CONTENTS

Table of Dates . . . Pages xiii-xxvii

Books and articles referred to . . . xxviii-xlviii

INTRODUCTION

Importance of study of Christian origins—Cause of popular misconceptions on the subject—Change of standpoint with progress of science of religions—Definition of science and religion—Apparent dilemma of orthodox—Christianity seems to follow evolutionary law like other faiths—Rivals of infant Christianity—Judaism, classical Paganism, and philosophy ruled out—Real competitors, Oriental religions, Gnosticism, and Manichaeism—Certain features common to surviving documents of all these faiths—Possibility of common origin—Question insoluble till origin and dates of Zoroastrianism ascertained . . . Pages xlix-lxiii

CHAPTER I

THE CONQUESTS OF ALEXANDER

The extent of the Persian Empire and its government—Alexander’s aim, the marriage of Europe and Asia, attained after his death—Greek becomes common language—Importance of this for History of Religions—Ideas of antiquity about gods—Monotheism of philosophers, and of Hebrew Prophets—Aristotle’s dictum that religion follows form of temporal government—Alexander, perfect type of monarch—Adoption of monarchical government by his Successors—Identification of Greek with barbarian gods—Worship of Syrian and other foreign gods in Athens—Increase of foreign worships after Alexander—Deification of Alexander and his Successors leads to Euhemerism—Change of religious views among Greeks—Age of innovation in religion—The missions of Asoka—Religious associations in Greece, their composition and influence—Low character of their priests and members—Alexander of Abonoteichos—Impulse given by associations to proselytism—Summary . . . 1-27

xCHAPTER II

THE ALEXANDRIAN DIVINITIES

Alexander’s Egypt and the policy of the Ptolemies—The Egyptian priesthoods and their disastrous rule—Popularity of worship of Osiris—Legend of Osiris according to Plutarch—Its composite character, totemistic and historical elements—The Dying God of the Eastern Mediterranean—The Eleusinian Mysteries—Resemblance of Eleusis legend to Osirian—Ptolemy’s new religion—The Alexandrian triad, Serapis, Isis, and Horus—Refusal of Egyptians to accept Ptolemy’s religion—Its success in the West culminates under the Antonines—Causes of its triumph—Its monarchical principle, or monotheistic pantheism—The Fatherhood of God—Hope for future life—The Mysteries of the Alexandrian Religion described—Degrees of initiation—Popular and external Ceremonies: Daily Services in Temples, Opening, and Closing—Other Ceremonies: The Herculaneum Frescoes—Adoration of the Sacred Water—The Finding of Osiris—The Ship of Isis—Modern character of these Festivals—The Isiac Priesthood—Recluses of Serapeum—Decline of Alexandrian Religion with rise of Christianity—Superiority of Christianity—Last days of Alexandrian Religion—Destruction of Serapeum at Alexandria in 391 A.D.—Borrowings of Christianity from Alexandrian Religion—Ritual, Worship of Virgin, and Monachism—Likeness of sacramental usages—And, more doubtfully, of doctrines—Transition probably effected through Gnostic heresies . . . 28-89

CHAPTER III

THE ORIGIN OF GNOSTICISM

Religion and Magic—Knowledge chief necessity in magic—Origin of myths, cosmogonies, and apocalypses—Spells and charms—Examples from Magic Papyri, Sumerian invocation of Persephone, etc.—Letter of Nephotes to Psammeticus with process of lecanomancy—Egyptian magicians deal with devils—Polyglot spell of Alleius Craeonius invokes Jehovah with heathen gods—Spread of magic in late Pagan and early Christian centuries—Magic ceremonies not all imposture—Hypnotism employed in magic—Influence of these ideas on evolution of Gnostic sects—Leads to development of ritual in worship, especially in Egypt—Effect of Gnostic ideas if not checked—Their early appearance in Greece—The rise of astrology—Its origin in Babylonia—Introduces new ideas in religion—Astrological tablets in Assurbanipal’s library—Construction of calendar—System of correspondences—Planetary influence—Change in astrology when united to Greek mathematics—Religion and Magic alike adopt astral theories—Increased importance of Sun worship—Impulse given by astral theories to Gnosticism—Entry into it of predestinarian ideas . . . 90-120

xiCHAPTER IV

PRE-CHRISTIAN GNOSTICS: THE ORPHICI

The Orphic poems and the Pythagoreans—The Orphic Theology and Legend of Dionysos—Orphics first to connect this with man’s fate in next world—Asceticism of Orphic ideal—Initiation a substitute for asceticism—Gold Plates of Italian Orphics and their likeness to Egyptian funerary literature—Orphic propaganda at first confined to Rhapsodists—Orphics seize upon worships of foreign gods—Demosthenes’ oration against Aeschines and its explanation—Orphics probably form thiasi and other religious associations—The Orpheotelestae, wandering charlatans—The Orphic Hymns—Hymns to Persephone and Dionysos and their explanation—Influence of Orphics upon later religions—Orphism leads to spread of syncretism, magic, and external conformity—Summary of Orphism and its influence upon Gnosticism . . . 121-148

CHAPTER V

PRE-CHRISTIAN GNOSTICS: THE ESSENES

Contrast between religious ideas of Greeks and Jews—Fate of Jews under Alexander’s Successors and Maccabaean Wars—Josephus’ account of the Essenes—Its accuracy shown by Philo and others—Improbable views as to their origin—Essenes essentially Gnostics—Their secret teaching—The Enochian Apocalypses described—The Messianic delusions of the Jews in Roman times—Books of Enoch, etc.—Essene method of interpreting Scripture, isopsephism, and Cabala—Later history of Essenes—Survival of their exegetical methods among Gnostics . . . 149-171

CHAPTER VI

PRE-CHRISTIAN GNOSTICS: SIMON MAGUS

Adherence of Jews to Mosaic Law—Inconvenience of this to rich, and necessity for compromise between Judaism and Hellenism—System of Philo Judaeus and formation of secret sects among Jews—Simon Magus in the New Testament—Position of Samaritans temp. Christ intermediate between Jews and heathen—Account of Simon in Clementines untrustworthy—Hippolytus’ quotations from the Great Announcement—Simon’s First Cause and Six Roots—His system of correspondences or paradigms—His xiibisexual Deity—Parallels between systems of Simon and of Orphics—Simon’s account of creation of man—Simon’s views on origin of evil and redemption not clear—Contradiction among Fathers as to Simon’s doctrines—Simon’s redemption through union of sexes and Platonic affinity—Simon’s view of end of world—Later history of Simon’s sect; their indifference in external matters and changes—Fathers’ ascription of all subsequent heresy to borrowing from Simon examined and partly confirmed . . . 172-202

xiii

TABLE OF DATES

N.B. The dates which follow are only approximate, no attempt having here been made to harmonize the system of chronology lately adopted by the professors of the Berlin school with those formerly in use. For the dates of the reigns of the Egyptian and Asiatic Successors of Alexander, I have mainly relied upon the excellent work of M. Bouché-Leclercq as given in his French version of Droysen’s Hellenismus, his Histoire des Lagides and (especially) his Histoire des Séleucides, the second volume of which, containing the chronological tables, maps, and indexes, has appeared at the close of this year (1914). The dates of the Parthian and Bactrian kings are given with all reserve and are in effect conjectures based on the slipshod statements of compilers like Justin, Quintus Curtius, and Trogus Pompeius. For the Parthian dates I have followed, though without any confidence in its accuracy, the chronology of Prof. Eduard Meyer, and for the Bactrian, those given in Mr. H. C. Rawlinson’s Bactria.

The dates in Vol. II, which deals with the centuries after Christ, are for the most part fairly well ascertained, and those given in Prof. Bury’s edition of Gibbon have been used wherever possible. For matters not mentioned in Gibbon, such as the lives of the obscurer Christian Fathers and leaders of sects, recourse has generally been had to Smith and Wace’s Dictionary of Christian Biography and other books of the kind. The only serious discrepancy here noticeable arises from the habit still prevalent among certain Continental writers of beginning the Christian Era four years earlier than others, so as to increase all subsequent dates by 4. Thus M. Cumont, in his Mystères de Mithra and elsewhere, invariably gives the date of the Carnuntum inscription proclaiming Mithras the Protector of the Roman Empire, as 307 A.D., although he asserts that the Iovii et Herculi religiosissimi Augusti responsible for the inscription are Diocletian and Galerius. Diocletian, however, resigned the purple, and retired into private life in the year 305 A.D., by the reckoning of Prof. Bury and others, and it is plain therefore that M. Cumont puts the date too far forward according to our ideas. To bring it into line, I have therefore ventured to alter the date of the inscription quoted by him to 304 A.D., which would moreover coincide with the persecution of the Christians, which he thinks may have owed some of its severity to the rivalry of the Mithraic faith. The same procedure has been followed in one or two other cases.

xiv336. Accession of Alexander.

340 to 260. Zeno of Citium (founder of Stoic school) flourished.

340 to 288. Pyrrho of Elis flourished.

334 to 322. Aristotle and first Peripatetic School flourished.

331. Foundation of Alexandria.

Alexander transports many Jews to Alexandria and gives them equal rights with Macedonians.

330. Death of Darius.

326. Alexander conquers Punjab.

324. Alexander at Susa celebrates marriage of Europe and Asia.

323. Death of Alexander and first division of Empire.

Ptolemy, son of Lagos, made satrap of Egypt.

321. Second division of Alexander’s Empire at Triparadisus.

320. Ptolemy captures Jerusalem and transports many Jews to Alexandria.

Circa 316. Euhemerus of Messene flourished.

312. Ptolemy and Seleucus defeat Demetrius Poliorcetes at Gaza.

Ptolemy seizes Syria, but evacuates it when defeated by Demetrius near Myontes.

Many Jews voluntarily emigrate to Egypt.

312. Seleucus conquers Media and Persia, and enters Babylon in triumph. Beginning of Seleucid Era.

310. Antigonus Monopthalmos by treaty abandons Eastern Provinces to Seleucus.

307. Demetrius Poliorcetes at Athens.

Demetrius of Phalerum leaves Athens for Alexandria.

Probable foundation of Museum.

306 to 270. Epicurus flourished.

306. Ptolemy I Soter proclaims himself King of Egypt.

302. Coalition against Antigonus. Ptolemy invades Syria, and Lysimachus Asia Minor.

301. Battle of Ipsus, and further division of Empire between Seleucus, Lysimachus, and Cassander.

300 to 220. Cleanthus of Assos (Stoic philosopher) flourished.

298. Cession of Valley of Indus by Seleucus to Chandragupta.

297. Destruction of Samaria by Demetrius Poliorcetes.

294. Seleucus transports many Jews from Babylon to Antioch and other Syrian cities.

293. Many Jewish colonies founded in Cyrene and Libya.

292. Seleucus gives his wife Stratonice and the Eastern Provinces to his son Antiochus.

288. Coalition against Demetrius Poliorcetes.

Accession of Bindusara (Amitrochates) to Chandragupta’s Indian Kingdom.

283. Accession of Ptolemy II Philadelphus.

xv283. Demetrius Poliorcetes dies a prisoner in the hands of Seleucus.

282. Seleucus conquers Asia Minor from Lysimachus.

281. Lysimachus defeated and slain at Corupedion.

Accession of Antiochus I Soter on assassination of Seleucus.

280.? Establishment of Greek worship of Serapis, Isis, and Horus at Alexandria.

280 to 207. Chrysippus of Soli (Stoic philosopher) flourished.

280. Pyrrhus invades Italy.

Invasion of Thrace by Celtic tribes.

278. Pyrrhus’ campaign in Italy.

277. Settlement of Celtic tribes (Galatae) in Asia.

276. Translation of Pentateuch into Greek by order of Ptolemy Philadelphus.

274. First Syrian War. Ptolemy Philadelphus against Antiochus Soter and Magas of Cyrene.

273. Ptolemy Philadelphus sends embassy to Rome to conclude alliance.

265. Accession of Asoka, grandson of Chandragupta.

264. Asoka’s missions to Greek Kings.

First Punic War.

261. Accession of Antiochus II Theos.

258. Second Syrian War. Ptolemy Philadelphus against Antiochus Theos.

252. Diodotus revolts against Antiochus Theos and founds Kingdom of Bactria.

250. Association of Greek Sarapiasts at Athens.

249. Arsaces revolts against Antiochus Theos and founds Arsacid Kingdom of Parthia.

248. Accession of Tiridates on death of his brother, Arsaces of Parthia.

247. Accession of Seleucus II Callinicus on death of his father, Antiochus Theos.

246. Accession of Ptolemy III Euergetes.

Third Syrian War. Ptolemy Euergetes against Seleucus Callinicus.

245.? Accession of Diodotus II on death of his father, Diodotus of Bactria.

244. Ptolemy Euergetes overruns Upper Asia as far as Susa.

241. War between Seleucus Callinicus and his brother Antiochus Hierax.

Accession of Attalus as dynast of Pergamum.

238. Ptolemy Euergetes and his wife Berenice II deified. Decree of Canopus.

Attalus defeats Galatae and proclaims himself King of Pergamum.

230. Euthydemus of Magnesia seizes throne of Bactria on death of Diodotus II.

229. Rome first intervenes in affairs of Greece on behalf of Acarnanians.

226. Accession of Seleucus III Soter on death of his father, Seleucus Callinicus.

xvi225. Attalus of Pergamum, “Friend of Rome,” defeats Seleucus Soter and seizes Syrian Asia Minor.

222. Accession of Antiochus III the Great, on assassination of his father, Seleucus Soter.

221. Accession of Ptolemy IV Philopator on death of his father, Ptolemy Euergetes.

219. Antiochus the Great reconquers Asia Minor.

Antiochus the Great captures Jerusalem from Ptolemy Philopator.

217. Antiochus the Great transports 2,000 Jewish families from Babylon to Phrygia and Lydia.

Ptolemy Philopator defeats Antiochus the Great at Raphia and recaptures Jerusalem and Samaria.

Second Punic War.

216. Worship of Greek Sarapis and Isis established in Boeotia.

211. Accession of Artabanus I to throne of Parthia on death of his father Tiridates.

210. Artabanus of Parthia attacked by Antiochus the Great, who besieges his capital, but finally makes alliance with him.

First Macedonian War. Romans and Aetolians against Philip.

205. Accession of Ptolemy V Epiphanes.

Antiochus the Great seizes Palestine.

204. Statue of Great Mother brought from Pessinus to Rome.

Scopas reconquers Palestine for Ptolemy Epiphanes and Jews revolt to latter.

200. Second Macedonian War.

198. Antiochus the Great defeats Scopas at Panion and reoccupies Jerusalem and Samaria.

197. Accession of Eumenes II on death of his father, Attalus of Pergamum.

Philip defeated by Romans at Cynoscephalae.

196. Coronation of Ptolemy Epiphanes at Memphis. Rosetta Stone set up.

191. Ptolemy Epiphanes sends embassy to Rome to offer alliance.

190. Romans defeat Antiochus the Great at Magnesia.

Accession of Demetrius on death of Euthydemus of Bactria.

Accession of Priapatius on death of Artabanus of Parthia.

187. Accession of Seleucus IV Philopator on death of his father, Antiochus the Great.

182. Accession of Ptolemy VI Eupator.

181. Accession of Ptolemy VII Philometor.

180. Serapeum at Delos in existence.

175. Demetrius of Bactria annexes Cabul and Punjab.

Accession of Antiochus IV Epiphanes on death of his brother, Seleucus Philopator.

xvii175. Eucratides rebels against Demetrius of Bactria and seizes throne.

173. Antiochus Epiphanes seizes Judaea and Coele-Syria.

172. Third Macedonian War.

171. Antiochus Epiphanes invades Egypt and defeats Ptolemy Philometor at Pelusium.

170. Antiochus Epiphanes plunders Temple of Jerusalem.

Ptolemy Philometor and Ptolemy Euergetes II made joint kings by Romans.

Accession of Mithridates I to throne of Parthia.

168. Antiochus Epiphanes’ second invasion of Egypt stopped by Romans. Circle of Popilius Laena.

166. Antiochus Epiphanes again pillages Temple and persecutes Jewish religion.

Samaritans make peace with Antiochus Epiphanes and accept Hellenization.

Revolt of Maccabees against Syria.

164. Accession of Antiochus V Eupator on death of his father, Antiochus Epiphanes.

162. Judas Maccabaeus besieged in Jerusalem by Lysias for Antiochus Eupator. Peace made on Philip’s attempt to seize regency.

Romans send embassy to Antiochus Eupator which compels him to burn his ships and kill his elephants.

Demetrius escapes from Rome and invades Syria.

161. Romans recognize Demetrius as King of Syria with title of Demetrius I Soter.

Judas Maccabaeus sends embassy to Rome, is attacked by Demetrius Soter, and slain. Judaea, under his brother Jonathan, submits to Syria.

Timarchos, Satrap of Media, and Ptolemy, dynast of Commagene, proclaim themselves Kings, and are recognized by Romans.

160. Ptolemy Philometor expelled from Egypt by Euergetes II, but restored by Romans.

Ptolemy, son of Glaucias, a recluse in Serapeum of Memphis.

159. Accession of Attalus II Philadelphus on death of his brother, Eumenes of Pergamum.

154. Ptolemy Euergetes II made King of Cyrene.

Foundation of Jewish Temple or Oneion at Leontopolis in Egypt.

152. Alexander Bala, pretender to throne of Syria, recognized by Romans as son of Antiochus Epiphanes.

151. Coalition of Egyptian and Asiatic Kings with Romans against Demetrius Soter of Syria.

150. Demetrius Soter defeated and slain by coalition of Egyptian and Asiatic kings. Alexander Bala succeeds to throne of Syria, and marries Cleopatra Thea, daughter of Ptolemy Philometor.

xviii149. Third Punic War.

145. Ptolemy Philometor invades Syria and defeats Alexander Bala at Oenoparas. Ptolemy killed in battle and Alexander by Nabathaeans.

Accession of Ptolemy IX (Euergetes II) Physcon as sole king of Egypt.

Accession of Demetrius II Nicator to throne of Syria. Civil war between Demetrius and Diodotus (Trypho) as regent for infant Antiochus VI Epiphanes Dionysos.

144. Ptolemy Physcon expels philosophers from Museum.

142. Simon Maccabaeus succeeds as High Priest Jonathan slain by Trypho.

Simon Maccabaeus proclaims independence of Judaea.

141. Simon Maccabaeus sends embassy to Romans who receive Jews as “Friends of Rome.”

140. Mithridates I of Parthia seizes part of Bactria, Media, Susiana, and Persia.

139. Demetrius Nicator invades Parthia and is taken prisoner by Mithridates.

Beginning of Era of Arsacides.

Antiochus VI Epiphanes Dionysos murdered by Trypho, who is made King by army.

138. Accession of Attalus III Philometor on death of his father, Attalus II of Pergamum.

Accession of Phraates II to throne of Parthia.

137. Antiochus VII Sidetes, brother of Demetrius Nicator, takes throne of Syria.

135. Antiochus Sidetes defeats Trypho, who commits suicide, at Apamea.

John and Judas Maccabaeus, sons of Simon, defeat, at Modein, army of Antiochus Sidetes.

Simon Maccabaeus assassinated by his son-in-law Ptolemy.

John Hyrcanus succeeds his father Simon as High Priest.

Hierocles, last Greek King of Bactria, after invasion of Sacae, transfers his capital to Sialkôt.

Attalus of Pergamum bequeaths his kingdom to Romans.

134. Siege of Jerusalem by Antiochus Sidetes. Jews made tributaries to Syria.

130. Antiochus Sidetes invades Parthia and reconquers Babylonia and Media.

Menander (the Milinda of Buddhists) King of Cabul and Punjab.

129. John Hyrcanus sends embassy to Rome for help against Syria.

Medes rebel against Antiochus Sidetes, who is defeated by Phraates II of Parthia and commits suicide.

Restoration of Demetrius Nicator to throne of Syria. Phraates II of Parthia slain in battle against Scythians.

xix129. Accession of Artabanus II of Parthia.

126. Demetrius Nicator defeated and slain by pretender, Alexander Zabina.

125. Destruction of Samaria by John Hyrcanus.

124. Accession of Mithridates II the Great on death of Artabanus II in battle against Tocharians.

122. Accession of Antiochus VIII Grypus, son of Demetrius Nicator, who with the help of Egypt defeats and slays Alexander Zabina.

120. Accession of Mithridates Eupator as King of Pontus.

117. Accession of Cleopatra III and Ptolemy X Lathyrus.

Civil war in Syria between Antiochus Grypus and Antiochus IX Cyzicenus, son of Antiochus Sidetes. Division of Syria between them.

113. Antiochus Cyzicenus invades Judaea, and is ordered by Romans to withdraw.

106. Accession of Ptolemy XI Alexander.

Aristobulus succeeds his father, John Hyrcanus, as High Priest, and proclaims himself King.

105. Municipality of Puteoli builds Serapeum.

Aristobulus of Judaea annexes Iturea.

Alexander Jannaeus succeeds, as King, his brother Aristobulus.

98. Alexander Jannaeus, trying to annex Ptolemais and Gaza, is defeated by Ptolemy Lathyrus, then King of Cyprus.

Alexander Jannaeus makes league with Cleopatra III, who compels Ptolemy to withdraw.

96. Alexander Jannaeus captures Gaza and massacres inhabitants.

Accession of Seleucus VI Epiphanes Nicator on assassination of his father, Antiochus Grypus.

95. Antiochus X Pius, son of Antiochus Cyzicenus, defeats and slays Seleucus Epiphanes near Mopsuestia.

94. Division of Syria. Antiochus Pius reigns in Upper Syria, Philip I and Demetrius III Eucaerus, sons of Antiochus Grypus, in Coele-Syria.

93. Antiochus Pius slain in battle against the Parthians in Commagene.

Ariobarzanes, King of Cappadocia, expelled by Mithridates Eupator of Pontus, but reinstated by Romans under Sulla.

89. Alexander Jannaeus crucifies 800 Pharisees at Bethome and restores peace in Judaea.

88. Demetrius Eucaerus invades Judaea and defeats Alexander Jannaeus at Sichem, but is taken prisoner by Parthians and dies in captivity.

Interregnum in Parthia.

First Mithridatic War.

xx87. Antiochus XII Dionysos, son of Antiochus Grypus, crowned King of Syria at Damascus.

84. Sulla makes peace with Mithridates.

Antiochus Dionysos defeated and slain at Motho by Aretas the Philhellene, King of Nabathaeans.

83. Tigranes, King of Armenia, becomes King of Syria.

82. Sulla dictator.

81. Accession of Ptolemy XII Alexander II.

Accession of Ptolemy XIII Auletes.

Circa 80. College of Pastophori of Greek Isis at Rome founded.

79. Death of Alexander Jannaeus, and accession of his widow, Salome Alexandra.

78. Death of Sulla.

77. Tigranes builds Tigranocerta, and transports thither many peoples of different race.

76. The Arsacid Sinatroces, captive among the Scyths, released by them to become King of Parthia.

75. Second Mithridatic War.

74. Nicomedes of Bithynia bequeaths his kingdom to Mithridates Eupator of Pontus.

Third Mithridatic War.

72. Mithridates, defeated by Lucullus, takes refuge with his son-in-law Tigranes.

70. Accession of Phraates III of Parthia.

69. Tigranes invades Palestine, but is bought off by Salome Alexandra. Tigranes defeated and Tigranocerta taken by Lucullus.

Antiochus XIII Asiaticus, son of Antiochus Pius, made King of Syria.

Death of Salome Alexandra, and accession of her son Aristobulus as King, with John Hyrcanus II as High Priest.

67. Pompey suppresses the Cilician pirates. Reported introduction of Mysteries of Mithras into Italy.

66. Phraates III of Parthia, Friend of Rome, invades Armenia.

Tigranes submits to Pompey, and is allowed to retain Great Armenia.

Civil war in Palestine between Aristobulus and John Hyrcanus II.

65. Siege of Jerusalem by Nabathaeans and Pharisees, raised by command of Pompey’s lieutenant Scaurus.

64. Ariarathes, King of Cappadocia, receives from Romans Lesser Armenia, Gordyene, and Sophene.

Osrhoene and Edessa made into separate kingdom under Arab prince Ariamne.

Syria becomes Roman province.

63. Death of Mithridates Eupator.

Death of Antiochus Asiaticus.

xxi61. Pompey captures Jerusalem, and puts an end to Maccabaean Kingdom. Aristobulus sent captive to Rome.

Samaria and all forcibly Judaized communities regain their autonomy.

58. Ptolemy Auletes, expelled from Egypt, flies to Rome.

Statues of Isis at Rome thrown down by order of Consul, A. Gabinius.

57. Alexander, son of Aristobulus of Judaea, rebels, and is defeated by Gabinius, Proconsul of Syria.

56. Aristobulus escapes from Rome and heads new revolt in Judaea.

55. Accession of Orodes I to throne of Parthia.

Fresh revolt of Jews under Alexander suppressed by Gabinius, who makes Antipater the Idumean ruler of Judaea.

Ptolemy Auletes restored to throne of Egypt by Gabinius.

53. Crassus and Roman army defeated by Parthians at Carrhae.

52. Fresh revolt of Jews suppressed by Cassius.

51. Accession of Cleopatra VI and Ptolemy XIV.

50. Temple of Isis at Rome destroyed by Consul, L. Aemilius Paulus.

48. Julius Caesar and Cleopatra besieged in Alexandria by Egyptian rebels. Death of Ptolemy XIV.

Temples of Isis near Capitol thrown down at bidding of augurs.

47. Cleopatra made queen jointly with Ptolemy XV.

Antipater and Jewish troops take part in raising of siege of Alexandria.

Julius Caesar repeals Jewish tribute and liability to military service, and gives Jews religious liberty and self-government.

John Hyrcanus II made hereditary ethnarch of Judaea.

46. Herod, son of Antipater, enters Roman army and is made military governor of Coele-Syria.

45. Death of Ptolemy XV. Cleopatra makes her son Caesarion coregent with her as Ptolemy XVI.

Hermaeus last Greek ruler in India.

44. Assassination of Julius Caesar.

Fresh revolt of Jews on Caesar’s death suppressed by Cassius, who makes Herod Procurator of Coele-Syria.

43. Triumvirs Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus decree temple to Isis and Serapis.

42. Battle of Philippi and division of Roman world between Mark Antony and Octavian.

41. Death of Antipater of Judaea. Mark Antony makes Herod and his brother Phasael joint tetrarchs under John Hyrcanus II.

40. Pacorus, prince of Parthia, invades Palestine, and takes John Hyrcanus II and Phasael away captive.

39. Parthians driven out of Palestine by P. Ventidius Bassus.

Herod proclaimed King of Judaea by Romans.

xxii38. Caius Sossius, Legate of Syria, captures Jerusalem, and puts Herod on throne.

31. Battle of Actium. Herod deserts Mark Antony.

30. Herod makes submission to Octavian, and receives increase of territory.

Death of Cleopatra and Caesarion. Egypt becomes Roman province.

Octavian becomes Emperor with title of Augustus.

28. Augustus orders all temples of Alexandrian gods outside Pomoerium.

21. M. Vipsanius Agrippa, the consul, forbids celebration of Egyptian rites within 1 mile of Rome.

20. Phraates IV of Parthia sends Augustus his four sons as hostages, and returns Roman standards captured with Crassus.

Herod rebuilds Temple of Jerusalem.

4. Death of Herod. Fresh revolt of Jews suppressed by Varus.

Augustus divides Herod’s Kingdom between the tetrarchs Archelaus, Antipas, and Philip.

A.D.

2. Accession of Phraates V or Phraataces on murder of his father, Phraates IV of Parthia.

5. Accession of Orodes II of Parthia.

6. Archelaus deposed and banished. Judaea becomes a Roman province.

8. Accession of Vonones I of Parthia.

14. Accession of Tiberius.

16. Vonones expelled from Parthia by Artabanus, King of Media.

Artabanus makes war on Rome, and is in turn expelled.

19. Expulsion of Jewish colony from Rome.

Tiberius destroys Temple of Isis and throws statues into the Tiber.

24. Death of Philip, Jewish tetrarch.

26. Pontius Pilate appointed Procurator of Judaea.

36.? John the Baptist put to death by Antipas.

Interregnum in Parthia. Struggle between pretenders, Tiridates II, Cumianus, and Bardanes I.

37. Accession of Caligula.

Antipas defeated by Aretas, King of Nabathaeans.

Agrippa receives Philip’s tetrarchy with title of King.

39. Antipas deposed and banished. His tetrarchy added to Agrippa’s kingdom.

41. Judaea added to Agrippa’s kingdom.

Accession of Claudius.

44. Death of Agrippa. Cuspius Fadus made Procurator of Judaea.

47. Tiberius Alexander (nephew of Philo) succeeds Cuspius as Procurator.

xxiii47. Gotarzes, son of Artabanus of Media, having been expelled from Parthia by his brother Bardanes, retakes crown on Bardanes’ death.

48. Revolt of Jews. Tiberius Alexander replaced by Cumanus.

Circa 50. Clement of Rome born: died about 95 A.D.

51. Accession of Vonones II to throne of Parthia followed immediately by that of Vologeses I.

War between Rome and Parthia.

Temple of Isis at Rome rebuilt.

52. Ummidius Quadratus, Legate of Syria, deposes Cumanus, and appoints Felix Procurator of Judaea.

54. Accession of Nero.

55. Nero makes worship of Greek Isis religio licita.

60. Porcius Festus succeeds Felix as Procurator of Judaea.

62. Death of Porcius. Albinus succeeds him.

Persecution of Christians by Ananus, the High Priest.

Martyrdom of James the Just.

63. Vologeses I of Parthia, defeated by Corbulo, signs treaty of peace.

64. Gessius Florus succeeds Albinus as Procurator of Judaea.

66. Tiridates invested King of Armenia by Nero.

Revolt of the Jews. Roman garrison of Jerusalem massacred after surrender. Cestius Gallus, Legate of Syria, attacks Jerusalem, but is beaten off.

67. First Jewish War. Vespasian replaces Cestius as Legate.

68. Accession of Galba.

69. Accession of Otho.

Otho appears in public in dress of priest of Isis.

Domitian escapes from Capitol in similar dress.

Accession of Vitellius.

Vespasian consults oracle, and works miraculous cures, in Temple of Isis at Alexandria.

70. Accession of Vespasian.

Siege and sack of Jerusalem by Titus. Burning of Herod’s Temple.

70-107. St Ignatius flourished.

72. Vespasian deposes Antiochus IV of Commagene, last of Seleucides.

77. Accession of Vologeses II of Parthia. Many pretenders, some of whom reign concurrently with him till his death.

79. Accession of Titus.

80. Domitian rebuilds Temple of Isis which had been burned.

Statius mentions Mithraic Tauroctony in his Thebaid.

81. Accession of Domitian.

Circa 83. Earliest Mithraic Inscription known.

96. Accession of Nerva.

98. Accession of Trajan.

xxivCirca 100. Marcion born; died about 165.

Menander, Simon Magus’s successor, flourished.

102. Earliest dated Mithraic Inscription by T. Claudius Livianus, Praetorian Prefect.

113-117. War between Rome and Parthia.

116. Revolt of Jews throughout East suppressed by Lucius Quietus.

117. Accession of Hadrian.

117-138. Basilides the Egyptian flourished.

Circa 120. Hadrian places in his lararium images of Greek Serapis and Isis.

120-160. Tatian flourished.

121. Justin Martyr born: martyred about 151.

Circa 125. Saturninus of Antioch flourished.

130. Hadrian rebuilds Jerusalem and names it Aelia Capitolina.

Circa 130. Apelles the Marcionite born: died about 180.

132. Revolt of Jews, under the Messiah Bar Cochba, and War of Extermination.

138. Accession of Antoninus Pius.

138-160. Valentinus the Gnostic flourished.

Circa 140. Cerdo the Syrian flourished.

147. Irenaeus of Lyons born: died about 202.

Vologeses III restores Parthian Kingdom, and collects books of Avesta.

150. Tertullian born: died about 220 A.D.

Circa 150. Marcus the magician flourished.

Hermas Pastor appears.

155. Clement of Alexandria born: died about 211.

Bardesanes or Ibn Daisan born: died about 223.

162. War between Rome and Parthia. Parthian Kings substitute Aramaic for Greek on their coins.

164. Destruction of Parthian capital, Seleucia on the Tigris, by Avidius Cassius.

170. Heracleon the Valentinian born: died about 210.

Circa 170. Lucian the Marcionite flourished.

Ptolemy the Valentinian flourished.

170-183. Theophilus of Antioch flourished.

179. Pantaenus founds Christian school at Alexandria.

180. Accession of Commodus.

185. Origen of Alexandria born: died about 253.

191. Accession of Vologeses IV to throne of Parthia.

193. Accession of Pertinax. Murder of Pertinax, and sale of Empire by Praetorians to Didius Julianus.

Accession of Septimius Severus.

195. War between Rome and Parthia.

Circa 200. Axionicus the Valentinian flourished.

xxv209. Accession of Artabanus IV of Parthia.

211. Accession of Caracalla and Geta.

216. Birth of Manes: died 275.

War between Rome and Parthia.

217. Accession of Macrinus.

219. Accession of Heliogabalus.

221. Alexander Severus proclaimed Caesar.

222. Accession of Alexander Severus.

War between Rome and Parthia.

Circa 222. Hippolytus of Porta Romana flourished.

226. Ardeshîr, son of Sassan, conquers Artabanus IV of Parthia, and founds Sassanid dynasty of Persia.

230. War between Rome and Persia.

235. Accession of Maximin.

Persecution of Christians.

238. Accession and death of the two Gordians.

Maximus and Balbinus proclaimed Emperors with Gordian III as Caesar, but are murdered by Praetorians.

Accession of Gordian III.

Manes begins to teach.

241. Accession of Sapor (Shapûr) I of Persia on death of his father Ardeshîr.

242. War between Rome and Persia.

244. Accession of Philip the Arabian.

246. M. Julius Philippus proclaimed Augustus jointly with his father, Philip the Arabian.

249. Accession of Decius.

Persecution of Christians.

251. Accession of Gallus.

253. Accession of Valerian.

Gallienus proclaimed Augustus jointly with his father Valerian.

254. First appearance of Franks, who attack Rhine and invade Spain and Africa.

260. War between Rome and Persia.

Valerian taken prisoner by Sapor, and dies in captivity.

260-268. Reign of Gallienus and the Thirty Tyrants.

Right of Church to hold property recognized.

268. Accession of Claudius.

270. Accession of Aurelian.

St Anthony introduces monachism into Church.

272. Accession of Hormisdas (Ormuz) I of Persia.

273. Aurelian captures Palmyra, and puts an end to Zenobia’s Kingdom.

Aurelian decides case of Paul of Samosata, and affirms primacy of Roman Church.

273. Accession of Varanes (Bahram) I of Persia.

xxvi275. Manes put to death by Varanes I.

Accession of Tacitus.

276. Accession of Varanes II of Persia.

Accession of Probus.

282. Accession of Carus.

283. Carinus proclaimed Augustus jointly with his father Carus.

284. Numerian proclaimed Augustus jointly with his brother Carinus on death of Carus.

Accession of Diocletian.

286. Maximian proclaimed Augustus jointly with Diocletian.

287. Edict of Diocletian against Manichaeans. Teachers to be burned: Hearers’ goods to be confiscated.

292. Constantius Chlorus and Galerius proclaimed Caesars under the two Augusti.

293. Accession of Varanes III of Persia followed by that of Narses.

296. War between Rome and Persia.

Circa 300. Alexander of Lycopolis flourished.

302. Accession of Hormisdas II of Persia.

303. Persecution of Christians. Era of Martyrs.

304. Mithras declared at Carnuntum Protector of Roman Empire.

305. Abdication of Diocletian and Maximian.

Constantius Chlorus and Galerius become Augusti.

Maximin and Severus proclaimed Caesars.

306. Death of Constantius Chlorus. Constantine proclaimed Augustus by army, but allowed title of Caesar only by Galerius.

Severus proclaimed Augustus in place of Constantius Chlorus.

Maximian and Maxentius, his son, rebel.

307. Severus, besieged in Ravenna by Maximian, surrenders and commits suicide.

Maximian gives his daughter Fausta to Constantine, and proclaims him Augustus jointly with himself.

War of Augusti, Maximian, Maxentius, and Constantine, against Galerius, who proclaims Licinius and Maximin Augusti jointly with himself.

308. Maximian plots against Constantine, who puts him to death.

Ephrem Syrus born: died 373.

310. Accession of Sapor II of Persia.

311. Death of Galerius; Licinius and Maximin divide Eastern provinces between them.

312. War between Constantine and Maxentius, who is defeated at Turin, Verona, and Saxa Rubra, and slain.

Edict of Toleration by Constantine and Licinius.

313. Maximin declares war against Licinius, but is defeated at Heraclea and slain.

xxvii314. War between Constantine and Licinius, who is defeated and makes peace.

315. Pachomius groups monks together in monasteries and institutes common life.

316?. Death of Diocletian.

320. Epiphanius of Constantia born: died about 400 A.D.

323. War between Constantine and Licinius, who is defeated and put to death.

Constantine becomes sole Emperor.

Constantine issues renewed edict of toleration.

324?. Constantine directs enquiry into Manichaean doctrines by Musonianus (Strategius), Praetorian Prefect of the East.

325. Constantine summons Council of Nicaea.

327. Foundation of Constantinople and transfer of capital of Empire thither.

337. Baptism and death of Constantine.

xxviii

BOOKS AND ARTICLES REFERRED TO IN TEXT OR NOTES

N.B.—The works of the better-known classical writers (e.g. Livy) and of Fathers of the Church (e.g. St Augustine) have been omitted from the following list. Authors included in the first category are quoted either from the collection Müller-Didot or from Teubner’s series; those in the second, from Migne’s Patrologia. The place of publication, when not specially mentioned, is London, and the edition quoted is, subject to the same reservation, the last published. In the body of the book, the full title, date, and other particulars of the work referred to are given the first time of mention only, abbreviations being used in subsequent references.

Abano, Peter de. Heptameron, seu Elementa Magica. Paris, 1567.

ABEL, Eugenius. Orphica. Lipsiae, 1885.

Asu Raihân, called Al Bîrûnî. Chronology of Ancient Nations. Translated from the Arabic by Dr C. Edward Sachau. 1879. See also Al-Bîrûnî, infra.

Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres. Comptes-Rendus des Séances. 4e Série. Paris, 1873, etc. In progress.

The Academy. 1869, etc. In progress.

Ägyptische Sprache, Zeitschrift für. See Zeitschrift, infra.

Al-Bîrûnî. Alberuni’s India. An English Edition with Notes and Indices by Dr Edward C. Sachau. 2 vols. 1910.

ALLINE, M. See Xenia.

Amélineau, E. Essai sur le Gnosticisme Égyptien. Paris, 1887. (Annales du Musée Guimet, t. XIV.)

—— Les Actes Coptes du martyre de St Polycarpe. 1888. See Proceedings of Society of Biblical Archaeology, vol. X.

—— Notice sur le Papyrus Gnostique Bruce. Paris, 1891. (Notices et Extraits des MSS. de la Bibliothèque Nationale et autres Bibliothèques, t. XXIX, 1^ère p^tie.)

Amelung, W. Le Sarapis de Bryaxis. 1903. See Revue Archéologique, 4^o série, t. II, p^tie ii.

Anon. Cerinthus and the Gnostics. 1886. See the London Quarterly Review for October, 1886.

Ante-Nicene Christian Library. Edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson. 24 vols. and 1 additional volume. Edinburgh, 1868 to 1897.

xxixAntiquaires de France, see Société Nationale des A. de F.

Archaeologia: Miscellaneous Tracts relating to Antiquity. See Society of Antiquaries of London.

Archelaus, Bishop of Caschar. Acta (wrongly attributed to). See Hegemonius.

Archiv für wissenschaftliche Erforschung des alten Testaments. Halle, 1869-1872.

Asiatic Society. See Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain, etc.

Association pour l’encouragement des Études grecques. See Revue des Études grecques.

Avezou, Ch., et Picard, Ch. Bas-relief Mithriaque. 1911. See Revue de l’Histoire des Religions, t. LXIV.

Aurelius Augustinus. Augustini librum de Haeresibus ad Quodvultdeum. See Oehler, Corpus Haereseologicum, vol. I.

Badham, F. B. The Word Monogenes. See The Academy, 5 Sept., 1896.

Barrett, Francis. The Magus or Celestial Intelligencer, being a Complete System of Occult Philosophy, 1801.

Baur, Ferdinand Christian. Das Manichäische Religionssystem. Tübingen, 1831.

Beausobre, Isaac de. Histoire critique de Manichée et du Manichéisme. Amsterdam, 1734-9. 2 vols.

Benn, Alfred William. The Philosophy of Greece. 1898.

Berger, Philippe, Membre de l’Institut. Études des Documents nouveaux fournis sur les Ophites par les Philosophoumena. Nancy, 1873.

—— Les Stèles Puniques de la Bibliothèque Nationale. See Gazette Archéologique, 11^e année (1876).

Bernard, J. H., Bishop of Ossory. The Odes of Solomon. Translated from the Syriac Text. Cambridge, 1912. (Cambridge Texts and Studies, vol. III.)

Biblical Archaeology. See Society of Biblical Archaeology.

Bissing, Freiherr F. W. von. Cult of Isis in Pompeian Paintings. Oxford, 1908. See Transactions of 3rd International Congress of Religions.

Böhmer, Heinrich. Les Jésuites. Traduit de l’Allemand par Gabriel Monod. Paris, 1910.

Bouché-Leclercq, Auguste. Histoire de la Divination. Paris, 1879-1882. 4 vols.

—— L’Astrologie grecque. Paris, 1899.

—— La Politique religieuse de Ptolémée Soter et le culte de Serapis. See Revue de l’Histoire des Religions, t. XLVI, 1902.

—— Les Reclus du Serapéum de Memphis. Paris, 1903. See Perrot, Mélanges.

—— Histoire des Lagides. Paris, 1903-1907. 4 vols.

—— L’Intolérance Religieux et Politique. Paris, 1912. (Bibliothèque de Philosophie Scientifique.)

xxxBouriant, U. L’Évangile de St Pierre (Fragments Grecs du livre d’Énoch). See Mémoires de la Mission Archéologique Française du Caire, t. IX, fasc. 1 (1892).

Bousset, Wilhelm. Hauptprobleme des Gnosis. Göttingen, 1907. (Forschungen zur Religion und Litteratur des Alten und Neuen Testaments. Herausg. von Dr Bousset und Dr Hermann Gunkel.)

Brandt, A. J. H. Wilhelm. Die Mandäische Religion, ihre Entwickelung und geschichtliche Bedeutung. Leipzig, 1889.

Breasted, James Henry, Ph.D. Ancient Records. Chicago, 1906. 4 vols.

—— The History of Egypt. New York, 1909.

Bréhier, Émile. La Cosmologie Stoicienne à la Fin du Paganisme. See Revue de l’Histoire des Religions, t. LXIV, 1911.

Brooke, Alan England. Fragments of Heracleon. Cambridge, 1891. (Cambridge Texts and Studies, vol. I.)

Brunet de Presle, Charles Marin Wladimir. Le Serapéum de Memphis. Paris, 1865. (Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions. Mémoires présentés par divers savants. Série I, t. 2.)

—— Les Papyrus grecs du Musée du Louvre. Paris, 1865. (Notices et Extraits des MSS. de la Bibliothèque Nationale et des autres Bibliothèques, publiés par l’Institut de France, t. XVIII, Pt. 2.)

Budge, Ernest Alfred Thompson Wallis, Litt.D., etc. The Papyrus of Nesi-Amsu. See Archaeologia, vol. LXII, Pt. 2 (1890).

—— The Book of the Dead. 1898. 3 vols.

—— The History of Egypt. 1902. 8 vols.

—— The Gods of the Egyptians. 1904. 2 vols.

—— Egyptian Hieratic Papyri in the British Museum. 1910.

—— Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection. 1911. 2 vols.

Budge, E. A. T. Wallis, King, L. W., and Thompson, R. Campbell. The Sculptures and Inscriptions of Darius the Great at Behistun. 1907.

Bunsen, Christian Carl Josias (Baron). Hippolytus and his Age. 1852. 4 vols.

Burrows, Ronald. Discoveries in Crete. 1907.

Callisthenes, Pseudo-. The History of Alexander the Great. Translated from the Syriac by E. A. Wallis Budge. Cambridge, 1887.

Carnoy, A. Armaiti-Ârmatay. Louvain, 1912. See Le Muséon, n.s. t. XIII (1912).

Casartelli, Louis Charles, Bishop of Salford. La Philosophie Religieuse de Mazdéisme. Paris, 1884.

Chabas, Jean Marie François. Le Papyrus Magique Harris. Traduction et commentaire d’un MS. Égyptien. Chalon-sur-Saône, 1860.

Chanot, E. de. Statues Iconiques de Chypre. Paris, 1878. See Gazette Archéologique, 1878.

xxxiCharles, R. H., D.D., etc. Apocalyptical Literature. See Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible, s.h.v.

—— Apocalyptical Literature, 1899. See Cheyne’s Encyclopaedia Biblica, s.h.v.

—— The Book of Enoch. Translated from the Ethiopic. Oxford, 1893.

—— The Apocalypse of Baruch. Translated from the Syriac. 1896.

—— The Assumption of Moses. Translated from the Latin. 1897.

—— A Critical History of the Doctrine of a Future Life in Israel, in Judaism, and in Christianity. 1899. (The Jowett Lectures.)

—— The Ascension of Isaiah. Translated from the Ethiopic. 1900.

—— The Book of Jubilees. Translated from the Ethiopic. 1902.

—— The Testaments of the XII Patriarchs. Translated from the Greek. 1908.

—— The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament. Edited by R. H. Charles. Oxford, 1913. 2 vols.

Chavannes, Edourard, et Pelliot, Paul. Un Traité Manichéen retrouvé en Chine. Paris, 1913. (Extrait du Journal Asiatique, 1911-1913. Pagination of Journal given in Extrait and used in notes infra.)

Cheyne, Thomas Kelly, D.D., etc. Prophecies of Isaiah. A new translation. 1889. 2 vols.

—— Jewish Religious Life after the Exile. New York, 1898. (American Lectures on the History of Religions.)

Cheyne, T. K., and Black, J. Sutherland. See Encyclopaedia Biblica.

Clement of Alexandria. Clemens Alexandrinus. Edidit Otto Stählin, Leipzig, 1905. (Die Griechischen Schriftsteller der ersten Drei Jahrhunderte. Kirchenväter-Commission der Kgl. Preuss. Akad. der Wissenschaften.)

[Conington, John, Prof.] Origen’s Philosophoumena. 1851. See Quarterly Review for 1851.

Contemporary Review, The. 1886, etc. In progress.

Conybeare, Frederick Cornwallis. The Holy Spirit as a Dove, 1892. See The Academy, 3 Dec., 1902 (Paper read at meeting of Society of Historical Theology).

—— The Apology of Apollonius. 1894.

Cook, Arthur Bernard. The Bee in Greek Mythology. 1895. See Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. XV. 1895.

Cook, Stanley A. David. 1899. See Cheyne’s Encyclopaedia Biblica, s.h.v.

Cordier, Henri, Memb. de l’Institut, etc. Les Fouilles en Asie Centrale. Paris, 1910. See Journal des Savans, 1910.

Cory, Isaac Preston. Ancient Fragments of the Phoenician, Chaldaean, Egyptian, Tyrian, Carthaginian, Indian, and Persian writers. First edition. 1832.

Courdaveaux, V. Tertullien. See Revue de l’Histoire des Religions, t. XXIII (1891).

xxxiiCourdaveaux, V. Clément d’Alexandrie. Paris, 1892. See Revue de l’Hist. des Religions, t. XXII (1892).

Cowley, A. E. Samaritans. 1903. See Cheyne’s Encyclopaedia Biblica, s.h.v.

Crooke, W. The Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India. Westminster, 1896. 2 vols.

Crum, W. E. Prayer of the Virgin in Bartos. 1897. See Proceedings of Society of Biblical Archaeology, vol. XIX (1897).

—— Catalogue of the Coptic MSS. in the British Museum. 1905.

Cumont, Franz. Textes et Monuments relatifs aux Mystères de Mithra. Bruxelles, 1896, 1899. 2 vols.

—— Hypsistos. See Revue de l’Instruction Publique en Belgique, 1897.

—— Catalogus Codicum Astrologorum. Bruxelles, 1898, etc. In progress.

—— Les Religions Orientales dans le Paganisme Romain. Paris, 1906. (Annales du Musée Guimet. Bibliothèque de Vulgarisation, t. XXIV.)

—— Recherches sur le Manichéisme. Bruxelles, 1908, etc. In progress.

—— L’Aigle funéraire des Syriens et l’apothéose des Empereurs. Paris, 1910. See Revue de l’Histoire des Religions, t. LXII (1910).

—— Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans. Translated from the French by J. B. Baker. New York, 1912. (American Lectures on the History of Religions.)

—— Les Mystères de Mithra. Bruxelles, 1913.

Damascius. De Primis principiis. See Cory’s Ancient Fragments.

Daressy, Georges, Secrétaire du Musée du Caire. Un Décret de l’An XXIII de Ptolémée Epiphane. See Recueil de Travaux, t. XXXIII (1911).

Daremberg, Charles Victor, et Saglio, Edmond. Dictionnaire des Antiquités grecques et romaines. Paris, 1873, etc. In progress.

Darmesteter, James. Ormuzd et Ahriman. Paris, 1877. (Bibliothèque de l’École des Hautes Études, fasc. XXIX.)

—— The Zend Avesta. Oxford, 1880-1887. 3 parts. (Sacred Books of the East.)

—— Essais Orientaux. Paris, 1883.

—— Le Zend Avesta. Paris, 1893. 3 vols. (Annales du Musée Guimet, tt. XXI, XXII, XXIV.)

Davids, T. W. Rhys, Buddhist India. 1903. (Story of the Nations Series.)

Decharme, P. Cybele. See Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire des Antiquités, s.h.v.

Deissmann, Adolf, D.D. New Light on the New Testament from records of the Graeco-Roman Period. Translated from the German by Lionel R. M. Strachan. Edinburgh, 1907.

Delage, Yves, et Goldsmith, M. Les Théories de Évolution. Paris, 1909. (Bibliothèque de Philosophie scientifique.)

Deubner, Ludwig. De Incubatione capita quatuor. Lipsiae, 1900.

xxxiiiDeutsche Orient. Gesellschaft. Mitteilungen. Berlin, 1898, etc. In progress.

Dieterich, Albrecht, Prof. Abraxas: Studien zur Religionsgeschichte. Leipzig, 1891. (Festschrift Usener.)

—— De Hymnis Orphicis. Marburg, 1891.

Dill, Sir Samuel. Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire. 1899.

—— Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius. 1904.

Döllinger, Johann Joseph Ignaz, D.D., etc. The Gentile and the Jew in the Courts of Christ. Translated from the German by N. Darnell. 1902. 2 vols. (German title: Judenthum und Heidenthum.)

—— First Age of Christianity and the Church. Translated from the German by H. N. Oxenham, 1906. (German title: Christentum und Kirche in der Zeit der Grundlegung.)

Drexler, A. Isis. See Roscher’s Lexikon der Mythologie, s.h.v.

Droysen, Johann Gustav. Histoire de l’Hellénisme. Paris, 1883. 3 vols. Traduite de l’Allemande sous la direction de A. Bouché-Leclercq. (German titles: Geschichte des Alexanders des Grossen; Geschichte des Hellenismus.)

Duchesne, Monsignor Louis, Membre de l’Institut, etc. Early History of the Christian Church from its Foundation to the end of the third century. Translated from the French. 1909, etc. In progress. (French title: Histoire ancienne de l’Église.)

Dufourcq, Albert. De Manichaeismo apud Latinos. Paris. 1900.

Dussaud, René. Les Papyrus judéo-araméens d’Elephantine. See Revue de l’Histoire des Religions, t. LXIV (1911).

Dyer, Louis. The Gods in Greece. 1891. (Lowell Lectures.)

Egypt Exploration Fund. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri. 1898, etc. In progress.

—— The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 1914, etc. In progress.

Encyclopédie, La Grande. Paris, 1887, etc. In progress.

Encyclopaedia Biblica. Edited by T. K. Cheyne and J. Sutherland Black. 1899, etc. 4 vols.

Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th edition, Edinburgh, 1875-1889.

—— 11th edition, Cambridge, 1910-1911.

Epiphanius of Constantia (or Salamis). S. Epiphanii episcopi Constantiensis Panaria eorumque Anacephalaeosis. See Oehler, Corpus Haereseologicum, tt. 2, 3.

Erman, Adolf, Ph.D., etc. Die Ägyptischen Beschwörungen. See Ägyptische Zeitschrift, 1883.

—— Life in Ancient Egypt. Translated from the German by H. M. Tirard. 1894.

Handbook of the Egyptian Religion. Translated from the German. 1905. (Handbücher des Kgl. Museums zu Berlin.)

Etymologicum Magnum. Oxon. 1848.

xxxivEvans, Sir Arthur, P.S.A., etc. The Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Cult and its Mediterranean Relations. 1901.

The Expositor, series 5. 1895, etc. In progress.

Faye, Eugène de. Introduction à l’Étude du Gnosticisme au II^e et au III^e Siècle. Paris, 1903. (Also in Rev. de l’Histoire des Religions, tt. XLV and XLVI.)

—— Formation d’une Doctrine de Dieu au II^e Siècle. See Revue de l’Histoire des Religions, t. LXIV (1911).

—— Gnostiques et Gnosticisme, Étude critique des documents du Gnosticisme Chrétien aux II^e et III^e siècles. Paris, 1913. (Bibliothèque de l’École des Hautes Études: Sciences Religieuses, t. XXVII.)

Ffoulkes, Edmund Salusbury. Chiliasts. See Smith’s Dictionary of Christian Biography; s.h.v.

Fivel, Léon. Le Dieu Glycon à Nicomédie. Paris, 1879. See Gazette Archéologique, 1879.

Fleet, J. F., Ph.D., etc. The Day on which Buddha died. 1909. See Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1909.

Flügel, Gustav, Ph.D., etc. Mani, seine Lehre und seine Schriften. Leipzig, 1862.

Foakes-Jackson, F. J., B.D., etc. Some Christian Difficulties in the Second and Twentieth Centuries. Cambridge, 1903. (Hulsean Lectures.)

Forshall, Josiah. Description of the Greek Papyri in the British Museum. 1839.

Fossey, Charles. Les Fouilles Allemandes à Boghaz-Keui. Paris, 1909. See Journal des Savans, 1909.

Foucart, George. Histoire des Religions et Méthode Comparative. Paris, 1912.

Foucart, Paul, Membre de l’Institut, etc. Les Associations Religieuses chez les Grecs. Paris, 1873.

—— Recherches sur l’origine et la nature des Mystères d’Éleusis. Paris, 1895. (Id., t. XXXV.)

—— Les Grands Mystères d’Éleusis. Paris, 1900. (Extrait des Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, t. XXXVII.)

—— Le Culte de Dionysos en Attique. Paris, 1904. (Id., t. XXXVII.)

Franck, Adolphe. La Kabbale. Paris, 1843.

—— Le Gnosticisme Égyptien. See Journal des Savans, Avril, 1888.

Frazer, Sir J. G., D.C.L., etc. The Golden Bough. 1913-1915. 12 vols.

Freeman, Edward Augustus, D.C.L., etc. Historical Essays. 1871-1892. 4 vols.

Friedländer, M. Der vorchristliche jüdische Gnosticismus. Göttingen, 1898.

Fuller, John Mee. Ebionites. See Smith’s Dictionary of Christian Biography, s.h.v.

xxxvFuller, John Mee. Tatianus. See ibid. s.h.v.

Gardner, Percy, Litt.D., etc. The Coins of the Greek and Scythic kings of Bactria and India in the British Museum. 1884.

Garrucci, Raffaele. Les Mystères du syncrétisme Phrygien dans les catacombes Romaines de Prétextat. Paris, 1854.

Gaster, Moses, Ph.D., etc. The Apocalypse of Abraham. 1893. See Transactions of Society of Biblical Archaeology, vol. IX. pt 1 (1893).

—— The Oldest Version of Midrash Megillah. Berlin, 1897. See Kohut’s Semitic Studies.

Gazette Archéologique. Paris. 1875-1887.

Gibbon, Edward. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Edited by J. B. Bury, Litt.D., etc. 1897-1900. 7 vols.

Giraud, François, M.S.T., etc. Ophitae. Dissertatio historica theologica de eorum origine, placitis, ac fatis. Paris, 1884.

Gleichen, Alfred Edward Wilfrid, Count. The Anglo-Egyptian Soudan. 1905.

Goblet d’Alviella, Le Comte. Ce que l’Inde doit à la Grèce. Paris, 1897.

Graux, Ch. Mélanges: Recueil dedié à la mémoire de C. G. Paris. 1884.

Griffith, F. Ll., M.A., etc. Stories of the High Priests of Memphis. Oxford, 1900.

—— The old Coptic Magical Texts of Paris. Leipzig, 1900. (Extract from Ägyptische Zeitschrift, Bd XXXVIII. 1900.)

Griffith, F. Ll., and Thompson, Sir Herbert, Bart. The Demotic Magical Papyrus of London and Leiden. 1904.

Grote, George. A History of Greece. 1888. 10 vols.

Grüber, Johann Nepomuc. Die Ophiten. Würzburg, 1864. 2 vols.

Guignebert, Charles. L’Évolution des Dogmes. Paris, 1910. (Bibliothèque de Philosophie Scientifique.)

Guigniaut, Joseph Daniel. Les Religions de l’Antiquité. Traduit de l’Allemand par L. F. A. Maury et E. Vinet. Paris, 1825, etc. tt. 4. (German title: Symbolik, von A. F. Creuzer.)

Hahn, August. Antitheses Marcionis gnostici. Königsberg, 1823.

—— Evangelium Marcionis ex auctoritate veterum monumentorum descripsit Augustus Hahn. Lipsiae, 1832. (Thilo’s Codex Apocryphus Novi Testamenti, t. I.)

Halévy, Joseph. Recherches Bibliques, Pt 1. Le Tétragramme. Paris, 1884. See Revue des Études juives, t. IX. 1884.

Harnack, Adolf, D.D., etc. Über das gnostische Buch Pistis Sophia. Leipzig, 1891. (Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Altchristlichen Literatur von Oscar von Gebhardt und Adolf Harnack.)

—— Outlines of the History of Dogma. Translated from the German by Neil Buchanan. 1894. 7 vols. (German title: Dogmengeschichte.)

xxxviHarnack, Adolf, D.D., etc. What is Christianity? Translated from the German by T. B. Saunders. 1904. (German title: Das Wesen des Christentums.)

—— The Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries. Translated from the German by James Moffatt. 1908. 2 vols. (German title: Die Mission und Ausbreitung des Christentums in den ersten Drei Jahrhunderten.)

—— Marcion. See Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed. s.h.v.

Harnack, A., and Conybeare, F. C. Manichaeans. See ibid. s.h.v.

Harrison, Miss Jane. Prolegomena to History of Greek Religion. 1903.

Hartland, Edwin Sidney, F.S.A., etc. Ritual and Belief: Studies in the History of Religion. 1914.

Hastings, James, D.D., etc. A Dictionary of the Bible. Edinburgh, 1900-1904. 5 vols.

Hatch, Edwin, D.D., etc. The Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages upon the Christian Church. 1890. (Hibbert Lectures.)

Hausrath, Adolf. A History of New Testament Times. Translated from the German by C. T. Poynting and P. Quenzer. 1878, etc. In progress. (German title: Neutestamentliche Zeitgeschichte.)

Hegemonius. Acta Archelai. Edited by Charles Henry Beeson of Chicago. Leipzig, 1906. (Die Griechischen Schriftsteller der ersten Drei Jahrhunderte. Kirchenväter-Commission der Kgl. Preuss. Akad. der Wissenschaften.)

Hellenic Studies, Journal of. See Society for Promotion of Hellenic Studies, infra.

Hermathena. A series of Papers on Literature, Science, and Philosophy, by members of Trinity College, Dublin. Dublin, 1873, etc. In progress.

Hieronymus, Pseudo-. Indiculus de Haeresibus. See Oehler, Corpus Haereseologicum, vol. I.

Hild, J. A. Étude sur les Démons dans la littérature et la religion des Grecs. Paris, 1881.

Hilgenfeld, Adolf. Kritische Untersuchungen über die Evangelien Justins, der Clementinischen Homilien und Marcions. Halle, 1850.

—— Das Apostolikon Marcions. Gotha, 1855. See Zeitschrift für hist. Theol., Bd 25 (1855).

—— Novum Testamentum extra canonem receptum. Lipsiae, 1884. 4 vols.

—— Die Ketzergeschichte des Urchristentums. Leipzig, 1884.

Hippolytus, Bishop of Porte Romana. Philosophoumena, sive Haeresium omnium confutatio. E codice Parisino productum recensuit Latine vertit, etc. Patricius Cruice. Paris, 1860.

Hogarth, David G. Philip and Alexander of Macedon. 1897.

Holdich, Sir Thomas, K.C.M.G. The Gates of India. 1910.

Hort, Fenton John Anthony, D.D., etc. Colarbasus. See Smith’s Dictionary of Christian Biography, s.h.v.

xxxviiHort, Fenton John Anthony, D.D., etc. Bardaisan. Ibid., s.h.v.

—— Barbelo. Ibid., s.h.v.

Howerth, Ira W. What is Religion? See International Journal of Ethics. 1903.

Hubert, H., et Mauss, M. Esquisse d’une théorie générale de la Magie. Paris, 1904. (Published as L’Année Psychologique, 7^e année.)

Hutton, Frederick Wollaston, F.R.S. Darwinism and Lamarckism. 1899.

Hyvernat, H. Album de Paléographie Copte. Paris, 1868.

Inge, William Ralph, D.D., Dean of St Paul’s. Christian Mysticism, 1899. (Bampton Lectures.)

Institut Français d’Archéologie orientale. Mémoires publiés par les membres de l’Institut. Le Caire, 1902, etc. In progress.

International Congress of Religions, Third. Transactions. Oxford, 1908. 2 vols.

International Journal of Ethics. Philadelphia, 1890, etc. In progress.

Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyons. Sancti Irenaei episcopi Lugdunensis libros quinque adversus Haereses. Edidit W. Wigan Harvey, S.T.B., etc. Cambridge, 1857. 2 vols.

Isidore of Spain. Isidorus Hispalensis de Haeresibus. See Oehler, Corpus Haereseologicum, vol. I.

Jacobi, H. G. The Antiquity of Vedic Culture. 1909-1910. See Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1909, 1910.

James, Montague Rhodes, Litt.D., etc. The Greek Apocalypse of Baruch. Cambridge, 1897. See (Apocrypha Anecdota) Cambridge Texts and Studies, vol. V.

Janet, Pierre, Membre de l’Institut. L’Automatisme Psychologique. Paris, 1899.

Jastrow, Morris, Ph.D., etc. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria. Boston, U.S.A., 1898.

Jellinek, Adolf, Ph.D., etc. Über das Buch der Jubiläen und das Noah-Buch. Leipzig, 1855.

Jensen, P., Ph.D., etc. Die Kosmologie der Babylonien. Strassburg, 1890.

Jéquier, Gustave. Le Livre de ce qu’il y a dans l’Hadès. Paris, 1894.

Jevons, Frank Byron, Litt.D. Introduction to the Study of Comparative Religion. New York, 1908. (Hartford-Lamson Lectures on the Religions of the World.).

Jewish Quarterly Review. London, 1888, etc. In progress.

Johnson, Samuel. Oriental Religions and their relation to universal religion: Persia. 1885.

Johnson, Walter. Byways of British Archaeology. 1912.

Journal des Savans. Paris, 1816 etc. In progress.

Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. See Egypt Exploration Fund.

Journal of Hellenic Studies. See Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies.

xxxviiiJournal of the Royal Asiatic Society. See Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Julicher, A., D.D., etc. Essenes. See Cheyne’s Encyclopaedia Biblica, s.h.v.

—— Gnosis. Ibid., s.h.v.

Keim, Carl Theodor. Celsus’ Wahren Wort. Zurich, 1873.

Kenyon, Sir Frederic George, K.C.B. Greek Papyri in the British Museum. Catalogue with Texts. 1893.

—— Handbook to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament. 1912.

Kern, Otto, Ph.D., etc. De Orphei, Epimenidis, Pherecydis, Theogoniis Quaestiones criticae. Berlin, 1888.

—— Die Herkunft des orphischen Hymnenbuchs. 1910. See Carl, Robert, Genethliakon.

Kessler, Konrad, Ph.D., etc. Forschungen über die Manichäische Religion. Berlin, 1889. Bd I (all published).

Khôni, Theodore Bar, Bishop of Kashgar. Scholia. 1898. See Pognon, Inscriptions Mandaïtes.

King, C. W. The Gnostics and their Remains. 1887.

King, Leonard William, Litt.D. The Seven Tablets of Creation. 1902. 2 vols.

—— Chronicles of Early Babylonian Kings. 1907. 2 vols.

Kohler, Kaufmann. Pre-Talmudic Haggadah. 1895. See Jewish Quarterly Review, 1895.

Kohut, George Alexander. Semitic Studies by various authors in memory of Rev. Dr Alexander Kohut. Berlin, 1897.

Köstlin, K. R., D.D., etc. Über das gnostische System des Buchs Pistis Sophia. Tübingen, 1854. (Theologische Jahrbücher, ed. Baur and Zeller.)

Krall, Jakob, Ph.D., etc. Tacitus und der Orient. Wien, 1880. 4 vols. (Untersuchungen aus der Alten Geschichte, Erster Heft.)

Krüger, T. Hermann. Gnosticismus. See La Grande Encyclopédie, s.h.v.

Kuenen, Abraham, D.D., etc. The Religion of Israel. Translated from the Dutch by A. H. May. 1874. 3 vols. (Dutch title: De Godsdienst van Israel tot den ondergang van den Joodschen staat.)

Lafaye, Georges. Isis. See Daremberg et Saglio, Dict. des Antiquités, s.h.v.

—— Histoire du Culte des Divinités d’Alexandrie hors de l’Égypte. Paris, 1884. (Bibliothèque des Écoles Françaises d’Athènes et de Rome. Fasc. 33^e.)

—— L’Initiation Mithriaque. Paris, 1906. (Conférences au Musée Guimet. Bibl. de Vulgarisation, t. XVIII (1906).)

Lane, Edward William. Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians. Paisley, 1896.

Langdon, Stephen, Ph.D., etc. A Preliminary Account of a Sumerian Legend of the Flood and the Fall of Man. 1914. See Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, vol. XXXVI (1914).

xxxixLanglois, Victor. Collection des Historiens anciens et modernes de l’Arménie. Paris, 1868, etc. 2 vols.

Layard, Sir Austin Henry. Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon. 1853.

Lea, Henry Charles. A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages. 1887-1888. 3 vols.

Le Coq, A. von. A Short Account of ... the First Royal Prussian (Second German) Expedition to Turfan in Chinese Turkestan. 1909. See Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1909.

—— Exploration Archéologique à Tourfan. Paris, 1910. (Conférences au Musée Guimet. Bibl. de Vulgarisation, t. XXXV (1910).)

—— Turkish Khuastuanift from Tun-huang, 1911. See Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society for 1911.

—— Chôtscho. Facsimile-Wiedergaben der wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Kgl. Preussen Expedition nach Turfan. Berlin, 1913. Bd 4.

Leemans, Conrad, Litt.Hum.D., etc. Papyri Graeci Musei Antiquarii Publici Lugduni Batavi. Lugduni Batavorum, 1883-1885. 2 vols.

Lefébure, Eugène. L’Importance du Nom chez les Ègyptiens. See Sphinx, vol. I (1897).

Legge, F. Witchcraft in Scotland. Paisley, 1891. See Scottish Review, vol. XX (1891).

—— Some Heretic Gospels. 1893. Ibid. vol. XXII (1893).

—— Devil Worship and Freemasonry. 1896. See The Contemporary Review, 1896.

—— The Sign Nutir or Neter. 1899. See Proceedings of Society of Biblical Archaeology, vol. XXI (1899).

—— Divination in the XVIIth Century. 1899. See National Review for 1899.

—— The Names of Demons in the Magic Papyri. 1900. See Proceedings of Society of Biblical Archaeology, vol. XXII (1900).

—— The Titles of the Thinite Kings. 1908. See Proceedings of Society of Biblical Archaeology, vol. XXX (1908).

—— The Legend of Osiris. 1911. Ibid., vol. XXXIII (1911).

—— The Lion-headed God of the Mithraic Mysteries. 1912. Ibid., vol. XXXIV (1912).

—— Western Manichaeism and the Turfan Discoveries. 1913. See Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society for 1913.

—— The Greek Worship of Serapis and Isis. 1914. See Proceedings of Society of Biblical Archaeology, vol. XXXVI (1914).

Lenormant, François. Dionysos Zagreus. Paris, 1879. See Gazette Archéologique, 1879.

—— Baubo. See Daremberg et Saglio, Dict. des Antiq., s.h.v.

—— Eleusinia. Ibid., s.h.v.

Lévi, Sylvain. Bouddhisme et les Grecs. Paris, 1891. See Revue de l’Histoire des Religions, t. XXIII (1891).

xlLévy, Isidore, Directeur anc^n. à l’École des Hautes Etudes. Sarapis. Paris, 1913. Extrait de la Revue de l’Histoire des Religions (1911, 1913).

Lightfoot, Joseph Barber, Bishop of Durham. Epistles to Colossians and Philemon. 1876.

—— The Apostolic Fathers: revised texts with Introductions and English translations. 1891.

Lillie, Arthur. Buddhism in Christendom, or Jesus the Essene. 1887.

—— Buddha and Buddhism. Edinburgh, 1900.

Lipsius, Richard Adalbert, D.D., etc. Gospels Apocryphal. 1880. See Smith’s Dictionary of Christian Biography, s.h.v.

Literature, see Royal Society of, infra.

Lobeck, Christan August. Aglaophamus, sive de Theologiae mysticae Graecorum causis. Königsberg, 1829. 2 vols.

Loeb, Isidore. La Cabbale juive. See La Grande Encyclopédie, s.h.v.

London Quarterly Review, New series. 1899, etc. In progress.

Loret, Victor. Les Enseignes Militaires des Tribus et les Symboles Hiéroglyphiques des Divinités. Paris, 1902. See Revue Égyptologique for 1902.

—— Quelques idées sur la forme primitive de certaines Religions Égyptiennes. Paris, 1904. See idem for 1904.

—— L’Égypte en Temps du Totemisme. Paris, 1906. (Conférences au Musée Guimet. Bibl. de Vulgarisation, t. XIX (1906).)

Lovatelli, A. Caetani. Il Culto d’Iside in Roma. Roma, 1891. (Miscellanea Archeologica.)

Lubbock, Sir John, afterwards Lord Avebury. Origin of Civilization. 1889.

Luebbert, Edward, Ph.D., etc. Commentatio de Pindaro dogmatis de migratione animarum cultore. Bonn, 1887.

Lupton, Joseph Hart. Dionysius pseudo-Areopagitica. See Smith’s Dictionary of Christian Biography, s.h.v.

Lyall, Sir Alfred, K.C.S.I., etc. Asiatic Studies. 1882.

Maass, Ernst, Ph.D., etc. Orpheus: Untersuchungen zur Griechischen Römischen Altchristlichen Jenseitsdichtung und Religion. München, 1895.

McCrindle, J. W. The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great. Weetminster, 1893.

Macdonald, Miss L. Inscriptions relating to Sorcery in Cyprus. 1891. See Proceedings of Society of Biblical Archaeology, t. XIII (1891).

MacGiffert, A. C. Prolegomena to the Church History of Eusebius. Oxford, 1890. (Schaff and Wace, Nicene Library.)

Mackay, Charles, LL.D., etc. Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions. 1869.

Mahaffy, John Pentland, D.D., etc. Alexander’s Empire. 1887. (Story of the Nations Series.)

—— Greek Life and Thought. 1887.

—— The Greek World under Roman Sway. 1890.

xliMahaffy, John Pentland, D.D., etc. The Empire of the Ptolemies. 1895.

Malcolm, Sir John. A History of Persia. 1820. 2 vols.

Mallet, D. Le Culte de Neit à Sais. Paris, 1888.

Mariette, François Auguste Ferdinand, Pasha. Dendérah: description générale du grand temple de cette ville. Paris. 1875.

—— Le Serapéum de Memphis. Publié après le MS. de l’auteur par M. G. Maspero. Paris, 1882, etc. 2 vols.

Marshall, J. T. Pre-existence of Souls. See Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible, s.h.v.

Maspero, Sir Gaston, Membre de l’Institut, K.C.M.G., etc. Études de Mythologie et d’Archéologie Égyptiennes. Paris, 1893, etc. In progress. Tt. 7. (Quoted infra as “Ét. Égyptol.”)

—— Egyptian Souls and their Worlds. See Ét. Égyptol. t. 1.

—— Les Hypogées Royaux de Thèbes. See id., t. 2.

—— Sur l’Ennéade. See id., t. 2.

—— The Dawn of Civilization. 1894. (A translation of t. I of Histoire Ancienne des Peuples de l’Orient Classique infra.)

—— Les Inscriptions des Pyramides de Saqqarah. Paris, 1894.

—— Histoire Ancienne des Peuples de l’Orient Classique. Paris, 1895-1897. Tt. III. (An English translation of these three volumes was published by the S.P.C.K. in 1894-1900 under the titles of: The Dawn of Civilization, The Struggle of the Empires, and The Passing of the Empires.)

—— Comment Alexandre devenait Dieu. Paris, 1896. (Annuaire de l’École des Hautes Études. 1897.)

—— La Table des Offrandes. Paris, 1897. See Revue de l’Histoire des Religions, t. XXXV (1897).

—— Histoire ancienne des Peuples de l’Orient. Paris, 1904.

—— Contes Populaires de l’Ancienne Égypte. Paris (1905).

—— La Fille du Prince de Bakhtan. See last-named.

—— Review of J. Lieblein’s Pistis Sophia, les conceptions Égyptiennes dans le Gnosticisme. Paris, 1909. See Revue Critique, 30 Sept., 1909.

Matter, Jacques. Histoire critique du Gnosticisme. Paris, 1843, 1844. Tt. 3.

Maurice, Jules. La Dynastie Solaire des Seconds Flaviens. Paris, 1911. See Revue Archéologique, 4^e série, t. XVIII (1911).

Maury, Louis Ferdinand Alfred. Histoire des Religions de la Grèce Antique. Paris, 1857. Tt. 3.

—— La Magie et l’Astrologie dans l’Antiquité et en Moyen Age. Paris, 1860.

—— Découvertes sur l’Egypte. Paris, 1885. See Revue des Deux Mondes for September, 1885.

Max Müller, Ferdinand, P.C., etc. Lectures on the Original Growth of Religion as illustrated by the Religions of India. 1880. (Hibbert Lectures.)

xliiDe Mély, F. Le Livre des Cyranides. Paris, 1904. See Compte-Rendu de l’Académie des Inscriptions, Mai-Juin, 1904.

Menant (Mdlle) D. Parsis et Parsisme. Paris, 1904. (Conférences au Musée Guimet. Bibl. de Vulgarisation, t. XVI (1904).)

—— Les Rites Funéraires. Paris, 1910. See id., t. XXXV (1910).

Molinier, R. P. Imprécation gravée sur plomb. Paris, 1897. See Mémoires de la Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France, série VI, t. VIII (1897).

Monceaux, Paul. Orpheus. See Daremberg et Saglio, Dict. des Antiquités, s.h.v.

—— Orphici. See ibid., s.h.v.

—— Sabazios. See ibid., s.h.v.

Moret, Alexandre. Le Rituel du Culte Divin Journalier en Égypte. Paris, 1902. (Annales du Musée Guimet. Bibliothèque des Études, t. XIV.)

—— Le Verbe créateur et révélateur. See Revue de l’Histoire des Religions, t. LXVII (1909).

Morfill, W. R. The Book of the Secrets of Enoch. Edited by R. H. Charles. Oxford, 1896.

Morrison, W. D. The Jews under Roman Rule. 1890. (Story of the Nations Series.)

Moulton, James Hope, D.Lit., etc. Early Zoroastrianism. 1913. (Hibbert Lectures, Second Series.)

Mozley, John Rickards. Lucianus. See Smith, Dictionary of Christian Biography, s.h.v.

Müller, Carl Ottfried. Introduction to a Scientific System of Mythology. Translated from the German by John Leitch. 1844. 2 vols. (German title: Prolegomena zu einer wissenschaftlichen Mythologie.)

—— History of the Literature of Ancient Greece. Translated from the German by John Wm Donaldson. 1858. 2 vols. (German title: Geschichte der griechischen Literatur bis auf das Zeitalter Alexanders.)

Müller, F. W. K. Handschriften-Reste in Estrangelo-Schrift aus Turfan. Berlin, 1904. (Extract from Abhandlungen des Kgl. Preuss. Akad. der Wissenschaften, 1904.)

Muséon, Le. Études philosophiques, historiques, et religieuses. Louvain, 1900, etc. In progress.

National Review, The. Edited by Sir Alfred Austin and W. J. Courthope. 1883, etc. In progress.

Naville, Edouard, D.C.L., etc. The Old Egyptian Faith. Translated from the French by Colin Campbell. 1909. (Conférences au Collége de France. Fondation Michonis.)

Neander, Johann August Wilhelm, D.D. Antignostikus, or the Spirit of Tertullian. Translated from the German by J. E. Rylands. 1851. (German title: Antignostikus: Geist des Tertullianus.)

xliiiNeander, Johann August Wilhelm, D.D. General History of the Christian Religion and Church. Translated from the German by Joseph Torrey. 1853. 9 vols. (German title: Allgemeine Geschichte der christlichen Religion und Kirche.)

Neumann, Carl Friedrich. Marcions Glaubenssystem. 1866. See Zeitschrift für die Hist. Theol., Bd IV.

Oehler, Franciscus. Corpus Haereseologicum. Berolini, 1856-1861. 3 vols.

Oppert, Julius. Le Peuple et la Langue des Mèdes. Paris, 1879.

Orelli, Johann Caspar von. Inscriptionum Latinarum selectarum amplissima collectio. Turin, 1828. 2 vols.

Parisotti, A. Ricerche sul culto di Iside e Serapide. Roma, 1888. (Studi e Documenti di Storia e Diritto.)

Parthey, Gustav. Zwei griechische Zauberpapyri des Berliner Museums. Berlin, 1866. (Extract from Abhandlungen der Kgl. Preuss. Akad. der Wissenschaften, 1865.)

Pater, Walter. Plato and Platonism. 1901.

Patrick, John, D.D. The Apology of Origen in reply to Celsus. 1892.

Perrot, G., Mélanges présentées à, etc. Paris, 1903.

Philaster of Brescia. Philastrii Episcopi Brixiensis Haereseon Catalogus. See Oehler, Corpus Haereseologicum, vol. I.

Pinches, Theophilus Goldridge, LL.D. The Religious Ideas of the Babylonians. 1893. See Victoria Institute Transactions.

Pistis Sophia, see VALENTINUS, infra.

Plutarch of Chaeronea. Über Isis und Osiris, nach neuverglichenen Handschriften mit Übersetzung und Erlaüterungen herausgegeben. Von Gustav Parthey. Berlin, 1850.

Pognon, H., Membre de l’Institut. Inscriptions Mandaïtes des Coupes de Khouabir. Paris, 1898.

Porter, Frank C. Apocrypha. See Hastings, Dict. of Bible, s.h.v.

Pottier, E. La Collection Louis de Clercq. Paris, 1906. (Conférences au Musée Guimet. Bibl. de Vulgarisation, t. XIX (1906).)

Praedestinatus. De Haeresibus Liber. See Oehler, Corpus Haereseologicum, vol. I.

Purser, Louis Claude, etc. Orphica. See Smith’s Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, s.h.v.

Quarterly Review, The. 1890, etc. In progress.

Radloff, W. Chuastuanift, das Bussgebet der Manichäer. St Petersburg, 1909.

Ramsay, Sir William Mitchell. The Church in the Roman Empire. 1893.

—— The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia. Oxford, 1895. 2 vols.

—— St Paul, the Traveller and the Roman Citizen. 1897.

—— A Historical Commentary on St Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians. 1899.

xlivRawlinson, George, Canon, etc. History of Herodotus. New Edition. 1862. 4 vols.

—— The Sixth Oriental Monarchy. 1873.

Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke, K.C.B., etc. The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. 1861, etc. In progress.

Rayet, Octave. Inscriptions du Musée de École Évangélique à Smyrne. Paris, 1877. See Revue Archéologique, nouv. sér. t. XXIII (1877).

Reade, William Winwood. The Martyrdom of Man. 1910.

Recueil de Travaux relatifs à la Philologie et à l’Archéologie Égyptiennes et Assyriennes. Publié sous la direction de G. Maspero. Paris, 1870, etc. In progress.

Reinach, Adolphe. Review of Em. Schmidt’s Kultübertragungen. See Revue de l’Histoire des Religions, t. LXVIII (1913).

Reinach, Salomon. Cultes, Mythes, et Religions. Paris, 1909-1912. 4 vols.

Religions, International Congress of. Transactions. Oxford, 1908.

Renan, Joseph Ernest. Les Apôtres. Paris, 1866. (Les Origines du Christianisme.)

—— L’Antéchrist. Paris, 1873 (id.).

—— Les Évangiles. Paris, 1877 (id.).

—— L’Église Chrétienne. Paris, 1879 (id.).

—— Marc Aurèle. Paris, 1882 (id.).

—— The Influence of the Institutions, Thought and Culture of Rome on Christianity. Translated by Charles Beard. 1884. (Hibbert Lectures.)

—— Histoire du Peuple d’Israel. Paris, 1887. 5 vols.

Réville, Albert. Les Religions des Peuples Non-civilisés. Paris, 1883. 2 vols.

Réville, Jean. La Religion à Rome sous les Sévères. Paris, 1886.

—— Le Quatrième Évangile. Paris, 1901.

Revillout, Eugène. Les Décrets de Rosette et de Canope. Paris, 1877. See Revue Archéologique for 1877.

—— Les Arts Égyptiens. Paris, 1880. See Revue Égyptologique for 1880.

—— Le Livre d’Incantation du Nome de Pandje (Oxyrinque). Planchettes Bilingues. See Revue Égyptologique for 1882 and 1892.

Revue Archéologique, III^e série. Paris, 1883, etc. In progress.

Revue Critique d’Histoire et de Littérature. Paris, 1866, etc. In progress.

Revue des Deux Mondes, III^e période. Paris, 1874, etc. In progress.

Revue Égyptologique. Paris, 1880, etc. In progress.

Revue des Études anciennes. Bordeaux, 1899, etc. In progress.

Revue des Études grecques. Paris, 1888, etc. In progress. (Published by L’Association pour l’encouragement des Études grecques.)

Revue des Études juives. Paris, 1881, etc. In progress. (Published by la Société des Études juives.)

Revue de l’Histoire des Religions. Paris, 1880, etc. In progress. (Annales du Musée Guimet. Quoted infra as R.H.R.)

xlvRevue d’Histoire et Littérature Religieuses. Paris, 1910, etc. In progress.

Revue de l’Instruction publique en Belgique. Mons, 1865, etc. In progress.

Robert, Carl. Genethliakon. Berlin, 1910. (Festschrift on 60th birthday.)

Robinson, J. Armitage, D.D., etc. Appendix to the Apology of Aristides (by J. Rendel Harris). Cambridge, 1891. (Cambridge Texts and Studies, vol. I, No. 1.)

Robiou, Félix. De quelques MSS. Gréco-Égyptiens du Louvre. Paris, 1884. See Graux, Mélanges.

Rochat, E. Essai sur Mani et sa Doctrine. Genève, 1897.

Rogers, Robert Wm., LL.D., etc. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria. 1908. 2 vols.

Roscher, Wilhelm Heinrich. Lexikon der Mythologie. Leipzig, 1889, etc. In progress.

Rosenberg, Frédéric. Le Livre de Zoroastre. St Petersburg. 1904.

Rossi, Francisco. Di alcuni MSS. Copti nella Biblioteca Nazionale di Torino. Turin, 1883. (Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, 2^a serie, t. XLIII.)

Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Journal. 1839, etc. In progress. (Quoted infra as J.R.A.S.)

Royal Society of Literature. Transactions. 2nd series. 1843, etc. In progress.

Ruelle, G. E. Le Chant des Sept Voyelles Grecques. See Revue des Études Grecques, 1889.

Rzach, Alois. Sibyllina Oracula. Prague, 1891.

Salmon, George, D.D., etc. Caulacau. See Smith, Dictionary of Christian Biography, s.h.v.

—— Clementines. See idem, s.h.v.

—— Gnosticism. See idem, s.h.v.

—— Hippolytus Romanus. See idem, s.h.v.

—— Jaldabaoth. See idem, s.h.v.

—— Marcion. See idem, s.h.v.

—— Saturninus. See idem, s.h.v.

—— Simon Magus. See idem, s.h.v.

—— Valentinus. See idem, s.h.v.

—— The Cross References in the Philosophumena. Dublin, 1885. See Hermathena, No. XI (1885).

Sanday, William, D.D., etc. The Gospels in the Second Century. Oxford, 1876.

Savans, Journal des. See Journal des Savans.

Sayce, Archbald Henry, D.D. The Ancient Empires of the East. 1884.

—— The Astronomy and Astrology of the Babylonians. 1874. See T.S.B.A., vol. III (1874).

—— The Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia. Edinburgh, 1902. (Gifford Lectures.)

xlviSchmidt, Carl, Lic.D., etc. (of Berlin University). Gnostische Schriften in Koptischer Sprache aus dem Codex Brucianus. Leipzig, 1892. (Texte und Untersuchungen of Gebhardt and Harnack.)

—— Koptisch-gnostisch Schriften. Erster Bd. Leipzig, 1905. (Die Griechischen Christlicher Schriftsteller der ersten Drei Jahrhunderte. Herausg. von der Kirchenväter-Commission der Kgl. Preuss. Akad. der Wissenschaften.)

Schmidt, Charles Guillaume Adolphe (of Strasburg). Histoire et Doctrine de la Secte des Cathares ou Albigeois. Paris, 1849. 2 vols.

Schmidt, Moriz, and Merx, A. Die Assumptio Mosis. Halle, 1868. See Archiv für wissenschaftliche Erforschung des Alten Testaments. 1868.

Schmiedel, Paul W., D.D. Simon Magus. See Cheyne’s Encyclopaedia Biblica, s.h.v.

—— Community of Goods. See idem, s.h.v.

Schürer, Emil. History of the Jewish People in the times of Jesus Christ. Translated from the German by Sophia Taylor and P. Christie. Edinburgh, 1865. 8 vols. (German title: Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi.)

Scot, Reginald. The Discoverie of Witchcraft. 1651.

Scottish Review, The. 1883, etc. In progress.

Skeat, Walter William. Malay Magic: an Introduction to the Folklore and Popular Religion of the Malay Peninsula. 1900.

Smith, Sir Cecil Harcourt, LL.D. Orphic Myths on Attic Vases. 1890, See Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1890.

Smith, R. Travers. Ephraim the Syrian. See Smith’s Dictionary of Christian Biography, s.h.v.

Smith, Sir William, D.C.L. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. 1890.

Smith, Sir William, and Wace, Henry, D.D., etc. A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects, and Doctrines. 1877-1887. 4 vols.

Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France. Mémoires, 6^e série. Paris, 1891, etc. In progress.

Society of Antiquaries of London. Archaeologia: Miscellaneous Tracts relating to Antiquity. 1770, etc. In progress.

Society of Biblical Archaeology. Transactions. 1872-1893. 9 vols. (Quoted as T.S.B.A.)

—— Proceedings. 1879, etc. In progress. (Quoted infra as P.S.B.A.)

Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 1880, etc. In progress. (Quoted infra as J.H.S.)

Söderblom, Nathan. La Vie Future d’après le Mazdéisme. Paris, 1901. (Annales du Musée Guimet. Bibl. d’Études, t. IX.)

Sphinx: Revue critique embrassant le domaine entier de l’Égyptologie. Upsala (1896, etc.). In progress.

Stähelin, H. Die Gnostischen Quellen Hippolyts. Leipzig, 1890.

xlviiStanley, Arthur Penrhyn, D.D., etc. Lectures on the History of the Jewish Church. 1883. 3 vols.

Steindorff, George, Ph.D. Religion of the Ancient Egyptians. New York, 1905. (American Lectures on the History of Religions.)

Stephani, Ludolph. Compte-rendu de la Commission Impériale Archéologique. St Petersburg, 1850.

Stephen of Byzantium. Ἄγραι. See Etymologicum Magnum, s.h.v.

Stock, St George. Simon Magus. See Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.h.v.

Stokes, G.T., B.D. Manes. See Smith’s Dictionary of Christian Biography, s.h.v.

Stoop, Em. de, Ph.D., etc. La Diffusion du Manichéisme dans l’Empire romain. Gand, 1909.

Strack, Hermann L. Le Sang et la fausse accusation du Meurtre Rituel. Traduite de l’allemande par Salomon Reinach. Paris, n.d. [1892?]. (German title: Blutaberglauber in der Menschheit.)

Strong, Herbert A., LL.D. The Syrian Goddess, being a translation of Lucian’s de Dea Syria. Edited by John Garstang, D.Sc. 1913.

Stübe, R., Ph.D. Jüdisch-Babylonische Zaubertexte. Halle, 1895.

Sykes, Philip M., C.M.G., etc. Historical Notes on Khurassan. 1910. See Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society for 1910.

Talbot, H. Fox. On Ineffable Names. 1865. See Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature, 2nd ser., vol. VIII (1866).

Tarn, William Woodthorpe. Antigonos Gonatas. Oxford, 1913.

Taylor, C. Pirke Aboth. Cambridge, 1877.

Tertullian. Quinti Septimii Florentis Tertulliani quae supersunt omnia. Edidit Franciscus Oehler. Lipsiae, 1853-1861. 3 vols.

Tertullian, Pseudo- (Victorinus of Pettau?). Liber adversus omnes Haereses. See Oehler, Corpus Haereseologicum, vol. I.

Theon Alexandrinus. Commentaire sur le premier livre de l’Almagest de Ptolémée. Par l’Abbé Halma. Paris, 1821. 2 vols.

Thompson, M.S. The Asiatic or Winged Artemis. 1909. See Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. XXIX (1909).

Tiele, Cornelius Petrus, Theol.D., etc. Elements of the Science of Religion. 1897. 2 vols. (Gifford Lectures.)

—— The Religion of the Iranian Peoples. Part I (all published). Translated from the German by G. K. Nariman. Bombay, 1912. (German title: Geschichte der Religion im Altertum bis auf Alexander den Grossen. Bd II. Die Religion bei den iranischen Völkern.)

Turmel, J. L’Angélologie depuis le faux Denys l’Aréopagite. Paris, 1898. See Revue d’histoire et littérature religieuses, t. IV (1898).

Tylor, Sir. Edward Burnett, D.C.L., etc. Primitive Culture. 1871. 2 vols.

Valentinus. Pistis Sophia. Opus gnosticum Valentino adjudicatur e codice M. S. Coptico Londinensi. Descripsit et Latine vertit M. G. Schwartze. Edidit J. H. Petermann. Berlin, 1851.

xlviiiVellay, Charles. Le Culte et les Fêtes d’Adonis-Thammuz. Paris, 1904. (Annales du Musée Guimet. Bibl. d’Études, t. XVI.)

Vettius Valens. Vettii Valentis Anthologiarum libri. Primum edidit Gulielmus Kroll. Berolini. 1908.

Victoria Institute. Journal of the Transactions. 1866, etc. In progress.

Viteau, J., et Martin, François. Les Psaumes de Salomon. Paris, 1911.

Wessely, Karl, Ph.D., etc. On the Spread of Judaeo-Christian Religious Ideas among the Egyptians. 1886. See The Expositor, ser. III, vol. IV (1886).

—— Ephesia Grammata. Wien, 1886. (Zwölfter Jahresbericht über das K.K. Franz-Joseph Gymnasium.)

—— Griechische Zauberpapyrus von Paris und London. Wien, 1888.

—— Neue Griechische Zauberpapyri. Wien, 1893. (Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Philosophisch-Historische Classe, Bd XLII.)

West, Edward William. Pahlavi Texts, Pts I-IV. Oxford, 1880. (Sacred Books of the East. Vols. 5, 18, 24 and 37.)

Whinfield, E. H. The Seven-headed Dragon. 1910. See Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.

Wiedemann, Alfred, Ph.D., etc. The Ancient Egyptian Doctrine of the Immortality of the Soul. Translated from the German. 1895. (German title: Die Unsterblichkeit der Seele nach altägyptischer Lehre.)

—— The Religion of the Ancient Egyptians. Translated from the German. 1897. (German title: Die Religion der alten Ägypter.)

Williams-Jackson, Abraham Valentine, Prof., etc. Zoroaster, the Prophet of Ancient Iran. New York, 1901.

Woods, F. H., B.D. The Hope of Israel. Edinburgh, 1896.

Xenia. Athens, 1912.

Yung, Émile, M.D. Hypnotisme et Spiritisme: les faits positifs et les faits présumés. Genève, 1890. (Conférences publiques prononcées dans l’Aula de l’Université de Genève.)

Zaborowski, M. S. Les Peuples Aryens d’Asie et d’Europe. Paris, 1908.

Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Alterthumskunde. Leipzig, 1863, etc. In progress. (Quoted infra as Ä.Z.)

Zeitschrift für historische Theologie. Leipzig, 1852, etc. In progress.

xlix