. Forming; 57. Straightening; 58. Twisting; 59. Welding; 60. The Material for Welding; 61. Heating; 62. Scarfing; 63. The lap weld; 64. The cleft weld; 65. The butt weld; 66. The jump weld; 67. The V weld 30

Chapter III. Practice Exercises.—68. Staple; 69. Draw Spike; 70. S Hook; 71. Pipe Hook; 72. Gate Hook; 73. Door Hasp; 74. Hexagonal Head Bolt; 75. Square-cornered Angle; 76. Fagot Welding; 77. Round Weld; 78. Flat Right-angled Weld; 79. T Weld; 80. Chain Making; 81. Welded Ring; 82. Chain Swivel; 83. Chain Swivel; 84. Chain Grabhook 58

Chapter IV. Treatment of Tool Steel.—85. Selecting and Working Steel; 86. Uses of Different Grades of Steel; 87. Injuries; 88. Annealing; 89. Hardening and Tempering; 90. Casehardening 83

Chapter V. Tool Making and Stock Calculation.—91. Tongs; 92. Heavy Flat Tongs; 93. Light Chain Tongs; 94. Lathe Tools; 95. Brass Tool; 96. Cutting-off or Parting Tool; 97. Heavy Boring Tool; 98. Light Boring or Threading Tool; 99. Diamond Point Tool; 100. Right Side Tool; 101. Forging Tools; 102. Cold Chisel; 103. Hot Cutter; 104. Cold Cutter; 105. Square-edged Set; 106. Hardy; 107. Flatter; 108. Small Crowbar; 109. Eye or Ring Bolts; 110. Calipers; 111. Stock Calculation for Bending 96

Chapter VI. Steam Hammer, Tools, and Exercises.—112. A Forging; 113. The Drop Hammer; 114. Presses; 115. The Steam Hammer; 116. Steam Hammer Tools; 117. The hack or cutter; 118. The circular cutter; 119. The trimming chisel; 120. The cold cutter; 121. The checking tool or side fuller; 122. The fuller; 123. The combined spring fullers; 124. The combination fuller and set; 125. The combined top and bottom swages; 126. The top and bottom swages; 127. The bevel or taper tool; 128. The V block; 129. The yoke or saddle; 130. Bolsters or collars; 131. Punches; 132. Steam Hammer Work; 133. Crank Shaft; 134. Connecting Rod; 135. Rod Strap; 136. Eccentric Jaw; 137. Hand Lever; 138. Connecting Lever; 139. Solid Forged Ring; 140. Double and Single Offsets 123

Chapter VII. Art Smithing and Scroll Work.—141. Art Smithing; 142. Scroll Fastenings; 143. Scroll Former; 144. Bending or Twisting Fork; 145. Bending or Twisting Wrench; 146. Clip Former; 147. Clip Holder; 148. Clip Tightener or Clincher; 149. Jardinière Stand or Taboret; 150. Umbrella Stand; 151. Reading Lamp; 152. Andirons and Bar; 153. Fire Set; 154. Fire Set Separated 146

Chapter VIII. Iron Ore, Preparation and Smelting.—155. Iron Ore; 156. Magnetite; 157. Red hematite; 158. Limonite or brown hematite; 159. Ferrous carbonate; 160. The Value of Ores; 161. Preparation of Ores; 162. Weathering; 163. Washing; 164. Crushing; 165. Roasting or calcination; 166. Fuels; 167. Fluxes; 168. The Blast; 169. The Reduction or Blast Furnace; 170. Classification of Pig Iron; 171. Bessemer iron; 172. Basic iron; 173. Mill iron; 174. Malleable iron; 175. Charcoal iron; 176. Foundry iron; 177. Grading Iron 161

Chapter IX. The Manufacture of Iron and Steel.—178. Refining Pig Iron; 179. The Open-hearth or Finery Process; 180. The Puddling Process; 181. Steel; 182. The Crucible Process; 183. The Bessemer Process; 184. The Open-hearth Process 177

Formulas and Tables 197

Index 207

DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF MR. DAVID GORRIE

Fig. 1.—The Forge.

FORGE WORK